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#4254. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ8֥ϲȥޥʥ륿פΤ ([2020-12-19-1]) ǤΤ餻褦ˡ1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻8ϲȥޥʥ륿ꤷäޤä³Ƥ륷ǤüԤγǮʼ䥳Ȥʤ顤ڤʤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ϱѸˤȤƤ⥤ɻˤȤƤ̣13ܤƤߤޤ奤ɲΤʤǺǤԿ͵ʥȡݤޤ줿ޥʥ륿ˡ³إ3ޤǤλطʤѤǡαѸ֤ŤƤߤ褦ȻߤޤƺǸˤϡƱνȸɽѸθʸǽޤäǤ礦ɤäǤ礦伫Ȥ⡤ʤ顤̣13⸫ѤƤߤбѸŪˤ⤷Ȥʤ뤳ȤǧǤޤ
ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸Ƥޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻8 ֥ϲȥޥʥ륿
2. 8ϲȥޥʥ륿
3. ܼ
4. 1. ϲ
5. Ϣάǯɽ
6. 2. ޥʥ륿
7. ޥʥ륿Ӹɾ
8. Carta or Charter
9. Magna or Great
10. إ3
11. 3. ȤȸŤ13
12. 4. 13αѸ
13. The Owl and the Nightingale ȥʥ٤Ƭ12
14. "The Proclamation of Henry III" ֥إ3
15. ޤȤ
16. ʸ
Υ92021ǯ320ڡˤ15:30?18:45ͽꤷƤޤϡԱˤ⥿ȤʤäƤޤäɴǯȹ¡פǤ¤ˤƸα̿Ѥ뤫äƤȻפޤܺ٤ɤ
ɸϡ䤦ޤǤʤȻפ褦ʵ䤫⤷ޤλ¤طʤõ뤳Ȥ˰̣롤ȤϾʤޤߤǤϡѸȤбѹƹΤȤפ⤫٤ͤ¿ȻפޤŪˤƹϸȯαѸǤ17Ƭ˥ꥹο̱ϤȤƥȤѸѤϰȤƤˤǤ
ƹ̱ιǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤɤޤ।ꥹ礫ΰ̱ˤȤɤޤ餺17ȾϥɥĤʤɥ衼åѽΰ̱¿äƤޤ19Ⱦϥ䥢եꥫ20ˤ椫͡ޤΰۤʤä͡ꥫɥƹܻؤΤǤ
ȤȡѸɮƬȤĤĤʣΰۤʤ줬¤Ω̾¤Ȥ¿ȤȤʤǽ⤢äϤǤ¡ƹǤ¿ѤǧƤޤԤʤƤ⤤ޤŪˤСѸ줬ŪͭϤͣθǤȤǤ礦ϤʤʤΤǤ礦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦
͡ʸüԤƹ˰̱ȤƤäƤȤϳΤǤǽ˰̱ʸβߤäΤϡȤäƤ⥤ɡåȥɡɤʤɥꥹпȤο͡ĤޤѸüԤǤǽߤ줿Ѹ쥤ե餬塹ޤDZƶڤܤȤȤǤޤˡλ¤Ƥޤ
⤦1ġɽѥ˥դ줿̱ΰưư (mobility) ƤޤҲΤʤǹư͡ȤΤϡޤʸʿಽ͡Ǥ⤢ޤΤ褦ʼҲǤϡơϤ˸ͭθȯãˤषΤȤʿIJƤޤȤ¿ΥäƤѸϤΤ褦ʿIJΥޥͥåȤȤƵǽФ¾νϳȻ뵡ʤäΤǤ
ˤС¾ν¸ߴĤıѸݤμҲؼ̤ƤˤơѸʿIJƤޤ (dialect_levelling) ꥹѸ٤ƥꥫѸϰˤʤΤ⡤̱ҲȤ𤬴ͿƤޤ
դϡ˼ҲŪˤؤ⤷Ǥؿäϡ##2784,158,591εå
ε ([2020-12-28-1]) ˰³³ʤɤΥȥѤɸɽˤĤơܤǤʸȤʤäƤ뤬꤬ĤäΤˤʤäƤĤ˥ѥǤäĴ٤ƤߤΤ2ĤҲ
ޤˤۤɶᤤ顥ѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 ǸƤߤȡ3 (1850--1929) "Atheism made easy" äƤˤΤܤä1 (1710--1780) Farriery made Easy ʤ㤬줿
ȤʤСäᤤƽѸ EEBO corpus äƤߤʤ롥õФΤThomas Edwards (1599--1647) ʤԤ1644ǯ˽Ф "Antapologia, or, A full answer to the Apologeticall narration of Mr. Goodwin, Mr. Nye, Mr. Sympson, Mr. Burroughs, Mr. Bridge, members of the Assembly of Divines wherein is handled many of the controversies of these times, viz. ... : humbly also submitted to the honourable Houses of Parliament" ȤܤܤϡȥȤȤ٤Τ褦ĹΤ¿ˡΰѤ롥
dialling made easy: or, tables calculated [.] # for the latitude of oxford, (but will serve without sensible difference for most parts of england:) by the help of which, and a line of chords, the hour-lines may quickly and exactly be described upon most sorts of useful dials: [.] # with some brief directions for making two sorts of spot-dials:
EEBO Фʸ̮ϴʤΤǤϤʤΤˤʬʤȤ⤢Τdialling ספˤ¬̤εѤΤȤΤ褦Ǥ XXX Made Easy Τ褦ʸˤʤäƤɤϲˤ衤1Ȥߤ뤳ȤϤǤΤ⤷ʤ
ѸޤǤΤܤäƤߤ褦Ȼפäǻڤ졥ޤǤǤ⽽ʬˤΤܤäꡥ
˥δ֤夬äҲ𤷤Time The Best Inventions of 2020 ˡϳĴ Chef iQ Smart Cooker Ȥʤ夲ƤȤΥڡǥե㡼Ƥ뤬ϤΥȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ǥ롥ϤɤΤ褦ʹʸǤꡤɤΤ褦ʰ̣ʤΤ
֡Τ͡˵ʤ졤Ѥ⤷äʤȤǤϤ졤ΤʤϪǵȤΤϡȤƤθ餷
Ǥϡˡä礤η̡Ф줿ո͡äִñ˺줿פȤ̣ easy ϼ¤ñ (flat_adverb) ʤΤǤʤȤФ줿 make μȹʸǤ easy ϤޤǷƻȤѤƤִñˤ줿פۤɤǤȤ⤢äΤȤơֳڤӡפۤɤΥ˥奢ȤȤϳ狼äƤ뤱ɤ⡤ʸˡŪǼΤȤäȤǵǤߤȤʤä
餤Сϻ make μȹʸǤ롥ʸˡǤ5ʸ SVOC ١ȤʤäƤ롥(This cooker) makes meals easy. ۤɤǰƬˤȤ褤Ȥˤ "Meals are made easy (by this cooker)." Ȥʤ롥ȥȤΤ̾ˤ٤meals Ȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ȥ櫓
ǤϤäỌ̇̄ʬʤȤгΤˤmake ϡ?פθǤϤʤޤǻΡ?ĤˤפθѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫make meals ֿפʤäʬ䤹ʤ collocation ⤢ޤʤ褦ˡǤϤʤ make meals easy = cause meals to be easy ȤطĤޤֿñˤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥̤θ meals = easy Ȥطˤʤ롥ֿסִñפȤΤϤɤȤֿѰաסִñפȤΤǤСȤƤ褯ʬ롥ϰäʤ
¤ XXX Made Easy ȤɽϡʤɤΥȥ˾Ѥ귿Ǥ롥ܸǤСء١ïǤ狼١ñ٤ȤäȤXXX ˤϡ롤̣ܡܤʤ͡ʸ礬롥BNCweb ˤ "made easy" ñ㸡Ǥ⡤̤ᤤΤԲʤΤޤǡȵäƤ롥
Harvesting and storing made easy
MIDDLE EAST DISTRIBUTION MADE EASY
Suicide made easy
FLOOR TILING MADE EASY
COSMETICS MADE EASY
Sheep counting made easy
Financial Analysis Made Easy
Mechanics Made Easy
ºݤ˽ǤƤܤΥȥǤСܥӥΤ Word Power Made Easy ⤢СMath Made Easy ʤɤγزʤΤ֤Japanese cookbook for beginners: 100 Classic and Modern Recipes Made Easy Τ褦Τ¿AUSTRALIAN COOKBOOK: BOOK1, FOR BEGINNERS MADE EASY STEP BY STEP դϹʸ䤹ΤǤϤʤXXX Made Simple XXX Simplified õиĤ롥
嵭 XXX ϡֺ (make) оݤǤɬפϤޤäʤष餫ΰ̣ǽ٤оݤǤвǤ褤ȤȤǡ"Meals Made Easy" ֤עֳڤӡפۤɤȤʤ櫓Ǥ롥
ưȤƤưȤƤĶٸǤ have ĶٸǤԵ§ʤȤ䤹ȤȤϡ褯ΤäƤ뤳ȤȻפޤǤhave μդˤϤޤԵ§ʤȤ¿Ǥ͡
