528ˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤζΤȡheldio ˤϽؤʾءX @scunogawaˤȤȤˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפ饤ǤϤޤͻҤȤƤǤ YouTube ǤǸƤ뤳Ȥϡε#5851. ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ ܥΥå --- GW with ϽؤפΥ YouTube ۿޤ ([2025-05-04-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥ٤ heldio ΥȤƤۿޤǽʬȤʤİȤϡ#1439. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- GW with Ͻؤꤴİ褯Ԥ65ʬۤɤĹǤ
ܥΥåǼ夲Ѥʵ15濫ޤ5ܡԤ26ʬ18դ꤫ˤܤޤμݤȤƤϡ괧 an/a λȤʬan apple vs. a penˤθݤϡꥷͳƬ an-/a- θݤƱǤפȤΤǤԤΤι٤ʻŦˤषٶˤʤäݡϤȥ饤Ǥ줿̤Ǥ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡΤξԤˤơan- ŪˤηǤǤ첻ʤ뤤 hˤǻϤޤǤ³ˤϡؤˤǤ n æa- Ȥ۷֤ѤƤޤ줤ʿŪȤޤ
Webster μ3Ǥ˽ A Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms ˤȡꥷͳƬ a-, an- ˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥޤ
2a- or an- prefix [L & Gk; L a-, an-, fr. Gk --- more at UN-]: not: without <achromatic> <asexual> --- used chiefly with words of Gk or L origin; a- before consonants other than h and sometimes even before h, an- before vowels and usu. before h <ahistorical> <anesthesia> <anhydrous>
ΤʤǼƤ̤ꡤΥꥷͳƬϡѸƬ un- ȤƱǤ롥ĤǤƱŵ un- ιܤƤ
1un- prefix [ME, fr. OE; akin to OHG un- un-, ON ō, ū-, Goth un-, L in-, Gk a-, an-, Skt a-, an- un-, OE ne not]
űѸ꼭 ne ⤳ƱǤ뤫顤ĤޤȤ not, never, no ʤɤȤ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ƤѤʵ䤫ŸǤؤٶˤʤޤ

Ǥλ425˴Ԥ줿λȡΤʤǤýˤĤƤϡ#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) ӡ#5845. ؤȤФʸýоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽פγͤγפҲ ([2025-04-28-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥ롥ý1ԤͤƤƤꡤΥȥϡֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸפǤ롥ʲơ
1. Ϥ
ܹƤǤϱѸûˤˤ륮ꥷαƶ롥ѸäĹˤ¿θ줫ƶƤʤǤ⥮ꥷ줫μѤðۤʰ֤Ƥ롥ä˳ؽѸʳصѸˤơꥷαƶϸ˻ޤ³Ƥ롥
2. ѸΥꥷȤνв
ѸȥꥷܳŪʽв15̤롥ޤǤƥ𤷤ŪʼѤϤäľŪʼѤ϶ˤƸ¤Ƥ15ˤʤȡͥαƶǸŵؤδؿޤꡤɤǤ⥮ꥷγؽޤä
1453ǯΥƥΡץ塤¿ΥꥷؼԤ˴̿ꥷȤܿäȤطʤˤ롥λμѸˤϡůءءʸˡʤɤʬѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ
3. ѸΥꥷ줫μѸ
1618ˤƤνѸϡѸθä礭礷Ǥ롥λꥷ줫μѤŪä
ħŪʤΤϡ֥סinkhorn_term) ȸƤФ٤˳ؽŪʸäνиǤ롥ϼ˳ؼԤʸͤˤäƻѤ졤̤ο͡ˤǤäȤСadjuvate ʱ, deruncinate ʽ𤹤ˤʤɤθϸѸˤϻĤäƤʤconfidence ʿ, education ʶ, encyclopedia ɴʻŵˤʤɤνפñ⤳λƳ줿
ޤꥷͳƬanti-, hyper-, proto- ʤɡˤ-ism, -ize ʤɡˤѸθΤ˼줿ȤפǤ롥ܼϡḽˤƿǰɽ뤿ζϤƻȤʤä
4. ؽѸȿŵʣ
19ȡʳصѤȯŸȼꥷǤѤθȯ
ʬɽ -ic/-ics/-logy 㡧rhetoric, economics, philology ʤɡˤڤ¿οʬ̾Τ˺Ѥ줿ޤϢcombining_formˤѤ¤ˡΩ줿㤨Сtele- ʱ+ -phone ʲˢ telephone, micro- ʾ+ -scope ʸˢ microscope ʤɡκüѤɽѸ줬ˡǺ줿
ư -ize/-ise 㡧internationalize, modernize ʤɡˤ䡤ۤɽ -ism 㡧capitalism, socialism ʤɡˤѤ褦ˤʤä
ΥꥷǤѤ¤ˡϡŪˤ졤ʳؤιݲ礭ͳȤƤϡν𤵡Ω̩ηʤɤ롥
5. ḽζͭȤ
ǤϡꥷͳθäϱѸΤߤʤ餺¿θ˶ͭŪʻȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сcardiology ʿ¡ء, neurology ʿгء, psychology ʿءˤʤɤѸǶ̤ƻѤƤ롥
ǯΥԥ塼ʳؤѤʬǤ⡤cyber- ʥС, tele- ʱ֡, crypto- ʰŹˤʤɤΥꥷͳϢϽפ̤Ƥ롥
ޤäˤ anti- ȿ, hyper- Ķ, mega- ʵ, -phobia ʶݾɡ, -mania ǮˤʤɤΥꥷͳƬƩƤ롥
Τ褦ˡꥷαƶϱѸˤ̤Ʒ³Ū˸뤬ä˶ʹߡʳصѤȯŸȹݲǽƤ⡤ǰ䵻ѤνиȼꥷǤѤ¤³ȤǤ
6. ˡ
Ѹäζ岽ˤ륮ꥷϡŪˤʸŪˤפʸơޤǤ³
ʸǤϡ¿ñȿޤȤ߹ߤʤƤ롥ǤʩʻˡˤȤ¾μɮԤоȸŪʡ֥ĥåߡפ12äƤꡤɮԼȤˤȤäƤؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿äҤɤߤС
δֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸסýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס Ϻ ԡ δԡˡˡؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ42562--73ǡ
Durkin (216--19) ˤơѸäꥷͳǤƤ롥 (suffix)Ƭ (prefix)Ϣ (combining_form) ʬơ礿Τ褦ƥե줫μѸΤʤ˺äƤǤ⤢ꡤŪˤϥꥷͳǤ뤳ȤŤƤʤΤޤޤƤΤǤϤʤ
Ρ
-on (plural -a), -ter, -terion, -ma/-mat- (adj. -matic), the family of -ize/-ise (-ist/-ast, -ism, -asm), -ite, -ess, -oid, -isk, -(t)ic, -istic(al), -astic(al)
ΡƬ
a(n)-, amph(i)-, an(a)-, anti-, ap(o)-, cat(a)-/kat(a)-, di(a)-, dys-, a(n)-, end(o)-, exo-, ep(i)-, hyper-, hyp(o)-, met(a)-, par(a)-, peri-, pro-, pros-, syn-/sys-
ΡϢ
