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2016-10-31 Mon

#2744. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (3) [gvs][sociolinguistics][meosl][me_dialect][contact][vowel][phonetics]

#2714. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ ([2016-10-01-1])#2724. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (2) ([2016-10-11-1]) ³3ơ2Ƥε ([2016-10-11-1]) ǡSystem II 첻ηϤäƤȤ¿üԤҤ System I ΤۤزŬ (hyperadaptation) Ȥ첻 (gvs) ΰȤʤäȤҲ𤷤Smith (106--07) ˤȡ⤦1 GVS ΰȤʤä첻ηϤäüԽĤȤϡ"Easterners" ȸƤФ롤餯 East Anglia пȤο͡Ǥ롥
East Anglia Ǥϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƥɥǿʹԤϤ᤿첻ܤܤä᤯ƤطʤȤơűѸ Saxon ǣ Ф Anglia Ǥ ē äƤȡ/d, t, n, s, l, r/ ֤Ǿ夲 (raising) ФƤȤʤɤäοܤη̤ȤơEast Anglia 첻ηϤϡ3ʳι⤵5ĤĹ첻 /iː, uː, eː, oː, aː/ ȤʤäƤ
ơ Easterners 15ȾȾФˤԻԲοʤɥذܽɥѸ졤ä˸Ҥ System I üԤܿȤˡ⤦1ĤβŬ줿3ʳ East Anglia ηϤ˺٤ʳʬ줿 System I ܿȤԤϸԤΰҿĴ˰ơΤȤĴ֤Ĵ뤳ȤˤʤäŪˤϡEasterners System I [æː] ʬ /eː/ γФƸԤȤȯƱͤ [eː̝] /iː/ γФơΤ褦ȯ3ʳ⤿ʤ Easterners ˤȤäơѸ /eː/ ĸ /ɛː/ ĸζ̤ϤĤʤäΤǡɤ /iː/ ȤγФ졤ȯ뤳Ȥˤʤä褽ƱȤ첻ˤⵯä
System III Ȥ٤ Easterners Τ첻ηϤϡ¤ϡ18ޤǤϤư̲ɸѸ meed, mead, maid, made ʤɤ˸Ϣ첻Ρԡ˶̤߽ФΤȤʤäǤ⡤Ѹ첻˾塤礭ôä첻ηϤäȤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-04-1]

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2016-10-30 Sun

#2743. ʾȸ [linguistics][semiotics][conceptual_metaphor][metaphor]

ʾȸˤ϶롥Ҳ˶ͭƤꡤή̤Ƥ뤫餳ͤ롥ޤҤˤꤪդͿ뤳Ȥˤꡤäή̤뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˼ҲȤӤ롥ޤʾϡʪʤ䥵ӥȤ̤ΤΤȸ򴹡ʹˤǤȤǡбȤǽͭƤ롥Ʊ褦ˡ쵭ˤơỌ̇̄δ֤бط롥ۤˤ⡤ʾ⡤衤ϤΤΤȤŪӤѤƤ
Ф餯δ֡ʾȸˤĤơȤȤʤͤƤȤȤΤʤơܶˤܶԶͻʾʪ­򱿤Ǥߤʪۤλˤȡʾˤϰʲ3Ĥ礭ħȤ

(1) ޤޤʿͤδ֤ïǤȤȤǤ
(2) ޤޤʤΤȸ򴹤Ǥ
(3) ȤޤƤȤǤ

ǰƬˡ3ĤˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦(1) Τ褦ˡ⤵ޤޤʿͤδ֤ïǤȤȤǤ롥(2) ˤĤƤϡ줬ޤޤʤΤȸ򴹤ǤȤΤϡ̩ˤɤΤ褦ʾؤΤʬʤ˽Ҥ٤褦˷Ọ̇̄ȤбƤ뵭ǤȤȤ䡤ۤʤɤδ֤ǽǤȤȤط뤫⤷ʤ(3) ˤĤƤϡפʤΤбϲΤȤʬʤʾȸȡ뤤 "LANGUAGE IS MONEY" γǰ᥿եɬñΨľǤϤʤcf. #1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1]
Ȥɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ΡֲʾפĴ٤ƤߤȡʤȲʾפ̴ȤƤ줬ʾȤΤǤϤʤǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦

ʾϤ켫βͤȤơ¾λʪ٤ƯɬȼĤġ򴹼ʡʧʡ¢ѤΤǤ롥ʾϲͤ٤뤫򴹡ʧ¢ѤΤǤʤ򴹼ʤ顤ʧʤ顤뤤¢뤫顤ͤ٤뤳ȤˤʤȤΤǤʤǤꤦΤϡʾΤϡʾΤIJͼȤˤ롥줳嵭Τ褦ʲʾѤƯΩƤܤǤäơϡʾβ͡ʤͤθ𡤲̤ͤܰȤȤ˴ŤƤ롥ʾܼϤˤ롥ʾϲͤθȤơʪɾδˤʤʤ顤򴹤ᡤޤޤ˿ʹִطĤꤢ򴹡ʧοʹִطʹ֤򤻤ʤɤơкפ̤礦ɤ줬(Сܥ)¸ߤˤơդˤäƲä()դˤäιưꡤ浯(ä)꤫졤浯(ʧ)ƸդˤäƵ(¢)դˤäƻ׹ͤ(ͼ)ȤҲط򤫤ŤäƤ褦ˡϲʾˤäƷкΩƤ롥⡤դˤäƻ׹ͤȤȤ̾ϡˤäơҲˤäơ뤤Ϥ˸ġͤˤäϰۤʤ뤬ޤޤλ׹ͤۤ˺ǽŪˤ٤Ȥաκ䤦ȤƤˤˤĤƻ׹ͤưƤͤФʤʤաȤСҿӡŷӡҿƻӡӤʤɤͭƤ롥ʾ̤ͤܰȤΤϡʾˤʪ̤դˤȤСʾϾ嵭θդΤʤθդȤȤǤ롥ʾȤϤΤ褦ˤޤŤΰ̣ˤƥܥǤäơܥΤʤΥܥʤΤǤ롥


ʤȡʾܥΤʤΥܥǤ뤳Ȥ򡤡ҿӡŷӡҿƻӡӤʤɤդΤʤθդǤ뤳ȤӤƤΤǤ롥ȤȡŪܸǤȤ "semantic primitive" Τ褦ʤΤʾȤȤˤʤޤޤʬʤʤäƤ
ʾȸˤĤơȤȤʤͤƤ

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2016-10-29 Sat

#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ [standardisation][sociolinguistics][terminology][language_or_dialect][language_planning]

ε#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) ǡ17ޤǤαѸɸಽ18ˤƤαѸ쵬ϲؤ³ή򸫤
ǡɸಽ (standardisation) ȤäƤ⡤βˤϤĤζ̤ǧ롥Haugen αƶϤζʸˤСѼ郎ɸಽȤŵŪˤ4ĤʳФȤ롥Hudson (33) ˤҲؤζʽ񤫤ΰѤ̤ơ4ʳ󤷤褦

(1) Selection --- somehow or other a particular variety must have been selected as the one to be developed into a standard language. It may be an existing variety, such as the one used in an important political or commercial centre, but it could be an amalgam of various varieties. The choice is a matter of great social and political importance, as the chosen variety necessarily gains prestige and so the people who already speak it share in this prestige. However, in some cases the chosen variety has been one with no native speakers at all --- for instance, Classical Hebrew in Israel and the two modern standards for Norwegian . . . .

(2) Codification --- some agency such as an academy must have written dictionaries and grammar books to 'fix' the variety, so that everyone agrees on what is correct. Once codification has taken place, it becomes necessary for any ambitious citizen to learn the correct forms and not to use in writing any 'incorrect' forms that may exist in their native variety.

(3) Elaboration of function --- it must be possible to use the selected variety in all the functions associated with central government and with writing: for example, in parliament and law courts, in bureaucratic, educational and scientific documents of all kinds and, of course, in various forms of literature. This may require extra linguistic items to be added to the variety, especially technical words, but it is also necessary to develop new conventions for using existing forms --- how to formulate examination questions, how to write formal letters and so on.

(4) Acceptance --- the variety has to be accepted by the relevant population as the variety of the community --- usually, in fact, as the national language. Once this has happened, the standard language serves as a strong unifying force for the state, as a symbol of its independence of other states (assuming that its standard is unique and not shared with others), and as a marker of its difference from other states. It is precisely this symbolic function that makes states go to some lengths to develop one.


ʤ顤ʳˤƤ⡤¿쾯ʤ졤ҲˤտŪǰռŪʴͿޤޤ롥ɸνϤƼҲŪǤꡤ˿͹ŪŪޤȤĤƤ롥ּҲˤտŪʲפη̤ȤƤɸȤˤĤƤϡΰѤΩʬˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (Hudson 32)

Whereas one thinks of normal language development as taking place in a rather haphazard way, largely below the threshold of consciousness of the speakers, standard languages are the result of a direct and deliberate intervention by society. This intervention, called 'standardisation', produces a standard language where before there were just 'dialects' . . . .


