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2020-12-10 Thu

#4245. ٤ж (A-curve) [lexical_diffusion][zipfs_law][frequency][statistics][language_change][uniformitarian_principle]

variationist Ω٤˲ʤ᤿Ѳ˴ѤƤ롤Kretzschmar and Tamasi ͤɤ"A-curve", "asymptotic hyperbolic distribution", "power law", "S-curve" ʤɤѸ줬Ϣȯפ鷺ȹƤޤʸȤƤ뤳Ȥ Zipf's Law (cf. zipfs_law) ȯŸǤΤ褦˻פ롥٤θ¿٤θϾʤȤȤ
Ѹ쥳ѥˤơ1٤ʤ롥the, of, have ʤɤĶ٤Ǹ뤬ȤƵǽǤǤ˸ꤵ롥㤨С1󤷤ʤ ( x = 1 ) 1000 ( y = 1000 ) 뤬1000⸽ ( x = 1000 ) the 1줷ʤ ( y = 1 ) Ȥȡɸ˥ץåȤƤߤ1ݸ¤κȱǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥2ξüȤơδ֤򼡡Ƥȡy = 1/x ɽ碌褦ж (asymptotic hyperbolic curve) ҳ˶Ť Kretzschmar and Tamasi "A-curve" ȸƤǤꡤظˤˡ§ "power law" ʤ٤§ˤȸƤǤ롥Ԥ "few realizations that occur very frequently and many realizations that occur infrequently" (384) ȤȤǤ롥
Kretzschmar and Tamasi ϡꥫˤ¸Ĵ variants ĴƼѰ۷ˤĤ٤ʬۤä̤ȤơΥˤĤƤ "A-curve" ѻ뤳Ȥ򼨤
ޤKretzschmar and Tamasi ϡóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤδϢǤФиڤ "S-curve" ȡ "A-curve" ȤδطˤĤƤƤ롥ƱθѲۤʤ뼴ܤƥץåȤ "S-curve" ˤ "A-curve" ˤʤꡤξԤ̷⤷ʤɤ⤤Ȥ
ۤջȤǤϾ꤯⤹뤳ȤǤʤΤηϤѲŰŪ variationist į褦ȤȡΤ褦ʸѤ뤤ϸˤʤΤȴKretzschmar and Tamasi (394) ꡤȤ櫓פȻפսѤ롥

Our second observation, about the distribution of variants according to Zipf's Law, has the strongest set of implications for historical study of language. If we take the A-curve as the model for the frequency distribution of variants for any linguistic feature of interest to us at any moment in time, then we should expect that any particular variant of interest to us will have a particular rank along the A-curve. Therefore, one of the things that we should try to do for any given moment in time is to determine the place of our variant of interest on the curve; we need to know whether it is the most frequent variant in the set of possible realizations (at the top of the curve), or an infrequent variant (in the tail of the curve). Then, for any subsequent moment in time, we can again try to determine the location of our variant of interest along the curve, and so try to make a statement about whether the location of the variant has changed in the intervening time (see Figure 14). Since we hypothesize that an A-curve will exist for every feature at any moment in time (i.e., that language will not suddenly become invariant), we can define the notion "linguistic change" itself as the change in the location of the target variant at different heights along the curve. If a particular variant occurs at a higher place on the curve than it did before, it has become more frequent and so we can say that the direction of change for that variant is positive; if a variant occurs at a lower place on the curve than it did before, it has become less frequent and the direction of change is negative.


A-curves at different moments in time (Kretzschmar and Tamasi 395)

Kretzschmar, Jr.,William A and Susan Tamasi. "Distributional Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." World Englishes 22 (2003): 377--401.

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