acro- "high; of the extremities", agath(o)- "good", all(o)- "other, alternate, distinct", arch- "chief; original", argyr(o)- "silver", aut(o)- "self(-induced); spontaneous", bary-/bar(o)- "heavy; low; internal", brachy- "short", brady- "slow", cac(o)- "bad", chlor(o)- "green; chlorine", chrys(o)- "gold; golden-yellow", cry(o)- "freezing; low-temperature", crypt(o)- "secret; concealed", cyan(o)- "blue", dipl(o)- "twofold, double", dolich(o)- "long", erythr(o)- "red", eu- "good, well", glauc(o)- "bluish-green, grey", gluc(o)- "glucose"/glyc(o)- "sugar; glycerol"/glycy- "sweet", gymn(o)- "naked, bare", heter(o)- "other, different", hol(o)- "whole, entire", homeo- "similar; equal", hom(o)- "same", leuc/k(o)- "white", macro- "(abnormally) large", mega- "huge; very large", megal(o)- "large; grandiose" and -megaly "abnormal enlargement", melan(o)- "black; dark-colored; pigmented", mes(o)- "middle", micr(o)- "(very) small", nano- "one thousand-millionth; extremely small", necr(o)- "dead; death", ne(o)- "new; modified; follower", olig(o)- "few; diminished; retardation", orth(o)- "upright; straight; correct", oxy- "sharp, pointed; keen", pachy- "thick", pan(to)- "all", picr(o)- "bitter", platy- "broad, flat", poikil(o)- "variegated; variable", poly- "much, many", proto- "first", pseud(o)- "false", scler(o)- "hard", soph(o)- and -sophy "skilled; wise", tachy- "swift", tel(e)- "(operating) at a distance", tele(o)- "complete; completely developed", therm(o)- "warm, hot", trachy- "rough"
ѸܥӥΤȤˤɤ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

ε#5676. ظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ٤300캬 ([2024-11-10-1]) ˰³ƱϿ (344--52) ˷ǺܤƤפܼΥꥹȤȻפޤƬ (prefix) (suffix) 碌129ܼҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
ڡƬ
| a-, an- | ʤ (without) |
| ab-, abs- | Υơä (away) |
| ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- | Ĥ (to) |
| ambi- | (around) |
| anti-, ant- | ȿ (against) |
| bene- | 褤 (good) |
| bi- | 2 (two) |
| co- | (together) |
| com-, con-, col-, cor- | (together) (wholly) |
| contra-, counter- | ȿФ (against) |
| de- | (down)Υ (away) (wholly) |
| di- | 2 (two) |
| dia- | ڤä (across) |
| dis-, di-, dif- | ʤ (not)Υơ̡ (apart) |
| dou-, du- | 2 (two) |
| en-, em- | Ĥ (into)Ĥˤ (make) |
| ex-, e-, ec-, ef- | (out) |
| extra- | Ĥγ (outside) |
| fore- | ä (before) |
| in-, im-, il-, ir-, i- | ʤԡ̵ (not) |
| in-, im- | ˡĤ (in)Ĥξ (on) |
| inter- | Ĥδ֤ (between) |
| intro- | (in) |
| mega- | (large) |
| micro- | (small) |
| mil- | 1000 (thousand) |
| mis- | ä (wrongly) (badly) |
| mono- | 1 (one) |
| multi- | ¿ (many) |
| ne-, neg- | ʤ (not) |
| non- | ̵ (not) |
| ob-, oc-, of-, op- | ĤФơĤ˸ä (against) |
| out- | (out) |
| over- | ۤ (over) |
| para- | 來 (beside) |
| per- | Ĥ̤ (through) (wholly) |
| post- | (after) |
| pre- | (before) |
| pro- | (forward) |
| re- | (back)Ƥ (again) (strongly) |
| se- | ̡ (apart) |
| semi- | Ⱦʬ (half) |
| sub-, suc-, suf-, sum-, sug-, sup-, sus- | (down) (under) |
| super-, sur- | ˡۤ (over) |
| syn-, sym- | (together) |
| tele- | (distant) |
| trans- | ۤ (over) |
| tri- | 3 (three) |
| un- | ʤ (not)ᤷ (back) |
| under- | (down) |
| uni- | 1 (one) |
| -age | ֡ȡ |
| -al | |
| -ance | |
| -ancy | ֡ |
| -ant | ͡ |
| -ar | |
| -ary | ȡ |
| -ation | 뤳ȡ |
| -cle | Ρ |
| -cracy | |
| -ee | |
| -eer | |
| -ence | ֡ |
| -ency | ֡ |
| -ent | ͡ |
| -er, -ier | ͡ |
| -ery | ֡ȡΡࡤѡ |
| -ess | |
| -hood | ֡ |
| -ian | |
| -ics | ء |
| -ion, -sion, -tion | ȡ֡ |
| -ism | |
| -ist | |
| -ity, -ty | ֡ȡ |
| -le | Ρ |
| -let | Ρ |
| -logy | ء |
| -ment | ֡ȡ |
| -meter | |
| -ness | ֡ |
| -nomy | ˡ |
| -on, -oon | 礭ʤ |
| -or | ͡ |
| -ory | |
| -scope | |
| -ship | |
| -ster | |
| -tude | |
| -ure | ȡ |
| -y | ȡ |
| -able | Ǥ롤䤹 |
| -al | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -an | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -ant | ĤΡĤ |
| -ary | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -ate | ĤΡĤΤ |
| -ative | Ū |