Ϣơ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2016-10-28 Fri

#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][standardisation][swift][johnson][language_myth][academy]

Ѹ˾ͭ̾ Swift ˤ A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue (1712) Ǥϡ̾3Ĥΰۤʤư correct, improve, ascertain ѤƤ롥ѸפֲפֳꤹפȤäΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ֱѸθո򤭤äפȤǤ϶̤Ƥ뤬ưδ֤ˤϤɤΤ褦ʴްդκΤcorrect ˤϡָŦΤľפȤްդꡤimprove ˤϡ֤ɤס ascertain ˤϸŤȤơֳꤵפۤɤΰ̣롥
3ĤưȤԤäŤʤ櫓ǤϤʤSwift ϼλˡֱѸθո򤭤äפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ褯Ѥ줿⤦1·3ư줬롥ascertain, refine, fix 3ĤBaugh and Cable (251) ˤС줾ϼΤ褦ʰ̣Ѥ롥

ascertain: "to reduce the language to rule and set up a standard of correct usage"
refine: "to refine it--- that is, to remove supposed defects and introduce certain improvements"
fix: "to fix it permanently in the desired form"

ֱѸθո򤭤äǶ̤Ƥ褦˸뤬ܤƤ¦̤ϰۤʤ롥ascertain ϤŪɸκäΤǡJohnson ascertainment "a settled rule; an established standard" ŤƤ롥ŪˤСǤȤʤ뼭ʸˡǤ뤳Ȥؤ
ˡrefine ϤФոܻؤΤǤ롥μͤδ֤ˤ Chaucer λ䥨ꥶ٥īαѸ줳ͥǸҤѸǤȤΥ른åʱѸѤꡤαѸϿʬƤޤäȤФäΤǤ롥ˤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1]) ޤޤ
Ǹˡfix ϰٳꤷոʱ뤷褦ȤΡȤȤ館ƤФ褤Swift ϤȤ18Ⱦν񤭼ꤿϡν񤤤ʸϤʱ뤵뤳ȤܵǴäƤΤǤ롥ͤСޤạ̈ΤʤꤤǤϤ (cf. #1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]))
18εϼԤδ֤ˤϡɤ¦̤֤ƻŸƤΤˤĤư㤤ΤǡưȤΰ̣϶̤Ƥɬפ롥
Ƕܸפ˶ФƤ뤬ܸˤĤ ascertain, refine, fix Τ¦̤бΤʤΤ뤤ϡ3ĤΤǤʤ¾¦̤ʤΤ褯ʬʤȤǤϤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-10-27 Thu

#2740. word ΤɤäѲ [pronunciation][phonetics][vowel][minim]

#2180. ѸμɤƤޤűѸʸ ([2015-04-16-1]) ǵ󤲤褦ˡѸ word ϡűѸǤ⤽Τޤ <word> ֤Ƥꡤ츫ȲѤäƤʤ褦˻פ뤬Ȥ櫓ȯ˴ؤƤʣѲФƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡOE word o -rd ō Ĺ/woːrd wuːrd wurd wʌrd wəːd/ ȯãΤդĤξ /wurd/ ûʤäΤϡ -d ̵첻ĹεʤäαƶפȤ롥
ѲˤĤ¾⤢ꤦ褦㤨С (163) ˤСűѸ줫 [p, b, f, m, w] Τ褦ʿθ֤ [ɔ] > [ʊ] ξ夲βȤ롥ϡʲΤ褦ñ췲˴ѻ롥

borgian > burgian (to borrow)
fol > full (full)
forþor > furþer (further)
fugol (fowl)
morþor > murþer (murder)
spora > spura (spur)
worc > wurc (work)
word > wurd (word)
worold > wurold (world)
wulf (wolf)


ơѸ줫Ѹˤ [ʊ] > [ʌ] 岽߿ꡤ̤ȤƤ /ʌr/ Ѹˤʤ /ɪr, ɛr/ ȹήߤ /ər/ ؤϢʤäȤϢñ췲ȤƤϡʲΤΤp. 306ˡburn, burst, burden, burr, cur, curd, curse, curtain, curl, church, demur, disturb, fur, furnish, further, furze, hurl, hurt, hurdle, journey, murder, nurse, occur, purse, purchase, prefer, purple, purpose, spur, spurn, surge, scurf, turf, turn, Thursday, work, worm, worse, worst, worship, worth, worthy, world, word岽ˤĤƤϡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ʤ˵󤲤췲Ǥ <ur> ֻ¿<w> ǻϤޤˤĤƤ <or> ¿Ȥաϡ"minim avoidance" (Carney 188) Τ⤦1ĤǤꡤ<wu>, <wi> ä̤Ǥ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) ⻲ȡˡŪˤѸʤɤ <wurd> ޤ᤿ <wur-> ֻ⤢äȤˤդƤѸΰֻˤĤƤϡMED wōrd (n.) 򻲾ȡ
word ΤɤäѲä˲ѲϡꤹȤʤʤѤǤ롥

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-09-21-1] [2016-12-11-1]

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2016-10-26 Wed

#2739. AAVE Creolist Hypothesis Anglicist Hypothesis ˬ [aave][creole][ame][sociolinguistics][dialect][variety][caribbean]

AAVE εˤĤơCreolist Hypothesis Anglicist Hypothesis ԤΩƤаޤ˴ؤơ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷡ǴϢʲε񤤤Ƥ

#1886. AAVE ʬ ([2014-06-26-1])
#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1])
#1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1])

Tagliamonte (9) ꡤξˤĤΤ褯ޤȤƤս꤬äΤǡѤ­Ȥ

Among the varieties of English that arose from the colonial southern United States is that spoken by the contemporary descendants of the African populations --- often referred to as African American Vernacular English or by its abbreviation AAVE. This variety is quite distinct from Standard North American English. One of the most vexed questions of modern North American sociolinguistics is why this is the case. Early African American slaves would have acquired their variety of English either en route to the United States or more likely on the plantations and homesteads of the American South. But it is necessary to determine the nature of the varieties to which they were exposed. The fact that AAVE is so different has often been traced to the dialects from Northern Ireland, Scotland and England. However, they have as often been traced to African and Caribbean creoles. There is a long history of overly simplistic dichotomies on this issue which can be summarized as follows: (1) a 'creole origins hypothesis', based on linguistic parallels between AAVE and Caribbean creoles; (2) an 'English dialect hypothesis', based on linguistic parallels with the Irish and British dialects spoken by early plantation staff. In reality, the answer probably lies somewhere in between. Many arguments prevail based on one line of evidence or another. Perhaps the most damning is the lack of evidence of which populations were where and under what circumstances. / The debate over the origins of AAVE still rages on with no consensus in sight . . . .


ƿ̱νʣʸܿȤθŪ;ȤäƤϡ줳100ǯ³Ƥꡤޤ˲ܽ褬ΩäƤʤܿ˴Ϳο͡˴ؤ롤̩˼Ҳؤθ椬ɬפȤƤ롥

Tagliamonte, Sali A. Roots of English: Exploring the History of Dialects. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-09-1]

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2016-10-25 Tue

#2738. Book of Common Prayer (1549) King James Bible (1611) β [bible][book_of_common_prayer][popular_passage][hel_education][bl][history][literature][link][emode][printing]

ɽ2ĤνϡѸ˾礭ʱƶϤäѸǽ񤫤줿ʸǤ롥Ĥ䤫ѿ޽ۤǹϤ򸫤ĤΤǡơ1դΥ᡼ͿƤʲ򥯥åʸɤǡˡ

Book of Common Prayer (Of Matrimonie)King James Bible (Title-page)
Book of Common Prayer (Of Matrimonie)King James Bible (Title-page)


Book of Common Prayer King James Bible ˤĤƤϡơʲε򻲾ȡ

#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1])
#745. 뺧 wedlock ([2011-05-12-1])
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])

BL Sacred Texts: King James Bible
The King James Bible - The History of English (4/10)

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-27-1]

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2016-10-24 Mon

#2737. 奤ꥹѸˤͭ̾ hern ʬ [map][personal_pronoun][suffix][dialect][terminology]

#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s ([2016-10-21-1]) εǡ-s -n ġhern, hisn, ourn, yourn, theirn ʤɤŪʽͭ̾˿줿η֤ɸѸˤϻĤʤäǤϺ⸽Ǥ롥Upton and Widdowson (82) ˤ롤hern ʬۤʲ˼󥰥ȾʬˡȹʬۤƤ뤳Ȥʬ

Map of

-n ˤĤƤϡWright (para. 413) Ǥ⿨Ƥꡤ19ˤνǹѤƤȤΤ롥
-n ϡɸŪǤϤ뤬¤ηŪ˹׸Ƥ롥mine, thine ޤơΩˡνͭ̾줬Ӥ [-n] ǽ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ष[-n] [-z] ߤƤɸѸηϤϡʬ礤ƤȤ⤤롥
ʤmy mine Τ褦ˡΰ㤤ϡUpton and Widdowson (83) ˤСͭ̾ (attributive possessive pronoun) Ƚҽͭ̾ (predicative possessive pronoun) ȤѸˤäƶ̤Ƥ롥뤤ϡconjunctive possessive pronoun disjunctive possessive pronoun ȤѸȤƤ롥

Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-07-1] [2018-11-21-1]

