ܸʤѸʤΡʸˡפȤΤϡüԽĤˤΤʤǰ˺夲ߤ˽äƤδǤΰ̣ǤϡܸʤѸʤˤ餫ʸˡפäȤȤϤޤǤ⤢ޤʹֽĤäȤǤϸ̩ˤäƿŪʸˡǤˤϰ㤤ޤۤɰռŪˤ館ʸˡǤϤʤȤʤŪʸˡ餷ΤǤäƤȤθСޤǼȯŪʸˡȤޤ
ФưռޤäƤζˤƤϡʸ̤Ūʸˡ館ȤưФƤޤꥹǤ¾㴳٤ޤ18ޤˤλǤ٤ϤȤưռŪ˺줿ʸˡȤ̣ǵʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ȸƤФޤλˤǤäֵϱʸˡפϰŪ˻ٻ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤǡֱʸˡפȤСǥեȤǤλˤǤäƸ˼Ѥ줿ʸˡؤȤȤˤʤäƤޤܤμʸˡ TOEIC αʸˡ⤳Ǥ
Τ褦Ūʻ𤬤äȤƧޤϤɸΤ褦ˡ֡رʸˡ٤250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿פȽҤ٤뤳ȤˤƤޤ䤿ǥեȤƤֱʸˡפȤΤϡ250ǯۤ˥ꥹμ֤ͤͭǡֱʸˡפ尴͡˼줿ִ֤ˡޤ줿ȤäƤǤϤޤĤޤֱʸˡפȤϡ餬ֱʸˡפ夲ִ֤ˤǤäʪȤȤˤʤޤˤϡֱʸˡפϤʤäΤǤ
ո줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ19Ƥֱʸˡʤߤʤˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡȤȥǤήǴط̾ˤϤᡤ18εʸˡλäڤӤޤ
ơ YouTube Ƥơäʤäʬ٤κī Voicy Ǥ18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡꤷơϢ뤳Ȥäޤεʸˡλˤǽʪ Robert Lowth ȤͤǤ
ܤϡ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) ϤȤ lowth 뤤 prescriptive_grammar γƵ
äƤ顤αѸˤǤФȤƤ18ᵬϼλפв褦ˤʤäƤ18ᵬϼλפȤŪѤʤεʸˡȤ٤ϡʬŪˤϵŪ¦̤ʤꤢäߤδ֤˲ٺ⤢äȤä˺ɾʤǤΤǤ롥ηˤĤƤϡ#2815. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (1) ([2017-01-10-1])#2816. 18εϼκɾˤĤ (2) ([2017-01-11-1]) ǿ줿
ŪˤϡRobert Lowth (1710--1787) A Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) ǶŪ٤ΤФơ饤Хطˤä Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) The Rudiments of English Grammar; Adapted to the Use of Schools with Observations on Style (1761) DzǵŪ٤Ȥ椵Τä
ԸȤ (100) ˤȡֵʸˡȤ˶ᤤѤͭƤȤ Priestley ⡤ǤǤϡprescriptive comment Ϥ鷺 22 comments Ǥä2ǤǤϡ238 comments10ܰʾäǧƤפȤLowth ܤˤơǤä Priestley εʸˡȤžȤȤˤ⸫롥̤ˡ֥饤Хطפˤäȸ뤬¤ Priestley Lowth ˥饤Х뤷ƤȤȤΤ褦ʻܡp. 98ˡ
Ĥʸˡܤ夲 Lowth Priestley ΰоȤ塤 (108) ϼΤ褦äƤ롥
Lowth Priestly ɮʸˡϡȤ˵ŪǤꡤŪǤäȤϸޤǤʤά͡ŪʻˤĤƤϡŪʤΤǤ뤳Ȥǧ줿ʸˡϡʸˡܤˤäưۤʤ뵬ϤŬѤƤǤʤεϤϻѶŪˡˤϾöŪǤäȤܹƤǤLowth ϡط̾ξάˤĤơηǡδ侩ʤĤޤ궯Ū٤Priestley ϴط̾ that λѤˤĤơLowth ˶ŪΩȤäƤư̾ˤĤƤϡξԤȤѶŪ˵ŪʥȤȯƤ뤬ӤФƤϡLowth ϡŪΩPriestley ϡŪΩ줾ȤäΤ褦ˡLowth Priestley ʸˡˤϡʸˡܤФ more proscriptive more descriptive ǤϤʤmore proscriptive less proscriptive Ȥäܺ٤٤ޤȿǤƤ18εʸˡθζ̣1ĤϡʸˡȤθѤ̯õ᤹뤳Ȥˤȸ롥
ҡ2ͤεʸˡȡRobert Lowth Joseph PriestleyסĻرءʹֲʳס10桤2019ǯ93--111ǡ
Ѹ˾塤18 "doctrine of correctness" ħŤ줿ϼλǤɾƤΤˤˤϡȾ50ۤɤΡȾˤ200ĶʸˡǤ졤ϱʸˡȤäƤǤϤʤ
Beal ϡ5 "Grammars and Grammarians" ˤơ18Ϳ줿ŪɾˤĤƺƹͤ¥Beal (90) ϡ18ˤϵϼĬΤϴְ㤤ʤäΤΡȤΩϡŪ䥤ǥ˱͡ʣǤꡤñ˵ŪȤäɾǤԽʬǤƤ롥
[E]ighteenth-century grammarians had a range of motives for writing their grammars, and . . . these and later grammars, far from being uniformly 'prescriptive', would be better described as occupying different points on a prescriptive-descriptive continuum.