| -ed | Ĥˤ |
| -ent | Ƥ |
| -ful | Ĥ |
| -ible | Ǥ롤 |
| -ic | ĤΡĤΤ褦 |
| -ical | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -id | ľ֤ΡƤ |
| -ile | Ǥ롤 |
| -ine | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -ior | äȡ |
| -ish | Τ褦 |
| -ive | Ρ |
| -less | Τʤ |
| -like | Τ褦 |
| -ly | Τ褦ʡȤ |
| -ory | Τ褦 |
| -ous | |
| -some | Ŭ |
| -wide | ˤ錄 |
| -ate | ˤ롤 |
| -en | ˤ |
| -er | ֤ |
| -fy, -ify | ˤ |
| -ish | ˤ |
| -ize | ˤ |
| -le | ֤ |
| -ly | 褦 |
| -ward | |
| -wise | 褦 |

ѸܥӥΤܤҲ𤷤ޤҤǤƤظ캬dzФ륳ѥñǤ300θ캬夲캬Ọ̇̄١2500ؽǤ褦˹ƤޤҤإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ١إå饤ȥϥ¼ŵ١إߥʥ¼ŵ١إѥ¼ŵ٤μ̤ưѤƤ캬बȤˤʤäƤޤ
Ф줿300Ĥθ캬ϡܥӥʳˤ⡤Ѹ˸ˤƲΩĥꥹȤȤʤäƤޤܼ˽äơʲ˰ޤ
cess ʹԤ
ceed ʹԤ
cede ʹԤ
gress ʿʤ
vent
verse ʸ
vert ʸ
cur
pass ̤
sta Ωġ
sist Ωġ
sti Ωġ
stitute ΩƤ
stant ΩäƤ
stance ΩäƤ뤳ȡ
struct ۤ
fact ʺ롤ʤ
fic ʺ
fect ʺä
gen ޤ
nat ޤ
crease Ĺ
tain ݤġ
ward ʼ
serve ʻŤ
ceive ʼ
cept ʼ
sume ʼ
cap ʤĤ
mote ư
move ư
gest ʱ֡
fer ʱ֡
port ʱ֡
mit
mis
duce Ƴ
duct Ƴ
secute ɤ
press ʲ
tract ʰ
ject ꤲ
pose ֤
pend ʤ֤鲼
tend ʹ
ple
cide ڤ
cise ڤ
vary Ѥ
alter ¾Ρ
gno Τ
sent ʴ
sense ʴ
cure ա
path ʶ줷
spect ʸ
vis ʸ
view ʸ
pear ʸ
speci ʸ
pha ʸ
sent ¸ߤ
viv
act ʹư
lect ֡
pet ʵ
quest ʵ
quire ʵ
use ʻѤ
exper ʻߤ
dict ʸ
log ä
spond ʱ
scribe ʽ
graph ʽȡ
gram ʽΡ
test ʾڸ
prove ʾ
count ʿ
qua ʤɤΤ褦ʡ
mini ʾ
plain ʿʡ
liber ʼͳʡ
vac ʶΡ
rupt ˤ줿
equ
ident Ʊ
term ʸ³
fin ʽꡤ³
neg ʤʤ
rect ʿäʡ
prin 1̡
grade ʳ
part ʬ
found ʴá
cap Ƭ
medi ֡
popul ʿ͡
ment ʿ
cord ʿ
hand ʼ
manu ʼ
mand ̿
fort ʶ
form ʷ
mode ʷ
sign ʰ
voc
litera ʸ
ju ˡ
labor ϫƯ
tempo ʻ
uni 1ġ
dou 2ġ
cent 100
fare ʹԤ
it ʹԤ
vade ʹԤ
migrate ʰư
sess ʺ¤
sid ʺ¤
man ʤȤɤޤ
anim ©
spire ©
fa ä
fess ä
cite ʸƤ֡
claim ʶ֡
plore ʶ֡
doc ʶ
nounce
mon ʷٹ𤹤
audi İ
pute ʹͤ
tempt ʻߤ
opt ֡
cri ʷꤹ
don Ϳ
trad ʰϤ
pare Ѱդ
imper ᤹̿
rat ʿ
numer ʿ
solve ʲ
sci Τ
wit ΤäƤ
memor ʵ
fid ʿ
cred ʿ
mir ʶä
pel ɤΩƤ
venge
pone ֤
ten ݻ
tin ݤġ
hibit ʻġ
habit ʻäƤ
auc
ori ʾ
divid ʬ
cret ʬ
dur ³
cline ʷ
flu ή
cas
cid
cease ʤ
close Ĥ
clude Ĥ
draw ʰ
trai ʰĥ
bat Ǥġ
fend Ǥġ
puls Ǥġ
cast ꤲ
guard ʼ
medic ʼ
nur ܤ
cult ʹ̤
ly ʷӤĤ
nect ʷӤĤ
pac
strain
strict 줿
here ʤäĤ
ple ޤꤿ
plic ޤꤿ
ploy ޤꤿ
ply ޤꤿ
tribute ʳƤ
tail ڤ
sect ڤ
sting ʻɤ
tort ʤͤ
frag ʲ
fuse
mens ¬
pens ʽŤ̤
merge ʿ
velop
veil ʤ
cover ʤʤ
gli ʵ
prise ʤĤ
cert ʳΤʡ
sure ʳΤʡ
firm ʳμ¤ʡ
clar ʡ
apt Ŭ
due ʻʧ٤
par
human ʿʹ֤Ρ
common ʶͭΡ
commun ʶͭΡ
semble ʰˡ
simil Ʊ
auto ʼ
proper ʼʬȤΡ
potent ʤǤ
maj 礭
nov ʿ
lev ʷڤ
hum 㤤
cand
plat ʿʡ
minent ͤФ
sane ʷʡ
soph ʸ
sacr ʿʡ
vict
text ʿ줿
soci ֡
demo ̱
civ ʻ̱
polic Իԡ
host ʵҡ
femin ʽ
patr
arch Ĺ
bio ̿衤ʪ
psycho
corp Ρ
face ʴ
head Ƭ
chief Ƭ
ped
valu ʲ͡
delic ̥ϡ
grat ʴӡ
hor ʶݡ
terr ʶ줵
fortune ʱ
hap ʶ
mort ʻ
art ʵѡ
custom ʽ
centr 濴
eco ʴĶ
circ ʱߡġ
sphere ʵ
rol ʲžΡ
tour ʲ
volve ʲ
base ʴá
norm ɸ
ord ʽ
range
int Ρ
front ̡
mark ʶ
limin ߵ
point
punct ͤɤ
phys ʼ
di
hydro ʿ
riv
mari ʳ
sal ʱ
aster
camp
mount ʻ
insula
vi ƻ
loc ʾ
geo ϡ
terr ϡ
dom ʲȡ
court ʵ
cave ʷ
bar
board ġ
cart ʻ
arm
car ʼ֡
leg ˡΧ
reg ʻۤ
her ³
gage
merc ʼ
סظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ١ҡ2019ǯ
ε#5648. <l> ֻŤͤ뤫ݤ ([2024-10-13-1]) ³<ll> ꡥϥꥹѸǤ <ll> ȽŤ͡ꥫѸǤ <l> 1ĤΤߡȤΤη̤ȤơɤΤ褦ñˤ <ll> 뤫ʬۤߤƤߤ
Τ褦˽Ҥ٤
<ll> ϤȤȸŵˤ椫ΤֻäŵǤե줬װȤƻƤեϸŵͳνŤͤ <ll> ΤޤѤ1Ų <l> ǷѾ뤳ȤФФäˡ餬ߤƤѸäˡ <l> Ťͤ뤫ݤˤĤƤळȤˤʤäΤ
<ll> ʬۤˤĤơCarney (250) ñѤ褦
Normally, <l> would double after a short vowel in a monosyllable (bell, cell, doll, mill, etc.), but there are some exceptions. There are all marginal in various ways, usually by abbreviation: technical loan col ('gap between hills' < French); gal (< girl), pal (< Romany); technical abbreviations bet (< the name '(A. G.) Bell', = 'unit of power comparison'), cel (< celluloid . . .), gel (< gelatine), mel ('perpetual unit of pitch'), mil (< millimetre), nil (contraction of Latin nihil); short names Hal (< Henry), Sal (< Sally) . . . .
