hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 ڡ / page 2 (3)

prefix - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-05-21 Thu

#4042. anti- ϡ֥ƥפ֥󥿥פ --- Ѹ˷ǼĤǤμ [sobokunagimon][pronunciation][prefix]

ؤαѸˤμȤΤ˥ץ󤷤ƤŻҷǼĤˡμ䤬񤭹ޤޤ

򤢤魯Ƭȯ

ʪΤʤɡ򤢤魯 "anti" -ȤƬȯǤ󥿥ĤξȥƥĤξ礬ޤ
㣱˹ʪ antibiotics 󥿥Хƥå
ʪξ硤󥿥ХƥåȤȯ¿褦˻פޤ
㣲˹ antibody ƥܥǥ
򺣤οʥ륹˴ؤ볤ǥƻǤ褯ˤ빳Τ̣ antibody ϡƥܥǥȯƤꡤ󥿥ܥǥȤȯʹȤʤޤ
ϰ躹Ǥʤʵޤθ³ñ˰ʤɤˡ§ΤǤ礦

θ塤ʬǤĴ٤Ƥߤޤˤϥ󥿥ƹѸǥƥϱѹѸʤɤȤĥ⤢褦ǤCNN ΰĤΥ˥塼ǥ㥹ƥХƥåȯԤ󥿥ХƥåȯꤷƤޤˤɤäǤ⤤ȤȤʤΤǤ礦ˤʤޤ


ˤĤơɬ⿼Ĵ٤櫓ǤϤʤΤǤΤ褦ʲֻΤǡˤ֤ⷫƤޤ

Ƭ anti- ΰۤʤȯˤĤƤμ򤤤ޤ
֤ϤɤʤΤƻȤ˿ҤͤƤߤȤǤŦǤ礭ʷȤƤϡꥹѸǤϡ֥ƥפ§ǤꡤꥫѸǤϡ֥ƥפ֥󥿥פ⤢ȤȤǤꥫѸüԤȯ뤫ϡüԤˤäơˤϥ쥸TPOˤˤäƤۤʤ礬ΤǤϤʤޤޤġñˤäƤⷹۤʤȻפޤؤζ1Ĥ "Every word has its own history." ȤΤޤΥޤˤǤ礦
ޤŪ˥ꥫѸ첽ĬήʤǤꡤꥹѸ㳰ǤϤʤ˴ޤƤΤǡꥹѸüԤθ֥󥿥פʹƤƤäޤ
ʤantinomy, antiphony ʤ2˶ˤĤƤϡʬϾˡ֥פȤʤޤ


ܳŪĴʤСѸѼγơˤĤ1ĤҤȤĤ anti- 줬ȯ뤫äξȯɤʬۤĴ٤ƤȤɬפȤʤޤʤȤʤʤΤץȤǤѤʵȤˤ⤷䤤Ȼפޤ

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2020-02-15 Sat

#3946. űѸƬ ge- βŪĤ [prefix][sound_change][etymology][german]

űѸθäˤϡge- ȤƬ䤿ղäƤ롥͡ʻˤޤä ge- ǻϤޤñ줬ޤ¿ΤǡŵŪʸűѸ켭ǤϤΤ褦ʸ g ιܤˤ֤줺ge- ³촴ʬƬʸʸˤä֤ۤɤɥĸ ge- /ɡe/ 륲ޥϤθŤƬűѸǤ /ɡe/ ǤϤʤ𲻲 /je/ Ȥȯ줿νűѸ칻ܤǤϡ𲻤 <g> 뤿Ǥä ġe- ɽ뤳Ȥ¿
ƬϡűѸޤǤˤǤ𲻲Ƥ餤顤θ岽ΰӤé뱿̿ǤꡤѸˤ /je/ /i/ ٤˼岽θȤʤȹϰϤǾüѸˤϡƬȤ狼ǻĤäƤϻ¾峧̵äȤäƤ褤
ĤƤ ge- κפŪĤäƤñ⡤¤ϤۤȻĤäƤ롥Ȥ enough θƬ <e> Ǥ롥űѸ genoh 夺֤ʤ⡤ޤӤƤǤ롥
ۤ afford, alike, aware ʤɤθƬ a- ⡤űѸƬ ge- ̤롥ơθűѸ geforþian, gelīc, gewær Ǥ롥
ޤŸȤäƤ褤 yclept ?ȸƤФ롤?Ȥ̾ΡˤȤθƬ <y> ⤢롥ϡűѸǡָƤ֡פ̣ clipian/cleopian Ȥưβʬͳ褹ex. a giant yclept Barbarossa ֤ҤȸƤФ͡ˡˡƱʬȤƤϡϤŸ yclad (= clothed) ⤢롥ϸűѸưβʬ˰Ūղä줿Ƭ ge- Ĥä¤ʤȤäƤ褤
θűѸƬˤĤƤϡ#150. ꥫѸؤΥɥĸι׸ ([2009-09-24-1])#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1])#1710. of yore ([2014-01-01-1])#3432. ꥹIJεȤ⤤٤󥰥 witenagemot ([2018-09-19-1]) γƵǤ⿨ƤΤǰɤ

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2019-07-05 Fri

#3721. 饹 I ܼȥ饹 II ܼ [affixation][derivation][morphology][phonology][assimilation][suffix][prefix][stress]

Ѹܼ (affix) ϡֲŪʴ2Ĥμ˶̤롥줾쥯饹 I ܼ饹 II ܼȸƤФƤ뤬ξԤ¿оŪǤ롥 (89--90) ˤäơޤȤ褦

饹 I饹 II
-al, -ard, -ative/-itive, -ian, -ic, -ion, -ity, -ous, in- ʤ-er, -ful, -ingN, -ish, -less, -ly, -ness, -ship, -yADJ, un- ʤ
ʥ˶ְư (stress shift)ʤ
párent vs. paréntalpárent vs. párentless
Cánada vs. CanádianFíinland vs. Fínlander
átom vs. atómicyéllow vs. yéllowish
prohíbit vs. prohibítionóbvious vs. óbviously
májor vs. majórityácid vs. ácidness
móment vs. moméntouscítizen vs. cítizenship
ʥ˻û첻 (trisyllabic shortening)ʤ
divíne vs. divínitygréen vs. gréenishness
sáne vs. sánitybríne vs. bríniness
obscéne vs. obscénityráin vs. ráininess
deríve vs. derívativeróse vs. rósiness
ʥ𲻲 (velar softening)ʤ
electric vs. electricity, electriciantraffic vs. traffickingN
panic vs. panickyADJ
ʥ˻Ҳά (consonant cluster simplification)ʤ
elongate cf. longsinger
bombard cf. bombbomber
hymnalADJ cf. hymncrumby
condemnation cf. condemncondemner
ʥƬɡƱ (nasal assimilation)ʤ
immoralunmoral
impatientunpack