ޤ<have> ֤ä /hæv/ ɤळȤ餷̯Ǥgave /geɪv/, save /seɪv/, cave /keɪv/ Ȼ褦ֻǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤϤʤޤhave ֤Ƭ be- Ĥ behave ͽ̤ /biˈheɪv/ Ȥʤ뤳ȤͤȡޤޤԻĤǤ
ˡ3ñ *haves ǤϤʤ has ȤʤΤ̯Ǥˡʬ˷ *haved ǤϤʤ had ȤʤΤ⡤ƱͤǤޤʤ̤ *haves *haved ȤʤäƤʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ3ĤεˤĤơѸˤΩ줫Ƥߤޤ礦ɤ
Ǥ¤Ѹˤ /hɑːvə/ ʤĹ첻 have ȯ̤ˤäΤǤ줬³ƤС첻 (gvs) ͳƸޤǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤäƤϤǤޤ٤⤤Ǥ뤿ˡû첻ƤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ
Ʊͤˡ3ñʬ˷ȤƤ⡤ѸˤϺǤϥ haves haved ѤƤޤ13ʹߤ˸ /v/ Ͼü뷹Ȥ櫓ĶٸȤȤ⤢äƤηɽ졤̤Ȥ has had ˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ/v/ ξüϡhead, lord, lady, lark, poor θˤؤäƤޤʵդˤСθˤ /v/ ޤޤƤ櫓Ǥˡ
츫Ե§ˤߤطʤˤϡٸǤ뤳ȡƲѲȤ¸ߤΤǤŪͳ櫓Ǥ͡˴ؿäϡ##4065,2200,1348εåˤƾܤɤߤ
ȥʥ뤬Ƥ깭 The Owl and the Nightingale ϡѸɽѸʸغʤ1ĤȤƼƤƤ롥ʸؤΤߤʤ餺ѸˡʸؤδפʥƥȤǤ롥1200ǯ1189?1216ǯդȤˤϤǽ줿ӱǡLondon, British Library, Cotton Caligula A ix Oxford, Jesus College 29 Ȥ2Ĥμܤˤ긽äƤ롥礿빻ܡ饤ϡ#2532. The Owl and the Nightingale ν ([2016-04-02-1]) ǵƤΤǡȡ
ϡκʤʷϵƬ12ԤˤĤơCotton ܤ١Ȥ Cartlidge ǤιܤƥȤȤӸѸǤ褦Cotton ܤΥ (fol. 233r) Ǥ롥 *
Ich was in one sumere dale, I was in a summer-valley, in a In one suþe diȝele hale: really out-of-the-way retreat, when I Iherde ich holde grete tale heard an owl and a nightingale having An hule and one niȝtingale. a huge dispute. This controversy was 5 Þat plait was stif & starc & strong, fierce and ferocious and furious, some- Sumwile softe & lud among; times calm and sometimes noisy; and An aiþer aȝen oþer sval, each of them swelled up against the & let þat vole mod ut al; other and vented all her malicious feel- & eiþer seide of oþeres custe ings, saying the very worst thing they 10 Þat alre worste þat hi wuste; could think of about their antagonist's & hure & hure of oþeres songe character; and about their songs, espec- Hi holde plaiding suþe stronge. ially, they had a vehement debate.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
ջȤ˴ؤơסʤפɾ뤳ȤӤǤ롥ȴդʤʷϵȯϡ֤դפǤϤʤ֤դפˤ֤פǤϤʤˤ֤ϡפν̤˸ջȤˤϵŪȿƤꡤ˾Ȥ餷ȽǤ櫓
Ūˤ --- ҼŪˤ --- ջȤˡפ¸ߤʤʤפȤܤäȤƤ⡤ϡʤפȤϡष̤ʤפ֤դ路ʤפ˶ᤤȤ¿
Hughes et al. (16) ϸջȤ "correctness" ˤĤơ3̤Ƥ롥
The first type is elements which are new to the language. Resistance to these by many speakers seems inevitable, but almost as inevitable, as long as these elements prove useful, is their eventual acceptance into the language. The learner needs to recognize these and understand them. It is interesting to note that resistance seems weakest to change in pronunciation. There are linguistic reasons for this but, in the case of the RP accent, the fact that innovation is introduced by the social elite must play a part.
The second type is features of informal speech. This, we have argued, is a matter of style, not correctness. It is like wearing clothes. Most people reading this book will see nothing wrong in wearing a bikini, but such an outfit would seem a little out of place in an office (no more out of place, however, than a business suit would be for lying on the beach). In the same way, there are words one would not normally use when making a speech at a conference which would be perfectly acceptable in bed, and vice versa.
The third type is features of regional speech. We have said little about correctness in relation to these, because we think that once they are recognized for what they are, and not thought debased or deviant forms of the prestige dialect or accent, the irrelevance of the notion of correctness will be obvious.
1ΤΤϡѲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ɽतǤ롥ԤޤˤĤݼŪʿرĤ顤ФСʤפȥåƥŽˡʤɤǤ롥¿ϻ֤ȤȤ˸춦ƱΤΤʤǹ졤ˡؤȳʾ夲Ƥ
2ΤΤϡˡΤΤȤϡѤְ̤㤨ƤޤȤregister δΡ֤դ路פȤʬ䤹ӥˤ뤳Ȥ켫ΤʤҤΤȤȤȤƤʬ䤹
3ΤΤϡϰ˴ؤǤ롥ɸѤͽʸ̮ϰθˡѤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ñϰθˡäʬꡤСջȤȤϤߤʤʤʤ
ǤջȤʤפȻפäȤ줬ҼŪΩ줫ɤΤ褦˲Ǥ뤫Ť˹ͤƤߤȤ⤷
Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill, and Dominic Watt. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2005.