Examples of <-ll-> with prefixes . . .:
- (reduced vowel): alleviate, alliteration, allude, allusion, ally (v.); collate, collateral, collect (v.), collide, collision.
- (unreduced vowel): Allocate, ally (n.); collect (n.), colleague, college, collimate, colloquy; illegal, illegible, illicit, illimitable, illuminate, illusion, illustrate; pellucid.
There are quite a few words which resemble the above and in which the <-ll-> is not covered by other doubling conventions: allegory, allergy, alligator. There is some etymological uncertainty about allot, allow, and allure. Allay has come to have a §Latinate appearance in spite of its Old English origin (a + lecgan). To the average reader these spellings must seem to belong with the §Latinate prefixes.
A good many words . . . have <-ll-> in the third syllable from the end of a free-form after a stressed short vowel. The ending <-ion> seems to require this spelling, but not in all instances: billion, bullion, galleon, million, mullion, pillion, postillion, stallion, but also battalion, pavilion, verlion. Compare doubled and single <r> in carrion--clarion.
Other examples of <-ll-> unaccounted for are: ballerina, ballistic, balloon, bellicose, brilliant, bulletin, calligraphy, calliopsis, camellia, colliery, ebullient, ellipse, embellish, fallacious, fallacy, fallible, gallery, gallium, halleluja, hallucinate, hellebore, intellect, intelligent, mellifluous, miscellany, palliate, pallium, parallel, pollute, shallot, shillelagh, tellurium.
Pseudo-compounds are: ballyhoo, bulldozer, hullaballoo, lollipop, scallywag.
<ll> ᤰ뾯ηȽκ٤ĤΤǤϤʤѸˡϤʣǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

9Ϥޤޤ814ε#5588. Mond 5Ѥʵ˲ޤ ([2024-08-14-1]) θ塤8Ⱦμͭӥ Mond ˤ3Ѥʵ (sobokunagimon) 夲ޤǶΤΤ̤äƥĥޤ
(1) ǾѤɽǡamong Ǿפone of ǾפޤȤŬڤɽɤ٤Ǥ礦
(2) disprove dis- ϤɤΤ褦ʰ̣Ǥ礦
(3) 衼åѤθˤ̾̾ʤɤޤ̾뤳ȤϡؾɤΤ褦ʥåȤΤǤ礦
ⶽ̣Ǥޤ (1) ˤĤơܸǤϡֺǤʡפϸ§Ȥ1Ĥʤ뤿ᡤѸΡֺǤʤΤ1ġפȤɽ̣ʤ褯ƤĴˤǤɤͤФ褤ΤȤ䤤Ǥ⤫ĤȤΤǤΤǡ̤äƤߤޤ
(2) Ƭ dis- ¿ǤǽŪˤϡȿСפפȤäƤ͡Ǥ͡ȤʤΤǤԤ¡ʤռ졤⥿ޤ⤷Ȼפޤ
(3) ˤĤƤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) ˴ؤǡMond Ǥ⤹Ǥ˲٤夲ƤȥԥåǤμϡָŪʵǽϲפȤƧ߹ΤäΤDzƻͤƤߤޤ
ּפΥϤϤ٤ʤΤʤȡ´ޤԤ٤ΡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפԤƤޤ
ε#5535. Ƭ en- in- ɤ Chancery English Ǥߤ ([2024-06-22-1]) Ǽ夲ˤĤơäĴ٤Ƥߤʤ OED en- PREFIX1 츻 Note 3 ˡɤˤĤƾܤŪаޤƤ롥ٶˤʤäΤǡβս٤ưѤƤ
3. From 14th cent. onwards the prefix in- (im-) has been frequently substituted for en- (em-); and, conversely, en- (em-) has been substituted for the prefix in- (im-) of words of Latin or Italian origin, and for the native English in- prefix1. Nearly every word, of long standing in the language, which is formed with en- has at some period been written also with in-. Hence it is often impossible to determine whether in a particular word of English formation the prefix en- or in- is due to the analogy of words of French, Latin, or purely English origin; in many instances it must have been applied merely as a recognized English formative, without reference to the analogy of any individual word. In 17th cent. the form in- (im-) was generally preferred; the now prevailing tendency is to use en- (em-) in English formations, and where the prefix represents French en-; and in modern reprints of 17th cent. books, and in dictionaries, the in- (im-) of the original texts is often replaced by en- (em-). In some words, however, as em-, imbed, en-, inclose, the form with in- still occurs, but in most cases less frequently than the en- forms; in a few instances in- has entirely superseded en-, even where the latter is etymologically more correct, as in imbrue, impair, inquest. In a few words (e.g. ensure v., insure v.) the alternative forms have (in very modern times) been appropriated to express different senses. As a general rule the en- and in- forms are in this Dict. treated as belonging to one and the same word. A word still surviving in use is treated in the alphabetical place of its now more frequent form. In the case of obsolete words, where there is no decided preponderance in usage, the choice of the typical form has been determined by etymological considerations: thus the adapted words from French or Spanish with en-, and new formations apparently on the analogy of these, are by preference placed under E; while words apparently formed on Latin analogies, or probably originating as compounds of the English preposition in n.2, will appear under I.
The substitution of in- for en- has in part been due to notions of etymological fitness, the Romanic en- having been regarded as a corrupt and improper form of the Latin in-, while the English formations in en- were either referred to Latin analogies or treated as compounds of the native preposition. The phenomenon seems, however, to be partly of phonetic origin. Tendency to reduce and slightly raise the vowel in this prefix results in homophonic pronunciations of word pairs such as embed and imbed, enclose and inclose. Occurrence of spellings such as inbassed for embassade in the fourteenth century may suggest this phenomenon has existed from an early period.
ɤװˤĤƤεܤװѤƤ褦Ǹ¤Ϥʣ츻ե줫ƥ줫ȤװϤפġñˤƤϳơθߤ˾줷Ƥꡤˤ褦ʡʤ褦ʤȤˡѸǤθξˤϡեƥϡΥǥȤƤޤǴŪ˺ѤƤˤɤƬװʤΤФʬʤϻŪʥޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ᤰˤƤ롥
ǽνˤƤϡɤ줬ԻԤλǺޤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥OED ǤƬ en- in- §ȤƱʪȤưǤϡɤƬǼ縫ФΩƤ٤ȤºŪǺߤϪƤΤɤ롥
ѸֻŪߡʰǡˤ⤦1ΤäƤޤä
Ѹˤ ensure/insureencase/incase, entitle/intitle, embed/imbed, enclose/inclose, enwrap/inwrap ʤɡƬ en- in- ɤڥ롥̣ˡۤʤ⤢С־αƺ⤢뤷ñʤ۷ֻǤ⤢롥⤽ΤϤƬεϰĤʤΤƥ in- ͳ褹եη֤ en- ʤΤǤ롥
2Ĥΰ۷֤ϡŪˤϡʾɤƤ褦ܲ䤬ܤƤ15 Chancery English Ǥϡɤ줬ߤ롥Fisher et al. (33) Ѥ롥
Since prefixes were unaccented, they were subject to the same kinds of irregularities and inconsistencies as the inflectional endings. Adding to the confusion was the lack of standardization of often competing Latin- and French-derived prefixes such as in, im, en, and em.