ͥ饹 I ܼϳܼǡñΡ¦פդ饹 II ܼܼǡñΡֳ¦פդȤħġԤϷֲŪѲΤФơԤϷֲŪΩŪǤ롥
ξԤΰ㤤ϷֲŪʰ㤤ˤȤɤޤ餺ؤֻˤȿǤƤꡤ͡˸ŪʴߤäƤ롥

ůͺ ҡ4ϡֹ¤Ȳ׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ88--105ǡ

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2019-06-10 Mon

#3696. ܥӥΤΡֺǤΩ25θΥѡġ [elt][latin][greek][etymology][prefix][combining_form][lexicology]

ġˡرñؽβʳء٤ˡԸ˴ŤֺǤΩ25θΥѡġפ󼨤Ƥ (76--77) ϡ3000?1٥αñʬϤ̡Ȥ櫓¿θ˴ޤޤѡĤФΤǤ롥ѡĤΤۤȤɤƥ䥮ꥷƬ (prefix) Ϣ (combining_form) Ǥ롥

ΥѡĤȤΰ̣
spec(t) = spectacleʸʪˡspectatorʴѵҡˡinspectʸˡperspectiveʻˡretrospectʲܡ
posit, pos = ֤impose碌롤ݤˡoppositeȿФΡˡdispose֤롤ʬˡcomposeʹ롤ˡexposeʤ餹
vers, vert = versusСˡadverseȿФΡʡˡdiverse¿ͤʡˡdivertžˡextrovertʳŪʡ
ven(t) = convention񡤤ꡤˡprevent˸롤ͽɤˡavenue̤ˡrevenueʺˡvenueʾ
ceive/ceipt, cept = Ȥʤȡacceptʼ롤ǧˡexception㳰ˡconceptʳǰˡperceiveγФˡreceiptʥ쥷ȡ뤳ȡ
super- = ۤsuperbʤФ餷ˡsuperviseʴˡsuperiorʾΡˡsuperintendentʴļԡˡsupernaturalĶΡŪʡ
nam, nom, nym = ̾surnameĻˡnominateʻ̾ˡdenomination̿̾ñ̡ˡanonymousƿ̾ΡˡsynonymƱ
sens, sent = sensibleʬ̤ΤˡsensitiveҴʡˡsensorʥ󥵡ˡsensationʴСˡconsentƱաƱդ
sta(n), stat = Ωstableʰꤷˡstatusϰ̡ˡdistantΥ줿ˡcircumstanceʾˡobstacleʾ㳲
mis, mit = permitʵĤˡtransmitˡsubmitФˡemitͤˡmissileʥߥ
med(i), mid(i) = intermediateΡˡMediterranean泤ˡmediocre¤ߤΡˡmediateۤˡmiddle֤Ρ
pre, pris = Ĥprisonʷ̳ˡenterpriseʻȡˡcompriseʹˡapprehend館롤򤹤ˡpredatoryῩΡʪˤ
dictate, dict = dictateʽ񤭼餻롤̿ˡdedicateˡpredictͽˡcontradictꤹ롤̷⤹ˡverdictɾ
ces(s) = ԤaccessʥܶˡexcessĶˡrecessʵٷơˡancestorġˡpredecessorǤԡ
form = formalʷŪʡˡtransformѷˡuniformƱΡˡformatʷˡconformʰפ
tract = extractȴ衤ȴ褹ˡdistractʵ򤽤餹ˡabstractŪʡˡsubtractʰˡtractorʥȥ饯֡
graph = telegraphˡbiographyˡautographʥˡgraphʥաˡgeography
gen = genuineʪΡˡgeneʰҡˡgeniusŷ͡ˡindigenousΡͭΡˡingenuityʹס
duce, duct = ƳconductƳˡproduce߽Фˡreduceʸ餹ˡinduceʰͶȯˡseduceͶǤ
voca, vok = advocateʼĥ롤ƻԡˡvocabularyʸáˡvocalΡܡˡinvokeʵˡequivocalʤޤʡ
cis, cid = ڤpreciseΤʡˡexciseʺˡscissorsʤϤߡˡsuicideʼˡpesticideʻޡ
pla = ʿplainʡʿˡplaneʿ̡ʿʡˡplateʻˡplateauʹ⸶⸶֡
sec, sequ = ³consequenceʷ̡ˡsequenceϢ³ˡsubsequentʤμΡˡconsecutiveϢ³ˡsequel³ԡ
for(t) = fortress׺ɡˡeffortϡˡenforceʼ»ܤ롤ˡreinforceʶˡforteĹ
vis = visibleܤ˸ˡenvisageʿˡreviseʲˡvisualʻФΡˡvisionʻϡӥ


ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ɬܥӥŪȤǤϤʤƬϢˤĤ¿夲Ƥprefix, suffix, combining_form ʤɤε

ã顡رñؽβʳء١ҡ2019ǯ

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2018-12-06 Thu

#3510. Ƭ en- ưʻž֡ [conversion][prefix][suffix][word_formation][derivation]

Ƭ en- ưˤĤơ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1]) Ǽ夲ϡƬˤĤƷδꤿ
Ǥϡֱ¦§ (right-hand head rule: RHR) Ȥ§Ūˤߤ졤ˤȡŪʣʸμϱ¦ǤǤȤ롥̤θ򤹤С¦ǤΤʻꤹȤȤǤ⤢롥ȤСsinger μϱ¦ -er ǤꡤϹ԰ټԤɽ魯ƬǤ뤫顤Τ̾Ȥʤ롥peaceful μϤϤ걦¦ -ful ǤꡤˤΤƻȤʤ롥ŪˤСʻǽϤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤǤ롥
ǤϡƬˤĤƤϤɤƬ屦¦ǤȤʤ뤳ȤϤꤨʤΤǡʻǽϤ⤿ʤϤǤ롥ε ([2014-06-17-1]) 󤷤褦ˡΤƬ en- դưϾʤʤƵ󤲤СΤ̾졤ƻ졤ưΤΤޤ encase, enchain, encradle, enthrone, enverdure; embus, emtram, enplane;, engulf, enmesh; empower, encollar, encourage, enfranchise; embitter, enable, endear, englad, enrich, enslave; enfold, enkindle, enshroud, entame, entangle, entwine, enwrap ʤ¿롥ϡ嵭ΰȿơֺ¦§פŬѤƤ뤫Τ褦˻פ롥
ФŪнˡ1ĤȤơΤˤʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥβꤹȤΤ롥ƻδ rich Ƭ en- դư enrich ǹͤƤߤ褦нˡˤСƻ rich ˤϡޤư를դ졤ˤɽŪˤϷ֤Ѥ̤ޤưز롥ơθ塤äʻǽϤĤ櫓ǤϤʤƬ en- ղä줿ˤʤȹͤΤǤ롥Τ褦˲᤹Сư를θκǤⱦ¦ǤȤʤꡤ줬ΤʻǽϤĤȲꤹ롤ᦧŬʾ3ƥåפηֲޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤp. 54ˡ