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2016-10-23 Sun

#2736. ڤ [writing][braille][sign_language][hiragana][direction_of_writing][medium][history][japanese][distinctiones]

#2717. Ź椫Ϥޤä ([2016-10-04-1]) εǸ褦ˡ֥饤ϡ롦ХӥιͰƤʸפαѤǤ12򡤥֥饤椬6˲ɤȤüȯ롥19ϤˤϡܤԼͳʿ͡ˤȤäƤɤ߽񤭤ϡʸ⤭ФʸפˤΤäؤǿä򤹤ˤ񤷤뤳ȤϤʤäΤ褦ʻˡ֥饤椬ɤߤ䤹򤷤䤹ͰƤȤϡŪʽäڤդä֥饤ϡɽˤɽǽˤ
θ塤19Ⱦ20ˤơ֥饤Ͻ˱Ѥ졤˹äƤ1854ǯ˥եܤǧ줿塤ꥹǤϱѹΩտͶΩȡޥߥơ֥饤ѤɤĤĹ᤿ꥫǤϡ˥塼衼ճعΥꥢࡦȤ餬Ϥ֥饤˴ŤѤ1915ǯɸƹդȡ1932ǯˤϱƤιĤˤѸ춦̤ޤäʤǤϡꥫȥꥹǰۤʤηϤѤƤä֤ƤȤϰ褹롨see #1662. äϸǤ (1) ([2013-11-14-1]
椬Ǥ⡤1887ǯճع˶ФƤȬ֥饤ߡܸؤαѤƻõäơ1890ǯ23ǯ111ҼʡˤΰƤѤ˻äϡ국ǰȤƤ롥
񤯤ƻˡġ구ɮåȤˤʤäספ롥Ĥξ˻Τ֤ǡζ구ѤɮDZ麸ؤǤäƤΤǤ롥̾ʸȰۤʤꡤϻ΢¦ǤäƤɬפꡤäơȯԤν񤭤ȼԤɤߤդȤʤ롥ɤ߽񤭤˴ؤ븲ħȤäƤ褤ޤܸϤʽ񤭤ǽ񤫤뤿ᡤʬ񤭤򤹤ɬפǤ⡤ܸ̾񵭤Ȱۤʤ (see #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])) ǤϡŪפΤۤץ饤䥳ԥ塼ˤꡤؤ񤯤ȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ܤǤȶʤȤ˽в񤦵ƤƤ롥Ųʡ̰ʤӤƴʤɡ¿ξ褦ˤʤä

ⶶ ̦Ĵ٤ؽɴʡ륤֥饤ĤäͤӤȡ١Ź2016ǯ

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2016-10-22 Sat

#2735. must ȤȤѤ needs [adverb][genitive][adverbial_genitive]

Ѹǡܾۤ must ȶ롤ȤƤ needs ˡ롥must δްդ򶯤ơ֤ɤƤ⡤ҤȤ⡤ɬפ̣롥ʸ󤲤褦

He must needs come. ʤȶĥäƤʤ
Needs must when the Devil drives. ؤʢѤ̡
A man needs must lie down when he sleeps. ʿ̲ͤˤϤǤⲣˤʤʤФʤ̡

needs εϸŤűѸ̤롥űѸ̾ nēd (need) °ʷ nēdes ͳ褷ɬפǡɬפ̣#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1]), #723. be nihtes ([2011-04-20-1]) ǿ줿Ū° (adverbial_genitive) ˡǤ롥ѸϡMED nēdes (adv.) 򻲾ȡ
űѸˤŪͿ (adverbial dative) ˡˤ nīede, nēade ƱѤƤꡤѸ줫ѸˤƤ nede, need ʤɤη¸³OED ˤиǤѸȤϤʤäƤʤѸϡMED nēde(e (adv.) 򻲾ȡ
ǤŪˤϡneed Ūʸ°ͳ needs ˡ¾塤֤뤳Ȥˤʤäneeds ˤĤơ14--15ˤ behoveth Ȥⶦ14ʹߤˤϸΤ褦 must < ME motan) ȤΤ߶뷹ޤäǤ⡤AV. Gen. 19. 9 This one fellow came in to soiourne, and he will needs bee a Iudge. ʤοͤɤȤʤˡĤͤ˻λդȤʤȤˤΤ褦 will Ȥζʤɤ⤢롥Τ褦ˡǤϡִǤפްդȸ롥
ѸǤ needs ϶¤θΩʤªƤ뤬¤ϡűѸȯλ򤯤ȴƤΩɤʸŻǤ롥

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2016-10-21 Fri

#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s [personal_pronoun][genitive][inflection][suffix]

Ѹǡ?ΤΡפ̣ͭ̾ϡ1;ñ mine -s դyours, his, hers, ours, theirs Τ褦ˤʤ (it бͭ̾줬¾ʤˤĤƤϡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡüŪˤС̾νͭʤӡ?ΤΡפ̣ -'s ̾ˤѤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬̲ΤϤۤɸŤʤ15ΤȤǤ롥Ǥϡˤϡͭ̾ɽϲäΤ
űѸѸǤϡ;̾νͭʤΤޤ޽ͭ̾ȤƤѤƤꡤξ17ޤǸ줿ˤСͭʤ your, her, our, their ʤɤΤޤ޽ͭ̾ȤƤѤƤȤȤѸǤϡͭ̾Ȥ̤κ⸽졤¹ԤѤ褦ˤʤäǤϡ hers, ours, yours, ours ˤĤʤ -s դ֤a1325 Cursor Mundi ˸¤߽Ф롥
Ǥ -s ʤ -n դ hern (hers, theirs) ᤯ ?a1200 Ancrene Riwle Ǹ졤Ѹˤ hisn, yourn, ourn, theirn ⸽줿 -n ȼ֤ϡmy/mine thi/thine ˸褦ʸؤȹͤ12;ñˤĤƤϡűѸ mīn, þīn ˽ͭ̾ȤƤˡǤ¸ߤˡ -n ϸǤ˸ꤵʤɤơŪǤϤʤ
ŪˤϡѸ˸줿 -s ĺνͭ̾줬15ʬۤ򹭤ư̲ɸȤƸѸäȤˤʤ롥

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2016-10-20 Thu

#2733. hoarse r [phonetics][etymology][metathesis][r]

Ѹ hoarse ʤ㤬Ρˤˤ r ޤޤƤ뤬űѸǤη hās Ǥꡤr Ϥʤäפʸ츻ŵˤȡ r ѸˤǤȤ̣Ū˴ˤϢѸ harsk (harsh, coarse) ʤɤȤƤ롥
r εϡäȸŤȤˤǽ⤢롥ޥĸǤ *χais(r)az, *χairsaz ƷƤꡤȤ r s ꤵƤ夷ƤΤϲž (metathesis) δͿˤΤȹͤˡºݤˡޥʸڤ֤ϡ(M)HG heiser, MDu heersch, ON háss (< *hārs < *hairsaR) ʤɡr ޤǤ뤫ʤȤʳ r ¸ߤƤȤ򼨺Ƥ롥
űѸƱͤ r 礯֤򼨤⾯ʤʤOFr hās, OS & MLG hēs, OHG heis ʤɤǤ롥ɤ顤ˤ뤬Ѹˤ餺ʣθѼˤơr ̵ͭɤ򼨤Ƥ褦ȤȡűѸ r ޤ֤ʸڤ줺Ѹˤʤäƽʸ˸줿ȤäơűѸ r ޤäȤƤʤäȤϸڤʤʤ롥
ѸǤϡhoos, hos, hors ʤɤ¸Ƥꡤºݤ3Ĥֻ Piers Plowman, B. xvii. 324 ΰۼܴ֤˸롥ֻˤĤƤϡMED hōs (adj.) ⻲ȡ
r ǤϤʤ r ξüȤˤĤƤСѸ˾塤Ȥɤѻ롥㤨С#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1])#2368. űѸ sprecen r ξü ([2015-10-21-1]) λΤۤarse r 19æ ass Ȥʤä⤢롥Τ褦 r ʤȸ褦ʡȤäƤ褤ʤ#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1])#2026. intrusive r (2) ([2014-11-13-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

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2016-10-19 Wed

#2732. British Library 󶡤Ѹ˳ؽ "English Timeline" "Words for time travellers" [hel_education][link][bl][chaucer]

The British Library "English Timeline" ȤѸ˳ؽѥƥĤ󶡤Ƥ롥#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) ǴϢ󥯤ĥä٤įƤȤʤʤ⤷ܲʤɤΥ᡼ƼǥΥƥĤ˭٤ǡȤΩ
ƱͤˡϢ륳ƥĤȤ Words for time travellers ⤢롥ƥȡ齬ΤĤƤΤ⤢ꡤȤƻȤ㤨СChaucer ˤĤ4ڡΥƥĤꡤʲΤ褦ʹˤʤäƤ롥

(1) Chaucer's English - page 1: Caxton Ǥ The Canterbury Tales ƥȤȼܲǺ
(2) Chaucer - page 2: ƥȤñˤ
(3) Chaucer - page 3: ñ˴ؤ齬
(4) Chaucer - page 4: β

#18. Ѹˤ򥪥饤dzؽǤ륵ȡ ([2009-05-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 BBC Ages of English Timeline ȤȤˡѸˤγؽˤɤ

