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2016-12-31 Sat

#2805. ؤδؿȸؤؤδؿΥå (2) [linguistics]

#279. ؤδؿȸؤؤδؿΥåס ([2010-01-31-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡۤȤɤο͡٤κϤդ˴ؿ뤷餫ΰ̣ǸդˤդʧäƤ롥ֳءפȤʤä̤Ǥꡤ͡δؿٹ礤ϤȲ롥ʤؤϿͤ󤻤ĤʤΤ
礭ͳȤơ͡ˤȤäƸդ϶Τ褦ˤޤ˼ǿȶʤΤǤꡤơֳءפȤƹͻꤹưŤ򴶤ˤȤȤ᤹ƳؤоݤȤƤȤ館ˤȤ𤬤ΤǤϤʤǤˡʬäƤפΤˤĤơ겼Ƹ椹ɬˤ
ؼԤŪˤϤüԤǤ뤫顤Ǥϰ̤ο͡ѤʤŪʸѤФ륢ƥʤؼԤξˤϹä⤫äꤹȤ٤ΰ㤤뤯餤Τ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤؼԤؼԤ礭ۤʤΤϡߤ٤ˤ롥ʪ˸ƤƤϳؤˤʤʤΤǡθϰչפŤ餹ΤؼԤȤȤˤʤ롥ĤޤȶʻФƿʻͿȤΤؼԤοȾǤ뤫顤ؤȤϤäƤߤлγؤʤΤǤ롥ѻоݤȤʤդפʤȤϸޤǤʤƱ餤ˤäƤϤʾˡѻפǤ롥
°23--24) ϡ褽ƱݤΤȤ򡤼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ˤĤƲͤ褦Ȥ硤κȤʤΤ˴ؤ¤ꡤؼԤȤȤȤǤϤʤ̤ο͡Ȥδ֤ˡϥǥåפΤ褦ʤΤϤۤȤɤʤȤˤʤ롥ΤȤϡؤ¾γʬȤСθоݤ緿γҲ®֤ǤȤ緿˾ǤȤѤ뤳ȤˤäƤϤȤ褦ʳʬ̤Ƥ礭ÿǤȹͤ롥
⤷⡤Ʊ˴ŤƸȤΤͤƤ椯ΤǤʤ顤ؼԤͤλѤȡ̤οͤ͡λѤȤϡޤʤΤˤʤꤽʵ⤹ǤȤȤȤ٤ƤΤǤ뤫顤֤ޤʤפȤΤϤΤǡषʤ㤦ȤϡͽۤȤǤ뤬ΰ㤤ϡ٤κǤäơȤΤ̩ۤ٤ι⤤򤷤ƤˤʤȤդ˸٤Ǥ롤ȤƤ⡤󡤤ºݤϡɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ˸ȡξԤδ֤ˤϡ礭ʡƤषŪʰ㤤褦˻פ롥Ȥ¸ͳȤΤ⡤ΤȤˤȤƤ褤
ɤƤȤˤʤäƤ뤫ȸȡŪʸˤʤ뤱ɤ⡤ȤΤޤˤȶʤΤǤꤹ뤫Ǥ롤ȹͤ롥ȤФȤΤϡΤߤߤˤޤǤߤʤäƤꡤ¸ΰְ֤٤Ƹˤäƻ٤ƤΤǤȸäƤ⡤ǤϤʤȤΤϡ줯餤̩夷ƤΤǤ롥äơϡ̤ˡȤФΤʤȤΤ뤳ȤǤʤ뤤ϡʹ֤ΤȤФޤä򤵤ʤȤСͤΤ褦ʤΤʹ֤ΤȤФܤȤ˼⤷ʤȿˤĤƤ⡤줬ɤΤ褦ʤΤǤΤĤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥ɤ⡤ιɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤ뤫ȤȤ䡤䤿ѤƤȤλѤɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ뤫Ȥ褦ʤȤĴ٤褦ȤˤϡޤˡΤ褦ʡмʬ줫٤ĤƤߤȤ١ĤޤꡤȤγ¦˿Ȥ֤򡤤ǤȤʤܤǴѻʤƤߤȤ٤ɬפǤȻפ롥


ĤޤꡤؤϡֱͤλפǸѻȤȤǤ롥ֱͤλפƤꤹ뤳ȤϡѻоݤդǤʤȤ⡤ϵͤˤȤäƳؤ֤Ȥ¿ۤʤ¿ͤʸƤ븽塤ؤ¿ΤΤ򺹤ФȤǤϤǤ롥

° ̭20ؤϲ⤿餷١ҡ2011ǯ

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2016-12-30 Fri

#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽 [irish][terminology][linguistic_ideology]

פȤѸˤĤơ#1537. פˤޤĤ3Ĥ ([2013-07-12-1])#1926. ܸܿ͡üԡ ([2014-08-05-1])#2603. פꡤƤӡ ([2016-06-12-1]) εǹͤƤפȡפȤܼŪ˰ۤʤ복ǰǤ롥 (one's mother tongue) ȤϡĿͤǽ˽ŪʻѸǤȤߤʤƤΤȤǤꡤƻŪʤΤǤ롥 (one's national language) ȤϡפǤȤŪ˺ѤƤؤ塤ŪʤΤǤ롥줾Ѹˤ٤ȿФǤ뤳Ȥդ
ŵŪܤޤäܿͤξ硤ۤȤɤΥǡܸפΩĤäơθǤϡפȡפѸȤʬɬۤȤɴ줺ƤפѤ­Ƥͤ¿ΤǤϤʤźΤ褦Ωʤʤɤ̤ȤäƤ褤ϤС¿ο͡ˤȤäơפȤ롥
Τͤ줿ط褽ñ̤ǸȤ̣㤬ε#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ ([2016-12-29-1]) Ǥ夲ɤ˸롥رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ٤ɤޤΤʤäΤɿͤϡɸή礦˻ȤȤ⡤Ȥˤθֻ䤿פǤϤʤֻ䤿פɽ뤳ȤȤˤϾ˽Ҥ٤ѸκȤ꤬ޤޤƤ뤬ष͡ѸΤۣ椵ʤơɸФ뼫λפξɽƤΤȲ᤹ۤĤޤꡤֻ䤿ʤ뤳ȤСפȤ˥奢󥹤˶ᤤ̣ǡֻ䤿פȸƤǤΤȡ
(25--26) ϡ1999ǯ˹Ԥʤä󥱡Ĵμͳ󤫤顤ɸɽɽ򽸤᤿

our true language
our national tongue
our native language
our native tongue
our own language
OUR language
our mother tongue
our original native language

ȯƤդȸȯ٤ȿƤդۤʤäƤȤϥѸ츯ˤߤ֤ͤ츽ݡפˡȤɽᰥؤʤ

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2016-12-29 Thu

#2803. ɸüԿ͸Ȼϰ [irish][ireland][demography][celtic][map]

ɤˤ륢ɸ줫Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) Ǽ夲ؤϸߤʹɸ (irish) ϤޤΤ˻ѤƤ롥ɸѤμ֤ˤĤơ (20--20) εҤվ񤭤ˤޤȤƤߤ褦

奢ɤǤΥߥ˥μήϱѸǤ
ɸΤߤäüԤ¸ߤʤ
Ū˥ɸѤΤϡ͸2%٤Ǥ
2011ǯιĴˤȥɸüԡʡ֥ɸ줬äüԡסˤ177ͤǡ3аʾο͸40.6%
ɶ¹ˡ8ˤϥɸ줬 (national language) Ǥ1ѸǤ뤳ȤƤʱѸ2Ѹ
ɸϡ¿ΥɿͤˤȤäƳعdzؤָǤ
̱²Ǥ륢ɸ뤳ȤϸؤλŻ˽ɬܤǤꡤ⤯ɾ
ɤϡ2010ǯ2030ǯޤǤΡ20ǯάפǥɸȱѸΥХ󥬥Ǥ¤䤹ײΩƤƤ
ϤǤϥɸϡ֥ (Gaelic) ȾΤ졤ϰϡ֥륿ϥȡ (Gaeltacht) ȸƤФ

Ǹ˿줿륿ϥȤϡ濴˾ȤߤƤʤˤϥåȥɤΥϰޤˡÚdarás na Gaeltachta Υۡڡˤȡ"The Gaeltacht covers extensive parts of counties Donegal, Mayo, Galway and Kerry --- all along the western seaboard --- and also parts of counties Cork, Meath and Waterford." 񤭤롥ʲ˴ñϿޤƸƤʡ#774. ȸʬۡ ([2011-06-10-1]) Ͽޤ⻲ȡˡ

Map of Gaeltacht

ɸˤγάˤĤƤϡBackground on the Irish Language εͭѡϢơɤˤˤĤơ#762. ꥶ٥Ūʥˬ ([2011-05-29-1])#2361. ǯɽ ([2015-10-14-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2016-12-28 Wed

#2802. John Witherspoon --- Americanism ߤο [ame][americanism][terminology][webster][lexicography][witherspoon]

֥ꥫˡפɽ魯 Americanism ȤѤΤϡΥץ󥹥ȥؤγĹ John Witherspoon (1723--94) Ǥ롥Witherspoon ϥåȥɽпȤǡꥫˤԡԤȤƳǤʤΩν̾Ԥ1ͤǤ⤢롥
θ줬¤줿аޤˤĤ Baugh and Cable (380--81) ˾ܤWitherspoon 1781ǯ Pennsylvania Journal 9 May 1/2 ˤ Americanism ȤѤȤबɽͿ "an use of phrases or terms, or a construction of sentences, even among persons of rank and education, different from the use of the same terms or phrases, or the construction of similar sentences in Great-Britain." Ǥ롥³ơWitherspoon ϡ"The word Americanism, which I have coined for the purpose, is exactly similar in its formation and signification to the word Scotticism." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ºݡScotticism ȤϡOED ˤȻŪˤ1Ⱦ᤯̤ä1648ǯ Mercurius Censorius No. 1. 4 ˡ"It seemes you are resolved to..entertain those things which..ye have all this while fought against, the Scotticismes, of the Presbyteriall government and the Covenant." ȤƽФƤ롥
Witherspoon Americanism ȤǽѤȤ˷ӤĤ줬ʡܤꥫˡפȤްդƤϤʤä۩"It does not follow, from a man's using these, that he is ignorant, or his discourse upon the whole inelegant; nay, it does not follow in every case, that the terms or phrases used are worse in themselves, but merely that they are of American and not of English growth." ˤϡꥹʱѸˤФƷ褷ܲʤΩν̾Ԥ餷Ωɤ߼뤳ȤǤ롥
ȥ Americanism θ줳ޤޤƤʤäǽΥꥫˡ蘆줿Τϡ¤줫35ǯ1816ǯΤȤǤ롥John Pickering ˤ A Vocabulary, or Collection of Words and Phrases which have been supposed to be Peculiar to the United States of America Ǥ롥μϤषꥹʱѸ˴ΩäƤꡤꥫˡʥꥹѸ줫æƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ѱդ줿ȤפΤǤ롥ƱꥫͤǤϤ뤬Ԥä Noah Webster Pickering ٤˶ȤѤ䤷ȤϤޤǤʤ Pickering Webster Ωΰ㤤ϡ³ Americanism ΩͽΤäȤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-10-1]