(i) lexicon: [rich] A
(ii) suffixation: [[rich] A + 0] V]
(iii) prefixation: [en + [rich] A + 0] V] V


ǤϡƬ en- εǽϤäʤΤȤϻĤ롥Ūˡϡembolden, enfasten, engladden, enlighten ʤɡ -en դƤǤư첽ƤΤФƤƬ en- դ륱ˤĤƤݤƤǤƤ롥
Ϣơʻž䥼ˤĤ conversion γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ůͺ2ϡι¤ˤĤơ ůͺԡˡظīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2012ǯ39--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-06-22-1] [2023-05-31-1]

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2018-11-19 Mon

#3493. address <dd> ˤĤ (2) [etymological_respelling][latin][prefix][spelling]

ε ([2018-11-18-1]) ˰³ƤꡥƥƬ ad- ϡ³캬Ƭ˱ ac-, af-, ag-, al-, ap-, as-, at- ʤɤȻѤѤ롥б벻Ʊ (assimilation) 椨ΰ۷ (allomorph) Ǥ롥Ȥơaccuse, affirm, aggression, allude, appeal, assemble, attend ʤɤ󤲤롥դˤС캬ƬȤδطDzؤʤˡ ad- ѤȤȤaddress ˤ衤嵭ñ췲ˤ衤ƬλҲŤʤä֤Ƥ롥餯ΤۤȤɤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ʤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤťե󥹸ѸǤλҲϤ褽1Ĥ֤ƤѸˤơ츻Ǥƥ򻲾ȤƻҲ֤餻ΤǤϤʤȡ
ˤĤơBarnhart ǸŪʵҤͿƤ롥ޤϡХ address ˤĤơ

The present spelling with -dd- is a refashioning of the prefix a- into ad- in English, after the Latin form, and occasionally occurs in Middle French.


ơŪʲ⤬ ad- θФΤȤͿƤ롥

Words formed with ad- found in modern English do not always reflect a direct passage from Latin into English. The prefix ad- was transformed to a- in Old French, and so appeared in words that entered Middle English through Old French. In the 15th century many of these words were respelled with the ad- to restore the connection with Latin. . . . When the process went too far, as in advance, English acquired a d that had no historical justification.


Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-18-1]

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2018-11-18 Sun

#3492. address <dd> ˤĤ (1) [etymological_respelling][latin][prefix][spelling][sobokunagimon]

ʤ address Ǥ <dd> ȽŻҲѤƤΤȤʥˤĤƤβYahoo!ηޤǥХäƤȤñadressaddressɤ餬ڥǤ礦ˡϡ̾ĥüŪ˼Ƥ̤Ѹ˥Хä츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ롥
ȯռϤ狼롥ե󥹸ѸǤ adresser, adressen ʤɤ <d> 1ĤǤꡤǤɤʤΤˡѸǤϤʤ <d> ŤͤΤ˸츻ŪˤƱƥƬ ad- դΤǤ⡤adapt, admire, adnominal, adopt, adverb ʤɤǤ <d> ŤʤäƤʤȤ⤢롥
Upward and Davidson (101) ˡƥƬ ad- ղäȴϢƼεҤߤ롥

Lat AD- attached to a stem beginning with D results in Lat and ModE -DD-: add (< Lat addere), addiction, address, adduce. (OFr and ME often wrote such words with single D.)
D has been doubled in developments from Fr where there has been a stress shift to the first syllable in ModE: boudin > podyng > pudding, sodein > sodayn > sudden.
Some words with single medial D (e.g. hideous, medal, model, study) were occasionally written with DD in EModE.


2ܤ3ܤεҤ狼뤳Ȥϡ֤˱ơŪʡֻ§פɤ˻ҲŤͤŤͤʤäꤹ㤬Ѹ˸줿ȤȤܲľܿƤ1ܤǤϡѸťե󥹸Ǥ϶֤ιθʤƤ褦ѸʹߤˤϤʤƤ餺षƥֻ˰줿̤Ǥ뤳ȤƤ롥̤ȤΩ address, addict, adduce ʤɤֻϡ֤첻ĹʤɤȿǤɽŪֻȤϡad- ޤǤƬǤꡤʹߤʬ캬Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ɽŪֻȤ٤ơϸ츻ŪֻǤ⤢ä
ѸˤζʽʤɤǤϡƬ ad- 򻲾Ȥ d 츻ŪֻŵȤ admonish, advance, advantage, adventure, advise ʤɤФе󤲤ʺǸθˤĤƤϡ#1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ캬Ǥ d ǻϤޤ뺣Τ褦ʸˤơƬˤޤ d ̤Ȥ <dd> ȤʤˤϤޤǵŤʤäष줳ƥߤ츻ŪֻιȤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤޤ졤Ū ad- ˤƸ츻ŪֻȤ d 줿ϡޤǻ䤬פäƤ⤫ʤ¿褦Ǥ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2018-06-27 Wed

#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ [word_formation][prefix][suffix][neologism][french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][renaissance][emode]

Wersmer (64, 67) Nevalainen (352, 378, 391) 򻲾Ȥ Cowie (610--11) ˤСܼѤˤơϤܼѤΤȼѷϤΤΤΨѸ礭ѲȤ

The relative frequency of nonnative affixes to native affixes in coined words rises from 20% at the beginning of the Early Modern English period to 70% at the end of it . . . . The proportion of Germanic to French and Latin bases in new coinages falls from about 32% at the beginning of the Early Modern period to some 13% at the end . . . . Together these measures confirm the emergence of non-native affixes as independent English morphemes over the Early modern period. They also seem to contradict claims that the native affixes in Early Modern English are just as, if not more productive, than ever . . . , although it is always less likely that words coined with native affixes would be recorded in a dictionary . . . .