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2016-10-18 Tue

#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 [suffix][conversion][latin][participle][analogy][adjective][verb][-ate]

ñˤ -ate ĤΤ¿ϥƥ1ưβʬθ˸ -atus, -atum ͳ褷ѸǤϸͽۤƻ̾ȤƵǽƤФ꤫ưȤƤⵡǽƤ롥ʻ줴ȤˡĤ󤲤褦ʤˤϡʣʻͤƤΤ⤢뤳Ȥ˵Ť

̾졧 advocate, legate, centrifugate, duplicate, mandate, vulcanizate; alcoholate, ferrate, acetate, carbonate; episcopate, pontificate, professorate, rabbinate
ƻ졧 consummate, degenerate, inanimate, Italianate, temperate; branchiate, chordate, foliate
ư졧 activate, assassinate, camphorate, capacitate, chlorinate, concentrate, domesticate, evaporate, fractionate, hyphenate, locate, negotiate, orchestrate, pollinate, pontificate, substantiate, triangulate, ulcerate, vaccinate, venerate

-ate ϥƥβʬͳ褹Τ顤ѸǤƻȤơ뤤Ϥ̾ˡͳ̾ȤѤȤΤ򤷤䤹ѸǤ -ate 줬ưȤѤ㤬¿ष-ate ıñȤСޤư㤬פ⤫֤ΤǤϤʤʤ -ate ưȤʤΤ
ͳˤĤƤϡƻ줬ưʻž (conversion) 뤳ȤϱѸˤʤ-ate ƻ⤽η˾äƼͳưؤʻžΤȸƤ롥ΤǤ white, warm, busy, dry, empty, dirty ʤɤǷƻ줫ưؤʻžϸ뤷ե󥹼ѸǤ clear, humble, manifest ʤɤ㤬롥顤ƥͳ褹 -ate ƻ⤽ΤޤưȤѤƻ졤ˤβ̲˵ڤǡȤȤΥƥ1ưϤȤˤ -ate ȼưȤƱѸ˼ޤȤ夷ΤȤ (see #1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]))
嵭ϡBaugh and Cable (222) ǤѤƤꡤ˶ᤤΤȤʤäƤ롥OED -ate, suffix3 ǤƱܤƤ뤬κǸˡΤ褦ʥȤդդƤꡤ̣

(It is possible that the analogy of native verbs in -t, with the pa. pple. identical in form with the infinitive, as set, hit, put, cut, contributed also to the establishment of verbs like direct, separat(e, identical with their pa. pples.)


κǸθȴϢơ#1860. Ʊβʬ ([2014-05-31-1])#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) ȡ#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤ-ate ̤¦̤#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#1880. -ee εȯŸ (1) ([2014-06-20-1]) ǰäƤΤǡɤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-10-17 Mon

#2730. palatalisation [palatalisation][assimilation][consonant][phonetics][oe][vowel]

űѸҲѲΤʤǤ⡤ߤˤޤǸ̻ĤäƤΤˡ (palatalisation) 롥ޤǤˤ⡤ʲεޤᡤ͡ʷǤβˤĤƿƤ

#49. /k/ θڥ ([2009-06-16-1])
#168. <c> <g> β ([2009-10-12-1])
#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1])
#2054. seek beseech θҲ (2) ([2014-12-11-1])
#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1])

ѸλǤ Frisian ˤǧ벻Ǥʡ#787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1]) 줬ϡѸˤˤƤƸŤʳΤȤȹͤƤ롥Ūˤϡ4--5˻Ϥޤꡤ11ޤǿʹԤȤ롥
äȤϡĺ [k], [gg], [g] ǤĴȤʤꡤ2ĤˤĤƤϻȤǤ롥ŵŪ˸űѸ <c> ֤줿 [k] ϡ[i, iː, e, eː, æ, æː, ie, iːe, eo, eːo, io, iːo, ea, eːa] Τ褦첻ʤޤ2첻ˤΰ֤ǡ̵ĺ [c] Ȥʤꡤ [ʧ] ؤȯŸˤꡤ㤨 ċiriċe [ˈcirice] [ˈʧiriʧe] ءċeosan [ˈceozɑn] [ˈʧeozɑn] ءbenċ [benc] [benʧ] ؤѲ
[gg] ˤĤƤ [k] ƱĶǡͭĺ [ɟɟ] Ȥʤꡤ˻ [ʤ] Ȥʤäˤꡤbrycg [bryɟɟ] [bryʤ] ءsecg [seɟɟ] [seʤ] , licgan [ˈliɟɟɑn] [ˈliʤɑn] ؤѲ
[g] ξƱͤξǸ [j] ȤʤäϻʤäȤơġift [gift] [jift] , ġeong [geoŋg] [jeoŋg] Ѳ
βθ̤ϡѸ¿ñ˷ѾƤ롥ʾ塤߷ (4, 6) 򻲾Ȥ

߷ ˧ͺ 顡ԡرѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-22-1]

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2016-10-16 Sun

#2729. ϰŹȤѤ [cryptology]

Ź (cryptology) ȸ졦ʸδطˤĤơ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1])#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1])#2717. Ź椫Ϥޤä ([2016-10-04-1]) ¾εǹͤƤδϢǡաˡذŹءˡΰŹ椫Ĥޤǡ٤ɤԤϥŹ桤ݥӥŹ桤˥ްŹʤɤŵŪʰŹΤߤʤ餺äޤƹ̣ǤΡְŹפȤȤ館Ƥꡤƶ˻ɷäŹȤȤ館ϡȤ⤹ФѤ͡ˤȤäƼʸǤϤ뤫⤷ʤäϤξѼԤˤȤäƻ¾Ǥꡤ줬̤¿ο͡ˤȤäƤ򤵤줺ᤤƤ褦˸뤫ȤäơְŹפʤɤȾΤ뤤Ϥʤȡ
ä˸¤餺¤ϤʸƱ̣ˤơְŹפȤʤꤦΤѸ򤷤ʤԤȤäƤϱѸϰŹ椽ΤΤܸ򤷤ʤԤˤȤäƤܸϰŹǤ롥Ĥޤꡤáܸ졤Ѹ졤ʸ¾θʪʥȡ󥰡ɥࡤϵ졤桤ΥˤϡAǰŹȤʤꤦȤȤְŹǤפȤϡְŹȤƤѤפɽи򤬤ʤ
ºݡ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ2桤ꥫ轻̱Υʥ²ϥʥ۸Ź "codetalker" ȤƳ륫ʥ빶άѥΦβ繶ʤɤdzȤ롥ʥ۸Τˤϥʥ۸˴Ťƺ줿ηϡˤϡʥ²ˤȤäƤʳβʪǤʤˤ̤ˤȤ郎Ѥ졤ŹȤơ֤Ѥ줿ȤȤǤ롥
ʤ (52) ˤȡ̣ȤܹǤ褦ʥɡȡ¸ߤȤǥɤȤʤäϡʤȼۤǤ롥

ꥫʥХ۸Ȥ̱²θĤäΤƱ褦ˡ2桤ܤγ򴱤μۤǽ׻ϢȤä̤ʤ顤äİƤǰŹ椬Ĥ뤬μۤƱͤǤʤȤ狼ʤۤäǤ뤿ᡤŹƱ褦ϤΤ


ΤˡΤ褦ʥɡȡˤϡѸܸȤäüԤǤϤʤޥΥƥüԤѤΤκۤϡθθŪȤϼҲŪ˰¸ˤʤҲŪʾ蘆Сʤ̤ˤǤȤ郎С줬ŹȤѤ롥θСֳפϰŹǤꡤϰŹ沽沽ǤȤ롥

оذŹءˡΰŹ椫Ĥޤǡ١ͼˡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-09-22-1]

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2016-10-15 Sat

#2728. steganography [steganography][cryptology][terminology]

cryptology ʥץȥեˤȤϰۤʤ뤬̣ǰŹˡ1ĤȤߤʤΤˡsteganography ʥƥΥեˤ롥ꥷ stégeín (to cover) grápheín (to write) ˴ŤϢʤꡤСʤ񤭡񤭡פǤ (cf. stegosaur ϡ֤ʤ줿εפΰաѸ thatch ĸƱ *steg- ̤ˡץȥեïǤŹǤȸƤʬ褦ŵŪʰŹؤΤФơƥΥեϤ򸫤Ƥ⡤⤽Ź椬ȤϵŤʤפؤ㤨СȾä㩿ʤɤǻ˥å񤭡ФǤ֤ʸ⤭Ф֤֤ФפƥΥե1ĤŵǤ롥åΤΤ˼äƸŪ˲᤹Τ񤷤ΤǤϤʤåϤ餺ˡŹԤԤδ֤˲ϩƤ뤳ȼΤʤ褦ˤƿˡǤʤξԤȤ߹碌ƿٹ礤Ȥ⤢ˡ
ƥΥեμʬहȡʲΤ褦ˤʤʾܤϡꥯˡذŹɻŵ٤4ϡ֥ƥΥե (pp. 398--431) 򻲾ȡˡ