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2016-12-27 Tue

#2801. ȯﴱŪȸѲ [speech_organ][language_change][causation][phonetics][phonology][vowel]

ҥȤȯﴱŪʪǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ#544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1]) Ǥߤη̤ȤƥҥȤθ͡ħ뤤¤Ĥ˻äȻפ뤬Ѳ䡤ˤϸѲ⡤ҥȤȯﴱŪüȴϢƤȤ롥 (15) ϡޥƥͤθ򼡤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

Ͼ˶ΤȤ줿ηϤؤѲ롥ʹ֤ȯﴱϡȯ켡ǽȤƤĤΤǤϤʤ塤Ͽʪݼ褷𤷡߹िˤǤƤꡤȯﴱϡòǽξˡСŪǽȤƤˤʤäơδﴱϡʪξòˤԹ褯ǤƤƤ⡤ȯɬԹ褯ǤƤʤȯﴱȤƤߤԶѹդˤǤƤꡤѹդΤȤ줿ηϤܻؤηϡä첻ҲηϤȤ¸˰ܤȯﴱȤ礷ƤʤΤȤŪʸѲװǤꡤºݤˤФȯѲѲθȤʤ롥


ĴؤؤλΩƤС㤨첻ߤʬ褦ˡȸоŪԶѹդǤ롥#19. 첻շ ([2009-05-17-1]) #118. 첻շʤ첻ϻΡ ([2009-08-23-1]) οޤߤСФ򲣤ߤȤˡĹǤϤʤʤ줹Ūʿ޼ˤǤ롥ȤŪˤС㤨ܸΤ褦5첻ηϤˤơ/i, e, a, o, u/ γƲǤϺоΤͥʻѷʤ뤤Vˤդξ֤Τ̤Ǥ롥ۤоŪ¤оŪȤޤˤ롥
ΰѤǼĥƤ뤳Ȥϡۤȸ¤Υ줳¤Ѳ븶ưϤǤ롤ȤΡۡפˤϡΩηϤǤȤ륽塼ι¤ŪʸѤǻȿǤƤ롥

աإ塼ȥԥθۡؤ򤹤뤿ˡ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2016-12-26 Mon

#2800. ؤ֤٤ѸѼϲ [elt][variety][ame][bre][americanisation][wsse][world_englishes][model_of_englishses]

ܤαѸ춵ǤϡꥫѸ줬ήȤʤäƤ롥20ȾϥꥫιϤطʤˡŪˤ⥢ꥫѸαƶϤꥫѸ첽 (americanisation) ʹԤƤȤϵʤʡ#851. ꥹѸФ륢ꥫѸαƶ2狼 ([2011-08-26-1]) 򻲾ȡˡŪݤƤˤ륤ꥹѸ⺬#376. ˤѸιϿޤǤߤ ([2010-05-08-1]) ϿޤǤߤ褦ˡθ̤ϤޤϤˤƸߤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡƱ2ѼϤФΩƼ뤬ȯŸƤꤵѸɸࡤ "World Standard (Spoken) English" (wsse) Ʊ2ѼΤ줫˰פȤȤϤʤΤ륢ꥫѸ줬濴ȤʤäƤȤͽۤ뤬ޤǤδפȤʤȤȤǤꡤξ͡ΩѼ濫뤤ϺѼǤä졤ΤȤƺ¤ѼؤȯŸƤͽۤʴϢơ#426. ѸѼΥԥߥåɥǥ ([2010-06-27-1])#1010. ѸαƺˤĤ Martinet ΰ ([2012-02-01-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ʾͤȡǤ⥢ꥫѸޥȤ뤤ϥꥹѸˤȤѸؽˤϤɬפϤʤʤäƤƤȸİɤȤưŪʱѸǽϤδ餤СͭϤѼͭɽʤɤˤĤơ褯ؽƤ˱ۤȤϤʤä񤯤ȤǽưŪǽϤ˴ؤƤϡۤɡ֡ѸǤθפˤɬפϤʤʤȤ⤽ɬƤƤΤǤϤʤ
ƤȽǤΤˡˤѸѤŸ˾󤷤 Baugh and Cable (394) ʸϤͤˤʤ롥

The global context of English . . . makes the traditional categories [= American English and British English] more problematic and the choices more complex than they were previously perceived to be. American English may be the most prominent source of emerging global English, and yet it will be American English derancinated and adapted in a utilitarian way to the needs of speakers whose geography and culture are quite different. To the extent that Americans think about the global use of English at all, it is often as a possession that is lent on sufferance to foreigners, who often fail to get it right. Such a parochial attitude will change as more Americans become involved in the global economy and as they become more familiar with the high quality of literature being produced in post colonial settings. Many earlier attacks on American English were prompted by the slang, colloquialisms, and linguistic novelties of popular fiction and journalism, just as recent criticism has been directed at jargon in the speech and writings of American government officials, journalists, and social scientists. Along with the good use of English there is always much that is indifferent or frankly bad, but the language of a whole country should not be judged by its least graceful examples. Generalizations about the use of English throughout a region or a culture are more likely to mislead than to inform, and questions that lead to such generalizations are among the least helpful to ask. In the United States, as in Britain, India, Ghana, and the Philippines, in Australia and Jamaica, one can find plentiful samples of English that deserve a low estimate, but one will find a language that has adapted to the local conditions, usually without looking over its shoulder to the standards of a far-away country, and in so adapting has become the rich medium for writers and speakers of great talent and some of genius.


󡤤ƽѼΤݤؤ֤Ȥ򿴤ȤΤ̯ʤΤʤΤǡˤ䤫˳ؽΥåȤȤʤѼƤǡ¾Ѽ狼κ⼫ͳ˼Ȥ٤ɤʤΤ⤷ʤơΤ褦ʱѸؽη̤ȤơŪdzĴ⤤ѸѼλȤˤʤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤȹͤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-12-25 Sun

#2799. Orijinz Quiz [link][etymology][hel_education]

Merry Christmas! ȤȤǡڤ򡥿ǯΤȤѸθ츻λ˴ؤƦμ򥫡ɲ Orijinz ȤʡˤäȤ롥ʥȤ˥᡼륢ɥ쥹ϿƤ餷 Orijinz Quiz Ȥ HP ؤΥ󥯤Ƥ䤢ꡤ˲񤫤Ƥ
Τʤ2ϤǤܥ֥ǤⰷäƤǤ롥Ĥϡ#2771. by and large ([2016-11-27-1]) ǰäФǤꡤ̤1Ĥϡ#1767. ͭ̾좪̾좪;̾ΰѲƤ guy ([2014-02-27-1]) äǤ롥

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2016-12-24 Sat

#2798. ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ [irish][irish_english][ireland][language_shift][contact][review][invisible_hand]

ļ̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκɤδ֡ɤǿʹԤƤɸ줫Ѹؤθ (language_shift) ʿפʸΤǡܺ٤Ƥ롥եɥ̤ƹ̱οˤޤ⤦ȤĴ١ɱѸθŪʬϡܿ˴ؤŪʹ׸ܸ⤦ƤȴʤȤηپʤɡɤߤɤ¿奢ɤθˤĤơΤ褦˰̸ɤߤ䤹񤫤줿ܤФȤϴޤ٤Ǥ롥
ԤϡɤˤؤȤʼҲ˸ŪʸԤʤäơŻǤϤʤüԽŻ٤Ȥ뤳ȤƤ롥

錄ϸ򤽤ΤޤޤʸݤȤȤ˹ͤȤޤѼԡʤüԤ򤽤濴֤ȤФᤰ뤵ޤޤʸݡʤȤСܿѲѡɡå󥰡ˤϤ٤üԤβߤΤȤˤ롥Τ褦ʤȤϤޤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ٤Τ褦ʸƤ줿ɼԤϡʳθ򤷤Ť餤⤷ʤºݤƤƤʬӹͻˤƤϡޤޤװΤȤ˸ѤˤüԡפξݤơܼʳŪ˲褦ȤߤΤΤȤۤƤطʤ⤢롥ġp. 55


ѤˤȤꡤؤɮƬȤ˴ؤǤϡüԤμξݡפӻǤ롥Ȥ櫓üԤŻ뤹ϤʬǤҲؤǤ顤ʤǤ֤ˡĤΤޤˤüԤδ餬ʤʤäƤ뤳ȤФФǤ롥
üԡʵڤӥߥ˥˴ؤ뤽¾ο͡ˤʤи줿ꤨʤȤ¤ƳǧȤüԤξݤؤչԤͤޤȤưפǤ롥ؤüԤߤȤɬפʤΤΤȤϡܥ֥Ǥ⼡εʤɤǷ֤Ƥ

#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])
#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])
#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])
#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. ([2015-08-12-1])

ȤϤϰפǤ롥δȤΤϤޤΤǡȴȡüԤδθʤؤäƤޤηϤΤΤΩӤؤΤ٤ƤȤ櫓Ǥʤηϡˤüԡʽġˤͻ硦Ĵ¤ָ (invisible_hand) Τ褦ʸѲܤƤƤʡ#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡؤȤƤ⡤ηϡˤüԡʽġˤδطˤĤƺ٤äͤƤߤƤ褦˻פ롥

̦رѸȤ򡡥ɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ

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2016-12-23 Fri

#2797. floccinaucinihilipilification [spelling][word_formation][latin][neo-latin][lexicology][phonaesthesia][sound_symbolism]

ĹαñˤĤơ#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])#391. antidisestablishmentarianism ȿ񶵲ѻ߼ס ([2010-05-23-1])#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) εƤ⤦1ġɤɽȤѤɸñ floccinaucinihilipilification ΤäإϥѸ켭ŵ٤ǤϡֱѸǺǤĹñȤư礤˽ФפȤ롥
OED ˤȡ"humorous. The action or habit of estimating as worthless." Ȥ롥̵ͤȤߤʤȡڻʡפΰդǤ롥
츻Ū˲⤹ȡƥ floccus ϡӤΤդסnaucum ϡּ­ʤΡסnihil ϡ̵סpilus ϡְܤӡפ̣Ρ֤ĤޤʤΡפ«ˡ¾ư facere ղäơ򤵤̾첽Ǥ롥ƥθ§§äƤޤDZѸǤ¤ǤȤǤϡαǤʴϢơ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
OED ˤȡФ1741ǯʲˡ2ĤۤʸѤ褦

1741 W. Shenstone Let. xxii, in Wks. (1777) III. 49, I loved him for nothing so much as his flocci-nauci-nihili-pili-fication of money.
1829 Scott Jrnl. 18 Mar. (1946) 39 They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccipaucinihilipilification [sic, here and in two other places] of all that can gratify the outward man.