λνˤϼѷϤ20%äˤ70%ˤޤäƤ롥ΤܤȡѷϤФϤΨϡ32%ۤɡ13%ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤơѸˡѷϤܼӴΤΩĤ褦ˤʤäƤȤϵʤѤκǸâ񤭤ϽפǤϤ롥
Ϣơ#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Wersmer, Richard. Statistische Studien zur Entwicklung des englischen Wortschatzes. Bern: Francke, 1976.
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Early Modern English Lexis and Semantics." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 332--458.
Cowie, Claire. "Early Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 38 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 604--20.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-24-1]

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2018-05-19 Sat

#3309. ʤ input *imput ֤ʤΤ [spelling][pronunciation][prefix][assimilation][morpheme][consonant][sobokunagimon]

Ƭ in- ϡ§ȤƸ³ΤɤΤ褦ʲǻϤޤ뤫ˤäơǥեȤ in- Ǥʤ, im b, m, p , il- l , ir- r , i- g ˤʤɤΰ۷֤Ȥ롥̣ȤƤϡƬ in- ˤϡפȡˡפ2Ĥ̤뤬۷֤ˤĤƤξȤƱͤ˿񤦡줾󤲤Сinactive, inconclusive, inspirit; imbalance, immature, immoral, imperil, implode, impossible; illegal, illicit, illogical; irreducible, irregular, irruptive; ignoble, ignominy, ignorant ʤɤǤ롥
in- λҲ³벻ˤäĴĴͼ㴳Ѱۤ븽ݤϡҲƱ (assimilation) Ȥ뤬ҲƱȤΤϡۤȤɤξ硤ѸΥƥʤե󥹸ˤˤƤǤꡤѸäƤݤˤϡǤˤΤ褦ʰ۷֤ȤäƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥षѸ¦Ω줫ϡμѸ夫ʬϤơƬ in- ڤФȤߤΤǤ롥ä󤽤Τ褦ʬϤʤ夹ȡʹ in- ϤѸͭƬǤ뤫Τ褦˿񤤽Ф۷֤μ⥪ꥸʥΥƥʤɤƱͤ˵§ŪʤΤȤȤ館褦ˤʤä
ƥͳΡפȡˡפ̣Ƭ in- Ͼ嵭Τ褦˿񤦤դ٤ϱѸˤˡפ̣Ʊ֤ in ¸ߤ뤳Ȥֻ졦ȤƤαѸ in ƬȤѤˤϡ嵭ΥƥƬ in- Τ褦˰۷֤Ȥ뤳ȤϤʤĤޤꡤin- ѲǤ롥ɸñ input in- ϡȿи output out- ٤ʬȤꡤޤƬ in- Ǥ롥äơ*imput ȤϤʤʤʤʤߤ˥ƥ out- бΤ ex- Ǥˡδ in-between, in-place, inmate ʤɤƱͤǤ롥
ȯϼºݤΤȤҲƱ򵯤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿input ֤ƤƤ⡤/ˈɪnpʊt/ ˲ä /ˈɪmpʊt/ ԤʤƤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-08-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2017-03-14 Tue

#2878. comfort m ȯ [phonetics][phoneme][assimilation][allophone][prefix]

228դηǼĤǡcomfort(able) m ˤĤƼ䤬󤻤줿ƥͳ褹Ƭ com- Ҳϡp, b, m Ǥ computer, combine, communicate ˸褦 m ݤ뤬ʳξǤϸ³˱ n, l, r ʤɤѲꡤȤ˼줿ꤹΤ̤Ǥ롥com- f Ǥ con- ȤʤΤǤꡤconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤ˸̤Ǥ롥comfort Ǥ f m Ƥ롥ϡɤȤѸǤбեñ confort(able) n ֤Ƥ櫓ʤΤǡޤޤ䤬ޤ롥碌ơñ m Ϥ褦ȯΤȤ
ѸǤʤ m ΤˤĤƤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǼ褦ʲƤʤǤϡȤꤢ m ȯˤĤ˲⤷ƤѸǤϡ<m> ʸϤۤ11δط /m/ βǤб롥 /m/ κǤŵŪʼ¸ͭξɡ [m] ĶˤäƤϤʳΰ۲ (allophone) ȤƤ¸롥ľ [f] [v] Τ褦ʿ³ˤϡ/m/ ĴεչƱ (assimilation) ˤͭɡ [ɱ] ȤʤΤ̤Ǥ롥פˡ[f] ȯιɡ©ȴƤФ褤βñȤĴ뤳ȤϤʤȻפ뤬[f] [v] ³֤Ǥ̵ռΤ [ɱ] ĴȤʤäƤϤǤ롥comfort m Ϥޤˤΰ۲Ǽ¸롥
ʲˡJespersen Cruttenden 顤۲ [ɱ] ˤĤƿƤʬѤ褦

Before [f, v], as in nymph, pamphlet, comfort, triumph, triumvir, circumvent [nimf, pæmflit, kʌmfət, traiəmf, traiˈʌmvə, səkəmˈvent], the [m]-closure is frequently formed not by means of both lips, but of the lower lip alone, which is applied to the lower edge of the upper front teeth. (Jespersen 395)


When followed by a labiodental sound /f,v/, the front closure may be labiodental [ɱ] rather than bilabial, e.g. in nymph, comfort, triumph, come first, circumvent, warm vest. Additionally pronunciations of infant, enforce, unforced, etc. with assimilation of [n] to [ɱ] can be regarded as having an allophone of /m/. (Cruttenden 212)


In connected speech /m/ frequently results from a final /n/ of the citation form before a following bilabial, e.g. one mile /wʌm ˈmaɪl/, more and more /mɔːr əm ˈmɔː/, ten pairs /tem ˈpeəz/, gone back /gɒm ˈbak/; sometimes /m/ is a realisation of word-final /ən/ or /n/ following /p/ or /b/, e.g. happen /ˈhapm/, ribbon /ˈrɪbm/, or, in context, cap and gown /kap m ˈgaʊn/ . . . . (Cruttenden 212)


դΤϡconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤˤƤϡտȯǤϡ [f] [v] ³ȤϤäɡ [n] ȯΤ̤ȤȤˤ衤comfort(able) ϤϤѤäñǤ롥
ʤܸǤ̾ [f] [v] ȯʤΤǡޤƤ [ɱ] ʤɸ뤳Ȥʤ褦˻פ뤬ü˲˳֤ǥ޹ԤȯȡƤ [ɱ] Ȥʤ롥˥äȺ˳̤ξФߤǡֽޤơפȤȤΡ֤פȡ֤ޡפλҲݱʤ [ɱ] ȤʤäƤޤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-03-15-1]

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2016-11-21 Mon

#2765. Oxford Dictionaries "Word of the Year" --- post-truth [woy][lexicology][prefix]