ꥹޥ֤Ǥ͡ꥹޥ˴Ϣ5ܤϤޤ
(1) Christmas ϡChrist + mass ʥꥹȤΥߥˤȤΩǤѸ mass 첻ե messe 첻츻Ρʸ˥ƥ missa Ϲ첻Ȥʤꡤ줴Ȥ˥ϥȤȤϡܸ֥ߥפϥƥʥڥݥȥƱͤ˹첻ˤȤߤƤ褤Ǥ͡
(2) ꥹޥˤ礤Ρޡפϡñ snowman [ˈsnəʊ mæn] Фʣ snowmen [-men]ʤǤ͡ȤꥹޥɤãƤؽۿ͡פϡñ postman [ˈpoʊst mən] Фʣ postmen [-mən]-man ʣñʣ첻Ǥ
(3) ˴ؤ PC (= political_correctness) ˤꡤchairman chair(person) ˡ salesman salesperson ˤʤäꤷɡ snowman *snowperson ˤʤʤäǤ͡إ˥缭ŵ٤ˤ snow figure ȤФ줬ä
(4) at ϻŪˤŪˤⶹˡФ on Ū˹ѤȽȤ¿Ȼפޤat Christmas Ϲ֥ꥹޥˡס122411餤ޤǡˤؤon Christmas ϶1225ˡפؤޤ at Christmastide (cf. #4246. Christmastide ([2020-12-11-1])) ΤȤǡԤ on Christmas Day ΤȤǤϥǤ
(5) ꥹޥΰȤ Merry ChristmasꥹѸǤϤФ Happy Christmas Ȥ⡥ޤꥹȶ Happy Holidays ⤢ޤ
褤ꥹޥ
hellog 饸Ǥϡʤ곧˼Ǥñ harass(ment) ΥȤϤɤ֤ޤ1 hárass(ment) Ǥ礦뤤2 haráss(ment) Ǥ礦ϡɤ¤Ϥ˱Ѹˤ̥ϤƤޤ
ǤǤ礦β˶֤ȤΤϡƺȤŪΤ褦ˤ⸫ϤǴְäƤʤΤǤǻŪǤ⤢Ȥ̣¦̤ΤǤꥫѸǤ haráss(ment) ͥǡꥹѸǤ hárass(ment) ͥǤȤ礭ʷϳΤ˸ޤ⤪⤷ΤϡαѸǤǯؤ haráss(ment) ȯǤ뤳ȤǤΤȤΤϡ夫鼡ˤơޤޤ haráss(ment) ƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ䤿1ĤθѲꥢ륿ܤˤƤΤǤ
ѸˤȤäƤ⡤˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ1500ǯȤǵäƤѲˤƤ櫓ǤϤޤǯȤû֤Ѳ⡤ΩɤʱѸˤǤΤ褦ñζ֤ɤʤɡѻǤ variation ȤΤϡޤ˸ѲäƤ뤳ȤƤΤǤͤȡѸˤʬǤȤȤʬ뤫ȻפޤŤˤѸˤǤϤʤΤǤ
̤ñζ֤ɤ˴ؿäϡ##342,321,366,488εå
椬γعʸˡˤ Jespersen ʸˡαƶϤϡߤ˻ޤ³Ƥ롥20--21οؤζδˤꡤJespersen αƤʤäƤ褦ˤⴶ뤬ºݤλٻϤޤΤǤϤʤ
Jespersen ιϿ¿뤬˴ؤƤɸ "nexus" "junction" ζ̤ϤȤ櫓פǤ롥ѸΤ餺Ȥ⡤¿οͤѸιʸβˤƤζ̤Ż뤷ƤϤǤ롥ޤ Jespersen ȤѤ褦
1.41. C. Nexus, i. e. a combination implying predication and as a rule containing a subject and either a verb or a predicative or both. Besides these a nexus may contain one or more objects, often a direct and an indirect object.
1.31. B. Junction, i. e. a combination of words which does not denote predication, but which serves to make what we are speaking about more precise. Here we meet with the distinction of ranks. A very poor widow contains a tertiary (very), a secondary (poor) and a primary (widow); corresponding examples are extremely cold weather, a furiously barking dog. In other combinations we may have quaternaries or quinaries, e. g. a not (5) particularly (4) well (3) constructed (2) plot (1).
Ū˼СI found a dog barking. ˤ a dog barking "nexus" θƤ롥褽 I found that a dog was barking. ȥѥե졼Ǥ褦ˡȽҸǤä¤Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥I found a barking dog. Ǥ a barking dog "junction" θƤ롥I found it. ȤޤȤ夲뤳Ȥʬ褦ˡ˼ҤδطϴްդƤȤϤ that a dog was barking ȤŸطǤϤʤ
ŪˤŪˤ⡤2Ĥδط̤ƤȤΰյ礭ʲʸˤƼʬϡ츫 "junction" ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤ "nexus" ٤ΤǤ롥
The difficulties overcome makes the rest easy. ʤ줿ΤǸưפǤ롥
That's a great load off my mind. ʤǤۤäȤ
I sat with all the windows and the door wide open. ͤⳫƺäƤ
He being rich and I poor, everybody took his side against me. बǻ䤬ϤᡤߤθäƻȿФ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
Ҳؤμǡָλ (language_death) ˿ȡؿij¿ܲ121ȤϥڡǸ줬ƤȤ¤Τȡʤ饷åΤΤȤ٤ΩˤܸȤѤƤꡤ٤ؤĶǤѸ̳ΤʤdzؽƤԤˤȤäơǴΤ줬ˤۤ¿¸ߤȤȤϡưפǤʤˤʤʿŪܿͤˤȤäơָλפȤϤ̣DZä
ܹˤΤʣ롥ޤȸСλࡤʤȤοȤʹȤ
ѸɮƬȤŪʱƶϤĶʸϡ¿μ微λƤΤݤȤ⤢롥⤷ȤСѸΤ褦ʸϻŪʸǤꡤԤȤߤʤ٤ʤΤ⤷微ߤȤΤǤСïɤΤ褦˵ߤΤ⤽ߤɬפΤʤΤ餬Ѥָ֡סʸ츢ˤĿͤǧȤʤСθĿͤ˲ݤֵ̳פϲˤʤ
Τ褦ˡָλפͤϤȡ٤³ȵäƤ롥ҲؤȤΥơޤǤ롥˻뻲͵Ȥָλפεåɤ
ϻؼԤΤȤ˵˻פäƤ褦ʵޤ˱ѸƤطԤˤƤߤޤȡ褯Ф֤뤢ȤȤǡ˼夲褦ȻפäǤs ̾ʣޡʤΤˡưȤषñޡϰΤɤʤäƤΤȤ̵⤢ޤȤƤϡ̻Ū˱ѸߤѸˤΩ줫餤дʤǤİ
űѸˤΤܤȡ̾ʣ s εȤ -as ȤäȤʬޤΤ s ʣϷӤĤƤ褦ˤ⸫ޤޤ̾Τ1/3٤ΡѲ̾פ˸ꤷƤηӤĤǤ¾2/3̾ϡ¤ʣ s ʤɼʤäΤǤĤޤs = ̾ʣפȯۤϡѸۤɶϤޤǤѸʹߤˡ2/3Ƥ s ʣ̾줬 s ʣؤȾ괹ƤäΤǤ̤ȤơߤǤ99%̾줬 s ʣ˻ꡤs = ̾ʣפδط夷ޤ s ʣŪˤϤʸܳŪΤޤޤǤʢʸΥơޤʤΤǤˡȾʬ餤ŪǤȤȤǵߤƤȻפޤ
ư3ñ s ˤĤƤǤűѸѸǤϤ⤽ s ȤϰŪǤʤषʤҲ th -eth ʤɤ̤Ǥ th Ѹˤ s ֤ƤޤξŪ˶ᤤޡȤȤǤϷ褷Ƥʤޤǡ֤פǤѲθˤĤƤ⤢ޤˤ衤Ȥ th äΤˤβȾж s ִ줿ΤǤ줬ߤ3ñ s Ȥʤޤ
ȤȤǡ̾ʣ s ⡤ư3ñ߸ s ⡤ޤǤϰפƤǡŪˤߤеۤʤޤơλѲƤ̤ˤޤϻƤ뤱ɤ¤ϷطˤϤʤȤ֤뤢פʤΤǤ
ޤäζǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤ̤θ⤢ޤ#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1]) εɤϤǡʤʤԤǤ
轵1226ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻8ϲȥޥʥ륿ꤹֱԤʤޤؿΤߤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
1204ǯĤϥΥޥǥӼ1215ǯˤϡ²ˤ겦¤ޥʥ륿ݤޤޤѸŪˤߤСλ (1) Ѹ줬ե줫Ωꡤ(2) եüԤǤ벦²θϤѸüԤǤ̱Ω夲ȤǽפǤθ2ۤɤƱѸϥեΤӤæƤޤֺܹ¤ǤϡαѸ̤ޤ
ɤ巯ΤʤǤǤ͵ΤʤեԤꥢθϤȤ⤤Υޥǥ1204ǯ˼äƤޤޤˡ1215ǯˤϡ˱ѹηˡΤȤƿ뤵뤳Ȥˤʤޥʥ륿ǧʤʤޤ13ŪϡѸιԤˤ礭ʱƶڤܤޤθ塤ѸϤäȤǤϤޤ¤ˡפƤȤˤʤޤ
ϢαѸѸˤθʸҲ𤷤ʤ顤椫αñθ츻̣äƤͽǤ
ɸ2ĤʬϤ褯ְ㤨뤬ޤäۤʤʬǤ뤳ȤŦƤѸǤоȸ contrastive linguistics ȸƤФ졤Ӹؤ comparative linguistics ȸƤФ롥2İʾθӡоȤؤβʬǤˤϰ㤤ʤ䤳̾ΤǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ʬ䤹Ż뤷ơäȶ̤ʤСоȸؤϷŪ̵طθɤ㤨ܸȱѸˤ٤ơ츽ݤΰƱ餫ˤʬǤ롥Ūˤ϶ŪʴΩض顤쥿ݥʤɤȶᤷطˤ롥