ʤȯ /ˌflɒksɪnɔːsɪˌnɪhɪlɪˌpɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ ȤʤäƤ롥12ᡤ27ǤʤĹ1ñǤ롥12첻ǤΤ8ĤޤǤ첻 /ɪ/ ǤȤȤϡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) phonaesthesia פ롥Ρʤ̵ͤʤΤϡħδ첻褤ȤȤ⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-29-1]

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2016-12-22 Thu

#2796. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ (2) [lowth][priestley][webster][prescriptive_grammar][academy]

#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1]) 2ơεǽҤ٤褦ˡRudiments of English Grammar νǤ1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿1 Lowth A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ졤1762ǯˤ James Buchanan The British Grammar 1763ǯˤ John Ash Grammatical Institutes 줾Ω³˽ǤƤ롥ޤ¿λ֤Фơ1784ǯˤ Noah Webster A Grammatical Institute of the English Language ˽ФƤ롥Τ褦ˡ18ȾϼפʵʸˡνǹλǤäʤʤΩ1755ǯˤ Johnson Dictionary of the English Language ǤƤˡ
Priestley Rudiments ϡνǹ˯ȤʤäǽפʸˡˤĤƤʾ˸ħϡִѤμפʴȤŪѤǤǤФפˤʻp. 279ˡPriestley δѽŻλϡθδѼϤȤơۤʤϤȤƻȵȤˤʤä
(287) ɾˤȡʲ̤Ǥ롥

Rudiments Ҥȷ٤ A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ Robert Lowth 䡤ʸˡůŪǤä Hermes (1751) James Harris ʸˡȽؤɤ°ȤʤСJoseph Priestley 18ˤʳɤɽؼԤǤäPriestley ϶ϱʸˡƥʸˡΤ勞ĶæΤޤޤαѸ¤˴ѻơ§٤ϤФؤ᤿ΤᡤѸ֤˿ͰŪäơ򤽤¦鵬ꤷ褦ȤεؤǤػα (Academy) ΩˤȿФƤ롥Τ褦ʼͳǿŪ٤ϡ§ȤƤʸˡǤΧڤʤδ (Usage) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥդ٤ˤĤʤäƤ롥Priestley ˤȤäƤϡPreface ǽҤ٤ƤդڤƤʤСäդδ (the custom of speaking)פθܸŪͣʤΤǤ롥׼¤ˡPriestley 18ˤƽƱѸδѤǧؼԤǤȤ뤬 Priestley βʳؼŪܤȤ˴ŤȽϤ˵ΤǤäPriestley δѤŻ뤹٤ϡΤ1776ǯ The Philosophy of Rhetoric 路 George Campbell ˰Ѥ졤ˤä usage Ť줿 Campbell ⡤good usage ǧ줿ɽ⡤ϰ̤ݻ뤿˰͵򤷤ʤФʤʤ (canons) ꤷƤꡤusage Ф븫˰礯Ȥäǯᤤ Priestley Τۤ٤ӤƤꡤPriestley Ǥ᤯Ū츦ƻƳߤ⤽ԤǤȤ롥Priestley Υƥ켰ʸˡ§ˤ餺줿Ȥˤ˾Ȥ餷ƴܤʿʲ򲼤Ƥ뤳ȤϡRudiments Ǥ⡤Ȥ 'Notes and Observations' ΩħǤ롥ϸߤ˻ޤǸԤĤоݤȤʤꡤʹ2֤ˤʸˡͻüȤʤäƤ뤳ȤɼԤ˵Ť褦


ΥꥹȷӤĤ륳󡦥󥹤ȤǰϡѽŻλȤ⤤롥Priestley ϡѸػ˾̾ȤƤ Lowth Murray ٤бƤ⤷ʤ̣ǥꥹǤ褯ɽʸˡȤäȤ롥

Priestley, Joseph. The Rudiments of English Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa and A Course of lectures on the Theory of Language, and Universal Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa. Reprint. Tokyo: Naun'un-Do, 1971.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-10-1]

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2016-12-21 Wed

#2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ [semantics][philosophy_of_language]

ɽΰ̣ϡ줬ؤ餫оݡʤؼоݤǤȤϡΰ̣Ǥϥʥ֤ˤȤƼʤ֥쥹Ȼפȡ֥ޡפ˼ξԤϰۤʤɽǤ롥2ĤƱλؤƤˤϰ㤤ʤȤäƱ̣äƤȸڤ뤳ȤǤ
㤨СϺϥޤ쥹ȻǤ뤳ȤΤʤפȤʸȡϺϥ쥹Ȼ쥹ȻǤ뤳ȤΤʤפȤʸȤϡۤʤ̣äƤ褦˴롥Ԥϡޤ쥹Ȼ̾Ǥ뤳ȤϺΤʤʤɤѤΤФԤϡܤ˸Ƥ뻳쥹ȻǤ뤳ȤϺŤƤʤʤɤѤ롥֥쥹Ȼפȡ֥ޡפƱλؤȤƱΰ̣ǤȹͤƤޤȡ˽Ҥ٤2Ĥʸΰ̣ۤʤͳǤʤʤ롥
Ρְ̣ؼоݡפȤ򡤤Τˤϡְ̣ϻؼоݤˤäƿԤפȤ˵ꤲΤ Gottlob Frege (1848--1925) Ǥ롥 (16) ϢսѤ褦

ե졼ΥǥϤǤ롥졤ȤС֥쥹ȻפȤͭ̾ϤʪĤޤꥨ쥹ȻΤΤؤϤθΰ̣ԤƤϤʤθΰ̣ˤϡθ줬ؤΡϤˡ̣ (Bedeutung) Ȥ̾ͿȤ̤ˡյ (Sinn) ȤΤꡤϤΡְյפ̤ợְפؤȥե졼ϹͤΤǤ롥ξ硤ĤɽƱְ̣סʤĤޤؼоݡˤۤʤְյפ̤ƻؤȤȤⵯꤦ롥άͤǤϡΡְյפȤϲʤΤե졼ˤСϡְ̣פͿͼˤۤʤʤΡְ̣֡פͿͼפȤΤޤʼԤǡϤ߽꤬ʤ餫ˤʤФʤʤΤǤ뤬ϤƤ


ǤΡְյ (Sinn) Ȥϡֻؼλפ򤷤ƤƤ褤ʸ˳ĥСʸΡְյפȤϡʸοͤͿͼפȤʤǰʤȤ˥ե졼ϡֻؼλפʸοͤͿͼפʤΤʤΤγ˿ˤĤ餫ˤƤʤ
ˤ衤ְ̣ؼоݡ⤬ñ˼ΤǤϤʤȤʬˤĤƤϡ#1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle ([2014-03-01-1])#1770. semiotic triangle դľܤˤĤʤäƤȤθ ([2014-03-02-1]) ⻲ȡ

͵ظů١Ҧ˼2003ǯ

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2016-12-20 Tue

#2794. ְ̣ [semantics]

ΰ̣ˤĤƤϡͿФǺѤࡤȤΩ줬롥̣ʬʤСǧФ褤ȤΤʸΰ̣ˤĤƤϡʸƸΰ̣äƤСΰ̣Ĥʤ碌Τʸΰ̣ȤʤΤǤꡤϤʤΩ "definitions theory" ȸ졤ؤΰ褫ФС˹ƤͤȤäƤ褤ϴñˤʤȤΤ̣ΩǤ롥Saeed (6--7) ˤäơ"definition theory" 3ĤŦ褦
1ˡƤߤФ狼褦ˡΰ̣ϡ̾̤θȤ߹碌ʸͿƤꡤγƸΰ̣ʬäƤʤСȽʤȤˤʤ롥ơγƸΰ̣ޤ̤θʸˤäΤĤޤꡤǤʤʾ塤ʱ˼Ǥ餤󤷤ˤ졤ɤޤǤԤäƤ⽪꤬ʤˤϡν۴Ĥ (circularity) 򤨤ʤͿ뤿Ѥ᥿ (metalanguage) ФСϲ褹뤫⤷ʤϤƵҴŪ˼᥿ʤΤϤꤦΤ
2ˡͿ줿ΤʤΤǤȤݾڤ򡤤ˤ뤳ȤǤΤȤ꤬롥̣üԤƬΤʤ˳ǼƤΤǤ뤳ȤȤʤСüԤμ1ĤǤȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡθŪμ (linguistic knowledge) ϡ¾μμɴʼŵŪμ (encyclopaedic knowledge) ȤƱΤʤΤ㤦ΤʤΤ㤨СͤߤϵȿƤꡤ̤οͤϷߤϤȿƤ硤2ͤѤַߡפȤΰ̣ƱΤʤΤ㤦Τ⤷㤦ȤƤ⡤ξԤϡֻϷߤݤ߹ޤ̴򸫤פȤʸΰ̣ܴۤ˶ͭǤȻפ뤬ϤʤʤΤְפ̱פˤĤƤϤɤͤˤäƤΰ̣ۤʤȤȤϡʬˤꤽǤ롥
3ˡȯäΰ̣ƥ (context) ˰¸Ȥʶʤ¤ʥƥȤˤĤƤϡε#2793. ƥȤμ (2) ([2016-12-19-1]) ڤӡ#2122. ƥȤμ ([2015-02-17-1]) 򻲾ȡˡMarvellous weather you have here in Ireland. Ȥʸΰ̣ϡƤȯä줿Τȡȯä줿ΤǤϡ˰̣ۤʤ̣ޤǤȤСϤȤ륳ƥȤβǽ̣ǤʤФʤʤȤˤʤ뤬Τ褦ʤȤϲǽ
(1) "circularity", (2) "the question of whether linguistic knowledge is different from general knowledge", (3) "the problem of the contribution of context to meaning" 3Ĥ顤ְ̣פȤñʰ̣˴ؤϼʤ
̣ȤϲȤܼŪˤĤƤϡ#1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])#1931. ǰỤ̄ ([2014-08-10-1])#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])#2199. Bloomfield ˤȤäƤΰ̣ΰ̣ ([2015-05-05-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-25-1] [2019-08-25-1]