Oxford Dictionaries ǯɽƤ Word of the Year ˤȡ2016ǯΡֺǯñפϷƻ post-truth Ǥ롥ϡ"relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief" Ȥ롥ܤ Word of the Year 2016 is... 򻲾Ȥ줿
θ1992ǯ˽ФƤ뤬ʸ̤Ρֿ¤Τ줿ΡפθǻȤƤΡֿ¤̵طȤʤäΡפȤǤλѤƤΤϡäȺǶᡤ餯10ǯ餤ΤΤǤϤʤˤ衤θ줬޷ʹ򼨤Ϥ᤿ΤϡĤǶᡤǯ5ʹߤǤȤŵŪ post-truth politics Ǥ롥طʤˤϡ餫˥ꥹEUΥæ䥢ꥫ󤬤롥θ줬줿ͳȤơ˥ǥ֥¿ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤󸻤ȤƤΥǥƬ󤲤ޤŪˤϡؤ󼨤¤Ф͡ԿȤɾ롥ƻŪʸǤ롥
ѸŪˤϡpost- Ȥƥͳ褹ƬˤѸˤä夷ȤʪȤƶ̣post- ȤƬΤ϶Ѹ餢뤬ˡ?ΡʻŪˡ˸ΡפȤ顤Ūʰ̣礤ġ?̵طȤʤäΡʻˡפȤѤ졤͡ʸʤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ20ȾФΤȤǤ롥Ϣơ#560. Ƭ post- ([2010-11-08-1])#561. Ƭ post- (2) ([2010-11-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ơpost-truth Τۤ˥Υߥ͡Ȥ줿ˤĤƤ Word of the Year 2016: other words on the shortlist 뤬̤󤲤Ƥߤȡhygge, n., Brexiteer, Latinx, n. and adj., coulrophobia, n., adulting, chatbot, glass cliff, n., alt-right, n., woke, adj. Ǥ롥
Oxford Dictionaries "Word of the Year" ϤɤΤ褦򤵤졤ꤵΤWord of the Year: FAQ ˤȡμȤƤϡOxford Dictionaries Υब͡ΤԻ줿15ۤɤ Oxford English Corpus ȤˤĴʤɤԤʤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤ǡǥ֥ʤɤˤ̤󤻤Ƥ̣ʤΤȤνнŵŪˤϥꥹꥫ濴Ȥʤ뤬ʤ٤줫ι˻ѤФäƤǤϤʤ깭ԡ뤹򤹤褦θƤȤȤ
Ϣơꥫ American Dialect Society ˤ Word of the Year ⻲ȡˤĤƤϡܥ֥εȤ ads woy

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2016-10-08 Sat

#2721. Ƭ de- [affixation][prefix][word_formation][derivation][etymology][semantics][polysemy]

106դīʹˡJICA ߥޡȻٱΤˡֽ ٤ȤֲüפƤޤ˻Ŧ줿ȤäѸɽǡü humidifier dehumidifier ʤΤǡde- ̵ͭŤʬȤμܸǤ⡤1뤤1⡼㤤ξǤ롥Ʊ;ϤʤǤϤʤˤ260ߤȤۤؤäƤ롥
Ƭ de- ϡŵŪưδΤղäơΰ̣ȿžꡤδްդäꤹ롥ȤȤϥƥ "off" ۤɤ졦ֻ de- ͳ褷ե󥹸ФƱѸäƤ⤢Сľܥƥ줫äƤ졤˱Ѹ¤줵줿Τ⾯ʤʤϳ˱ѸƬȤĹƤΤǤ롥de- θϡʬаʲ̤ˤʤ (Web3 ˡ

1. ԰٤ȿž (ex. decentralize, decode; decalescence)
2. (ex. dehorn, delouse; dethrone)
3. (ex. derate)
4. εäʸˡѸʤɤˡ (ex. decompound, deadjectival, deverbal)
5. ߼ (ex. debus, detrain)
6. Ҥηǡ (ex. dehydro-, deoxy-)
7. (ex. de-emanate)

ˤϵ󤲤Ƥʤ#2638. Ƭ dis- ([2016-07-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡde- dis- ȺƱ졤̣ŪʱƶȤƤ롥ޤεǤ⿨줿ΤȤŪʰ̣ޤǤˤϡde- Τ褦ŪƬĤȡĴ̤िᡤֶĴפˡ٥뤬դ路ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥㤨Сdecline Ǥϡcline Ȥȡֶʤ롤ޤפȲΤͥƥʴްդäƤΤǡde- ˡϡָפǤȤϡֶĴפȤʤʤdenude derelict de- Τδްդ󰦥ͥƥʤΤǡde- ̤ȤơֶĴˡȲ򤵤Ƥ
dehumidifier de- ֶĴˡȤƤФȤϤǤˤʤƬ¿ˤդƤ

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2016-07-17 Sun

#2638. Ƭ dis- [affixation][prefix][word_formation][derivation][etymology][semantics][polysemy]

Ƭ dis- ˤĤơμݤμ䤬󤻤줿ưղä줿 disable ƻղä줿 dishonest ʤɤˤߤ褦ˡdis- ȿẓ̌뤳Ȥ¿solve ФƬղä줿 dissolve ˤϤΤ褦ʴްդʤΤϤʤʤΤΤˡΤθϸ츻ҤȤФ켫Τϲ򤹤פäΤǤꡤdis- ղäΰ̣ˤȿžδްդϤʤ
ޤܼΰ̣ˤĤȤ٤Ȥϡ̾ñƱͤ¿ΤΤ¿ (polysemy) ͭƤȤȤơƤ¿1Ĥθ̣Ÿ̤Ǥ롥Ƭ dis- ˤĤƤСΤ˼פʰ̣ϡȿžספۤɤȻפ뤬ǤƥʤӥꥷˤǤƱƬθϡ2ĤءפۤɤǤ롥츻Ūˤϥƥ duo (two) ȴϢθŤ *dvis äꤵ롥Ĥޤꡤ2ĤؤΡʬΥפǤ롥discern, disrupt, dissent, divide ʤɤˤΰ̣򸫤Ƽ뤳ȤǤƬλҲϡΤȤ³ˤüѷꤹ뤳Ȥˡס̡פΰ̣ȯŸdijudicate, dinumerate ʤɤʬΥפåסַǡפΤϼǤꡤˤסȿСפΰ̣ȯŸȤ⡤礭ǤϤʤ disjoin, displease, dissociate, dissuade ʤɤ줿
˹ͤ٤ϡҤƬΰ̣ϡΤΰ̣Ȥδطˤޤ뤳ȤȤȤȤȴΤˡʬΥספʤɤΰ̣ޤޤƤˤϡƬϻ¾夽ΡֶĴפɽ魯ΤȤƵǽ롥dissolve ϤǤꡤϾʤ disannul, disembowel ʤɤ⤢롥Τΰ̣Ĵ¤СƬΰֶ̣ĴפȤʤΤϡdis- ˸¤ʤ
ǸˡƬηֻ֤ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤѸäˤ dis- ϡĶ˱ƻҲä di- ȤʤäƸ뤳Ȥ⤢Сƥ̤Ƭ de- ȹή de- Ǹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤե󥹸ͳΤ des- ȤʤäƤΤ⤢ (cf. #2071. <dispatch> vs <despatch> ([2014-12-28-1])) Ϣơ츻Ūˤ̤Ƭƥ䥮ꥷγؽŪʷϵ򤫤⤹ dys- ʤȤ dis- ֤ˡϡµסɡסְ۾פްդȤ dysfunction, dysphemism ʤɤ󤲤롥
ʲˡWeb3 Ƭ dis- εҤ󤲤Ƥ