Many words with prefixes beginning in in/im in MnE were written with en/em prefixes in Chancery documents. One explanation for this is the continuing French influence; another is the drift towards e as the regular vowel in unaccented syllables, noted above. But the relative strength of each explanation is difficult to determine. In any case, en prefixes where MnE requires in are sometimes preferred in Chancery writing. There are, for example, 33 instances of entent(e) as opposed to one of intent, and that in an ecclesiastical petition (153.8) where the Latin in would be expected. Likewise we have endenture and its plurals 25 times and indenture/indentures only six times, five of them in non-Chancery items (238 and 239). Informed is found once (as a past participle, 146.9), while variants of the infinitive enforme are the clear preference, with 27 listings. Other cases where the en form is preferred include enheritaunce and endented. Prefixes beginning with im in MdE show the same kind of variation, with preferences for empechment and enprisoned.
Chancery English ϸɸֻ˨ɾ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦ˤޤɤ礭 en-/in- ĸä˸¤äƤߤ¾ΰ̤θäˤĤƤϤ褽ƱѸˤˤֻɸಽƻΤĹäΤǤ롥夲ƬȴϢơʲεȡ
#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])
#4241. ʤƬ en ĤưˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-12-06-1])
#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ ([2018-12-06-1])
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
֤إ饸פ餳hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ줿
(1) ܥ֥Υȥå500
(2) note Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ͵50
(3) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס
(4) ֤إ饸פ˴طε
Ǥ줿إ˥¼ŵ6ˤơߥֱѸQ&AפɮƤޤƱŵ˴Ϣ hellog genius6 ɤˡνбϤδϢǤǤٸȤȤƱŵڥڥäƤ⤷ܤ˵Ť顤ơ䤪ȯΤޤޤ٤ŸȤ֤إ饸פ餷ǤŪ˿줿¿ˤ錄ޤhellog heldio ʤɤǼ夲Ƥȥԥå¿ΤǡϢĥäƤޤ
Ρ -esque (e.g. Rubenesque, Kafkaesque)
hellog #216. ̾ƻ -esque ħ ([2009-11-29-1])
hellog #935. (1) ([2011-11-18-1])
hellog #3716. ֤˱ƶڤܤ ([2019-06-30-1])
ΡƬ un- un- θáˡ
hellog #4227. ʤɽ魯ˤ n- ǻϤޤΤ¿ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-22-1])
رˤѸ˥ƥ #36. 츻θ¦ ~ in- un- a- äƲ㤦Ρ~ܲ khelf ŸΡֱѸ˥ƥ50פ
ΡԻҲɽ魯3Ĥʸ <k, c, q>
hellog #1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])
heldio #255. ԻҲ c, k, q Τɤ졩 (2022/02/10)
Ρܸ줫μѸ (e.g. karaoke, karate, kamikaze)
hellog #4391. kamikaze bikini --- 略魯ΰ̣Ѳ ([2021-05-05-1])
hellog #142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1])
hellog #3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])
hellog #4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1])
heldio #60. Ѹäܸ줿 (2021/07/31)
Ρư en- -en (e.g. enlighten, strengthen)
#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])
#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ ([2018-12-06-1])
#4241. ʤƬ en ĤưˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-12-06-1])
heldio #62. enlighten Ƭˤ⤪ˤ en Ĥ (2021/08/02)
ΡʸˡѸ桧tense, voice, gender
heldio #644. ֻפ tense ȡֶĥפ tense Ʊ츻 (2023/03/06)
heldio #643. ʤư֡ǽư֤Ρ֡פ "voice" ʤΡ (2023/03/05)
hellog #1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])
hellog #1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1])
Ρminister θ츻
#4209. ʤ minister mini- ʤΤˡáפʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-04-1])