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2016-12-19 Mon

#2793. ƥȤμ (2) [context][register][pragmatics][communication]

#2122. ƥȤμ ([2015-02-17-1]) ǰäˤĤƺƹͤ롥ˤƥ (context) ȰǤäƤ⡤ƤʬˡˤĤƤ͡Ω줬롥ϡCrystal (322--23) ͿƤ3ǤҲ𤷤褦

Setting: The time and place in which a communicative act occurs, such as in church, during a meeting, at a distance, or upon leave-taking.
Participants: The number of people who take part in an interaction, and the relationships between them, such as the addressee(s) and bystander(s).
Activity: The type of activity in which a participant is engaged, such as cross-examining, debating or having a conversation.


줾졤ư˴ؤ when/where, who, what ˤ褽ȹͤƤ褤3ǤȤ߹碌ˤ깭̣ǤΡʸ̮פޤꡤˤꡤüԤϸѤ˺ݤƲ餫¤ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɤΤ褦ˤĤ¤뤫ȤС㤨м4ܤͤ롥

Channel: They influence the medium chosen for the communication (e.g. speaking, writing, signing, whistling, singing, drumming) and the way it is used.
Code: They influence the formal systems of communication shared by the participant, such as spoken English, written Russian, American Sign Language, or some combination of these.
Message form: They influence the structural patterns that identify the communication, both small-scale (the choice of specific sounds, words, or grammatical constructions) and large-scale (the choice of specific genres).
Subject matter: They influence the content of the communication, both what is said explicitly and what is implied.


礹ȡ㤨Хꥹȶⶵդ֤ŵŪʥƥȤϡΤ褦ʤΤȤʤ롥ⶵ (participant) ī˶ (setting) ǡ̤ν (participants) ˸äơѸȤ (code) Ȥä (channel) ǡⶵ (activity) Ԥʤκݡˤդ路ʸΤ乽 (message form) ǡŪ (subject matter) ˤĤƸդߤСΤ褦ʤ٤Ƥ׷郎蘆ȡˤⶵפȤƥȤǤȤ⤤롥
ʤ顤ƥȤϡѰ (register) 䥸 (genre) ȤԲʬǤʡ#839. register ([2011-08-14-1]) 򻲾ȡˡޤ깭Ω줫顤#1996. ٤˴ؤ8 SPEAKING ([2014-10-14-1]) #1326. 礤7Ĥǡ ([2012-12-13-1]) Ϣ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-20-1]

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2016-12-18 Sun

#2792. Webster ȯؤαƶ [pronunciation][ame][webster]

Noah Webster (1758--1843) ꥹֻȤϰۤʤΤȤơĤñǥꥫֻƤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ֻܤνǤ̤ơŪ˥ꥫѸȯˤƶͿǽȤȤϡޤܤʤBaugh and Cable (361) ϡ"Webster's Influence on American Pronunciation" ȤߤơˤĤƵƤ롥

Though the influence is more difficult to prove, there can be no doubt that to Webster are to be attributed some of the characteristics of American pronunciation, especially its uniformity and the disposition to give fuller value to the unaccented syllables of words. Certainly he was interested in the improvement of American pronunciation and intended that his books should serve that purpose. In the first part of his Grammatical Institute, which became the American Spelling Book, he says that the system "is designed to introduce uniformity and accuracy of pronunciation into common schools."


Webster ȯؤαƶȤϡŪˤϡΰʸˤ褦ˡ¿ˤ붯Τʤ첻ʲƤȯȤꥫȯη˴ؤΤǤ롥㤨 necessary, secretary ϥꥹѸǤŵŪ necess'ry, secret'ry Τ褦ȯƲ᤬̤ޤ뤬ꥫѸǤ첻ʲͤƤȯ롥ϢơꥫѸ centénary, labóratory, advértisement ˤߤ붯֤ħŪǤ롥
Τ褦ʷϡñơβΤȯ٤Ǥ롤ȤꥫŪʶŪƳη̤ȹͤ졤ζθ礭׸Τ Webster The American Spelling Book (1783) äȤ櫓ʲϡ18ȤꥫγعǤߤ줿ϤμʤεҤǤ롥Baugh and Cable (362) Letter to Henry Barnard, December 10, 1860 ƤʸϤǤ롥

It was the custom for all such pupils [those who were sufficiently advanced to pronounce distinctly words of more than one syllable] to stand together as one class, and with one voice to read a column or two of the tables for spelling. The master gave the signal to begin, and all united to read, letter by letter, pronouncing each syllable by itself, and adding to it the preceding one till the word was complete. Thus a-d ad, m-i mi, admi, r-a ra, admira, t-i-o-n shun, admiration. This mode of reading was exceedingly exciting, and, in my humble judgment, exceedingly useful; as it required and taught deliberate and distinct articulation. . . . When the lesson had been thus read, the books were closed, and the words given out for spelling. If one was misspelt, it passed on to the next, and the next pupil in order, and so on till it was spelt correctly. Then the pupil who had spelt correctly went up in the class above the one who had misspelt. . . . Another of our customs was to choose sides to spell once or twice a week. . . . [The losing side] had to sweep the room and build the fires the next morning. These customs, prevalent sixty and seventy years ago, excited emulation, and emulation produced improvement.


ζʤˤĤƤϡ#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǤϢ˿ƤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-12-17 Sat

#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ [ame][webster][standardisation][academy][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][elf][popular_passage]

Noah Webster ꥫѸϰ̤˿ʤôäȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ظDZƤäΤΡ1ͤζ̣оʪȤ˺ƤϤʤʤꥫ2 John Adams (1735--1826) Ǥ롥Adams ϡѸ٤ǥߡΩ뤳Ȥ˰ߤ򼨤ƤäȤ Jonathan Swift ΥꥫǤȤäȤο˽ä1780ǯ95˥ॹƥफIJĹ˰ƤơꥫˤѸȤνפ⤯񤤤Ƥ롥Baugh and Cable (355) ˰ѤƤʸϤƸ褦

   The honor of forming the first public institution for refining, correcting, improving, and ascertaining the English language, I hope is reserved for congress; they have every motive that can possibly influence a public assembly to undertake it. It will have a happy effect upon the union of the States to have a public standard for all persons in every part of the continent to appeal to, both for the signification and pronunciation of the language. The constitutions of all the States in the Union are so democratical that eloquence will become the instrument for recommending men to their fellow-citizens, and the principal means of advancement through the various ranks and offices of society. . . .
   . . . English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was in the last or French is in the present age. The reason of this is obvious, because the increasing population in America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will, aided by the influence of England in the world, whether great or small, force their language into general use, in spite of all the obstacles that may be thrown in their way, if any such there should be.
   It is not necessary to enlarge further, to show the motives which the people of America have to turn their thoughts early to this subject; they will naturally occur to congress in a much greater detail than I have time to hint at. I would therefore submit to the consideration of congress the expediency and policy of erecting by their authority a society under the name of "the American Academy for refining, improving, and ascertaining the English language. . . ."


Ǹ "refining, improving, and ascertaining" ɽƤ뤬Ͽǯ˥󥰥ɤμͤͤƤ#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 򤹤۵뤷äȤ Swift "Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining" ΤʤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡAdams μĥϤޤäΤǤϤʤषȤ⤤롥ޤΤ褦Ƥˤ⤫餺ɤϥꥫˤƤ⥢ǥߡΩʤäȤ⡤Adams μĥϤʤ
Adams ꥹˤƥꥹѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤꥫˤƥꥫѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤȤפǤ롥Adams ϡꥹǤΥǥߡΩεñʤ֤ȤǤϤʤꥫȤŷϤǤδ˾ߤȤơμĥ򤷤ƤꥫѸؤλΤȤäƤ褤Ʊͤ Webster ưǼꥫѸؤοAdams ʤˡǼȤȲǤ
ʤΰѤ2ˤ롤ѸϼʹߡθȤʤȤ Adams ͽϸäब󤲤Ƥ͸ס󥰥ɤαƶϡꥫιݴط̤ͥʤɤͽκ⡤ŬڤȤۤʤФ˾ȼƤȤפȡǤϤ뤬Adams ηŴ㡤٤餺Ǥ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-08-1]

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2016-12-16 Fri

#2790. Engl&, 7honge ȷ̾ [kanji][hiragana][japanese][writing][grammatology][grapheme][abbreviation]

ε#2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge ([2016-12-15-1]) ǡɽʸ <&> <⁊ > ɽʸȤѤƤ򸫤ʸͷӤȤơ֤⤷פȻפ⤷ʤѸˤ⤢äʤơפȶä⤷ʤۤȤƱʸѤĤƤܸˤ⤢äղ̾ΡּڷפˡǤ롥षΦ⤿餵줿ȤʸηϤɬ˳ƮʤäܿͤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʸλȤϡʸͷӤǤȤʾˡޤ˿äΤ⤷ʤ
ǡܿͤȤʸηϤ򤤤ˤܸν񵭤ŬѤȤ顤Ѥ褦ʲƣ (49--51) ꡤܺ٤ʬƸ롥