1dis- prefix [ME dis-, des-, fr. OF & L; OF des-, dis-, fr. L dis-, lit., apart, to pieces; akin to OE te- apart, to pieces, OHG zi-, ze-, Goth dis- apart, Gk dia through, Alb tsh- apart, L duo two] 1 a : do the opposite of : reverse <a specified action) <disjoin> <disestablish> <disown> <disqualify> b : deprive of (a specified character, quality, or rank) <disable> <disprince> : deprive of (a specified object) <disfrock> c : exclude or expel from <disbar> <discastle> 2 : opposite of : contrary of : absence of <disunion> <disaffection> 3 : not <dishonest> <disloyal> 4 : completely <disannul> 5 [by folk etymology]: DYS- <disfunction> <distrophy>

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-08-1]

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2014-06-17 Tue

#1877. ưƬ en- -en [prefix][suffix][morphology]

enlighten ַؤפȤưǤϡΤ light Ƭ en- -en ղäƤ롥̾줬ư첽ƤƱ褦ʵǽܼ2դƤΤ̯Ȥ̯Ǥ롥줫ΤߤǤɤʤΤºݤ -en Τߤղä lighten Ȥư줬¸ߤ롥ܼϤɤΤ褦˻ȤʬƤΤ
¤ϡƬ en- -en θ츻ϤޤäۤʤäƤꡤʤƬΤۤϡƥƬ in- ͳ褷ťե󥹸ͳƱѸäܼǤ롥Ѹֻ in ȵŪˤƱǡءפ򸶵ȤספȤưΤǡưƬȤƵǽϤ᤿Τ̾δΤˤĤΤܤƻ䤹ǤưǤΤˤĤȤ⤢ (ex. encase, enchain, encradle, enthrone, enverdure; embus, emtram, enplane; engulf, enmesh; empower, encollar, encourage, enfranchise; embitter, enable, endear, englad, enrich, enslave; enfold, enkindle, enshroud, entame, entangle, entwine, enwrap) Τưξ硤ˤ̤ -en ȤʤäƤΤꡤembolden, enfasten, engladden, enlighten Τ褦ʷ֤ƤѸˤʤäΤȤơencolden, enlengthen, enlessen, enmilden, enquicken, enwiden, enwisen ⤢ˡenclose/inclose, encumber/incumber, enquire/inquire, ensure/ensure ʤ en- in- θؤ⤢뤬츻ŪˤԤϥե󥹸ԤϥƥǤ롥
-en ϡ¾ưűѸ -nian ̤㤨СűѸηƻ fæst (fast) Фư fæstnian (fasten)ˡߤɡϡ -nian κǸ -n ǤϤʤǽ -n ĤäΤǤ롥ηƻ̾δΤˤĤ?ˤס?ˤʤפΰդɽ魯Ȥơdarken, deepen, harden, sharpen, sicken, soften, sweeten; heighten, lengthen, strengthen; steepen ʤɡΤΤϾ嵭Τ褦˸űѸ̤뤬˵󤲤¿ϸѸѸǤ˴Ťη̤Ǥ롥

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2013-07-02 Tue

#1527. ͥƥ֤Ƭ for- [prefix]

#526. Chaucer ѤѸ --- Ƭ for- ư ([2010-10-05-1]) Ǥ夲ƬꡥѸǤŪǤϤʤĤƤϤ˱ɤƬȤ for- 롥Ƭộ󤹤ȡػߡ䡤ӽꡤ̵롤ꡤΥȿάԡƶƤζĴǤ롥ǡͥƥƬȤäƤ褤
Ѹ줫󤲤Ƥߤȡforbear (control oneself), forbearance (patience), forbid (prohibit), forbruise (bruise sorely), fordo (do away with), forget (be unable to remember), forgive (pardon), forgo (do without), forlorn (lonely), forpined (pined away), forsake (leave), forsay (prohibit), forspent (worn out), forswear (give up), forweary (weary extremely), forworn (worn out) ʤɤ󤬤롥Web3 ˤȡƬ for- ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

for- prefix [ME, fr. OE; akin to OHG fir-, far-, fur- for-, OS for-, Goth fra-, fair-, for-, faur- for-, fore-, OE for] 1 : so as to involve prohibition, exclusion, omission, failure, or refusal --- almost exclusively in words coined before 1600 <forsay> <forheed> 2 : destructively or detrimentally --- almost exclusively in words coined before 1600 <forhang> <forstorm> 3 : completely : excessively : to exhaustion : to pieces --- almost exclusively in words coined before 1600 <forbruise> <forweary> <forspent>


ɥĸ ver- ޤᥲޥ˹ŤƬǤꡤűѸǤϾʤʤBosworth-Toller Dictionary ˤȡΥڡ ˤƬΥȥ꡼롥θ񤭽Фȡforbeodan (to forbid), fordeman (to condemn), forcuþ (perverse, corrupt), fordon (to destroy, to do for), for-eaðe (very easily), for-oft (very often), forseon (to overlook, despise) ʤɤ󤬤롥
ƬΤϤȤ櫓ѸˤƤǤ롥MED for- (pref.(1)) ˤϡ¿θ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥ե٥åȽ˺Ƹȡforbannen (banish), forberen (bear, endure, refrain, avoid), forbien (redeem, bribe), forbinden (tie up), forbleden (bleed hard or to death), forbod (prohibition), forbreiden (corrupt, pervert), forbreken (break up, shatter), forcold (very cold), forcouth (infamous, wicked, vile, miserable), fordemen (condemn, convict), forderked (dimmed, obscured), fordon (ruin, destroy, condemn, frustrate, prevent, abrogate, violate), fordreden (fear greatly), fordrenchen (intoxicate, drown), fordrien (dry up, wither), fordronken (given to drunkenness), fordulle(d) (very dull), forfaren (go astray, perish, ruin), forfered (terrified), forhelen (conceal), forhiden (conceal), forhongred (ravenous, starving), forhouen (despise, scorn), forleden (mislead), forleten (forsake, give up, neglect, lose), forlien (fornicate, ravish, commit adultery), forlived (decrepit), forwandred (exhausted from wandering), forwepen (weep hard or long), forwered (worn out), forweri(ed) (very weary), forwerpen (cast out, banish, reject, renounce), forwird (perdition, destruction), forwondred (amazed), forworthen (degenerate, spoil, perish), forwounden (wound, injure), foryeten (forget, neglect, omit), foryeven (forgive, give up, bestow, grant) Ȥʤ롥
¿Ѹ˻ĤäƤ顤͸ for- ʤɤȤΤƤ⤷ʤ