ΡֱѸQ&Aס
hellog #4892. ͽΡإ˥¼ŵ6ǤοߥֱѸQ&AפξҲ ([2022-09-18-1])
heldio #532. إ˥¼ŵ6ǤνǵǰˡֱѸQ&Aץ spring äޤ (2022/11/14)
hellog #4971. often t ȯΤʤΤ ([2022-12-06-1])
2פɽ魯ƥͳ褹Ƭ bi- դɸñϡξŪǤ䤳bi- week ˷Ȳ᤹ʤС2֡ʤ1١ˡפweekly ˷ȤʤС֡1֤ˡ2١פȤʤ롥Ʊξ bimonthly, biyearly, biannual ʤɤˤƤϤޤ롥
Τ䤳ñˤĤƤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פΥꥹʡ˻ŦƤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ Voicy ۿ#429. ꥹѸ fortnight 2֡פθǤƤΤǡҤ⤪ʹ
biweekly, bimonthly ʤɤθξˤĤƤϡˡǤɬŦƤꡤɤ鰭̾⤤Τ褦3ۤɰѤƤߤ褦
bi-. This prefix, which was first used in contexts of time (biweekly, bimonthly, biyearly, etc.) in the 19C., is a cause of endless confusion. Each compound can mean 'occurring or continuing for two ---', 'appearing every two ---', or 'occurring twice a ---'. Because ambiguity is usually present, and cannot be resolved by the devising of rules, it is always better to use unambiguous equivalents, e.g. twice a week, twice-weekly; every two weeks, fortnightly; twice-yearly; every two years; etc. (Fowler's Modern English Usage)
bimonthly means either 'twice a month' or 'every two months'. Similarly, biweekly is either 'twice a week' or 'every fortnight'. It is therefore probably safer to spell it out as 'twice a month', 'fortnightly', etc. Semi-monthly and semi-weekly can only mean 'twice a month/week'. (Usage and Abusage)
bimonthly, semimonthly, biannual, biennial ¿ɾȤʸˡȤ bimonthly 21Ρפΰ̣ǡsemimonthly ַ2Ρפΰ̣Ѥ٤ȼĥƤ롥㤨СMorris & Morris (1985) ϡĴ166̾ΤդǤ92%äդ91%2ĤθƱ褦˻ȤȤȿФƤȤƤ롥ºݤˤ semimonthly ȤϤޤȤ줺bimonthly ɤΰ̣ˤȤ뷹semiweekly, biweekly ˤĤƤƱ: A bimonthly magazine is issued six times a year.---SFID ʳַ֤λǯ6ȯԤ/The bimonthly meetings are on the first and third Wednesdays of each month.---Ibid. ʷ2βϡƷ13ο˹Ԥʤˡʤߤ Peters (2004) Ǥϡsemimonthly Ѥ٤Ȥ롥
ʤbiannual ϡǯ2Ρפΰ̣ǡ2ǯ1Ρפΰ̣Ǥ biennial Ѥ뤬 [Wood-Flavell-Flavell (1990)]̣Ʊ뤳Ȥꡤbiannnual biennial ΰդѤ뤳Ȥ [Peters (2004)]κ뤿ˡWDEU Ǥ biannual semiannual Ѥ뤳ȤƤ롥ظѸˡŵ
ˡȤƤ뤦ˡ⤺äȺ𤷤Ƥ¤Ǥñʤ
ϢơƬ bi- ˤĤƤϡ#538. monokini trikini ([2010-10-17-1]) ⻲ȡ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Partridge, Eric. Usage and Abusage. 3rd ed. Rev. Janet Whitcut. London: Penguin Books, 1999.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ܥ֥ǤѸ (waseieigo) ˤĤ͡ʳ٤ƤDZѸ줬2ȤѤ졤ѸǤƸ˼ޤƤǡѸΤۤˡ֡ѸפʤΤѻ줿ȤƤԻĤϤʤºݡä4ˤ錄äƱѸդäƤɤѤ륤ɱѸ (Indian English) ΤƤߤȡְѸפȤ٤ɽ¿Ĥ뤳ȤǤ롥Sharma (2087) ꡤĤƤߤ褦
ޤɤɽѸǤ˰ܤؤ (loan_translation) ʤ (calquing) ˤѸ줬롥äƤʤȱӤؤ open hair ȸƤꡤ֤äȴƻ롦Ĥפΰ̣ to stand on someone's hand ȤѤꤹ륱
ȤȤʤɽˤʤ˱ѸǤѤ¤줷Τ⤢롥eve-teasing ʥϥˡprepone 롤夲ˡrevert back ʥåֿˤʤɤϡˤѸ餷ߤ뤬ʤȤɸѸǤѤʤprepone ʤɤϷȤ٤ǡɸѸ postpone ʱ롤겼ˤǥȤȿդƬ֤Ǥ롥ɸѸǤϤʤѤʤΤȵդԻĤ˻פäƤޤۤɡŪˤ̣Ūˤʬ䤹
ɱѸ˸¤餺 ESL (English as a Second Language) ˤƤϡ¿쾯ʤ줳μΡ֡ѸפȤ٤ɽϤդƤ˰㤤ʤޤܥ֥Ƿ֤夲Ƥ褦ˡѸˤˤƤֱסֱסֱʩפɽ̤߽Ф졤ѤƤcf. #4101. Ѹޤפεåȡ ([2020-07-19-1])ˡźܿȤǤϡ֡פθݤӤäΤǤϤʤ
ʤ֡Ѹפɽ魯ѸѸä¸ߤʤ˺äƤߤ "indigenised English expressions" ȤäȤѸʤ "indigenised English expressions in Japan(ese)"Ѹʤ "indiginised English expressions in India(n English)" դϤ
Sharma, Devyani. "Second-Language Varieties: English in India." Chapter 132 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2077--91.
ɸϡޤᡤƬ𤷤Ƥñ췲ǤֻϤ䤳Ƥ뤷γˤȯƱäۤʤäƤꤹ롥̣Ƥ褦ʡǤʤ褦ʡñϳؽǼ¤˺ޤΤ䤳ϸ츻̤äƤ⤿ƲäʤΤǤǯ٤αѸƳڡȤȤ⤢ꡤŪˤߤƤߤȻפޤcf. #4357. ǯ٤αѸƳڡϤޤ ([2021-04-01-1])ˡ
ޤϡäȤ꤬ʤǡΤʤƤ褤٥ñǤ dissert v. /dɪˈsəːt/ Ԥޤ礦פ̣ưǡǤϡԸդȤΥ졼٥뤬ŽƤޤñΤ褦ֻ <s> ʣˤϡ§Ȥ̵ /s/ Ȥʤޤʤʲ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ㳰ޤˡư줫̾ dissertation ֳؽʸäʸˡפΤäƤƤ褤ñǤ͡