[?????????]
(1) ʴ򤽤ΤޤѤɤޤ
ۻܡʤդˡʤˡϻʤˡʤա
(2) ܸΰ̣λȰס뤤϶̤ٹ礬⤤Ρܸηɽ
ʤˡʤˡסʤաˡǰʤաˡʤ񡦤ȡ
ϻʤˡҡʤϤˡʤʤФ
(3) ʸΰ̣Ū˴ʬŪŪɽ
ʤˡȡʤϤˡʤդˡʤˡ԰¡ʤ뤷
[ɽܰ]̾ղ̾ȾΤ
(1) ̾ʼڲ̾ڲȤƤФ
첻ɽ벻̾
1. ̵̾
ʤˡˡʤˡʤˡʤޡˡʤˡΡʤˡǷʤ
2. ά̾ͭΤƤ
¡ʤˡʤˡ˧ʤϡˡߡʤˡȡʤˡʤޡˡȬʤϡ
3. Ϣ精̾ͭ³˲ä
ʤߡˡաˡ¿Τ̶ʤʤ錄
ɽ벻̾ͭ첻ä롥精̾ȤƤФ
ʤˡˡʴʤդˡˡʤˡʤˡʤˡۡʤˡǪ͡
(2) ̾ʼڷ̾ڷȤƤФ
첻ɽ
ͼʤʤ٤ˡȬݻˡ̾ŲʤĤˡˡˡȸƲ̾ͺʤؤ
¿ʰʾɽ
դˡԿˡëءʤˡƳʤĤˡ̾«ʤĤˡʤʤˡزʤˡ
Ϲ精̾첻ᡤʤɡϻѡ
޽ʤˡ˸ƻǵʤΤˡʪʤϤΡˡʿʪˡʤߤޤǤˡ
(3)
1.
ͭͭԡʤС
2. ɽ
ϲʤߡˡ˪в߹Ӽ⤢뤫ˡϴߤĤ
3. ȴϢ
ϻʪΡˡȬǷܡΤߤˡʤȤˡʽˡͧʤȤ
4. ϻϹ精̾ε
̣ʤҤ錄ʤˡʢӡʽưˡˡӹʤȤĤʤˡʢʽˡˡʤŤˡʸīڻ͵ܡˡʹ¿Ǫʢ


ϡɽܰդλȤɽܰդλȤ礭2ʬ롥ɽܰդˡϡХꥸʥδˡɽܰդˡʤղ̾ܤˤ뿷äղ̾ϡܤϴǽȤƤʿ̾Ҳ̾हɽʸȤѤƤΤǤ롥ղ̾ɽŪˡ٤̶ʬ뤬 (2) ˵󤲤Ƥַ̾פθѸ <Engl&>, <⁊honge> ˸븶Ǥ롥
̾ϡ·ꤷ¾ηɤޤǽʤʤäƤˡǤ뤫顤˸ȯΤǤ롥Ʊ褦ˡ<&> <⁊ > ơ and ȤַɤߡפꤷƤ餳ɽŪˤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥<Engl&>, <⁊honge> ˤ <&>, <⁊ > λȤϡŪˤϡղ̾ǤСֲƳߡסʤʤĤˡּſסʤΤϤˤΥפΡ¿ɽη̾פ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤŪɽŪʸΰ̣äɤ߲ɤ߲򡤺٤Ϥΰ̣ڤΥơβʬŪˤñɽŪɽ뤿Ѥ롤ȤˡդȤ䤳ĤޤȤ <Engl&> England ɤޤ<Ƴ> ǡ֤ʤĤפɤޤ븶ΤȤǤ롥
ղ̾ˤĤƤϡ#2386. ܸʸˡʸԡˡ ([2015-11-08-1])#2390. ʸηϤεȯã (2) ([2015-11-12-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-14-1]

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2016-12-15 Thu

#2789. Ѹ Engl&Ѹ 7honge [writing][netspeak][grammatology][grapheme][abbreviation][owl_and_nightingale][word_play][manuscript][scribe]

#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) Ǹ褦ˡͥåȾǤȽ (rebus) θˤʸͷӤȤ⤤άɽޤäƤ롥<Thx2U> (= Thanks to you) <4U> (= For you) <CUL8R> (= See you later) <Engl&> (= England) Τ褦ͷӿޤʸǤ롥ο䵭 <&> ϡɽʸʵˤɽŪѤƤȤƶ̣줾̣ϼξݤ[tuː], [fɔː], [eɪt], [ənd] ȤɽɽʸȤƵǽƤ롥
ϸͤθͷӤˤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϸŤ̤˹ԤʤƤ㤨С³ and ɽ魯Τ˸Ť <&> ǤϤʤ <7> ˻ <⁊ > Ȥ (Tironian et) ѤƤʡ#1835. viz. ([2014-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡơ줬³ and ɽ魯ΤȤƤǤϤʤ¾θΰʤ [and] ɽ魯ΤȤɽŪѤ㤬ä³ϡƱͤ˼夤ȯǤϸФæΤǡ[and] Ǥʤ [an] 뤤 [a] ɽʸȤƤⵡǽ㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale 顤l. 1195 ˸ưβʬ anhonge Ƭ an- Tironian et ǽ񤫤Ƥꡤ<<⁊honge>> ȼܤ˸롥Ʊ褦ˡl. 1200 ưβʬ astorue <<⁊storue>> Ƚ񤫤ƤꡤƬ a- Tironian et ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
񤭼ͷӿ⤢Ǥûڤ˽񤭤Ȥפ⤢񤭼λפȡλפʤϡΤ⺣ⲿѤʤ

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-14-1] [2016-12-16-1]

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2016-12-14 Wed

#2788. General Prologue 7ܤμܴ [ilame][chaucer][manuscript][inflection][hel_education]

11ˡҤʸإѥ狼ѲѰۤȸǤ줿ܼPDFɤˡؤפȤѲѰ۸˥åδʪȤƽǤƤꡤ˥åȤ1СȤơѸˤƻޤοȤθŪ;ȡפꤹ뾮ƤƤ
Ǥϡ1553μܡܤӤǤ Solopova The General Prologue on CD-ROM Ѥơƻޤ̵ͭܡ̤˾ȹ礷Ƥ롥ˤ The General Prologue 7Ԥ34μܡܤȴꥹȤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ΥߥˡѥƥȤϡƱʤμܡܴ֤ΰƱΥץȤưŪˤͭѤȻפΤǡ˼ƤʲǤϡܡܤǯˤꡤ154ȾȤ˶ڤä C15a1, C15a2, C15b1, C15b2 ζʬߤ1450ǯ1ܤˤĤƤ C15mid Ȥ̰ˤƤ롥ǡֻˡʤɤѰۤѲ̣äƤ餤

1 (C15a1) 
ElThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
Ha4The tendre croppes and þe ȝonge sonne
HgThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
LaThe tendre croppes 7 þe ȝonge sonne .
  
2 (C15a2) 
Bo2The tendre Croppes and the yong sonne
En1The tendre croppes and' the yonge son
IiThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
LcThe tendir croppis 7 þe yonge sonne
PsThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
PwThe tendre croppis 7 þe yonge sonne
Ry2The tendre croppes 7 the ȝonge sonne
  
3 (C15mid) 
MgThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
  
4 (C15b1) 
ChThe tendre Croppes . and the yonge sonne
Ds1The tender croppis 7 the yong' sonne
FiThe tender croppes and þe yonge sonne
Ha2The tendre croppes . 7 the yong sonne .
Ha3The tendre croppys . And þe yownge sonne
HtThe tendre croppes and the yong' sonne
Ld1The tendre croppes and the yong sonne
Ph2The tendir croppis and the yong Sūne
PyThe tendre croppis . and the yong' sonne
SeThe tendre croppis / 7 the yonge sonne
Tc1The tendre croppis and th yong sonne
To1the tendre Croppis . and the yonge sonne
  
5 (C15b2) 
Ad1The tendre croppys / and the yong sonne
Bo1The tendir croppis and the yong Sūne .
Cx1The tendir croppis / and' the yong sonne
Cx2The tendyr croppis / and' the yong' sonne
En3The tendre croppis and the yonge sonne
Ld2The tendre croppys and the yong sōne .
Ma¶ The tenþir Croppis . and' þe yonge son
PnThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
Tc2The tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
WyThe tendre croppys and the yonge sonne


ϢơGeneral Prologue ƬʬˤĤƤϡ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1])#2275. ѸβηϤ The General Prologue ([2015-07-20-1])#2667. Chaucer Ѥä10--15%ե󥹼Ѹ ([2016-08-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

δ졡ѸˤƻޤοȤθŪ;ȡסإѥ狼ѲѰۤȸپ ˧Ĺ ҡ ϯԡˡҡ2016ǯ144--62ǡ
Solopova, Elizabeth, ed. The General Prologue on CD-ROM. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-27-1]

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2016-12-13 Tue

#2787. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (4) [colonial_lag][language_change][speed_of_change]

ꥫѸˤĤƸݼФлŦ뤬Ϥɤޤǿ¤ʤΤˤĤơ#1266. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (1) ([2012-10-14-1])#1267. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (2) ([2012-10-15-1])#1268. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (3) ([2012-10-16-1])#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])#1738. ֥ꥫä륨ꥶ٥īαѸפοá ([2014-01-29-1]) ʤɤεǹͤƤ
ѸˤθŵŪ̾路 Baugh and Cable (350) ⡤colonial_lag ȤѸ줳ѤƤʤꥫѸ˸뤳ħˤĤƤ롥ܤڡפȤ⤷

. . . it has often been maintained that transplanting a language results in a sort of arrested development. The process has been compared to the transplanting of a tree. A certain time is required for the tree to take root, and growth is temporarily retarded. In language, this slower development is often regarded as a form of conservatism, and it is assumed as a general principle that the language of a new country is more conservative than the same language when it remains in the old habitat. In this theory there is doubtless an element of truth. . . . And it is a well-recognized fact in cultural history that isolated communities tend to preserve old customs and beliefs. To the extent, then, that new countries into which a language is carried are cut off from contact with the old, we may find them more tenacious of old habits of speech.