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2013-05-14 Tue

#1478. Ƭ [affix][prefix][suffix][word_formation][morphology][lexicology][statistics][derivation]

ϸѸܼź (affixation) ˴ؤŪꡥѸθˤѤ礿Ƭ (prefix) (suffix) Quirk et al. (1539--58) ˤƬν󤹤롥ʲΥꥹȤǤϡƱܼΰ۷̡֤˵󤲤Ƥ뤬ƬȤˤ褽50Ĥ롥

A-, AN-, ANTI-, ARCH-, AUTO-, BE-, BI-, CO-, CONTRA-, COUNTER-, DE-, DEMI-, DI-, DIS-, EM-, EN-, EX-, EXTRA-, FORE-, HYPER-, IN-, INTER-, MAL-, MINI-, MIS-, MONO-, MULTI-, NEO-, NON-, OUT-, OVER-, PALEO-, PAN-, POLY-, POST-, PRE-, PRO-, PROTO-, PSEUDO-, RE-, SEMI-, SUB-, SUPER-, SUR-, TELE-, TRANS-, TRI-, ULTRA-, UN-, UNDER-, UNI-, VICE-


-(I)AN, -ABLE, -AGE, -AL, -ANT, -ATE, -ATION, -DOM, -ED, -EE, -EER, -EN, -ER, -ERY, -ESE, -ESQUE, -ESS, -ETTE, -FUL, -FY, -HOOD, -IAL, -IC, -ICAL, -IFY, -ING, -IOUS, -ISH, -ISM, -IST, -ITE, -ITY, -IVE, -IZE (-ISE), -LESS, -LET, -LIKE, -LING, -LY, -MENT, -NESS, -OCRACY, -OR, -OUS, -RY, -SHIP, -STER, -WARD(S), -WISE, -Y


Ʊ Quirk et al. ˤ̣䵡ǽˤ뤳ܼ绨Ĥʬ̥ڡ˼Τǡ⻲ȡ
Crystal (150) ˤСOED ˤ븫Ф쥵ץĴη̡100򾯤ĶۤɤƬΤ줫ѸΤ40--50%˸ȤܼźäѸομ礿ʤǤ뤳Ȥϡ#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ󥹡 ([2011-09-17-1])#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1])#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ([2011-09-22-1])#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ʤɤǺƻƤŪѤƤѸΤߤƤ⡤Ϥܼźä礭ȤȤ狼롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-08-1]

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2011-07-20 Wed

#814. ̾ưʤ̷ư [stress][diatone][statistics][derivation][prefix][suffix][phonaesthesia][-ate]

Ʊ֤ʻˤäƶ֤θؤ (diatone) ŵǤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1], [2011-07-08-1], [2011-07-10-1], [2011-07-11-1]ΰϢεڤƤ̾ưκۤĴƤƻ⤳ε˴ؤäƤ[2011-07-07-1]εǤϴϢ˸ڤˡ֤ˤĤơƻϸ§Ȥ̾Ʊ񤤤򼨤ư֤롥СַưפǤ롥
ưλ¤ϡޤŪ˻ٻ롥Bolinger (156--57) ˤС3ζѸýΥץĴˤȡ¿ˤĤơƻ91% non-oxytonic ʺǽʳ˶ˤư63% oxytonic ʺǽ˶ˤǤȤñˤĤƤϡΰ֤뤳ȤϤǤʤΰ̣ʤñưȷƻθĿΨư줬60.7%롥ñζ̾ oxytonic ȲᤵΤǡΨϷƻ椷ư oxytonic ʷٻͤȤ褦
ưȤ֤ʬۤ˴ϢơBolinger ξʻθκۤ˸ڤƤ롥ƻˤäΤ¿ (ex. -ant, -ent, -ean, -ial, -al, -ate, -ary, -ory, -ous, -ive, -able, -ible, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ful) ưƬˤ¿ (ex. re-, un-, de-, dis-, mis-, pre-) 㳰Ūˤ켫Ȥ˶ -ose Τ褦ʷƻ⤢뤬㳰ŪǤ뤳ȤˤäƤäƺΩ (phonaesthesia) ʤ ( augmentative ) ȤƤεǽ碌ĤȤˤʤäƤ缭ˤĤƤ[2009-08-30-1]εɼפ⻲ȡˡbellicose, grandiose, jocose, otiose, verbose ʤɤǡǤ롥
ΤȤʤ顤Τʤˤ줿¿ηƻɬ non-oxytonic Ȥʤ뤷ΤʤƬˤ줿¿ư϶2ܰʹߤ֤뤳Ȥˤʤ oxytonic Ȥʤǽ⤤εȯŸˤϡܼμθɬפ뤬ܼˤѥ㤬ưνи˹׸ȤȤǤ礤˶̣ޤ̾⡤ƻƱͤˡƬǤϤʤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤͤС̾ưˤƱΩĤΤǤϤʤ

Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-06-29-1]

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2011-07-10 Sun

#804. ̾ưñ [diatone][stress][prefix]

̾ưפ뤤 diatone ˤĤ diatone γƵˤƤ[2009-11-01-1]ε̾ưεפǼ̾ưθΰ30ˤŪʰǤ롥ǡSherman (57--67) ˷ǺܤƤ SOED Ф줿 150 disyllabic diatones ΰ򡤰ʲ˺Ƹ

abstract, accent, addict, address, affix, affect, alloy, ally, annex, assay, bombard, cement, collect, combat, commune, compact, compound, compress, concert, concrete, conduct, confect, confine, conflict, conscript, conserve, consort, content, contest, contract, contrast, converse, convert, convict, convoy, costume, decoy, decrease, defect, defile, descant, desert, detail, dictate, digest, discard, discharge, discord, discount, discourse, egress, eject, escort, essay, excerpt, excise, exile, exploit, export, extract, ferment, impact, import, impress, imprint, incense, incline, increase, indent, infix, inflow, inlay, inlet, insert, inset, insult, invert, legate, misprint, object, outcast, outcry, outgo, outlaw, outleap, outlook, outpour, outspread, outstretch, outwork, perfume, permit, pervert, post-date, prefix, prelude, premise, presage, present, produce, progress, project, protest, purport, rampage, rebate, rebel, rebound, recall, recast, recess, recoil, record, recount, redraft, redress, refill, refit, refund, refuse, regress, rehash, reject, relapse, relay, repeat, reprint, research, reset, sojourn, subject, sublease, sub-let, surcharge, survey, suspect, torment, transfer, transplant, transport, transverse, traverse, undress, upcast, upgrade, uplift, upright, uprise, uprush, upset