ӸؤϷŪ˴طɤ㤨бѸȥɥĸˤ٤ơŪط餫ˤ褦ȤʬǤ롥§Ȥ̻ŪʻäƤꡤѲ褤
Τ褦ˡ2Ĥʬϡ̣Ω줬180ٰۤʤʬȤäƤ褤ѸˤܼŪ̻ŪʬʤΤǡܥ֥٤ӸشΥäƤȤ롥
嵭ǤϤޤ绨ĤʤΤǡMcArthur Ѹ켭ŵ餷äꤷѤƤޤоȸؤ顥
CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS, ALSO contrastive analysis [Mid-20c]. A branch of linguistics that describes similarities and difference among two or more languages at such levels as phonology, grammar, and semantics, especially in order to improve language teaching and translation. The study began in Central Europe before the Second World War and developed afterwards in North America. In the US in the later 1950s, Robert Lado proposed contrastive analysis as a means of identifying areas of difficulty for language learners that could then be managed with suitable exercises. Critics have pointed out that such areas of difficulty are already widely known and discussed by experienced professionals, and that, while headway has been made in analysing English, few other languages have been sufficiently studied to allow balanced comparison. Teachers, however, generally agree that mother tongue and target language merit comparison, many courses incorporate the results of contrastive study, and linguists involved in the area consider that the study is still in its infancy and continued research is likely to bear fruit.
ӸؤˤĤơФǤ "comparative philology" ȤʤäƤꡤѸۤʤ褦ˤפϾ嵭̤ "comparative linguistics" Τ̤ۤǤ롥
COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY. The branch of philology that deals with the relations between languages descended from a common original, now generally known as comparative linguistics.
ȤȤǡְ㤤ʤ褦
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
ꥫֻ color ȥꥹֻ colour ᤰˤĤơܥ֥Ǥϲ٤夲ƤֻƱѺɽȤƤ褯ΤƤꡤʬ䤹ǤȤȤ⤢뤬ѸŪˤϰճȿǤ̥ŪǤ⤢롥
ǤŪʻ³ǧ --- ΥꥫѸȥꥹѸ color colour γơʬۤϤɤʤäƤΤĴ --- Ԥʤ鷺Ȥ˵ŤȤȤǡϸ奢ꥫѸɽŪѥ COCA ȡꥹѸ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤcolo(u)r ζ졤ʣޤŪ˹ԤʤΤۤϥѤơcolo(u)r, colo(u)rs, colo(u)red ʰʾ϶Ȥơ, colo(u)rful, colo(u)rless, discolo(u)r 6θμФˤȤɤ
| COCA ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <or> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 124,778 | 4,792 | 0.9630 |
| COLORS | 33,225 | 1,886 | 0.9463 |
| COLORED | 5,553 | 179 | 0.9688 |
| COLORFUL | 10,871 | 412 | 0.9635 |
| COLORLESS | 1,000 | 57 | 0.9461 |
| DISCOLOR | 110 | 0 | 1.0000 |
| BNCweb ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <our> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 115 | 11,332 | 0.9900 |
| COLORS | 24 | 4,396 | 0.9946 |
| COLORED | 14 | 2,432 | 0.9943 |
| COLORFUL | 6 | 1,093 | 0.9945 |
| COLORLESS | 4 | 166 | 0.9765 |
| DISCOLOR | 1 | 19 | 0.9500 |
Ѹ (last name) ˤϡɸΤ褦 -son ΤĤΤ¿Ǥ͡ -son Ƥ⡤̾ (first name) ȤѤΤ¿Τǡ -son ˤϲꤽǤǤˤŤΤ褦ˡ -son ϡ©ҡפ son Ʊ츻ǤϤɤȤȤС㤨Фޤ⤿ʤʬä John ȤȼߤƿȷϤۤȻפäȤʬ©Ҥ¹©Ҥؤ˷ϤǷѤǤ٤̾Ĥˤäơʬ̾ Johnson ʤɤȤ뤳ȤϡꤽʤȤǤΤ褦̾դ (patronymy) Ȥޤ
äȤ -son ˤΤϱѸΤΤǤϤޤǤޤѸʳǤΤ衼åѼҲʤƤʳǤˤνǹԤʤƤޤǤϡİ
ΤˤĤƤϡ##1673,1937εåɤ̾ (personal_name) θؤϡθʸˤߤȤ˱ǤФޤ¤ˤ⤷Ǥ
伫Ȥ Shakespeare θܳŪ˸椷ȤϤʤѸˤεҸˤƤ뤳ȤΤǤʤ礭оݤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ츦Ȥ Shakespeare ؤܤ19Ⱦ˻ϤޤꡤߤޤǤ¿̤ѤƤʸˡϿѥǡ١ƤοϤꤷʤߤȤƥѥѤ͡ư褦ǡShakespeare ͵Ѥ餺Ǥ롥
Busse and Busse (811) ˡ¾˰͵ΤǤϤ뤬Shakespeare θθˤĤơ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤṲ̄ɬפȤơ줾վƤ롥ޤ3Ĥ¦̤顥
1. English as it was about 1600
2. Shakespeare's interest in his language
3. Shakespeare's unique use of English
Shakespeare θפ᤹3ΤߤȤʤνѸΤΤʤˤ֤Ť餵 Shakespeare θջȤħ֤ФȤݤޤ1פǤ롥ơShakespeare θФؿ٤Ȥ2¦̤ʤõꤿ
Shakespeare θθ4ĤŪˤĤơ
1. to enable the speaker of Present-day English to share as far as possible in the responses of the original audience;
2. to draw attention to the manner in which Shakespeare handles the language of his time for artistic purposes;
3. to use the language of Shakespearean drama as data on which to base conclusions about Elizabethan English in general; and
4. to provide illuminating information about various aspects of Shakespeare's linguistic background, in particular, the attitude to the language of his time.