Ѹ˴ؤΤȤϡơŪѸˤĤȯƤ㤨СSwift Ann ȷȤݼʪư⤷Ƥޤ1707ǯ֥ƥϢ粦ΩơɸŪʱѸѸᡤåȥɿͤʤɤˤ餹ɬⴶƤϼطʤˤϡŪǤäΤǤ (Beal 97)
Whilst it is perfectly valid to see eighteenth- and nineteenth-century grammars both as the necessary agents of codification and as self-help guides for the aspiring middle classes, it cannot be denied that many of the authors of these works were politically and/or ideologically motivated.
Beal (111) ϡФΩ Lowth Priestley ˤڤξԤΰ㤤ΰ㤤ʴްդȤŪΰ㤤ˤǤȤƤ롥
These two grammarians [= Lowth and Priestley] were writing within a year of each other, so any norms of usage to which they refer must have been the same. Although both used a classical system of parts of speech, neither is influenced by Latin here: they both describe preposition-stranding as a naturally occurring feature of English, more suited to informal usage. The difference between Lowth and Priestley is one of emphasis only, far from the prescriptive-descriptive polarization which we have been led to expect.
18ʵڤӤʹߡˤθŪϼˤĤơɤäƤȤ¤ܤ٤ȤˤǼ줿Beal κɾɤǡɾ礭ۤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦˻פ줿Ǥϡ18ϵϼλǤȤ¤Фơ礭ʽϲäƤʤBeal Ǥ "prescriptive-descriptive continuum" ȤɽʤƤ뤬ϡִܤ prescriptive Ǥꡤ prescription Ȥ reason-usage continuum äפȹͤ뤳Ȥϡ³ǤǤ롥λä "descriptive" ȤƻѤ뤳Ȥϡޤ᤹ΤǤϤʤ
Ϣơ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1])#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1])#2796. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ (2) ([2016-12-22-1]) ȡ
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1]) 2ơεǽҤ٤褦ˡRudiments of English Grammar νǤ1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿1 Lowth A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ졤1762ǯˤ James Buchanan The British Grammar 1763ǯˤ John Ash Grammatical Institutes 줾Ω³˽ǤƤ롥ޤ¿λ֤Фơ1784ǯˤ Noah Webster A Grammatical Institute of the English Language ˽ФƤ롥Τ褦ˡ18ȾϼפʵʸˡνǹλǤäʤʤΩ1755ǯˤ Johnson Dictionary of the English Language ǤƤˡ
Priestley Rudiments ϡνǹ˯ȤʤäǽפʸˡˤĤƤʾ˸ħϡִѤμפʴȤŪѤǤǤФפˤʻp. 279ˡPriestley δѽŻλϡθδѼϤȤơۤʤϤȤƻȵȤˤʤä
(287) ɾˤȡʲ̤Ǥ롥
Rudiments Ҥȷ٤ A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ Robert Lowth 䡤ʸˡůŪǤä Hermes (1751) James Harris ʸˡȽؤɤ°ȤʤСJoseph Priestley 18ˤʳɤɽؼԤǤäPriestley ϶ϱʸˡƥʸˡΤ勞ĶæΤޤޤαѸ¤˴ѻơ§٤ϤФؤΤᡤѸ֤˿ͰŪäơ¦鵬ꤷ褦ȤεؤǤػα (Academy) ΩˤȿФƤ롥Τ褦ʼͳǿŪ٤ϡ§ȤƤʸˡǤΧڤʤδ (Usage) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥդ٤ˤĤʤäƤ롥Priestley ˤȤäƤϡPreface ǽҤ٤ƤդڤƤʤСäդδ (the custom of speaking)פθܸŪͣʤΤǤ롥¤ˡPriestley 18ˤƽƱѸδѤǧؼԤǤȤ뤬 Priestley βʳؼŪܤȤ˴ŤȽϤ˵ΤǤäPriestley δѤŻ뤹٤ϡΤ1776ǯ The Philosophy of Rhetoric 路 George Campbell ˰Ѥ졤ˤä usage Ť줿 Campbell ⡤good usage ǧ줿ɽ⡤ϰ̤ݻ뤿˰͵ʤФʤʤ (canons) ꤷƤꡤusage Ф븫˰礯Ȥäǯᤤ Priestley Τۤ٤ӤƤꡤPriestley ǤŪ츦ƻƳߤ⤽ԤǤȤ롥Priestley Υƥ켰ʸˡ§ˤ餺줿Ȥˤ˾Ȥ餷ƴܤʿʲƤ뤳ȤϡRudiments Ǥ⡤Ȥ 'Notes and Observations' ΩħǤ롥ϸߤ˻ޤǸԤĤоݤȤʤꡤʹ2֤ˤʸˡͻüȤʤäƤ뤳ȤɼԤ˵Ť褦
ΥꥹȷӤĤ륳ȤǰϡѽŻλȤ⤤롥Priestley ϡѸػ˾̾ȤƤ Lowth Murray ٤бƤ⤷ʤ̣ǥꥹǤ褯ɽʸˡȤäȤ롥
Priestley, Joseph. The Rudiments of English Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa and A Course of lectures on the Theory of Language, and Universal Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa. Reprint. Tokyo: Naun'un-Do, 1971.