                        ʪŪƿ
                        
ƥΥե                          ޥ
                                                  
                        Ūƿ
                                                    
                                                    ¾

ʪŪƿȤϡΡ֤֤ФסʱˤϤȤơѥʤɤǤߤΤ褦ˡ줿ڤꡦݥåȡ̤ܡʤɤ˥åꤹˡ䡤ƬȱȤƬ˥å񤤤ȱ򿭤ФƱˡ̪Ϲɤäʸ򱣤ĤʤɡƼˡ롥˾λ񤭹ǡʸ¸߼Τʤ褦ˤΤ⡤ΰ
Ūƿϡ⡤ץȥե˶ᤤޤ֥ޥפȸƤФˡ롥ꥯ (408) ˤȡ֥ɥߥΤͽƤ̣褦ʰ֤֤̿Ρ뤤ϳǡڤûޤĹޤ⡼륹Υȥġɽ褦ˤƤΤǤ롥軰ԤˤȤäƤϡ˾󤬱ƤȤȽʤספˡ츫ůʤޤΤʤˡͿԤˤ狼ʤǡء˸ŪåǤΤǤ롥
¾θŪƿˡȤơůʤʸϤΤʤˡ̩̩Υå򱣤Τ롥ʤ̤ʸϤγñƬʸ򽦤äƤȽפʥɤˤʤäƤ (cf. #1875. acrostic ޶ ([2014-06-15-1]))ʸλΤ̯ѤƹޤꡤʬŪ˷ζ°ġʡᥰˤʸϤξ˽ŤͤơʬΤߤɤȥåˤʤäƤꡤ¸ߡԺߤ餫ΥɤȤʤäƤΤʤɡ͡ʤΤ롥
ƥΥեϵŤƤޤäǸȤ뤷˻֤ʤɤͳǡƿåṲ̄ˤȤꤵʤɤˤϤۤѤʤäŹˤ̤ơήϥƥΥեǤϤʤץȥեäΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤƿåǤ뤳ȡƿåȤꤷƤ뤳ȡƿˡʥ르ꥺˤμषƤޤ̣ƲԤĩ򤿤Ĥ褦ˡήȤʤäƤΤǤ롥̾θ쥳ߥ˥ȤС֥äפǤϤʤƲǾפήȤʤäƤȤȤ

եåɡBꥯˡ ˡذŹɻŵ١ϸҡ2013ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-10-14 Fri

#2727. ݥӥŹ [cryptology]

#2716. ϡΰŹΤܤΡ ([2016-10-03-1]) ǥݥӥΰŹ˸ڤݥӥ (BC 200?--118?) ϸ޻Υꥷ˲ȡȡ͡ŹؼԤǤꡤŹ˾塤ȯȤ롤ʸѴֺɸŹפȯϤȤñǤ롥55Υޥܤ˥ե٥åȤ¤١ʸļȲοȤ߹碌ɽȤΤ㤨СR = 42O = 34M = 32E = 15 ʤΤǡ"ROME" "42343215" ɽ蘆뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѵɽϡ֥ݥӥΥåספȸƤФƤʲ޻ȡˡ

 12345
1abcde
2fghi/jk
3lmnop
4qrstu
5vwxyz


ΥݥӥŹ椬͡ʷرѤ졤ʣϻäƴñǤ롥ʸѴȤȯۤϺǤϴŪʤΤȻפ뤬˶ä٤Ѥ߽ФȤˤʤä㤨С#1455. gematria ([2013-04-21-1]) ʸȿƱ뤬ݥȤ#1805. Morse code ([2014-04-06-1]) ݥӥŹ1Ѽȹͤ롥ޤΥԥ塼ǤʸɽϤ٤ʸȿӤĤʸɤȤʤäƤꡤʸѴ䥽ȤŪˤʸɤοŪ黻ˤäƼ¸롥ϡʸȷӤĤ뤳Ȥˤäơʸ˿ؤθŬѤˡΤǤ롥
ȯۤϴŪǤ뤫顤餯ɸŹγϤΩȯΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥ܤˤ⡤ (1530--78) βäɾ (1489--1564) ά٤ˤơѤֻѻȬαפȤŹˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ롥48ʸ77Υޥܤ֤ԤοʸɽȤΤˤꡤ㤨С֤ʤޡפϡּϻ󼷻ϻޡפȰŹ沽롥ȤƤϥݥӥŹ椽ΤΤǤ롥

ϻ 
ϻ
 


ʾ塤 (16--18) ˵äƼɮ

оذŹءˡΰŹ椫Ĥޤǡ١ͼˡ2016ǯ

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2016-10-13 Thu

#2726. derring-do [ghost_word][chaucer][spenser][lydgate]

ε#2725. ghost word ([2016-10-12-1]) ǡderring-do ʹưɬͦˤȤˤĤƿ줿ϡͩˤĤƤ⤦ܤ⤷褦
褦 Chaucer In durryng don . . . ɽüȤʤäθ John Lydgate (1370?--1450?) Troy Book (a1420) Ǥ dorryng do ȤֻǻѤ줿줬1513ǯܤǤϸˤ derrynge do ȤƸƤ롥θ줿ֻϡΤޤ Edmund Spenser (1552?--99) ѤưȤƤǤϤʤ̾ȸ򤷡Shepheardes Calender (1579) October ˤ "manhood and chevalrie" Ϳθϡ Sir Walter Scott (1771--1832) ˤ Ivanhoe (1819) deeds of such derring-do ȤѤ졤19ΥޥɤκȤˤ路Ȥˤꡤ̲
OED Ǥϡ"pseudo-archaism" ȥ졼٥뤬Ž줿ǡΤ褦˸츻β⤬롥

The words come incidentally in their ordinary sense and construction followed by the object 'that' (= what, that which) in Chaucer's Troylus; whence, in an imitative passage by Lydgate, in an absolute construction more liable to misunderstanding; Lydgate's dorryng do was misprinted in the 16th c. editions (1513 and 1555) derrynge do, in which form it was picked up by Spenser and misconstrued as a subst. phrase, explained in the Glossary to the Sheph. Cal. as 'manhood and chevalrie'. Modern romantic writers, led by Sir W. Scott, have taken it from Spenser, printed it derring-do, and accentuated the erroneous use.


嵭˵󤲤ȤˤOED ƷǤ褦

c1374 Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 837 Troylus was neuere vn-to no wight..in no degre secounde, In dorryng don [v.rr. duryng do, dorynge to do] þat longeth to a knyght..His herte ay wiþ þe firste and wiþ þe beste Stod paregal, to dorre don [v.rr. durre to do, dore don] that hym leste.

1430 Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii.xvi. (MSS. Digby 232 lf. 56 a/2; 230 lf. 81 a/1) And parygal, of manhode and of dede, he [Troylus] was to any þat I can of rede, In dorryng [v.rr. doryng(e] do, this noble worþy wyght, Ffor to fulfille þat longeþ to a knyȝt, The secounde Ector..he called was. [1513, 1555 In derrynge do, this noble worthy wyght.]

1579 Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Oct. 65 For ever who in derring doe were dreade, The loftie verse of hem was loved aye. [Gloss., In derring doe, in manhood and chevalrie.]

. . . .

1819 Scott Ivanhoe II. xv. 300 Singular..if there be two who can do a deed of such derring-do. [Note. Derring-do, desperate courage.]

1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last of Barons I. i. vi. 107 Such wonders and dareindo are too solemn for laughter.

1866 G. W. Dasent Gisli 107 Such a deed of derring-do would long be borne in mind.

1885 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm. (1887) III. 433 Who is for duello, who is for derring-do, who is for knightly devoir?


Lydgate ߤȡSpenser ʳǡǤưȤƤǤϤʤ̾ȤƲ򤵤Ƥǽꤽ

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2016-10-12 Wed

#2725. ghost word [lexicography][word_formation][folk_etymology][ghost_word][terminology]

ghost word ͩˡ뤤 ghost form ͩˤȸƤФΤ롥#912. ʤ񤷤 (3) ([2011-10-26-1]) Ǵñ˿줿٤Ϥ⤦ܤ夲
رѸ׸켭ŵ٤ˤС"ghost word" Ȥϡָ򤬤Ȥ褢٤餶פŤƤ롥ž (corruption)ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) (analogy)츻Ūֻ (unetymological spelling) ʤɤȤϢƤñȯŪǸΩˤȤɤޤ뤬ʤˤϱФΤ褦˰̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤ⤢롥㤨Сaghast ghost, ghastly <h> 夷Ƥ뤷short-lived /-laɪvd/ ȯ/-lɪvd/ Ȥȯ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ͩȤΤƤͭ̾ʸȤСderring-do ͦʹ԰١ˤChaucer Troilus and Criseyde (l. 837) In durryng don that longeth to a knyght (= in daring to do what is proper for a knight) durryng don Spenser ̾ȸ򤷡ˤ Scott Ѿ夷ΤȤ롥
̤ȤơShakespeare Hamlet 3: 1: 79--81 ꡤThe undiscovered country, from whose bourne No traveller returns Ȥɽˤơbourne ֶפΰ̣Keats ʸֲ̮פȼ㤨fiery realm and airy bourne ȸäȤbourne ͩʤ뤤ͩǡˤȤѤ줿Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ˡͩϡüʥǤϤ뤬1θλʪȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ʤghost word ȤѸ Skeat ¤Ǥ (Transactions of the Philological Society, 1885--87, II. 350--51) ʸ ("Fourteenth Address of the President to the Philological Society") ˤ¿ͩ㤬ǺܤƤ롥ʲϡSkeat ΤȤС

1886 Skeat in Trans. Philol. Soc. (1885--7) II. 350--1 Report upon 'Ghost-words', or Words which have no real Existence..We should jealously guard against all chances of giving any undeserved record of words which had never any real existence, being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors.


߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ

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2016-10-11 Tue

#2724. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (2) [gvs][sociolinguistics][chaucer][meosl][me_dialect][contact][vowel][diphthong]

#2714. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ ([2016-10-01-1]) ˰³첻 (gvs) ȤβҲŪʴ褦ȤߤˤĤƹͤ롥εǤ1ĤθŪ˾Ҳ𤷤٤äȤˤäꤵ첻ʬۤطѸѼϼ㴳ۤʤäƤ롥ϡSmith (101--06) ˽äơ⤦1ĤμҲ񲻱ŪƤߤ褦
Smith ϡChaucer λޤǤ˥ɥǤ2Ĥΰۤʤ첻ηϤ¸ƤȲꤷƤSmith (102) βޤ򻲾ȡˡSystem I ϡChaucer ɽس°͡ΤäƤηϤǤꡤ5ʳʣҲŪʰҿäƤȹͤ롥* դ줿Ĺ첻ϡбû첻Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ФƼ㴳֤򲼤ʤĹǤ롥System II ϡʳ¿Υ󥰥üԤäƤηϤǤꡤ4ʳäꤵƤ롥

System I        System II
>ɪi   >ʊu >əɪ   >əʊ
 >eː̝  >oː̝  >  >
  ɛː̝*   ɔː̝*     ɛː> ɔː>
   ɛː  ɔː       aː*>ɛː, eː  
    aː*>æː            
  *

Τ褦2ĤηϤ15ƬΥɥܿȤˡ̤Ȥ System II üԤҲŪ徺ָ System I ؤΡ־夲 (raising) 뤳ȤˤʤäΤȤ
ޤSystem II üԤ [ɛː] ˤĤƹͤ褦System II üԤϡSystem I üԤ [ɛː] [ɛː̝*] γơɤñ˸Τ̤Ǥʤȡڤ System I üԤ [ɛː̝*] ˸⤤Ĵ路Ȥ顤ΤȤƼ [ɛː] 㴳夲̤Ȥ [eː] ȯ˻롥
ˡSystem II üԤΤȤȤ [eː] ϡSystem I üԤ [eː] Τ⤤Ĵʤ餯 System I üԤδƤե󥹸ζĥĴαƶΰ۲ˤ굤̣ (hyperadaptation) 路̡[iː] ȯ˻ä
ǸˡSystem II üԤ [aː*] ˤĤƤϡ䤳𤬤äSystem II [aː*] a γĹˤäƱ Essex ǤϸűѸ [æː] ȯŸȤƤ [aː] ԤʤƤطǡԤԤƱ뤵˻äǡɥüԤ Essex Ʊ뤵ΤҲŪʵΥ (sociolinguistic distancing) Ȥ٤夲 [æː] Ĵ褦ˤʤäΤȤθ塤β17Ⱦ˲̤ξ夲Ф [eː] ؤѲƤä
嵭Ϸ褷ñǤϤʤդ˸С츫줤˸첻ܤ⡤Ҳ񲻱Ūʣʲ񤷤ƤȤȤפƤǤ롥

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-04-1] [2016-10-31-1]

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2016-10-10 Mon

#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ [preposition][vowel][article][phonetics][productivity]

ѸǤϡȤȶ⤿ʤֻ on ˼岽Ƹ n Ȥo a ȤƸ㤬ʤʤϡan/a, mine/my, none/no ȤǽΤۤƸǤ maiden/maid, lenten/Lent, open/ope, even/eve (see #2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1])) ʤɤˤߤѰۤȤƱ˰ȤǤǽΥڥˤĤƤϡ³θƬҲǻϤޤ n Ĥꡤ첻 h ǻϤޤ n æ뷹ΤäȤΤƤ뤬on ξˤѸǤ餯褦ʬۤäΤǤϤʤƧǤ롥ֻ on ˤĤ¾ȰۤʤΤϡɸѸǤ n ݻǧƤʤȤȤǤ롥
on n æ֤ϡSwift Why did you not set out a Monday? Τ褦˶Ѹˤ⸫졤Ĺ餯Ūä褦in ˤĤƤ⡤16--17ä괧Ǥ i' Ѥ졤i'th' Τ褦˸줿θˤƿषn 渳 n ΧˡפΤϡJespersen (32) ˤС"due to analogy assisted by the spelling and school-teaching" ȤΤȤǤ롥⤳ȻפäƤ롥
ɸѸˤ o a η֤ʤäȽҤ٤¤ƬȤƤ¿ηƻ졤졤ֻʤɤ˺פȤɤƤ롥abed, aboard, about, above, afoot, again, ajar, alive, amid, apace, around, ashore, asleep, away, awry ʤ¿󤲤ۤa- ƬϸǤͭƤꡤʤ꼫ͳ˿뤳ȤǤ (see #2706. ܼ ([2016-09-23-1]))
ޤtwice a day ʤɤ a ϶Ūˤ괧1ĤˡȤȤ館Ƥ뤬ŪˤϤޤ on n æ֤Ǥ롥
ʤo'clock o' on ǤϤʤ of νǤ롥a cuppa tea (< a cup of tea) ⻲ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

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2016-10-09 Sun

#2722. sad ΰ̣Ѳ [semantic_change][polysemy][etymology]

Ѹǡᤷפ̣ sad ϡűѸ sæd б뤬ԤˤϡᤷפθϤʤΰ̣ϡ­ʬʡ˰פäޥĸη֤ *saðaz ȺƷƤꡤޥƱϥ zat, ɥĸ satt, ťΥɸ saðr, ȸ saþs Ȥʤ롥˰ĸ̤ * "to satisfy" ˤɤĤϥƥ satis "enough" ޤƤ롥äơƥ줫Ѹä satis, satisfaction, satisfy ϡsad Ʊ캬äƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
űѸθ­פϤθ15ȾФޤ¸³ǡᤷפθ1300ǯޤǤƤ14ˤϡֳθǤסֿʡޤʡפʤɤθƤ롥äơѸˤϡ嵭͡ʸ¸Ƥ㤨СCursor Mundi ǤϡΡ­פ Thof that thou euer vpon him se, / Of him sadd sal thou neuer be. Ȥƴѻ뤷Chaucer "The Man of Law's Tale" In Surrye whilom dwelte a compaignye / Of chapmen riche and therto sadde and trewe. Ǥϡ֤ޤʡפθǧ롥Ʊ Chaucer The Romaunt of the Rose ǤϡŪʸ She was cleped Avarice. . . Full sad and caytif was she. ˤƸ롥
Τ褦ˡʣθǯ¿夹Τ14ȾդΩ³˸Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤줫θĤʤȤʤäơ­פ񤤤ˤϡᤷפؤ夷Τ롥ʤ֤Ĥʤפˤꡤ­פᤷפػäΤȤˤĤƤϡΤʤȤϤ狼äƤʤåץ꡼θ츻ŵǤϡֽʬ˰ (sated) ˤʤꡤᤷ (sad) ʤΤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬̤βǽ⤢롥㤨Сٲ᤮ơ­׾֤ˤʤȡʹ֤ưʤʤꡤºݤưʤʤ롥ư˵¤äƤȡֹ夤ꤷפ뤤ϡֽš׾֤Ȥʤ롥ֿʡޤʡפ줬٤ĶȡᤷԤʡ׾֤˻롤ȤƻڤϤɤرѸ츻ŵ٤ϤƻڤäƤ褦
sad ˤĤƤϡ#1954. ̣ѲˤäựȤʤäʸ ([2014-09-02-1]) Ǥ⾯ƤΤǡ׻ȡ

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Ϻ ǡ ס ԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١Ʋ2007ǯ

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2016-10-08 Sat

#2721. Ƭ de- [affixation][prefix][word_formation][derivation][etymology][semantics][polysemy]

106դīʹˡJICA ߥޡȻٱΤˡֽ ٤ȤֲüפƤޤ˻Ŧ줿ȤäѸɽǡü humidifier dehumidifier ʤΤǡde- ̵ͭŤʬȤμܸǤ⡤1뤤1⡼㤤ξǤ롥Ʊ;ϤʤǤϤʤˤ260ߤȤۤؤäƤ롥
Ƭ de- ϡŵŪưδΤղäơΰ̣ȿžꡤδްդäꤹ롥ȤȤϥƥ "off" ۤɤ졦ֻ de- ͳ褷ե󥹸ФƱѸäƤ⤢Сľܥƥ줫äƤ졤˱Ѹ¤줵줿Τ⾯ʤʤϳ˱ѸƬȤĹƤΤǤ롥de- θϡʬаʲ̤ˤʤ (Web3 ˡ

1. ԰٤ȿž (ex. decentralize, decode; decalescence)
2. (ex. dehorn, delouse; dethrone)
3. (ex. derate)
4. εäʸˡѸʤɤˡ (ex. decompound, deadjectival, deverbal)
5. ߼ (ex. debus, detrain)
6. Ҥηǡ (ex. dehydro-, deoxy-)
7. (ex. de-emanate)