įȤ狼褦ˡƬȤβ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥¿Ƭܸ캬פȤäƤꡤʬƥ󡦥ե󥹼Ѹout- up- ȤƬޤ17 (11.33%) 롥ޤin- mis- ϱѸˤե󥹸ˤⶦͭƤƬǤ롥Τ褦˸ȡƬܸ캬פ2ϡ줫Ѹ줫ˤ餺̾ưפνפʥȤʤꤦ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Sherman, D. "Noun-Verb Stress Alternation: An Example of the Lexical Diffusion of Sound Change in English." Linguistics 159 (1975): 43--71.

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2011-03-29 Tue

#701. Ƭ sur- [prefix][etymology]

ΩѴ쥢ꥹŸѥꡤݥԥɥ󥿡¢ʤˤ롽򸫤˹Ԥäsurrealism ( Fr. surréalisme ) 1920ǯ˥ե󥹤λ André Breton (1896--1966) 濴˵ä20ηݽѱưǡ׹ͤθŪʻѤز󵢤٤̴ʤɰռ।᡼Ż뤷
Ƭ sur ϥƥ super / suprā ([2010-04-12-1], [2010-04-14-1]) бĶơˡפ̣ʸʩ so(u)r sur ؤȯŸϡ sus Ȥ contamination ˤΤȤ [ Perret, p. 156 ] ˡȤơͼפƤƤ뤬̤ˤϡ֥쥢ꥹפ̤äƤ롥ܸΡ֥塼ʡפϤθ줬֥쥢ꥹפȤܸȯɽϥե󥹸θ /syrrealism/ ˴ŤΤǡѸ /səˈrɪəlɪzm/ ˴ŤƤΤǤϤʤJReK 6ΥɽɤĴ٤ƤߤȤҥåȿ¿ˡ֥쥢ꥹ (49500)֥塼쥢ꥺ (7970)֥塼쥢ꥹ (7340)֥쥢ꥺ (3390)֥塼ꥢꥺ (2060)֥ꥢꥺ (18) äBreton (1924) Manifeste de surréalisme إ쥢ꥹ٤ˮëԢΤϡ֥塼ʡפȤάɽ줿ȤˤʰȤޤ֥쥢ꥺפȱѸˡ֥פ餻Τǿͤݤ褦ǡϤ֥쥢ꥹפܸȤƤŪȯȹͤƤ褵ʥե󥹸ȱѸ򤴤ޤˤơ֥塼쥢ꥺפȯƤʤɤϡǿͤ⤤Ȥ
ơĶפ̣ե󥹸Ƭ sur- ϡҤΤ褦˥ƥ super / suprā ֻҲ /p/ 岽ƾüǤ롥̣ǤΤޤܸˤޤäƤƬȤѸǤϤƬˤĥե󥹸äμѤʤ󤷤褦

surcharge, surface, surfeit, surge, surmaster, surmise, surmount, surname, surpass, surplice, surplus, surprise, surrender, surround, surtax, surtout, surveillance, survey, survive


surgesur- + regere "to rule" ͳˤΤȤСinsurgency, insurgent, insurrection, resource, resurge, resurgence, resurgent, resurrect, resurrection, source, surgy ʤɡ word family ( see ڡ륯θ츻ŵ ) դ٤ϡsurreptitious ̩ΡפǤ롥Ƭ sub- /b/ ľβƱ /r/ ȤʤäΤǡषֲˡפ̣Τդsurrogate Ʊͤ sub- ͳ褹롥
ѸθǤϡ[2010-06-21-1]ǸȤꡤ֤ꤷȤ٤ super- Τۤ⤤sur- ΰ仺Ϥʤʤ礭
Ѹ surrealism νФ1927ǯ򴬤ݽѱưϡ21δϺˤ礭ƶͿ³Ƥ롥

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-04-05-1]

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2010-11-09 Tue

#561. Ƭ post- (2) [prefix][productivity]

ε[2010-11-08-1]Ǽ夲Ƭ post- ˤĤơιޤäˤĤƤ­Marchand (183-84) ˤȡpost- ȯ19ʹߤȤ

3.43. 2 The only type that has really become productive in English word-formation is the type postmeridianus (which in Classical Latin is still weak, but grows in subsequent periods). Though we have coinages from the 17th century on, as postmeridian 1626, post-diluvian 1680 (after antediluvian 1646), post-connubial 1780, the vast majority date from the 19th century, as post-baptismal, -biblical, -classical, -graduate, -natal, -nuptial, -pagan, -prandial, -resurrectional, -Roman / -cretacean, -diluvial, -glacial, -tertiary / -Adamic, -Cartesian, -Darwinian, -Elizabethan, -Homeric, -Kantian, and other derivatives from proper names.

3.43.3 Developing at about the same time as the corresponding types pre- and ante-war years (second half of the 19th century), formed after the prototype anti-court party, we have the type post-war years with combination such as post-Pliocene period 1847, post-Easter time, post-election period, post-Reformation period, post-Restoration period, etc. The idea is always that of 'time following --'.



ƬŪطɽ뵡¿ˤȤʬǤȤ櫓Ƥ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥ޤ19ñȤȯ櫓ǤϤʤе pre- ante- ȤȤϤƤȤ褯ʬ롥
ŪѤ post- 뤤ܸ֥ݥȡפθ촶ȤơΤɽƤ˶ڤ꤬Ĥθ˿夬³Ȥޤߤ롥夫鼡λؤΰܤѤꡤ뤤ϾʤȤ͡ܤѤռȤ post- ɽȤȡѲɤ߼륭ɤȤƤ⤷Ƭ⤷ʤpost- ɽμפ֤Ȥ19˸˸ƤȤ˰쵤ȯȤΤʬ褦ʵ롥

Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation: A Synchronic-Diachronic Approach. 2nd. ed. München: Beck, 1969.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-11-21-1]

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