⸽Ūʸ츦ŪǤȤȤˡ¤¿ʬ philological ŪǤ롥
Ϣ #195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1]) ȡ¾ shakespeare οεɤ
Busse, Ulrich and Beatrix Busse. "Early Modern English: The Language of Shakespeare." Chapter 51 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 808--26.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȴϢơܥ֥Ǥ̾ (toponym) ̾ (personal_name) ͡˼夲Ƥ̸Ȱۤʤꡤͭ̾ˤͭꡤηϤˤƤ츦ˤƤ⤽ΰ֤ŤüǤ롥
ħΤĤˤĤơ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) #2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) ǻŦȤ櫓פħϡͭ̾ϰ̣⤿ʤȤȤؼо (referent) ϤḤ̂Ϥ⤿ʤ˥եʤ˥եȽҤ٤ʤˤʤ鳰θƤȤħ⡤ؤǰݤդפ롥
ۤ˸ͭ̾ˤϡ̸ˤϤߤʤѲѲФФɤȤ롥դޤǡ̸ˤѲȤƤ뤳Ȥ¿դˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) Ȥ줿
ͭ̾ؤʬ狼䤹ƳƤƤΤHough Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓Υȥͭ̾ʳءˤνħߤȤƤƤФ餷 (213)
Onomastics is the study of names, its two main branches being toponymy (the study of place-names) and anthroponymy (the study of people's names). Traditionally regarded as a sub-class of nouns having reference but no sense, names occupy a special position within language in that they can be used without understanding of semantic content. Partly for this reason, they tend to have a high survival rate, outlasting changes and developments in the lexicon, and easily being taken over by new groups of speakers in situations of language contact. Since most names originate as descriptive phrases, they preserve evidence for early lexis, often within areas of vocabulary sparsely represented in other sources. Many place-names, and some surnames, are still associated with their place of origin, so the data also contribute to the identification of dialectal isoglosses. Moreover, since names are generally coined in speech rather than in writing, they testify to a colloquial register of language as opposed to the more formal registers characteristic of documentary records and literary texts. Much research has been directed towards establishing the etymologies of names whose origins are no longer transparent, using a standard methodology whereby a comprehensive collection of early spellings is assembled for each name in order to trace its historical development. These spellings themselves can then be used to reveal morphological and phonological changes over the course of time, often illustrating trends in non-onomastic as well as onomastic language. The relationship between the two is not always straightforward, however, since the factors pertaining to the formation and transmission of names are in some respects unique.
ͭ̾ϡդǤϤʤäաä˸ˤǤ¿ʬ˴ޤǤȤŦϡʤۤɤȻפäؤθܿѲˤ̤ŷ¸Ƥ뤳ȤȤΤ⡤ͭ̾ΰǤϤʤʪäƤ롥ʬ˹뤳ȤȤҤ٤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#3453. Υޥɤ̾Ϳƶ ([2018-10-10-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥʤ
Hough, Carole. "Linguistic Levels: Onomastics." Chapter 14 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 212--23.
츻Ū餫˴ϢƤȻפʤΤˡȯֻ̯˰ۤʤäƤȤΤϡ褯äǤthree 3פܤȤơthirteen 13סthirty 30סthird 3ΡפϤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤǤr ΰ֤ۤʤäƤޤܤ three Ǥϡth + r + 첻פȤʤäƤޤǤϡth + 첻 + rפȤʤäƤޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ礦İ
űѸǤϡ3פ þrēo13פ þrēo-tīene30פ þrī-tiġ3Ρפ þridda ȤֻǤ<þ> ϸűѸʸ th ɽ路ޤˡĤޤꡤ٤ơth + r + 첻פäΤǤȤѸѸˤơˤr + 첻פ֤žơ첻 + rפѲƤäΤǤ
ϡ֤ġפ餺ȯ»ͤȤθְ㤤ΤǡźǤФдѻž (metathesis) ȤݤǤ̾Ǥаθְ㤤ǽȤǤɤ櫓ְäȯΤۤȯȤ夷ƤޤȤ⤢ΤǤ
Ѹξ硤Ȥ櫓 r 첻δͿ㤬Ū¿ۤˤ bird, grass, horse ʤɤޤϸűѸǤϳơ brid, gærs, hros Ȥ褦ˡr 첻ΰ֤žֻǸƤޤ
ܸ줫˭٤˵ޤ֤סʻ֡ˤ֤פȤʤäꡤ֤ŤĤߡסݡˤ֤ĤŤߡפȤʤäꡤ֤դסʷϵˤ֤դפȯ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤƤΤ⡤žΤʤ뵻Ǥ
žȤ̣ˤĤƤϡ##60,92,93,2809εå¿㤬Ƥޤ
quite ̣ŪǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲ʤǸǵž ([2020-11-30-1])#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥˤϡִˡ (fully, absolutely) ΰ̣ǡ̤ξˤϡ֤ (fairly, rather) ΰ̣Ѥ뤫ոǤСMaximizer ȤƤ Compromizer ȤƤѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤɬǤ롥
quite Maximizer ȤơִˡפΤߤ̣Ƥ19 Compromizer ȤƤΡ֤פθȯãOED quite, adv., adj., and int. ƤߤȡʬIII˸Ԥ夲ƤꡤФ1805ǯȤʤäƤ롥
Room μŵˡΰ̣ѲȤεˤĤƼΤ褦ʲ⤬äΤǡѤ롥
quite (fully, absolutely; fairly, rather)
This word is notoriously tricky for foreign learners of English, who find it difficult to decide which sense to use, or which is meant. 'I was quite alone' means that I was absolutely alone, but 'I am quite tired' means that I am fairly tired, not very. And if she is 'quite ill', is she very ill or only slightly indisposed? The original meaning of 'quite' in English was the 'absolutely' one, which dates from the fourteenth century. As John Skelton wrote in his charming poem Phyllyp Sparowe (1529):
Comfort had he none
For she was quyte gone.
And as Robert K. Douglas wrote in his Non-Christian Religious Systems (1879): 'A man should be quite certain what he knows and what he does not know'. Quite. Yet it was in the nineteenth century that the now common sense of 'fairly' for 'quite' arose. It developed out of a special usage of the word, from the eighteenth century, that meant 'actually', 'really', implying that what the writer or speaker said was really so. For example, Fielding, in Tom Jones (1749), wrote that a certain widow was 'quite charmed with her new lodger', meaning that she really was charmed (not simply satisfied), and in one of his essays (1848), the astronomer Sir John Herschel wrote that: 'A ship sailing northwards passes quite suddenly from cold into hot water', meaning that the change really was sudden, not gradual, as one might expect. So when Thoreau, in his narrative account Walden (1854), wrote: 'Perhaps I have owed to this employment and to hunting, when quite young, my closest acquaintance with Nature', which did he mean, 'surprisingly young' (as in the earlier sense) or 'fairly young' (as in the new sense)? It is not always so easy! What has actually happened is that the earlier use of 'quite' (meaning 'really') has come to be associated with certain adjectives, such as 'different', 'separate', 'right', 'wrong', 'sure' and so on, while with other, less 'definite' adjectives the modern sense is the commoner. But it is still quite difficult to determine on occasions, and one needs to be quite certain which of the two senses is meant.
ˤʤäƤ quite a few 19ȾνФäquite ξ嵭ΰ̣ѲȴطƤΤʤΤ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
ǯǯϡƥꥹޥεŤƤԤϱѸǤ Christmastime Ȥʤ Christmastide Ѥ롥Ԥʣ2ǤȤƤߤ tide ϡ̾ϡĬδפ̣뤬 (cf. tidal wave ȡĬ)ꥹȶȴϢơֵפΰ̣ǤѤ (ex. Yuletide, Eastertide)
tide ΰ̣ϡ¡ֻפäűѸ tīd ϡֻĬפ̣̤θäޥˤƱ줬ǧ (cf. tijd, ɥĸ Zeit, ťΥɸ tíð) äȤΤܤХޥĸ *tīðiz ˡˤϰĸθ캬 *dā- (to divide, cut up) ˤɤ夯ĸüԤˤȤäơ֤ȤϡڤʬʬоݤäΤ (cf. #70. second ˤϡáפΰ̣⤢ ([2009-07-07-1]))
űѸ tīd ϡ䤬ưŪʡֻפθ time ϤĬפθ˸ꤵƤȤȤʤäʤߤ time Ȥ tide Ʊĸθ캬̤ꡤűѸǤ tīma ȤƤϤֻ֡פθѤƤĤޤꡤtide time ϤȤäΤǤ롥
ߤǤϡֻפ˶ᤤ̣ tide ϡ嵭 Christmastide, Eastertide ʤɤξɽ˲Ū˻Ĥˤʤ⤦1ĽפʲФȤơ褯Τ줿ƤTime and tide wait for no man. ʺзͤԤˤǤ롥ܸǤѸǤ⤽ (proverb) ȤΤˤϰۤʤСΤRobert Green (1560--92) A Disputation Betweene a Hee Conny-catcher and a Shee Conny-catcher (1592) ΥСȡTyde nor tyme tairieth no man. Ȥ롥wait for Ʊ tarry Ѥ뤳Ȥǡt ˤƬƤơɸǤŪǤ롥
Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, eds. Word Histories and Mysteries from Abracadabra to Zeus. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.