ˤϵ󤲤Ƥʤ#2638. Ƭ dis- ([2016-07-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡde- dis- ȺƱ졤̣ŪʱƶȤƤ롥ޤεǤ⿨줿ΤȤŪʰ̣ޤǤˤϡde- Τ褦ŪƬĤȡĴ̤िᡤֶĴפˡ٥뤬դ路ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥㤨Сdecline Ǥϡcline Ȥȡֶʤ롤ޤפȲΤͥƥʴްդäƤΤǡde- ˡϡָפǤȤϡֶĴפȤʤʤdenude derelict de- Τδްդ󰦥ͥƥʤΤǡde- ̤ȤơֶĴˡȲ򤵤Ƥ
dehumidifier de- ֶĴˡȤƤФȤϤǤˤʤƬ¿ˤդƤ

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2016-10-07 Fri

#2720. ˤ̵ŪҤĹû [historiography][hel_education]

Ѹˤ˸¤餺˵ҤˡȤơ֤ή˱äˤŪҤȡդ˸ߤ̤ä̵ŪҤ2̤꤬ͤ롥Ԥ̾δФǤ̤ǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤº Strang ̵ŪҤDZѸˤ񤭡ạ̈襤ä˽ФεչԤˡˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#253. Ѹ˵ҤĤˡ ([2010-01-05-1])#1340. Strang αѸˤ̵Ūҡ ([2012-12-27-1])#2471. ʤޤϵڷʤΤ ([2016-02-01-1]) ǰäƤ
ؤμȤǤϺŵŪ̾ȤäƤ褤 Baugh and Cable αѸˡʽŪҡˤɤǤ뤬شϤβǡ̵ŪҤȤˡθˤĤƼȥ֥쥹ȤƤߤɤ߼ˤȤäơ̵Ū˽񤫤줿˽ĹûϤ줾첿ȤǤ롥ʲФ줿ով񤭤ǵ

[ Ĺ ]

̤˸뤫鸶˶̣勞
Ԥ̴ط狼䤹
Ʋ̤ˤ򿼤ؤ٤
Ūȿʤ䤹
μȾȤ餷碌ʤˤؤ٤
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ưŪ˸ߤޤ
¿夫顤ʤؤȵҤήƤ椯
˸ߤȳƻλֺռʤˤؤ٤
ָλĴ

[ û ]

ɡǽŪҤȤƺƲᤷʤФʤʤ
̤Ż뤷
Ʊˤˤ
ƻε֤꤬Ūˤʤ
̤ȤʽǤϤʤΤǡ狼ˤ
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λˤ
ڤΤƤ¿
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̴طǤϡʬŪ˽Ūˤʤ餶򤨤ʤ
ߤ̤ػήƤΤǡưƤ椯Ȥˤʤ
ߤȿǤƤʤϰˤʤΤǤϤʤ
ָ̤λȤˤ

ơΤˤȻפ⤢СĹꤢ뤤ûȤƽФ줿ոΤޤ޵դûꤢ뤤ĹˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȻפ⤢äޤΥꥹȤϡѤнŪҤĹûˤб롤ȤǤͭѤǤ롥
̵ŪҤˤԼϤ̤ʤȤäƤŪǤϤʤߤûΤۤ¿󤬤ΤϡפʤȤĹȹͤħʬ˰ռ̵ŪҤ˽ĩ魯Τϡյ롥Strang αѸ˽ʤɤϡѸˤؤ֤äƺǽɤˤϤդ路ʤ嵭Τ褦ûܤĤ֤ꡤĹ褫ɤ⤦ȤСؽ̤ϵ󤬤Strang ϡ21θߤǤϸŤʤäݤʤäꤷʹ¤˸ؤΥ󥹤ä̾Ǥ³ƤȻפ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-10-09-1]

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2016-10-06 Thu

#2719. autophagy [etymology][greek][onomatopoeia][combining_form][consonant]

ؤŵˤΡ٥ؾ޼ޤ󤸤줿ܿͲʳؼԤˤ3ǯϢ³ΥΡ٥޼ޤϡФ餷ϡautophagy ʺ˦ѡƱ˦ǹǤ¾ʬòѡˤθǼޤȤȤˤϤƤϤäѤǤʥȥեʹơե (fuzzy theory) ȻפäۤɤβԤǤ롥Τ褦򤷤ƤͤϷ빽ȰοʹɤˡϡΥꥷǤʤʣ졤ä2 phagy ˤĤƸ츻ҤȤ
ޤʣ1Ǥϥꥷ autós "self" ͳ褹Ϣ (combining_form) Ǥ롥ּʬʡȼפΰ̣autobiography, autocracy, autograph, automatic, automaton, automobile, autonomy ʤɤʣѸä󶡤Ƥ롥2Ǥ -phagyϡꥷư phageîn "to eat" б̾ -phagía ̤ꡤ־←פ̣ϢǤ롥äơautophagy Ȥϡʸ̤ "self-eating" ʼˤǤ롥
phageîn θ캬ϡĸ *bhag- (to share out) ̤ꡤʬۤ롤Ƥפۤɤ餷ʬۤȤϢ餫ֿ٤פθǤ Sanskrit ǤȯãƤSanskrit ͳ褹 pagoda ʩ㡤ѥˤˤθ촴ޤޤƤ롥Ǥϡʬۡפ˭פФơȷӤĤΤ餷󥹥åȸ줫饿ߥ졤ݥȥФơ17˱Ѹä
-phagy 䡤Ʊ캬 -phage, phago-, -phagous ıñϾʤʤֿԤפ˲פỤ̄ȯŸơanthropophagy ʿͽ, entomophagy ʿ, geophagy ڿ, coprophagy ʵ; bacteriophage ʥХƥꥪեٶݥ륹, bibliophage ɽ񶸡, macrophage 翩˦, microphage ʾ˦, xylophage ʿʪ; phagocyte ʿ˦, phagology ʿء, phagophobia ʶɡˤʤɤθ줬߽ФƤ롥ۤˡڥ륷줫ä baksheesh, bucksheeʿդ襤ˤ⡤Ʊ캬̤롥
ơĸθ캬 *bhag- 䥮ꥷ phageîn įƤȡܸΡ֥ѥѥס֥ХХס֥⥰⥰פλҲפФ롥٤ȤưǤϿ塤٤ƤϢɬܤǤꡤαưξüδﴱˤĴɽƤ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥ε졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ˴Ťȹͤ뤳ȤŪǤϤʤ褦˻פ뤬ɤ

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2016-10-05 Wed

#2718. ǧθؤ3Ĥ [linguistics][semantics][cognitive_linguistics][history_of_linguistics]

ǧθ (cognitive_linguistics) ϡȤ1980ǯȯãƤ칽¤ȸưθˡǤ롥Cruse Ѹ콸 cognitive linguistics ιˤȡθˡطʤˤϡĤδŪ󤬤롥

(1) ϰ̣ãŪȯŸƤΤǤꡤ̣졤̤ˤ餺٤Ƥθ칽¤ϤεǽȴϢƤϤǤ롥
(2) ǽϤϡŪǧǽϤޤƤꡤʬĤȤϤǤʤäơòǾμΧṲ̄ʤΤ¸ߤʤΤȤ̣ˤȤäƤİյϡỤ̄ȰŪμΤˡ§Ūʶ̤ǧ뤳ȤǤʤȤȤǤ롥
(3) ̣賵ǰŪʤΤǤꡤˡǧŪγŪʸ˷֤դȤ˴Ϳ롥

ǧθؼԤϡ˴Ṭ̌ˡϰ̣Ŭڤ뤳ȤǤʤȼĥ롥ǧθؤϡǧοؤ̩ܤʴطäƤꡤȤ櫓ǰι¤˴ؤ븦˰͵򤷤Ƥ롥ǧθؤȯŸä˱ƶϤΤؼԤ2͵󤲤ȤСLakoff Langacker
ǧθؤˤĤƤϡ#1957. Ụ̄ǧΰ̣ˤǰ ([2014-09-05-1]) ⻲ȡ

Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.