18ˤ͡ʸˡȤָɾȡפȤ٤͡о줷Samuel Johnson (1709--84), Robert Lowth (1710--87), John Walker (1732--1807), Lindley Murray (1745--1826) Ȥ櫓ͭ̾⤦1ͤνפоʪȤ Joseph Priestley (1733--1804) ̾ʤ櫓ˤϤʤŻ뤷 Lowth ФPriestley ϴѤŻ뤷ʸˡ路Ƥ롥Priestley ϤλδɤɽŪҤȤäƤ褤
㤨С1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Rudiments of English Grammar ȤʸˡǡPriestley ϡǤä夲Ūʸˡ§ǤϤʤ˰ޤƤѤ˴Ťʸˡ§ǤΩƤ٤Ƥ롥
It must be allowed, that the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language. We see, in all grammars, that this is sufficient to establish a rule, even contrary to the strongest analogies of the language with itself. Must not this custom, therefore, be allowed to have some weight, in favour of those forms of speech, to which our best writers and speakers seem evidently prone . . . ?" (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)
The best and the most numerous authorities have been carefully followed. Where they have been contradictory, recourse hath been had to analogy, as the last resource. If this should decide for neither of two contrary practices, the thing must remain undecided, till all-governing custom shall declare in favour of the one or the other. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)
ޤPriestley Ʊ Rudiments ΤʤǡǥߡˤĤƤȯƤꡤΤ褦ʵؤߤϴѤ˽ۤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
As to a public Academy, invested with authority to ascertain the use of words, which is a project that some persons are very sanguine in their expectations from, I think it not only unsuitable to the genius of a free nation, but in itself ill calculated to reform and fix a language. We need make no doubt but that the best forms of speech will, in time, establish themselves by their own superior excellence: and, in all controversies, it is better to wait the decisions of time, which are slow and sure, than to take those of synods, which are often hasty and injudicious. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 264)
1762ǯ Theory of Language Ǥ⡤Ʊݤ֤롥
In modern and living languages, it is absurd to pretend to set up the compositions of any person or persons whatsoever as the standard of writing, or their conversation as the invariable rule of speaking. With respect to custom, laws, and every thing that is changeable, the body of a people, who, in this respect, cannot but be free, will certainly assert their liberty, in making what innovations they judge to be expedient and useful. The general prevailing custom, whatever it happen to be, can be the only standard for the time that it prevails. (qtd. from Baugh and Cable 277)