Ωϰ˸ʸब¸ȤȤľŪˤǤºݤˡ#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1]) ǸΩɤθ䡤ܤ衼åѤϡ#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) Ǽ夲˼̤Ǥ롥ꥫ̱ˤƤ⡤ä˽ˤϿߤ˸ΩƥݥĥݥĤߤƤΤǤꡤǥꥹܹ񤫤ޤ줿ˡѲʤݤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤȤϽʬˤꤽǤ롥
Baugh and Cable ϡθ塤Фи֥ꥫѸݼפ̵Ƚ˼뤳ȤϤǤʤȿŤ˵ŸƤ롥εϡˤޤäȤǤ롥ꥫѸˤ "colonial lag" ȤǤʸɽ¿뤳Ȥǧˤ衤Ū׿ޤ¿ƤΤǤꡤǡָסݼŪפħŤƽ餻뤳ȤϤǤʤ
Ϥ "colonial lag" ¿ʬŪʳǰȻפȤǡʤֿ̱Ϥ٤פɽֽοʤߡפȤɽʤΤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-12-12 Mon

#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online [web_service][syntax][evolution][typology][word_order]

The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ȤȤ롥¿θ͡ʴ鵭Ҥǡ١˴ŤŪʬۤϿ޾˥ץåȤƤ뵡ǽͭġǤ롥ʲؤʪȤ󶡤Ƥꡤʲؤ෿ˤ׸ǡ١ȤʤäƤ롥
ǤŪμ˭٤ǡ֡졤ä¿ˤ錄롥ɽ򥯥åƤȤǡñʬۿޤɽƤȤͥΤȤ߹碌ʬۿޤ򼨤ȤǤ֤شطõΤˤŬƤ롥㤨СVO/OV ֻ (adposition) ؤˤĤơFeature 83A 85A Ȥ߹碌ȡʬۿ롥ĤȲФΥޡΩĤĤܸ췿ΡOV礫ĸֻѡפ򼨤졤ФϱѸ췿ΡVO礫ֻѡפ򼨤Ǥ롥Ʊ褦 VO/OV NA/AN (Feature 83A 87A) Ȥ߹碌Ͽޤɽ뤳ȤǤˡʤ2Ĥϡ̾Ųؤ濴Ȥ븦ԤˤǤ줿ʸˡѲȸ٤Τʤμ㻳ʸǻȤ졤ƤΤǤ롥
ñΤǡ뤤Ȥ߹碌ǻʤͷ٤WALS Online ϡܥ֥Ǥϡ#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1]) Ǥ⿨ƤΤǡȤ

㻳 ָѲˤ޲ѿƯסʸˡѲȸ Ƿ ľ֡ ʹ𡦻¼ ͡ԡˡҡ294--308.

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2016-12-11 Sun

#2785. The Owl and the Nightingale ˤߤʸ [conceptual_metaphor][rhetoric][owl_and_nightingale]

Ѹǽ񤫤줿ȥʥ󥲡2Ԥˤ The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge Ǥɤ߿ʤƤ롥2Ԥϡ줾οѤդǵäƤΤǤꡤŪäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ˴ؤɽˤϡŪƮѤ礬ФήѤƤꡤΤ褦ʸԥååפȡʤ̤礤ΥХȥ뤬깭Ƥ뤫Τ褦ƥȤɤǤȡ줾ǰ᥿ե (conceptual_metaphor) ȤƤ褯Τ줿 "ARGUMENT IS WAR" ΤΡȤդ˸ʡ#2548. ǰ᥿ե ([2016-04-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ƥȤˤϡʸʸաˤˤˤ襤̤̣ǤŪˡ̣ǤŪѤƤս꤬Фи뤬Ȥ櫓 ll. 1067--74 βս꤬ȥåŪˤƤȻפʥ󥲡뤬θʢΩơޤȿ褦ȤƤսεҤǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦

Þe Niȝtingale at þisse worde
Mid sworde an mid speres orde,
Ȝif ho mon were, wolde fiȝte:
Ac þo ho bet do ne miȝte
Ho uaȝt mid hire wise tunge.
"Wel fiȝt þat wel specþ," seiþ in þe songe:
Of hire tunge ho nom red.
"Wel fiȝt þat wel specþ," seide Alured.


Cartlidge θѸʰˤѤƤ

At these words the Nightingale would have fought with sword and spearpoint had she been a man: but, since she couldn't do any better, she fought with her wise tongue instead. "To fight well, speak well," as the song goes: and so she looked to her tongue for a strategy. "To fight well, speak well," that's what Alfred said.


̣ɤ٤ʬϾʤʤ

l. 1067 worde l. 1068 orde εӱʸ椬褯ФƤ롥ξ첻ϡ̩ˤƱǤϤʤǽ⤢ʡ#2740. word ΤɤäѲ ([2016-10-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
l. 1070 wolde l. 1071 ne miȝte 桥֤פΤˡ֤Ǥʤפɤ
l. 1071 tunge l. 1072 songe εӱʸפ¦°ʤ l. 1073 tunge 碌ơˡǤ⡤Ʊ첻DzΤɤǤꡥ
Τʸξƻ̾ Alured γʸȤưѤƤΤޤ춽

l. 1070 l. 1072 αΧ⵬§ŪǤϤʤȤϤʤ⤷ʤβս The Owl and the Nightingale ˤ "ARGUMENT IS WAR" ̣臘ˤϺɤβսȻפäΤǡ⤷Ƥ
ʤߤˡβսդƤˤСȤɤȤޤ⤷

It is incongruous to imagine the Nightingale wielding such implements . . . and ironic that the narrator here implicitly associates reason with the animals and unrestrained violence with people.


Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.

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2016-12-10 Sat

#2784. ʤꥫǤϱѸ줬ͣμ礿ȤʤäΤ [hispanification][ame][official_language][sobokunagimon]

ꥫϰ̱ιǤꡤä¿ιǤ롥ǯ hispanification ˤꥹڥüԤäƤꡤ¾ν⥷ƤƤȤȤϤŪˤХꥫǤϱѸ줬ֻ¾ͣμ礿פȤưŪʱƶϤäƷפƤ뤳Ȥϵ褦ʤ
λ¤ϰ츫ȼΤ褦ˤפ뤬ʤʤΤΩߤޤäƹͤƤߤɬפ롥̱ˤäΩäƤꥫˤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡۤʤä͡ʿ͡头ȤؤΩؤˤäƤΤ顤Τޤ޽줬¤ΩļҲȤʤäƤ⤪ʤäϤǤ롥ʤѸȤ1ĤθؤޤȤޤȤȤΤ
1ĤˤϡñüԤοαƶϤ롥18˽ο͸פ줿Ȥˡ16ˤ200ͤĶ͸󥰥ɤ륺˥롼ĤäƤˡ¿Υåȥɷϥɿ (Scots-Irish) ο⤳˲ä٤Фơɥġե󥹤˥롼Ĥİ̱Ϥ20ͤۤɤä̱ˤν顤ꥫϰŪ˱ѸιäΤǤ롥
ˡ͡βư (mobility) Ȥװä롥ư̱ĤҲŪĤĤȤƤϤ꽻³ΤǤСΩ춦ƱΤʣǤ줬¤ΩĹˤʤäƤ⤷ʤºݤˤϰ̱ĤϽĤ˲ˤ褯ưΤǤꡤۤʤüԴ֤ lingua_franca ؤߵ᤬ǡ餫ͥʱѸ줬 lingua franca ȤƺѤ뤳ȤˤʤäǤϡ mobility ΤΤϤɤ褿Τϡܻؤѥ˥Ǥꡤ"American Dream" Ȥ˾äGooden (134) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

More important than mobility, perhaps, was the aspirational nature of the new society, later to be formalized and glamourized in phrases like the 'American Dream'. As Leslie Savan suggests in her book on contemporary US language, Slam Dunks and No-Brainers (2005), the pressure was always on the outsider to make adjustments: 'The sweep of American history tilted towards the establishment of a single national popular language, in part to protect its mobile and often foreign-born speakers from the suspicion of being different.' Putting it more positively, one could say that success was achievable not so much as a prize for conformity but for adaptation to challenging new conditions, among which would be acquiring enough of the dominant language to get by --- before getting ahead.


褦ʡꥫˤ绨Ĥʰ̣ǤΡָŪ층פȤ٤ϡ¤ϥꥫѸˤʤŪ층פȤϢ褦˻פ롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#591. ꥫѸ줬ͤǤͳ ([2010-12-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.

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2016-12-09 Fri

#2783. ǺǤ "popular" ʸϡ [world_languages][demography][statistics]

ߡˤ7ۤɤθ줬ԤʤƤȤ뤬ΤǤ "popular" ʸϲۤȤɤο͡ϡֱѸפ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤ "popular" ΤˤƤʤ¤ꡤμΤΤ񤷤餯¿ܿͤˤȤäơ"popular" ʸȤϡǹäƤפΤȤꤵ뤬ǤϡֹפȤϲΤȤѤƤο뤤ϡΤ褦ʹѤѤ­Ƥ͡ο̸ȤƺѤƤݵؤο2Ȥƶ餷ƤοδᤵС"popular" ޤꡤǤ "popular" ʸ줬Ȥ䤤ФȤǤɤδ "popular" ȤʤΤˤĤơפϤʤ褦˻פ롥"popular" "top" "significant" ֤Ȥǡϲ褷ʤ
㤨СüԤοȤȤǤСѸ졤ڥˤĤ3̤Ȥʤ롥2Ȥä͸äСѸ1̤Ф롥ǤϡֱѸפϰϤˤʤꡤ㤨СѸפȤԥ䥯쥪üԤϱѸüԤ˴ޤΤȤä䤬롥뤤ϡɤΥԥ䥯쥪ޤᡤɤޤʤΤ
ޤθ׸ȤηкϤ䵻Ϥʤɤ⡤θɬפΤǤϤʤι񤬹Ū˳ƤФۤɡθŪѤ䤹Ū "popular" Ȥʤꤦ뤫Τ褦ʡֹפϲˤäƷפФ褤ΤкѳưϤʸϤ̱γ礫餫νŤߤŤ򤹤ˤƤ⡤δ̵¤Ǥ롥
ͤ "popular" λɸ򤹤٤Ʒ׻˴ޤФȤˡϤȤʤͤŪʤ褦ʻɸ¿ɤΤȤüԤ2üԤο͸ʤɡǽʴ¸Υǡ濴ˤʤ顤Ūʡְפ̣ơǤ "popular" ʸФȤȤˤʤʤ餶ʤְפˤϡԼǡĿŪʹޤޤ뤫⤷ʤŪǥŪʹޤ뤫⤷ʤ
󥭥󥰤ȤȤϡ츫ñǼ¤񤷤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡGooden (8--9) 򻲾Ȥ줿ܥ֥Ǥϡ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1])#2263. μ׸üԿӡ ([2015-07-08-1])#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο͸ ([2013-09-04-1])#1592. ѸüԤο͸פ뤳Ȥ񤷤ͳ ([2013-09-05-1]) ʤɤϢ롥

Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.