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2016-10-04 Tue

#2717. Ź椫Ϥޤä [cryptology][semiotics][writing][braille]

ϡե󥹤տ Louis Braille (1809--52) 1829ǯȯΤȤ졤ˤо㳲ԤƼͳɤ߽񤭤Ǥ褦ˤʤäȤǡ˾塤Ūʽä֥饤ˡ (Braille) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤳ϡ3ԡ26ñ̤ȤơȤ߹碌ˤꥢե٥åȤȿɽ魯ȤߤΤΤǤ롥֥饤ˡϥ֥饤˴ʤä2ǯ˥ե󥹤ǸʸȤǧ졤줫100ǯ1954ǯˤϥͥŤĤǡλо㳲ԤʸȤƺѤ줿ܤؤ1890ǯƳƤꡤ50ɽ魯ȯ졤ߤѤ³Ƥ롥ϡ켫ΤΩηϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ(ʸ˸ѵȤȤ館٤Ǥϡ⡼륹 (#1805. Morse code ([2014-04-06-1])) ʤɤह롥
ơˤϡΤ褦˥֥饤̤ȤΤθϡʥݥ쥪ˤʼ Charles Barbier ֥饤γؤձǽճعˤ˻ʸ(Ecriture Nocturne "night writing") βǤˤäʸȤϡѲȤǤ⤢äХӥͰƤŹΰǡĻξ̩Υ롼˽äå⤭ĦˤΤǤꡤɼԤϰˤ⤽˿ɤळȤǤȤʪäХӥϡ塤о㳲ԤΤ˳Ѥˡõꡤձ6ԡ2Ƴơ̤ä֥饤椬ɤä3ԡ26Υ֥饤ˡȯ˻äȤǤ롥
ǹǧΤ졤ѤƤȤηϤΤ褦˷Ūʿ̤ζĶdzȯ줿Ź˵ĤȤ¤ϡ˶̣Ź⥳ߥ˥ʤˤϰ㤤ʤ̣ǤȯŸɬŪȤͤ뤬ǡХӥ鷱ձФƥ֥饤ؤϢʤäΤϡˤζǤ⤢롥ŹȯŪˡ˾夭ƽפȯˤĤʤäͭǤ롥
ʾ塤 (54) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

оذŹءˡΰŹ椫Ĥޤǡ١ͼˡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-23-1] [2016-10-16-1]

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2016-10-03 Mon

#2716. ϡΰŹΤܤ [cryptology][history][hieroglyph][grammatology][bible][hebrew]

#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1]) ǹͻ褦ˡʸȯϡ켫ΤŹ̩ܤ˴طƿ뤳ȤŪȤŹ楳ߥ˥ܳŪȯŸޤǤˤϡ¿ʤȤ֤ä褦Ǥ롥ϡذŹɻŵ٤ pp. 2--6 򻲾ȤơϡΰŹΤܤΤά롥
Ź椽ΤΤǤϤʤʸѷƿȤäŹθȤΤϡ2000ǯۤɸ奨ץʸλѤˤǤ˸롥㤨С²ɽ魯ʸˤϡҤȿդˡ¯ͤưפɤʤ褦ˡѷܤ줿Τ褦ʸѷŪηŪ˻Ȥ줿ڵϤʤäܳŪʰŹоȤ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤϤäȻפ롥
1500ǯΥ᥽ݥߥˤϡΤƿΰտޤɤ߼뿿ΰŹ椬ѤƤ褦ˡ줿ܸʸνĤˤơɽ魯ʸ󤬰տŪ𤵤ƤΤϡǸŤΰŹ1ĤȤäƤ褤
500ǯǤϡɤǤˡƿξڵ򤬸Ĥ롥μˡ⤹Ǥ¿ͲƤꡤŹ椫顤ʸȿž֤˻ޤ͡ϡΥɤǰŹ楳ߥ˥󤬤ٹǧΤƤʪäƤ롥ʹ֤αٳڤˤĤƤνإޡȥ٤ǤϡˡƿϽ٤Ѥ1ĤǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ˤ⡤Źθָ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥϡ֥פȸƤФإ֥饤쥢ե٥åȤ˴ŤŹθλ㤬ߤ롥ǤϡǽʸȺǸʸؤ2ܤʸȺǸ夫2ܤʸؤȤä褦ˡ٤ƤΥե٥åȤؤΤǤ롥ˤꡤإߥ25265141 Babel Sheshach ȴƤ롥ˤ̤ƿΰտޤϴ줺ޤǸλܳŪʰŹϢʤ뤳ȤˤʤŹθȤ٤ΤΤä
奮ꥷǤϡڥ륷Ȥ˴ؤ뷳ŪŪǡǤñǤϤ뤬ηŪʰŹ浻ѤȯãƤ5ꥷ˲ȥȥ奤ǥǥϡѥ륿ͤ奿졼ȤŹȯȤ˸ڤƤ롥礭ǡ˻򴬤դξ夫鲼ʸ񤤤Ƥäǻ򤯤ȡ̵̣ʸ¤ǤȤΤǤ롥ޤ2ˤϰŹؼԥݥӥ֥ݥӥΥåספȸƤФ55Υե٥åɽ˴ŤŹ浻ѤΩΰŹȯŸδäȤʤä
ˤƤϡ#2704. Ź ([2016-09-21-1]) ǿ줿Ź椬ͰƤ졤˲ɤʤ̤ƹȤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
Τ褦ˡŹˤˤϢưȯãƤΤǤ롥

եåɡBꥯˡ ˡذŹɻŵ١ϸҡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-14-1]

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2016-10-02 Sun

#2715. thanks to [preposition][word_formation]

ѸΡ?Τǡ?η̡ˡפɽ魯 thanks to . . . ȤɽŪȯã䶦Ụ̄ˤĤƼĴٻϤƤߤĴޤѸˡˤĤƹͤƤߤĤʸ󤲤褦

Thanks to you, I was saved from drowning.
Thanks to Ulysses' wisdom, the Greek army was able to conquer Troy.
The plane was delayed two hours, thanks to bad weather.
It was all a great success --- thanks to a lot of hard work.
I was late to the dinner, thanks to a New York cabbie who couldn't speak English.
The railway system is in chaos, thanks to the government's incompetence.

ŪˤʸƬʸΤ̤ǡäʸξˤϸ夫ź뤫Τ褦Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿褦
thanks to ϡQuirk et al. (9.10) ˤС2줫ʤʣֻǤ롥2Ǥ to ³ʣֻ1ĤȤƥꥹȥåפƤꡤۤˤ according to, as to, close to, contrary to , due to, near(er) (to), next to, on to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous, prior to, pursuant to, up to ʤɤ󤲤롥ʣֻǤȤȤ館ϡüԤŪˤɽ̾ thanks ֻ to ȤʬϤ򤷤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤްդ뤬thanks ΡִաסޤȤƤΡ?Τפΰ̣ޤäͿƤʤȸڤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ξڵȤơ?νˤ餺פۤɤΰ̣Ѥ no thanks to . . . ɽ롥Ǥϡ̾ȤƤ thanks vs no thanks ȤޤˤꡤΩ to դơʣֻˤڤǤȹͤ롥no thanks to ʸ⤤Ĥ󤲤褦ƤϤäͤƤʤäȤΤѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦

We managed to get it finished in the end --- no thanks to him.
It was no thanks to you that we managed to win the game.
At long last we made it, no thanks to you.
The vote passed, no thanks to the mayor.

ʸʸŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤͤȡ A, (no) thanks to B ȤѥϡA, for which I should say (no) thanks to BA, for which (no) thanks should be given to B ȥѥե졼ǤǤ롥󡤤Ū˸ԤŪˤĤŤޤäԤȯãȤȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤŪˤȯãϡӡĴ٤ɬפ롥OED ˤȡȤ1631ǯʸ㤬󤲤ƤꡤۤɸŤΤǤϤʤȤ狼롥³ˡѤ thanks be given to . . . ʤ롤ᤫΩˡʤɤȯŸǽΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2016-10-01 Sat

#2714. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ [gvs][sociolinguistics][vowel][diphthong]

첻 (gvs) ˤƻϤޤꡤʹԤϡĹ餯ǮоݤȤʤäƤǯϡҲؤΩ줫鲻Ѳ򸦵椹Ҳ񲻱ѤϤΤ褦Ǥ롥ΤϹäƤ뤬Gramley (134) αѸ˳û󤵤ƤΤǡѤ褦

A second socially more plausible scenario attributes initiation of the shift to the fact that London English originally had four long front vowels . . . . The lower classes in London were merging meat /ɛː/ and meet /eː/ into the higher vowel /eː/. The socially higher standing may then have raised their /eː/ toward /iː/ and their /oː/ toward /uː/, possibly following the model of French, which was also raising these vowels. But in any case the effect was to set themselves off from the lower orders . . . . In addition, newcomers in London such as the East Anglian cloth-traders migrating to London in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries had only three long front vowels: they did not distinguish /ɛː/ and /eː/. In their move to accommodate to London speech they would have raised and differentiated their mid-vowel, making London /ɛː/ into /eː/ and London /eː/ into /iː/ . . . .


ѸѸˤơɥιس4ʳ첻ηϤäƤسǤϤ줬3ʳ첻ηϤ˺Ƥسϡ餯ե󥹸ιĴ򿿻뤳ȤˤꡤسΡäȯʤ٤ۤʤȯ褦Ȥ3ʳ첻ηϤäƤȡ󥰥ꥢΰܽԤ̤˥ɥήȡϼҲŪʾ徺ָ顤سäʬŪ˿褦Ȥ4ʳǤĴߡ줬ȤʤäơɥѸ줬Ū1ʳ夬Ȥ̤Ȥʤä
ۤʤҲĤäۤʤѼ郎ɥȤϤܿĴ֤ΥȿܤȤʣʼҲŪưŤˤꡤ줿ȤʥꥪǤ롥ȰۤʤꡤμҲŪΤ񤷤ᡤ˼Ҳ񲻱ˤϤϤݤ뤫Ȥ礭ʲ꤬ĤƲ롥ǯ͡Ԥθٻ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥Fennell (160--61) 䡤˾ܤ Smith 2γϤ⻲Ȥ줿

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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