츻ȤƤϡƥǡפ̣ư dissertāre ̤ޤդƬ dis- ˡ촴 serere ʸդĤʤʸˤȿĤʤΤǡ֤äդĤʤ碌פۤɤǤcf. Ʊ촴 series ˡ
ˡ֥ǥȡפ̣ dessert /dɪˈzəːt/߿̾Ȼפޤ<ss> ֻǤ嵭®㳰ǡͭ /z/ ȯޤñϡեư desservir ʶդˤβʬͳ褷ޤĤޤ줿˽ФΡޤˡֿΥǥȡפʤ櫓ǤեνƬ des- servir ʱѸˤ serve ȤֿФפΰաˤȤʤΤǡǼǤ
˼˿ʤߤޤ֥ǥȡפ dessert ȤޤäƱȯʤ⡤<s> 1Ĥ desert ʤñ줬ޤʣʻ뤿ˡʲǤϡΰۤʤ desert 1 desert 2 2̤Ƥޤǽ desert 1 äޤ礦desert 1 ϡּΤƤ롤פ̣ưǤʸȤơShe was deserted by her husband. פ˼ΤƤ줿ˤƤޤưθ츻ϥե déserter ǡ̤ȥƥ dēserere ȿ˹Ԥ夭ޤ캬 serere ʤΤǡҤ dissert Ȥⶦ̤ǤñˤĤƤƬ dis- ǤϤʤ de- ǤĤʤ (serere) Ȥߤ (de) ȤȯۤǡּΤƤ롤ΤƤפȤ櫓Ǥ
ơư desert 1 Τޤޤη֤Ƿƻ첽̾첽ΤּΤƤ줿ϡˡפȤƤΡֺפǤѸǤ̾ư (diatone) ηˤꡤֺפȤƤ desert ȯϡ1˰ܤä /ˈdɛzət/ ȤʤΤդǤ
desert 2 /dɪˈzəːt/ ˰ܤޤ礦̾ǡ٤ȳפ̣ޤ嵭ΤޤǤθȤϤޤäۤʤʷϵǤ̸츻 deserve /dɪˈzəːv/ ?ͤˤȤưβʬͳ褹̾ǤΤȤͤ٤ʪ줬ȳȤȤǤθ deserve ʤưϥե deservir μѤǡ켫Ȥϥƥ dēservīre ̤ޤƬ dē- ϶ա촴 servīre ϡֻŤפΰ̣ǡԤϸ serve ȤƱѸ˼ޤޤ?˻Ť뤳ȤǤۤɤע?ͤפȤạ̈ȯŸȹͤޤ
ơ𤷤䤹ñ췲θ츻̤뤳Ȥǡäƺ𤷤⤷ޤʰ餺ˡʤǸ˼夲ư deserve ϡʤʤȤưǤ⤢ޤThe report deserves careful consideration., He deserves to be locked up for ever for what he did., Several other points deserve mentioning. ʤɼʸΥꥨ˭٤Ǥ̣ŪʴõäƤ⤪⤷ưȻפޤ̣Ūʴ顤ֱѸƳ2021ˤرˤ륳ƥ"You deserve it." ȡּȼסɽޤ⤴ɤ
Ѹˤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ˤĤƤϡ͡ʵǰäƤgo -- went, good -- better -- best, am -- was -- be, I -- my -- me ʤɡѲˤƸ촴ΰۤʤߤ륱Ǥ롥
̾佼ˡȤо嵭Τ褦ñθΤ˴ؤƤΤƤĤαѸؼŵäƤߤȡΰܼ (affix) ˴ؤƤ㤬Ƥ
㤨Сox -- oxen ȤԵ§ʣפˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦§ŪʣǤ -es Ȥդ *oxes ȤʤϤǤ롥ȤºݤˤϤΰŪǵ§Ū -es ϺѤ줺ۤʤ뵯ȷ -en ѤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤñܼʣܼʤ̾ο˴ؤ뵬§ŪʷѲ -ø -- -(e)s Ȥȡ̾ ox ˤĤбѲ -ø -- -en Ȥʤꡤ§ŪʷѲæƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʥؤơܼ佼ˡȤߤ뤳ȤǽȤ櫓child -- children, datum -- data ʤɤԵ§ʣƱͤ˹ͤ롥
Ѹ͡¸ߤԵ§פˤĤơθΤԵ§ǤȤŪʤۤɡܼˤ佼ˡȤȤ館븫⤢ȤȤ˵Ť줿
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ǯ³ؤȤʤ¿ȿ¿쾯ʤ֥饤פ侩뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ȻפޤʲҤ1ǯۤΩ2018ǯ12ˡǤ˷кѻȾʤ֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤ DX ϩξˤޤޤʤƤΤͽۤޤ
Ǥdigital transformation άʤ *DT ǤϤʤ DX ʤΤ˻פޤDX Τۤ餫˶̤Ūdzʹ褤ǤǤ X ϤäɤƤΤǤ礦
¤ϡϰθͷӤǤʸͷӤʤΤǤİ
trans- ȤΤϥƥƬǡѸˤ through across ޤacross ǤȤȤݥȤǤtrans- across cross X Ȥ츻Ȼ˰äθͷӤˤꡤƬ trans- X ɽ褦ˤʤäΤǤ¤ DX = digital transformation ȤΤϤޤ䤵ۤǡXMIT, X-ing, XREF, Xmas, Xian, XTAL ʤɤά⤢ޤ줾첿άʬǤ礦
Τ褦 X ˴ؤͷӡʸͷӤ˴ؿäϡ##4219,4189,4220εåȤX ϼ¤ˤ⤷ʸǤ
ѸưˤƬ en- ĤΤ¿ޤencourage, enable, enrich, empower, entangle ʤɤǤ -en ư⾯ʤޤstrengthen, deepen, soften, harden, fasten ʤɤǤˡƬȸξ en դ enlighten, embolden, engladden Τ褦ư줹餢ޤƬˤˤʤ롤 en ȤϤäԤʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡβɤ
ճճƬ en- -en Ϥޤä̸츻ʤΤǤ͡Ƭ en- ϡƥƬ in- ͳ褷եͳƾѷĤġѸäƤΤǤŪˤϱѸֻ in Ʊ츻ạ̇̄ϡءפǤƬդȡספȤưΤǡưǽϤΤǤ礦̾ƻ졤ǤưǤΤդơοư߽ФƤޤ
-en ϥƥͳǤϤʤαѸŪǤǤűѸ¾ưȤ -nian ޤκǽ n ʬ -en εǤƻ̾δΤդƿưޤ
Τ褦Ƭ en- -en ϸ츻Ūˤ̵طʤΤǤǤ⡤ư뵡ǽǤ⡤餫ƤꡤطŤʤΤ;ǤŪΤΡenlighten Τ褦ƬȤξ en դư줬Τʬ褦ʵޤ
Ѹˤñθ츻ؽƤȡ츫ط褦ˤߤ2ĤΤΤ¤Ϥޤäʪäʬܤڤи뤳Ȥ¿ޤϡŵǤ͡
夲Ƭ en- -en ˤĤơܤ##1877,3510εå
Ѹˤ no ɮƬ not, none, nothing, no one, nobody, never, neither, nor ʤɡn- ǻϤޤΤ¿¸ߤޤ˼դνϤСno бե non ǤɥĸǤ nein Ǥ϶ǤϤޤνεǤĸˤƤ꤬ *ne ɽ蘆졤줬¹θˤѤ줿ȤȤʤΤǤʤܸΡ֤ʤפ n ǻϤޤΤϡޤäζǤˡǤϡİ
űѸǺǤ̤ϡĸȱĤ ne ȤǤƬΤ褦ˤѤ줿ᡤ¿ n(e)- 줬¸ߤޤȤȤƤߤޤ礦
ne + ought = nought, naught, not
ne + one = none, no
ne + ever = never
ne + either = neither
ne + or = nor
ΤۤƬǤ un- ʥޥϡ, in- ʥƥϡ, non- ʥƥϡ, a- ʥꥷϡˤ⡤Ϥĸ *ne ̤ޤ (ex. unhappy, unable, unimportant; inaccurate, incomplete, infinite; non-smoker, non-stop, non-rhotic; agnostic, asymmetry, amoral)
ˤĤƤϡ#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) ⤴Ȥ