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2016-12-08 Thu

#2782. 18Υե󥹼ѸؤΡȿ [french][loan_word][purism][dryden]

18ϡ衼åѤˤե󥹸ΰҿޤäǤ롥ꥹˤƤ⤳ηϳΤˤߤ졤ºݤˡ18ˤϾʤ̥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ѸήǤʡ#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1])#1792. 18--20Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2014-03-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ѹ̼ѤȤ٤٤ʤѸˤˤƥե󥹸줬ƤӰҿᤷ1ĤλǤϤäŪݼŪǽ¹ߤοŵAugustan Period) ˤƤꡤȤ櫓ȾˤϳؤΡȿפ򼨤ϳƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥̤ˡΤΤ繥Ȥ¿ˤϡȤɬΤǤ롥äμѤʤ͡Сäν褵 (purism) ݤȤȱưݼŪҤ⸽ȤΤźǤ롥ʲλξBaugh and Cable (281--82) ˰ѤƤθʸˤ
18˳ʼȤƥե󥹼Ѹˤή˶褷ʸͤȤơ㤨 Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) 롥1708ǯ1010դ Review Ǥϡ"I cannot but think that the using and introducing foreign terms of art or foreign words into speech while our language labours under no penury or scarcity of words is an intolerable grievance." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
⾯1672ǯΤȤJohn Dryden (1631--1700) Dramatic Poetry of the Last Age ΤʤDZѸˤե󥹸Ѥ񤷤Ƥ롥

I cannot approve of their way of refining, who corrupt our English idiom by mixing it too much with French: that is a sophistication of language, not an improvement of it; a turning English into French, rather than a refining of English by French. We meet daily with those fops who value themselves on their travelling, and pretend they cannot express their meaning in English, because they would put off on us some French phrase of the last edition; without considering that, for aught they know, we have a better of our own. But these are not the men who are to refine us; their talent is to prescribe fashions, not words.


Addison (1672--1719) ⡤1711ǯ Spectator (no. 165) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

I have often wished, that as in our constitution there are several persons whose business is to watch over our laws, our liberties, and commerce, certain men might be set apart as superintendents of our language, to hinder any words of a foreign coin, from passing among us; and in particular to prohibit any French phrases from becoming current in this kingdom, when those of our own stamp are altogether as valuable.


äν褵ξȤơѸѤȽҤ͡θѤ˱ƶͿ뤳ȤϡۤȤɤʤ18ξ㳰ǤϤʤ϶褷ܸۤܤϤʤäΤǤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-07-09-1]

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2016-12-07 Wed

#2781. פȸűѸ츦 [reformation][emode][oe][history_of_linguistics][anglo-saxon]

󥰥ɤˤܳŪʸűѸ츦椬ϤޤäΤϡäƤǤ롥ѸˤϡűѸؤδؿϤۤȤɤʤäȤäƤ褤ǤϡʤȤߥ󥰤ǡŪˤ16ˤʤäƤ顤űѸ줬ǡȤƸ椹٤оݤȤʤäΤ
16ϽפλǤ롥Henry VIII ޶路ѹ񶵲ΩΤ1534ǯΤȤɤϡѹ񶵲ȤζȼŪ³ĥɬפäǻФ줿ΤŪʤѸˤǤä󥰥ɤȤȤʬ񤯷ӤĤ줿ѸȤĹˤ錄ȼΤΤǤ³ȤΤɤˤȤäƤȹͤ줿ޤѸ̤Ȥİ٤ϡйºŪ˥󥰥ɤˡΧŪԤεõȤߵŬΤǤ⤢ä
űѸʸդ줿ǽΤΤϡÆlfric ˤⶵǡ1566--67ǯ A Testimonie of Antiquity Ȥ˽Ф줫1λ֤򤪤ơ1659ǯˤ William Somner ˤθűѸ켭 Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum Ǥ롥ǽθűѸʸˡ⡤George Hickes ˤä1689ǯ˽ǤƤ롥ơ1755ǯˤϥåեؤǺǽ "Anglo-Saxon" ؤζ Richard Rawlinson ˤꤵ줿ʱѸ˾1ʳȤƤѼɽ魯Τ "Old English" ǤϤʤ "Anglo-Saxon" ȤѸ줬ѤƤȤˤĤƤϡ#234. Ѹˤλʬ (3) ([2009-12-17-1])#236. Ѹˤλʬ (5) ([2009-12-19-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ˡ16--18ˤƸűѸ츦椬ֶƤطʤˤϡ˳Ūʹ񿴤Ȥϡפüȯ뤹ŪʻǤäΤǤ롥ηаޤˤĤơʷˤ Baugh and Cable (280fn) 򡤾ܤΡ8ϡ󥰥ɤΥ󥰥ػϡפ򻲾ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-06 Tue

#2780. ˤȶḽѸ [history][timeline]

衤礭ˤưƤȤΤϡϤλεѤο뽸ΤǤꡤʸɤξͤǤ⤢뤫ʸ塤襤μȤʤϡͭϩ볤ۤǤ뤳ȤϤ٤뤿ξäسΤҤߤġ (89) ꡤˤ̾λĤ볤򤤤ĤǯɽǼ

480ǯߥγ380Υꥷ⤬1200Υڥ륷äƾޤ
31ǯƥγ碌550ʾΥץȤȥޤδ˥襤ޤޤηޤޤޤ
1279ǯեӥ饤ϥҤ븵1000ʾפδϤ쥢׻ۤ򽪤餻ޤ
1571ǯѥȤγȥåƱޥǤ֤ޤ
1588ǯޥγ130ʤ륹ڥ⤬󥰥ɴȤ襤»򤳤ä̤ƨǶˤ꤫Ĥ礦Ȥʤޤ
1776ǯ󥰥ɤ襤ꥫΩǺǽ絬Ϥʳϡи­Υꥫꥹ̤ޤ
1805ǯȥե륬γۥ졼硦ͥ륽ĤˤҤ줿ꥹ⤬ʥݥ쥪˥ڥΥȥե륬̨βǥե󥹤ȥڥϢ֤ޤ
1916ǯȥɲ켡ˡꥹȥɥijǥޡäȥɲϡ礭ȿȤǻ˾γǤ
1942ǯߥåɥʿΤ襤ǺǤפȤ볤ǡꥫܤγ襤ޤ
1944ǯ쥤ƲˤǸ絬Ϥʳǡեԥ󲭤ǥꥫܷ襤ޤοϻ˾¿Ǥ
1950ǯΦīǤγǡ襤ˤƹϢȤˤꡤ̱ϼԥդӼɤȤǤޤ


1588ǯΥޥγʹߡŪʰյĽפʳΤۤȤɤˡꥹ䥢ꥫؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ΤȤϡѡʸϡ٤ʹߡξ˽뤷ƤȡˤȤƤߤбѸνޤäƤȤ̵ǤϤʤΤɤäƤҲŪˤȸˤϡϳ餵̤ۤɤ̩ܤʴطȤϤʤˤ衤ʤȤ¤餶طˤäȤؤʤ
Ȥ櫓Ѹˤ˴ؤ볤ȤƤϡ#254. ڥ̵Ṳ̃ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-06-1]) ȡ#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ƥ֡ѡˡ סܸǴƽˡسΤҤߤġ١شۤο޴ 󤱤 NEOشۡ2013ǯ

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2016-12-05 Mon

#2779. ѥϱѸ˸˻Ȥ뤱ɤ [hel_education][corpus][methodology][philology][representativeness]

˸ؤȥѥѤȤ褤ȸ롥㤨бѸˤǹͤСŪʥƥȤͭ¤Ǥ뤫顤٤ƤŻŪ˳ǼСʸ̤ŪĴ뤳ȤǤ롥αѸ˵Ҹ⡤ŻŪǤʤäΥƥȷĴоݤȤƤǤϡƱ֥ѥ׸äȤ⤢롥ߤǤϡޤޤ¿θԤŻҥѥȤδϢġѤƸ椷Ƥ뤷Ĭήϴְ㤤ʤȯŸƤ
դ٤Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ쥳ѥؤ路ɥ (197) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

1990ǯʹߡ˸ؼԤˤȤäƥѥ˽פʥġȤʤޤȤʸʤФʤʤä⡤ʤΨ褯ܤõˤʤޤȤϤ˸ؤǤϡΥѥȤäʾˡʸΩ֤ꡤɬפޤʤŤǤϡΡָʸפɬ⸶ܤǤϤʤʣ̤Ǥ뤫⤷줺ˤϤʣ̤⡤ʣμ̻Ȥ˼DzԤƻĤΤΰĤˤʤǽޤˡ顤μŪʥѥؤϡ󡤻ɴǯθθȤۤˤޤŤαѸ쥳ѥ򤷤ʤСѸˤμȤȤδϢǹԤΤ褤Ǥ礦