variationist Ω٤˲ʤѲ˴ѤƤ롤Kretzschmar and Tamasi ͤɤ"A-curve", "asymptotic hyperbolic distribution", "power law", "S-curve" ʤɤѸ줬Ϣȯפ鷺ȹƤޤʸȤƤ뤳Ȥ Zipf's Law (cf. zipfs_law) ȯŸǤΤ褦˻פ롥٤θ¿٤θϾʤȤȤ
Ѹ쥳ѥˤơ1٤ʤ롥the, of, have ʤɤĶ٤Ǹ뤬ȤƵǽǤǤ˸ꤵ롥㤨С1ʤ ( x = 1 ) 1000 ( y = 1000 ) 뤬1000⸽ ( x = 1000 ) the 1줷ʤ ( y = 1 ) Ȥȡɸ˥ץåȤƤߤ1ݸ¤κȱǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥2ξüȤơδ֤Ƥȡy = 1/x ɽ碌褦ж (asymptotic hyperbolic curve) ҳ˶Ť Kretzschmar and Tamasi "A-curve" ȸƤǤꡤظˤˡ§ "power law" ʤ٤§ˤȸƤǤ롥Ԥ "few realizations that occur very frequently and many realizations that occur infrequently" (384) ȤȤǤ롥
Kretzschmar and Tamasi ϡꥫˤ¸Ĵ variants ĴƼѰ۷ˤĤ٤ʬۤä̤ȤơΥˤĤƤ "A-curve" ѻ뤳Ȥ
ޤKretzschmar and Tamasi ϡóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤδϢǤФиڤ "S-curve" ȡ "A-curve" ȤδطˤĤƤƤ롥ƱθѲۤʤ뼴ܤƥץåȤ "S-curve" ˤ "A-curve" ˤʤꡤξԤ̷⤷ʤɤ⤤Ȥ
ۤջȤǤϾ꤯⤹뤳ȤǤʤΤηϤѲŰŪ variationist į褦ȤȡΤ褦ʸѤ뤤ϸˤʤΤȴKretzschmar and Tamasi (394) ꡤȤ櫓פȻפսѤ롥
Our second observation, about the distribution of variants according to Zipf's Law, has the strongest set of implications for historical study of language. If we take the A-curve as the model for the frequency distribution of variants for any linguistic feature of interest to us at any moment in time, then we should expect that any particular variant of interest to us will have a particular rank along the A-curve. Therefore, one of the things that we should try to do for any given moment in time is to determine the place of our variant of interest on the curve; we need to know whether it is the most frequent variant in the set of possible realizations (at the top of the curve), or an infrequent variant (in the tail of the curve). Then, for any subsequent moment in time, we can again try to determine the location of our variant of interest along the curve, and so try to make a statement about whether the location of the variant has changed in the intervening time (see Figure 14). Since we hypothesize that an A-curve will exist for every feature at any moment in time (i.e., that language will not suddenly become invariant), we can define the notion "linguistic change" itself as the change in the location of the target variant at different heights along the curve. If a particular variant occurs at a higher place on the curve than it did before, it has become more frequent and so we can say that the direction of change for that variant is positive; if a variant occurs at a lower place on the curve than it did before, it has become less frequent and the direction of change is negative.

Kretzschmar, Jr.,William A and Susan Tamasi. "Distributional Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." World Englishes 22 (2003): 377--401.
ϲܤȤ줿顤8ܤޤ͡ǤϡѸǤϲȿҤͤơޤHow many does an octopus have? ΡˤϲǤ礦feet? legs? 뤤ϡϡİ
OALD8 octopus ˤȡϤʤ "arm(s)" Ǥϡ"a sea creature with a soft round body and eight long arms, that is sometimes used for food." ȤʤäƤޤؤ餫Ƭݤ벼Ƥ륢줬ѸǤϡӡפǤȼ뤷ʤǤ
ʤߤˡϤɤǤ礦squid 10ܤΡӡפʤΤǤ礦ͤȹ櫓Ǥ OALD 7ǤƤߤȡ"a sea creature that has a long soft body and ten short arms around its mouth, and that is sometimes used for food" ȤޤϤ arm(s) Ǥ͡ʰ̣¤ǥ褦˻פޤ
Ʊ OALD 8ǤƤߤ顤ʤ "a sea creature that has a long soft body, eight arms and two tentacles (= long thin parts like arms) around its mouth, and that is sometimes used for food." ȰɽĤؤĤ2ܤʪŪˤ̥ΤäΤǤ͡Ȥؤٶˤʤޤ8ܤˤ10ܤˤ衤Ƥ̾ˤϤꤽǤɤѸǤ arm(s) ȤȤʬޤ
츻õ octopus -pus ϥꥷΡפ̣ poús ͳ褷ޤʤʤߤˡθϥˡ§ (grimms_law) 𤷤Ʊñ foot ƱǤˡ
ɤΤȤפȤȤˤʤꤽǤϽפʼκ˼ǵƤӤǤפǤϤʤӡפȤƾ̣ȡạ̈襤Ѥ뤫⡥
ޤΤƤʤȻפ NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings Ҳ𤷤ޤñΰ̣ѲòŵǤ긵֤ƤʤȤ¿Ǥñ줴Ȥˤΰ̣ѲĴ٤褦ȻפСޤ OED Τ̤ǤOED Ϥޤ˾̤¿ơäĴ٤ˤŬʤȤ¿Ǥ͡ܤ䤯ˤѤȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤޤʤȤ˼֤Ƥʼŵ1Ĥ Room ԡˤμǤ̣Ѳ˾ʤäԤޤƤޤ꤬䡥
ΥץåȤ passion ȤεˤĤƴؿޤΰ̣ϡ־ǮפϤ֡ʥꥹȶ̤Ρ˼פ⤢ޤּư (cf. passive) ⤢ޤߤˤɤطΤǤ礦ȤȤθ츻ϥƥ patī (to suffer) ǤǦ֤餳ּפʤΤǤꡤǦФΡ־ǮפȤʤ櫓ǤּưȡפθǼǤǤ礦Ūʶɽ魯Τ츻Ǥ͡
ζǮŪɽ路줬Ѥ뤦ˡֶˡ§פˤꡤñʤ֤פؤȼޤäƤޤߤǤ He has a passion for golf. Τ褦줿̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
Ǥϡ嵭ΰ̣Ѳμ passion (200--01) äƤߤޤ礦ʲΤ褦ˤޤ
passion (strong feeling, especially of sexual love; outbreak of anger)
The earliest 'passion' was recorded in English in the twelfth century, and was the suffering of pain, and in particular the sufferings of Christ (as which today it is usually spelt with a capital letter). This is therefore the meaning in the Bible in Acts 1:3, where the word was retained from Wyclif's translation of 1382 down to later versions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (in the Authorized Version of 1611: 'To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion'). In the fourteenth century, the sense expanded from physical suffering to mental, and entered the emotional fields of strongly experienced hope, fear, love, hate, joy, ambition, desire, grief and much else that can be keenly felt. In the sixteenth century, there was a kind of polarization of meaning into 'angry outburst' on the one hand, and 'amorous feeling' on the other, with the latter sense of 'passion' acquiring a more specifically sexual connotation in the seventeenth century Finally, and also in the seventeenth century, 'passion' gained its inevitably weakened sense (after so much strength) as merely 'great liking for' (as a 'passion' for riding or growing azaleas).