Priestley θѤˤϡ¤ŪǸŪʶ롥θѤϡǤȯؼԤȤƤ Priestley ̾1ġ֤ҤȤĤȯʤȤȡɬޤǹͤĤ⤷ʤä̤Դμ뤳ȤˤʤġġסʤʤμϾȯŸˤȤⶦĤƤ褦˻פ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
1918ȾФεϱʸˡΥ٥ȥ顼#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) Ҳ𤷤ϡ1918ȾˤäðۤαʸˡȤȤԤҲ𤹤롥
Lindley Murray (1745--1826) ϡPennsylvania Υ̤εȤޤ줿Ƥ¶ȲȤǤꡤפѤ褦˸ƤˡΧƻ˿ʤߡNew York ۸ΤȤʤä̤ʤɿŪDzʻŻ֤꤫۸ΤȤᡤ30ȾˤϤǤ˰ʤƤͳ⤢1784ǯˤϥꥹ York ˶ᤤ Holgate ž֤ơᤤʳ鱣Ϥޤ˥νع졤ζդ˱Ѹ콤ؤʤɤ뵡äȤˡ褤ʸˡζʽʤΤǽƤȺꤵ줿ϼ뵤ϤʤäǤڤ줺ˡ1ǯ餺ǽ夲줬18˶äƽǤƤεʸˡ軻Ȥ٤ English Grammar, adapted to the different classes of learners; With an Appendix, containing Rules and Observations for Promoting Perspicuity in Speaking and Writing (1795) Ǥ롥äơʸˡϡϼ侦䵤Ȥ̵طޤ줿λʪǤ롥
Murray ϡʸˤƤˤƸǤꡤʸˡ (work) ȤϸƤФãˤʸˡԻ (compilation) ȸƤȤԤȤ Harris, Johnson, Lowth, Priestley, Beattie, Sheridan, Walker, Coote Ƥ뤬Ȥ Lowth ߤˤƤ뤳ȤϵʤεʤɤޤơLowth ȾषȤäƤ褤餤Ǥ롥ȤƳȤȤϤʤ֤ݼŪŪɼԤռǺӤδϳΤǤꡤ̤ȤơȴѤΥХμ줿軻ȸƤ֤ˤդ路ʸˡ˻ž夬ä
English Grammar ϽǤƱȯŪԤ1850ǯޤǤ150줿Ȥꥹ⥢ꥫǤΤۤԤ褯衼åѤܤǤǤ줿19ȾˤƤϱʸˡ̾ȤƷפθγعʸˡθȤʤä
ʾ塤Crystal (53) Ӻڡڸԡ(248--49) Ȥ
ʸ嵭2016/06/06(Mon)Ƭ2١19פȽޤ18פθǤŦäк꤬Ȥޤ
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
[2009-08-29-1][2009-09-08-1]εǡ18εʸˡνиˤꥹǤϡѸ꽡פȼƬˤꡤƥä vernacular ŪסʡѸˤѤ褦ˤʤäռޤȡ͡ϼ⤯ɾ褦ˤʤ뤬Ʊ˼ˤҴˤʤäƤ롥
դȽԤϡ餫εϤ¸ߤȤƤΤǤ롥դΡ֤٤ѡפפθˡϤæƤȤǡȽä롥դϸߤǤ¿θ춦ƱΤǼ夲ݥԥ顼⤽դˤĤơ֤٤ѡפȤϲï⤬ǼǤֵϡפ¸ߤΤȤä꤬롥ꥹǤϡ18äǮ줿
ֵϡפεϲͤϡ礭Ĥʬ롥Ĥϡ( reason ) Ǥ롥18 the Age of Reason λפȤƤФ褦ˡؤοȷݤäեλŪ Port-Royal ʸˡ˳ؤ Jonathan Swift ( 1667--1745 ) ʤɤΥǥߡԤäΤϤΡפǤ롥ߤεϱʸˡ礭ʱƶͿ Robert Lowth ԤǤ롥
ǡSamuel Johnson ( 1709--84 ) ʤɤǥߡԤϡִѡ( usage ) ˤϡʰ̤Τ벦²ʸϵҤ˻Ȥ³Ƥդ٤ϤǤȹͤLowth ʸˡνǶ餱˲ä Joseph Priestley ( 1733--1804 ) ⴷѤŻ뤷⤷ȤˡΡִѼפϡꥹΥǥߡԤ礤˱ƶ٥եΥǥߡ ( l'Academie française ) μäƤΩʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤꥹΥǥߡԤϡǥߡΩλۤ l'Academie française ؤǥߡĤˤִѼפˤȿФƤȤˤʤ롥
ˤͳäեǤϡʰ̤Τ벦²ʸϵҤθդä뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ͤΤäȥǥߡΩԤϹͤƤȤꥹǤϤɤ1066ǯΥΥޥͤ衤եϤβī³˥륺Ϥ Tudor īåȥɷϤ Stuart īȡгī³1688ǯ̾̿塤̤ˤĤΤϥ William I ɥĿ George I Ǥ롥18ȾޤǡϤȤ٤ʰ̤θդä͡ΥȥåפΩĤϤιˤäƤϱѸäʤͤä櫓ǡμͤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤȽǤΤ̵̤ȤäΤ褦ʾǡˤȤäƼ٤ΩϰġפФʤä
ִѡפˤԤǴ궯ˤäο͡˥ԡ³18ȾξرĤνǹȤʤäζ椫ޤƤΤȴѤƤä
ߡѸȤäҲˤƤϡΡֵϡפʸˡ伭˵ƤȤֵϤ꤭פȤͤŪǤ롥θŪʵϴѤϡ˽Ҥ٤褦ĹǮ깭줿߽Ф줿ΤǤäơǽ餫鵬Ϥä櫓ǤϤʤǤϤʤʸˡΤĤ⤷Թϡ18ĹǾ줿֤ޤߡפȤ
졡ֱѸ쥢ǥߡ18סرѸǯ1578桤1971ǯ13--14ǡ
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