1114īʹīΥ֤ȤХץפˡɸ˴Ϣ꤬ǺܤƤޤˤĤƻ˼ĴаޤޤΤǡäǤΥߥǤξܺ٤ʲ˵ƤȻפޤ *
ܤǤΤʤǡ֥ǥȥե (= digital transformation = DX ) Ȥդˤꡤܤˤꤹ뵡Ƥǥˤѳפο侩Ǥ롥кѻȾʤ2018ǯ12֥ǥȥեʤ뤿Υɥ饤DXʥɥ饤ˡ (PDF) ȯɽƤꡤDX ȤάΤɽ⤹Ǥ˹ΤդƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥⤽ʤ digital transformation ά DX ʤΤΤ DT ꥫå褯뤫⤷ʤ
transformation ѷѼˤϡtrans- (= across, through, over, beyond) + formation ȤǡѸ˥եͳäƤƥͳñǤ롥ƥƬ trans- ϡ嵭̤ѸǤȤ across through ¤˸ through ȤϰĸΥ٥ƱǤ롥Τ褦 trans- Τˡ?ĶơͤȴơˡפȤޤߤ뤿ˡѲѷѳסѴѰۡפʤɤỌ̇̄Ū褤transcend, transfer, transfigure, transit, translate, transmit, transport, transpose ñ줬פ⤫֡ǤСѡפΤĻ˶ܤƬȤäƤ褤ѳפλˤϤƤϤ䤵Ϥ
ơ嵭Τ褦 trans- ϥƥͳƬѸȤ褽 across 롥 across ϡ#4189. across a + cross ([2020-10-15-1]) ǸȤꡤƬ a- ˡֽʲ͡ˡפ̣ cross ղäǤ롥ǡʲ͡ˤɤäʸȤƤ X ν֤Ȥʤ롥ʸ X ȤбѸ̾졦ư cross, cross ȤбѸֻ acrossacross ȤХƥƬ trans- ȤǡĤδ֤ˤ trans- X ɽ봷ȤʤäƤޤäEngland Engl& ȵꡤSee you later. CUL8R ȤꤹΤƱʸͷ (rebus) तȤäƤ褤ܸεˤ̤cf. #2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge ([2016-12-15-1])#2790. Engl&, 7honge ȷ̾ ([2016-12-16-1])
X ʸϰʾηаޤˤƥƬ trans- ȷӤĤ줿¾ˤ (a)cross ˷ӤĤ줿ꡤChrist ʱѸ <ch> ϥꥷ <> б뤳Ȥˤɽݤꡤȯ cryst- άȤƤѤ뤳Ȥ롥XMIT (= transmit), X-ing (= crossing), XREF (= cross-reference), Xmas (= Christmas), Xian (= Christian), XTAL (= crystal) ǡǤ롥ޤX Ϥäȥȥ졼Ȥ ex- άǤ⤢ (ex. XL (= extra large), XOR (= exclusive-or)) <x> ¿ǽ٤
Ѹˤơx ϡ#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ ([2019-04-29-1]) 褦ˡƬѤ뤳Ȥʤäơޤ˸Ƭ˸ȡ¾ʸ־͡פ⤤ݡƬʤ餺Ȥ x ܤܤ뤿ʸ䥭åե졼˺ŬʤΤǤ롥⡤̤Τɽ魯 x Ȥˡ⤢cf. #2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1])ˡѳפλˤϡ̤ΤؤĩȤ̣ǥݥƥɾΤ롥
ܸˤ DX ȤάΡɽϡ嵭Τ褦طʤĤġǯȤߤ˻夲褦ˤʤäƤѸˤƤƱ褦ήԸŪʰ֤ŤˤάΡɽǤ뤫ɤϵǤ롥Ѹ쥳ѥäƤߤȳΤ˻ǧ졤ήԤäƤɽǰǤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤѸˤܤ夬äƤۤɤ̤¸ߤɤϲ⤦ĴɬפǤ롥
ɸθ input ϡ츻ŪˤϡƬ in- + ư putפΤ褦ˤߤΤǡ츫Ȳ꤬ʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤimpact, imperfect, imperil, impersonal, important ʤɤֻפ⤫٤ƤߤСƬ in- ³Τ p ǻϤޤΤǤС̾Ƭ im- η뤳Ȥʬޤȡʤ input ˤĤƤϡ*imput ֤ʤΤȤ䤬ͯƤޤ¤Ǥͤİ
Ƭ in- ϡ츻Ūˤ2̤ɬפäΤǤ͡1ĤϰŪ¿ɤƥͳ in- ꡤ뤤ϡפΰաˤǡ⤦1ĤϾɤȤΩʤѸ in- ʡפΰաˤǤȯ⸫ǤۤȤƱǤ̣פ˴ؤƤнŤʤäƤޤΤǡդƤʤ٤ƤޤޤۤʤʪǤԤϴΤƬ˽ä im-, il-, ir- ʤɤȲΤ§ǤԤϷ褷Ʋޤinput ϾɤθԤ°Τǡin- ʬϷ褷Ʋ<in> + <put> Ȥ¤ľֻȤʤäƤΤǤ
ʤֳפ̣еƬͤƤߤȡƥ in- ˤ ex- бѸ in- ˤ out- бޤǡimport/export ϥƥͳΥڥinput/output ϱѸΥڥȤʬޤ͡
ˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3309. ʤ input *imput ֤ʤΤ ([2018-05-19-1]) ɤߤ
ε#4042. anti- ϡ֥ƥפ֥פ --- Ѹ˷ǼĤǤμ ([2020-05-21-1]) ơƬ anti- ˤĤƤ⤦ä³
ǽ餤СƬ anti- ŵŪ˿ʷƻΤŪѤޤ̾줫ƻȤȤ˿ʷƻä (ex. anti-social, anti-clerical, anti-clockwise) ̤̾ƻˡ̾äꤷޤ (ex. anti-missile, anti-war) ֲ餤С嵭˵褦ˡƤθˤƬ anti- 켫Τ121ϴΤΤȤƤޤǡƬϴΤˤä֤ݻ뤿 "stress-neutral prefix" Ǥȸޤ
antimony, antinomy, antiphony ʤɤǤ, Ūˤ츻ŪˤΤƬ anti- ǧ뤳ȤǤޤ2첻 /ɪ/ˤ˶ȾʬˤޤĤޤꡤƬ϶֤˰ܼŪʰ̣ôȾʬåȤǡ"stress-shifting prefix" ȸޤʤߤ antibody Ƭ12ǤϤʤˤ˶Ƥꡤ㳰ŪȤޤ20Υɥĸ Antikörper (loan_translation) ȤͿƤ뤫⤷ޤˡȾʬΩȤΩƤʤ«ǡʤ뤤Ϣ (combining_form)ˤǤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ⤳ΥפħǤޤƬ anti- ޤޤƤϤΤΡʬŪˤϰռƤ餺ΤȤƸǧƤ봶ΤħǤȤƤ崶⤢ޤ
嵭Τ褦ˡanti- ϡ?˹롤ȿפ̣ƬȤƸ˹ѤƤޤΩñϸŪʴ2ĤΥ롼פʬ줽Ǥantibiotics antibody ϡƱ anti- ȤϤäƤ⡤ŪۤʤΤǤ
anti- еƬȤäƤ褤 pro- ѥ˹ͤ뤳ȤǤޤpro-communist, pro-American, pro-student ʤɤŪ˺ŵŪֻϥϥեդˤˤƤϡƬ켫Ȥ2ȼä /ˌprəʊ/ ȯ졤stress-neutral prefix ȤƵǽޤproceed, profession, provide ʤɤΤ褦˱ѸĹ餯Ʊ崶ΤˤƤϡƬϼ夯 /prə/ ȯ졤?¦Ρ̣ΡפȤ̣ʬϤƤ餺ΤȤ1ĤΩñ̤ȲᤵƤޤʰʾ塤Quirk et al. (1543) ȡˡ
ʸ嵭2020/05/22(Fri)antimony 2˶ȵޤºݤˤϤθ1˶ȤλŦޤ̤ǤΤǾ嵭Τ褦ޤޤ antíphony ȴϢ ántiphon Ǥ϶֤ѤȤŦ⤤ޤƬˤܤƤƤϲ褷ʤȤȤ褯ʬޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
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