ֶˡ§פθƤ빥ȤäƤ褵Ǥ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) ϡζ (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) ̤ȤΤ (2Ĥ֤ˤĤƤεåȡˡ塼̻ŪֽͤưΤȤǤꡤͭñ̤ưȤȤˤۤʤʤסʴݻp. 310ˤƤ롥Ρưפϡե déplacement ʱѸ displacementˤषִפۤʬ䤹塼ϡ˥ե (signifié) ȥ˥ե (signifiant) η礫뵭 (signe) ѲϡξԤΡ֤פȤ⡤̤εˤִפȹͤƤ뤫
Ʊݻإ塼뾮ŵ٤ déplacement ι (284) äƤߤȤƤ֤졤ưפȵƤ뤬Ƥ褯ɤǤߤȼºݤˤϡִפˤۤʤʤʲѤ롥
déplacement Τ졤ư
ʤηǤμ (terme) ֤Ѥꡤη̤ȤƲ (valeur) ư뤳ȡּȽͤΥХʴط (frag. 1279) ư déplacer ʤ餹ˤѤ줿֤ʤʡġ (altération) νװ˹뤹٤Ϥʤη̡ȤȤ˥˥ե (signifie) Ф륷˥ե (signifiant) Υȡʴط (rapport) (frag. 1259) Τϡ˥ (signe) ǤԲʬΥबȤ̣ǤϤʤ˥سԤꤹʬΤΤƿ˥夬뤳Ȥ̣뤬Ť˥ȿ˥Ӥݡ (sujet parlant) ˤȤäƤϥ˥եȥ˥ե줿褦˺ФΤǤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ"déplacement" ȤѸΥ˥եȥ˥եδطΡ֤졤ưפؤΤǤ뤫Τ褦˻ȤäƤ뤬ºݤ˥塼뤬տޤƤΤϡ֤פǤϤʤִפʤΤǤʡֺפǤʤˡȤȡβѲ̣Ѳ⡤˥ե˥եϸꤷƤ¾줿ΤǤ롤ȤϤߤʤʤʤ롥Ť˥夬˥֤줿ΤȡߤʤȤˤʤ
ݻ Ϻإ塼뾮ŵ١罤ۡ1985ǯ
ѸưˤƬ en- ĤΤ¿ޤencourage, enable, enrich, empower, entangle ʤɤǤ -en ư⾯ʤޤstrengthen, deepen, soften, harden, fasten ʤɤǤˡƬȸξ en դ enlighten, embolden, engladden Τ褦ư줹餢ޤƬˤˤʤ롤 en ȤϤäԤʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡβɤ
ճճƬ en- -en Ϥޤä̸츻ʤΤǤ͡Ƭ en- ϡƥƬ in- ͳ褷եͳƾѷĤġѸäƤΤǤŪˤϱѸֻ in Ʊ츻ạ̇̄ϡءפǤƬդȡספȤưΤǡưǽϤΤǤ礦̾ƻ졤ǤưǤΤդơοư߽ФƤޤ
-en ϥƥͳǤϤʤαѸŪǤǤűѸ¾ưȤ -nian ޤκǽ n ʬ -en εǤƻ̾δΤդƿưޤ
Τ褦Ƭ en- -en ϸ츻Ūˤ̵طʤΤǤǤ⡤ư뵡ǽǤ⡤餫ƤꡤطŤʤΤ;ǤŪΤΡenlighten Τ褦ƬȤξ en դư줬Τʬ褦ʵޤ
Ѹˤñθ츻ؽƤȡ츫ط褦ˤߤ2ĤΤΤ¤Ϥޤäʪäʬܤڤи뤳Ȥ¿ޤϡŵǤ͡
夲Ƭ en- -en ˤĤơܤ##1877,3510εå
Ϣε ([2020-12-03-1], [2020-12-04-1]) ǰäƤɽ˴ؤ⤬ Quirk et al. ˤä 8.127 ǡ줬 enough ǽɽȽǤɽ魯 "disjuncts" ΰȤư֤ŤƤ롥ʲΤ٤Ƥ enough ˤֽ櫓ǤϤʤȽǤ "disjuncts" ȤưƤ
ä̯סʤФ enough ȼ: amazingly, astonishingly, curiously, funnily, incredibly, ironically, oddly, remarkably, strangely, suspiciously, unexpectedly
Ŭڡͽ: appropriately, inevitably, naturally, not unnaturally, predictably, understandably
: annoyingly, delightfully, disappointingly, disturbingly, pleasingly, refreshingly, regrettably
Ա: fortunately, unfortunately, happily, unhappily, luckily, unluckily, sadly, tragically
¾: amusingly, conveniently, hopefully, mercifully, preferably, significantly, thankfully
ä̯פ enough ŵŪʥפȤȤˤʤ뤬Υפˤ bizarrely, eerily ʤɤޤ뤳ȤǤ
ޤ Quirk et al. (8.131) Ǥ enough ΰ̣Ǥ뤳ȤڤƤ롥
Enough as a modifier of disjuncts does not so much intensify as draw attention to the meaning of the item. Thus, oddly enough is paraphrasable by 'odd though it may seem'.
εǤ⼨褦ˡ enough ˤϤ켫ΤǤΰ̣Ūʰ̣ϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褯ޤ֤줿줬ʸȤѤƤ뤳ȤŪ˼̣ŪôäƤȤߤƤΤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε ([2020-12-03-1]) ˰³ʸȤʤ oddly enough ʤɤɽˤĤơOED ˤ1704ǯ whimsically enough ȤƽФȤǧΤǡ褽Ѹˤޤ졤ޤ줿ɽǤǽ⤤ȤСޤ٤ѥ CLMET3.0 Ǥ롥3,400줫ʤ롤1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸΥХѥ1 (1710--1780)2 (1780--1850)3 (1850--1929) 3ʬơϢƤߤ饤ɤʤܤƤˡǤϤʤֽʬ?ˡפ̣̾ˡ¿äƤΤɬפˡ
饤äįƵŤȤϡ18Ⱦޤ1顤ο㤬äƤ뤳Ȥenough ֤Ȥ generously, gracefully, humorously ʤɤ롥Ĥ
Generously enough, indeed, were I to be his; and had given him to believe that I would.--But that I have not done.
gracefully enough, I cannot but say; an advantage which travelled gentlemen have over other people.
These my father, humorously enough, called his beds of justice;
Footnote 82: Philelphus, absurdly enough, derives this Greek or Oriental jealousy from the manners of ancient Rome.
This was hastened by a temporary coalition between Fox and Pitt, which was occasioned, naturally enough, by the ill-treatment they had both received from the Duke of Newcastle.
23³㤬äƤ뤬Ū oddly, strangely, curiously ȤäȤζΩäƤ롥
Oddly enough, it happened. Mine honest friend Hector came in before dinner to ask a copy of my seal of Arms, with a sly kindliness of intimation that it was for some agreeable purpose.
Ha, ha, ha! [Taking Roope's arm.] Oddly enough---oddly enough, the story deals with the very subject we've been discussing.
His name was Agostino Mosti; and, strangely enough, he was the person who had raised a monument to Ariosto, of whom he was an enthusiastic admirer.
Strangely enough, Rogers was at first dissatisfied with the offer, holding that the sum should be paid for the new volumes alone.
Curiously enough, although Adam Smith was immersed in abstract speculations, his "homely sagacity" led him to the most practical results;
Curiously enough, this novel consists of two perfectly distinct narratives;
Τ褦˥ѥˤĴ̤ѤƤߤǤ⡤18ʹߡμˤƤ٤ˤƤ⡤ĴʬۤȤ夷ƤɽȤäƤ褵Ǥ롥enough ղä뤳Ȥǥꥺब褯ʤȤ (eurhythmy) ΤۤʸǤ뤳Ȥ뵡ǽΤ⤷ʤ
ԻĤ˻פäƤɽ롥enough ȤܶѤɽʤΤŵŪ -ly enough ֤졤ʸƬ֤뤤ȤΤߤΤᤤBNCweb Ƥߤ褦ζϥåΤˤƤˡʤˤ "*ly_{ADV} enough" Ϥ
Oddly enough, many parliaments expect to modify government plans, which takes time.