Ѥ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤȤ櫓ŤθоݤȤˤϡդפ롥θ򰷤Τ褦ΤޤޤǤȡˤ֤Ĥ뤫㤨СѸˤǤСѸǤֻꤷƤʤñ򸡺褦ȤƤ⡤ɸŪֻʤΤǡͤ͡ʰ֤ǸƤߤɬפ롥ޤʸˡŪʥդʤƤˤ⡤ѸȸűѸ졦ѸȤǤʸˡƤۤʤäƤ뤷޸μ㤷ƤΤǡˤäƻ˸ŤʸˡμɬܤȤʤ롥פˡ˸Ť˽ϤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥
ˡѤǸڤƤ̤ꡤָʸפοԲķǤˤ⤫餺ѥɽŪѤ뤳Ȥ˴ƤȡƤοߤ˰ռʤʤ꤬Сʸɾ (textual criticism) ʸŪʥץ±ˤʤäƤޤ롥󡤥ѥΤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ椹ԤΤȤռŪ˼ФƤФ褤ȤȤǤϤΤñǤϤʤ
⤦1ġŻҥѥʤ餺Ȥˤʤ뤬ѥɽ (representativeness) ꤬ˤ롥ŤξˤϡߤƥȤ϶ĤäƤȤפΤʤ𤬤ꡤɽϤȤ˿
Ťθ򥳡ѥĴȤȤϡŪˤŪˤ⡤츫ۤɤ䤹ʤȤȤ򤷤ƤϢơʲε⻲ȡ

#568. ѥȱѸ쥳ѥ ([2010-11-16-1])
#363. Ѹ쥳ѥȯŸ3 ([2010-04-25-1])
#368. ѥϸβǽ򹭤 ([2010-04-30-1])
#1165. ѹǥѥ椬ˤʤäطʡ ([2012-07-05-1])
#307. ѥѤ ([2010-02-28-1])
#367. ѥѤ (2) ([2010-04-29-1])
#1280. ѥɽ ([2012-10-28-1])
#2584. ˱Ѹ쥳ѥɽ ([2016-05-24-1])

ϡ󥹡ɥȡˡ 翹 ʸҡ ޤߡ ɹˡرѸ쥳ѥѤ츦١罤ۡ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-04 Sun

#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ [lowth][priestley][prescriptive_grammar][academy]

18ˤ͡ʸˡȤָɾȡפȤ٤͡о줷Samuel Johnson (1709--84), Robert Lowth (1710--87), John Walker (1732--1807), Lindley Murray (1745--1826) Ȥ櫓ͭ̾⤦1ͤνפоʪȤ Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) ̾󤲤ʤ櫓ˤϤʤŻ뤷 Lowth ФPriestley ϴѤŻ뤷ʸˡ路Ƥ롥Priestley ϤλδɤɽŪҤȤäƤ褤
㤨С1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Rudiments of English Grammar ȤʸˡǡPriestley ϡǤä夲Ūʸˡ§ǤϤʤ˰ޤƤѤ˴Ťʸˡ§ǤΩƤ٤Ƥ롥

It must be allowed, that the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language. We see, in all grammars, that this is sufficient to establish a rule, even contrary to the strongest analogies of the language with itself. Must not this custom, therefore, be allowed to have some weight, in favour of those forms of speech, to which our best writers and speakers seem evidently prone . . . ?" (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)


The best and the most numerous authorities have been carefully followed. Where they have been contradictory, recourse hath been had to analogy, as the last resource. If this should decide for neither of two contrary practices, the thing must remain undecided, till all-governing custom shall declare in favour of the one or the other. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)


ޤPriestley Ʊ Rudiments ΤʤǡǥߡˤĤƤȯƤꡤΤ褦ʵؤߤϴѤ˽ۤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

As to a public Academy, invested with authority to ascertain the use of words, which is a project that some persons are very sanguine in their expectations from, I think it not only unsuitable to the genius of a free nation, but in itself ill calculated to reform and fix a language. We need make no doubt but that the best forms of speech will, in time, establish themselves by their own superior excellence: and, in all controversies, it is better to wait the decisions of time, which are slow and sure, than to take those of synods, which are often hasty and injudicious. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 264)


1762ǯ Theory of Language Ǥ⡤Ʊݤ֤롥

In modern and living languages, it is absurd to pretend to set up the compositions of any person or persons whatsoever as the standard of writing, or their conversation as the invariable rule of speaking. With respect to custom, laws, and every thing that is changeable, the body of a people, who, in this respect, cannot but be free, will certainly assert their liberty, in making what innovations they judge to be expedient and useful. The general prevailing custom, whatever it happen to be, can be the only standard for the time that it prevails. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)


Priestley θѤˤϡ¤ŪǸŪʶ롥θѤϡǤȯؼԤȤƤ Priestley ̾1ġ֤ҤȤĤȯʤȤȡɬޤǹͤĤ⤷ʤä̤Դμ뤳ȤˤʤġġסʤʤμϾȯŸˤȤⶦĤƤ褦˻פ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-10-1] [2016-12-22-1]

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2016-12-03 Sat

#2777. ä14ǯ⡩ [lexicology][language_change][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][n-gram][corpus]

Language trends run in mysterious 14-year cycles ꤹ뵭ߤĤˤ⤷  *
Marcelo Montemurro Damián Zanette ˤĴ̤Ǥ롥2ͤϡ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) ȥԥ塼ץѤơ1700ǯ2008ǯδ֤ξѤ̾ "popularity" οܤõäȡ14ǯDZñ "popularity" 夬äƤϲȤȤ֤Ƥ뤳ȤʬäȤ̣Ū˴Ϣ췲ȤˤȤѥ⸫ĤäƤ뤷Ѹ˸¤餺ե󥹸졤ɥĸ졤ꥢ졤졤ڥʤɤθǤ褦ʼǧȤä
ǤϡʤΤ褦ʼꡤƤʤ14ǯȤֳ֤ʤΤĤθˤĤƤϡޤ᤿ҲŪѲȤϢưβǽŦ줦뤬ȤơʤΤ褦ʼΤǤ롥󡤤μ̵ưθϰϤˤȤɤޤäƤΤǤϤʤȤǰϻĤäƤꡤʤĴɬפǤϤ⤷餫װȤСϤäʤΤԤ1ͤ "an obvious cultural connection" ϸʤȤƤ롥
ʹֹưȿήԤμưδ˰ʤɤȴؤΤˤ衤Ի׵Ĥạ̇̄򤽤븽ݤǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-02 Fri

#2776. ޥ꡼ȥͥåȤѤŹ (2) [cryptology][history]

ε ([2016-12-01-1]) ˰³ޥ꡼ȥͥåȤȾץե륻δ֤˸蘆줿Ź̿ˤĤơѤ줿Ź楷ƥϡ¿ɽŹΰǤꡤʸȾʸΰɽӸΤäذŹɻŵ (p. 177--78) ˤС㤨СΤ褦ʰɽ2ͤδ֤ǶͭƤȹͤ롥

. . .
M     kn or sv wz ad eh il mp qt ux yb cf gj
N     ab cd ef gh ij kl mn op qr st uv wx yz
O     pr su vx ya bd eg hj km np qs tu wy zb
. . .

⤷ "M" Ȥȡ㤨 "ami" Ȥñϡ줾Υڥʸä "dpl" ȰŹ沽롥⤷ "N" ȤȡƱñ "bnj" Ȥʤ롤θζͭλ͡äǤ줿ʪ򸰤ȤˡƤ褦
¿ɽñͥƤΤϡƱʸȿ٤ʤ˸뤿ˡʸνи٤˴ŤŪʬϤˤŹɤλߤ򤯤ȤǤˤ롥äƿƤСɼԤˤȤäƲԲǽȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ʻ֤䤵뤳ȤˤϤʤ򤵤СʤΤȿʤ٤ʪμ¿ɽŹȤνѼϡ15Ⱦ20˻ޤǡŹΥɤǤ³ΤǤ롥

եåɡBꥯˡ ˡذŹɻŵ١ϸҡ2013ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-01 Thu

#2775. ޥ꡼ȥͥåȤѤŹ (1) [cryptology][history]

ϻڥҥ륺ĥ󥿡꡼dz륵¡Դƽեޥ꡼ȥͥåŸ˹ԤäƤ̿ΥҥȤƤο͵ϤޤѴۤääܤΤϡޥ꡼ȥͥåȤ²ȤȤ˳̿ɤƤȤˡƨ˴⤯ǥǥͤߤǾפ륢롦ե륻ȸ路Ź̿ΤΰŹɽŸǤ롥Ƥơ硼˼줿ʸäį뤳ȤϤǤʤä¿ɽŹΤ褦ääƤ鳫ȯ줿ͥŹѼȤ롥1790ǯΤΤȤ
𤷤ƤذŹɻŵ (pp. 23--25) ǾĴ٤Ƥߤޥ꡼ϡޥꥢƥ쥸Ź̿˼ƤȤ顤ȤȰŹߤäΤȻפ롥ޥ꡼ϡȤοȤȤʤäƤ⡤Ź̿Ѥơե륻ΩȤƲɤȤܿޤꡤdz֤褦ȤƤե륻ΰŹ楷ƥ¿ɽŹǤꡤŪñʤΤǤϤäμʤγ̿ɤޤˤϡʬ˵ǽ
ΰŹθ̤⤢äơƨ˴ηײ̩΢˼¹Ԥ˰ܤ줿²Ȥ˲ե륻ǼȤʤꡤϼ֤ǥեؤæФޤäΤǤ롥ȤŪãˡ̤¼ΤϪѥԤ줿
θ⡤ޥ꡼Ϥ궯ϤʰŹ̿ˤ޹쥪ݥ2βƯ̿ɤ΢򤫤ŤƤǤ˥ޥ꡼ΰŹŨμˤɤƤꡤŤϸˤƤθ塤륤16ȥޥ꡼ͭȽ򿽤Ϥ졤ƬΤĤȾäȤϡΤλ¤Ǥ롥ʤߤˡե륻ϥѥ꤫æФΤΡ˥ǥҤǻεη򤫤졤1810ǯ˥ȥåۥ̱˻Ƥ롥
ե󥹳̿ظˤ⡤Τ褦ˡŹ椬ʰˤƤΤǤ롥Ź椬ˤ˲̤礭ȸ褦
ޥ꡼ȥͥåŸΥȤꡤե륻ߤȤʾڵǤϡ1792ǯ14դΥޥ꡼ե륻ؤμβƤ롥ɤDZƤʬʸǯ1˲ɤ졤2ͤδطο餫ˤʤäȤ˥塼Ǥ롥  *

եåɡBꥯˡ ˡذŹɻŵ١ϸҡ2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-02-1]

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