Her large grin and knotted black curls were, strangely enough, more memorable.
I had a dream last night funnily enough about Leeds (I dont normally --- honest!).
Interestingly enough, even hens and rats have been found to consume more calories when they are offered a varied diet than when they are fed `the same old thing' all the time.
Naturally enough, those who commit crimes will tend to conceal their actions and protect themselves.
줾̯ʤȤˡסִ̯ʤȤˡסֳΤʤȤˡסֶ̣ȤˡסΤȤˡפ̣롤ʸǤ롥ʸǤ뤫顤ŪˤʸƬ˸줿ꡤŪѤ줿ꤹ뤳ȤԻĤǤϤʤͤΤϡenough Ǥ롥ʤֽʬˡפźƤΤenough ά줿Ȥǡ֤ƤñΤǤʸȤƱ褦˵ǽΤñΤǤϤ䤷졤ĴȤʤʤ enough ź뤳Ȥǥꥺɤ٤θ (eurhythmy) Ϥꤽ
enough ֤뤳Ȥ¿μȤƤϡҥåȿ¿20Ĥ oddly, quickly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, early, easily, naturally, curiously, clearly, appropriately, only, seriously, barely, ironically, nearly, surprisingly, badly, reasonably, hardly Ȥʤ롥quickly, early, easily ʤɤϡܤˡȤƤǤϤʤʤĤޤֽʬפʤɤ̾ˡˤˤä٤⤯ʤäƤˤʤܤˡǸǤŵŪ10٤Сoddly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, naturally, curiously, appropriately, ironically, surprisingly, reasonably Ȥʤ롥
ˡʬۤդȡդˤäդˤ⸽Ƥꡤǥˤ㤤ϤʤȤäƤ褤ʤ 18 wpm ١ˡѼԤ˽庹ǤߤƤ⡤äΩäʬ۾ħϤϤʤƥȥפȤƤ Fiction and verse Ū˹⤤ (27.01 wpm) ΩäƤ櫓Ǥʤ¿ΰۤʤ쥸ѤƤΤ֤Ǥ롥
enough ΰ̣Ω enough ϰ̣ŪˤϤʤΤȸ虜ʤºݡإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤС enough ˤϡֽʬˡפΰ̣Ϥۤɤɤʤݡڤ롥ޤOED enough, adj., pron., and n., and adv. C. adv. 2 ˤ "With the idea of satisfying a requirement reduced or absent." ȤꡤΤˡֽʬʡפΤˤĤơֲפʤäƤޤäΩƤƤ롥β̶ʬ (b) ȤͿƤΤޤ˺ˤƤˡǡΤ褦롥
(b) With a sentence adverb, as in aptly enough.
See also funnily enough at FUNNILY adv. 2, oddly enough at ODDLY adv. 5b.
1704 W. Nicolson Diary 22 Nov. in London Diaries (1985) 231 The Text of the Book (whimsically enough) in Vermilion-Letters, instead of an Italic Character.
1783 Ld. Hailes Disquis. Antiq. Christian Church ii. 15 Which, aptly enough, might be denominated the journals of the senate.
1912 E. V. Baxter & L. J. Rintoul Rep. Sc. Ornithol. 3 Curiously enough, both the Common Nightingale .. and the Northern Nightingale .. were added in spring to the Scottish list.
2015 H. Scales Spirals in Time ix. 249 A mollusc named, appropriately enough, the Windowpane Oyster.
ˡǤν㤬1704ǯȤʤäƤΤǡϤФűѸ geōg ˤΤܤŻȤϤ̤֤ɽϡʤʤ餷
3ñ -s ȤΤϡѸνؼԤǽˤĤޤʸˡɽʤǤ줬3;ΤñǤꡤʸλߤΤȤˡưˤ -(e)s դʤФʤʤȤ츫Ȳΰ̣ΤʬʤʷޤǤǤʪǤˤҤɤȤˡ3ñ (3sp) ξƤˤ⤫餺 -s դʤƤϤˤʤưȤΤޤcan, may, shall Τ褦ʽư (auxiliary_verb) ǤHe can swim., She may say so., The truth shall be told. ʤɤǤϡ3ñƤ褦ˤߤޤ褷 *cans, *mays, *shalls Τ褦ʷѤޤѸǤϡΤ褦ʷ¸ߤʤΤǤäʤǤ礦βİ
ä٤ȤνưϡʤΤǤcan, may, shall ʤɤɽ路Ƥ̣ϳΤ˸ߡʾʤȤǤϤʤˤȤ٤Ǥ츻ŪˤϲǤȤȲʤΤǤ顤3ñָפͭ -s դʤɤȤȤ˾٤ʤäΤǤ
ǤϡʤȤƤϲʤΤ˰̣ϸߤȤʤäƤΤǤ礦ϤʤʤǤưˤƤϲߤΰ̣ӤӤȤ̣ѲŪ˷֤äƤ褦ʤΤǤȤȤβ can, may, shall βΰ̣ߤΰ̣ӤӤ褦ˤʤȡ˲ɽ魯ɬפȤʤꡤ-t/d դ could, might, should Ȥ߽ФޤΤˤϸѸǤưβȾΤޤºݤˤ Could it be true?, She might be in London by now., We should apologize. Τ褦ˡ̣ŪˤϸߤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤưβˤϡΤ褦˸ߤΰ̣ӤӤ褦ˤʤ뷹ߤޤ
夲褦ʽưϡŪˤϡֲư (preterite-present_verb) Ȥ̯̾ĤƤޤԻĤˤĤƤ##3648,58,66,3504εå
intensifier ֶ̾ոפ뤬Ū˹ˤϡ̣δ¡ĤޤޥʥΡֶաפޤѸȤƤȤ館Ƥɬפ롥Quirk et al. (8.104--115) ˤȡintensifier ϰ̣δʲΤ褦˲̶ʬ롥
INTENSIFIERS
AMPLIFIERS
Maximizers: absolutely, altogether, completely, entirely, extremely, fully, perfectly, quite, thoroughly, totally, utterly, in all respects, most
Boosters: badly, bitterly, deeply, enormously, far, greatly, heartily, highly, intensely, much, severely, so, strongly, terribly, violently, well, a great deal, a good deal, a lot, by far, very much
DOWNTONERS
Approximators: almost, nearly, practically, virtually, as good as, all but
Compromisers: kind of, sort of, quite, rather, enough, sufficiently, more or less
Diminishers: mildly, partially, partly, quite, slightly, somewhat, in part, in some respects, to some extent, a bit, a little, least (of all), only, merely, simply, just, but
Minimizers: barely, hardly, little, scarcely, in the least, in the slightest, at all, a bit
ο֤ˡ#4233. ʤ quite a few ֤ʤΡΡפΰ̣ˤʤΤ ([2020-11-28-1])#4235. quite a few ϡ¤餲ʤǸǵž ([2020-11-30-1]) ε quite ˡܤƤʬˤ quite Maximizers Compromizers 2ĤΥꥹȤΤʤ˸롥̤ˡ٤γǰȼʤȶˤ Maximizer ȤƵǽ٤ͭȶˤ Compromiser ȤƵǽȤ롥줾ʸƤ
[ Maximizer Ȥ ]
Flying is quite the best way to travel.
I quite forgot about her birthday.
I quite understand.
The bottle is quite empty.
You're quite right.
[ Compromizer Ȥ ]
He plays quite well.
I quite enjoyed the party, but I've been to better ones.
It is quite cold, isn't it?
She quite likes him, but not enough to marry him.
The food in the cafeteria is usually quite good.
٤ι⤤ƳȤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
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