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dryden - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-04-20 Sat

#3645. Chaucer ɾƤʤä Dryden [popular_passage][dryden][chaucer][inflection][final_e]

17Ⱦαʸؤε John Dryden (1631--1700) 3ۤ Chaucer αΧǤƤʤäȤϡ褯ΤƤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˤϡ"final e" ɽ޸˸̵첻˾üֶޤοʿפȸƤФѸ˾ΰѲ뤵줿ѲθλƤ Dryden ϡѲΤˤС꤫Ƥ˻ Chaucer β䱤Χ뤳ȤǤʤäΤǤ롥Dryden ϡChaucer λ˸ final e 17αѸ줵ʤ¸ߤʤΤ򤷤Ƥ̤ȤơChaucer αΧ Dryden ζ˿뤳ȤϤʤä
嵭ΤȤϡDryden Ȥ Chaucer ɾ狼롥Cable (25) ͳǡDryden (Essays II: 258--59) ɾѤ褦

The verse of Chaucer, I confess, is not harmonious to us . . . there is the rude sweetness of a Scotch tune in it, which is natural and pleasing, though not perfect. It is true, I cannot go so far as he who published the last edition of him; for he would make us believe the fault is in our ears, and that there were really ten syllables in a verse where we find but nine. But this opinion is not worth confuting; it is so gross and obvious an errour, that common sense (which is rare in everything but matters of faith and revelation) must convince the reader, that equality of numbers in every verse which we call heroic, was either not known, or not always practiced in Chaucer's age.


Dryden Ƥ褦ʸϡθ2ۤɤʸؤοŸˤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤΡfinal -e ȤŪˤϾǤѸˤˤƤʸػˤˤƤ⡤礭¸ߤǤäΤ빥

Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.
Dryden, John. Essays. Ed. W. P. Ker. Oxford: Clarendon, 1926.

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2019-03-04 Mon

#3598. 1664ǯDryden ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤؤλ [academy][dryden][restoration][history]

ε#3597. 1660ǯR. H. Squire ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩơ ([2019-03-03-1]) ȴϢơ1664ǯ Dryden Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩƤؤλդˤĤơDryden ϡ1664ǯ6 Rival Ladies θμˤơե󥹤 Academie française ռʤ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥 (Freeman 294)

I am sorry that, speaking so noble a language as we do, we have not a more certain Measure of it, as they have in France: when they have an 'Academy' erected for that purpose, and endowed with large privileges by the present King.


ơȾǯ127ˡRoyal Society ϱѸ쥢ǥߡΩưĤФɼԤʤäƤ롥ɼˤĤƤϡBirch History of the Royal Society (I, p. 499) ˤưʲεϿĤƤ (Freeman 294)

It being suggested that there were persons of the Society whose genius was very proper and inclined to improve the English tongue, particularly for philosophic purposes, it was voted that there should be a committee for improving the English language; and that they meet at Sir Peter Wyche's lodgings in Gray's-Inn once or twice a month, and give an account of their proceedings, when called upon.


ΰѤκǽΤۤˤ genius ȤǰƬ֤Ƥʪ1ͤ Dryden äȤϵ褦ʤ
εǼ夲褦ˡDryden 17ȾФαѸ쥢ǥߡΩαưβդǤϤʤäαưѶŪ˴ͿơΩäƯ򤷤ȤϳΤ碌ơ#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Freeman, Edmund. "A Proposal for an English Academy in 1660." The Modern Language Review (1924): 291--300.

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2019-03-03 Sun

#3597. 1660ǯR. H. Squire ˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩ [academy][dryden][restoration][history]

ѸˤˤơѸ쥢ǥߡΩƤܺäη֤ɮ٤Ǥ롥1582ǯ˥ꥢΩ줿 Accademia della Crusca1635ǯ˥ե󥹤Ω줿 Academie française ܤˡꥹ16ȾƱͤȿΩܻؤƤ17λѲ˿󤵤졤¸ˤޤƤ
ǽΩεޤäΤϡŴǤ롥1662ǯ Charles II ǧˤ Royal Society of London Ω졤1664ǯˤϱѸȿ֤줿Ǥϡ#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡJohn Dryden (1631--1700) ⤵ȯ
ǥߡΩȯۤϡ⤦᤯1650ǯ夫顤ե󥹤αƶƤ֤Ƥ褦ǡ1660ǯˤ R. H. Squire ʤʪNew Atlantis . . . Continued ꤹܤΤʤǶŪƤ򼨤Ƥ (Baugh and Cable 258--59) Freeman ˤСR. H. Squire Ȥϡ쥴꡼˾ƺäʪؼԡؼ Robert Hooke (1635--1703) ΤȤȤϡե󥹤ΥǥߡΩηаޤ褯ΤäƤ褦Freeman (296) ꤽƤѤ褦

   We have besides these in the Imperial City one Emminent Academy of selected wits: whose endeavours are to reform all errors in books, and then to licence them; to purifie our Native language from Barbarism or Solecism, to the height of Eloquence, by regulating the termes and phrases therof into constant use of the most significant words, proverbs, and phrases, and justly appropriating them either to the Lofty, mean, or Comic stile. These likewise translate the best Authors, and render them in their genuine sense to us very perspicuous: and make Dictionaries in all languages, wherein the proper terms of art for every notion and thing in every trade, manufacture and science is genuinely rendered and with its derivation very perspicuous.
   We have also in each of the provinciall Cities (which have Universities) Free Schools for the attaining of the Languages, Singing, Dancing, Fencing, Riding, and writing, either by Brachugraphy, Hieroglyphic, or an Instrument we have made to write two copies at once, at one and the same motion, for dispatch. For all which we have public Governours and masters sit for each place respectively; chosen by the representative body of that Academie every three years. (pp. 42--44)


17ȾФ褷ǥߡΩΥǥθήˡ Dryden ֤ʬʤǤʤºݤˤ Dryden ΩĿʪȤΤ Freeman ʸμĥǤ롥Dryden ȯ1660ǯޤǤˤϡǤ˥ǥߡΩؤδؿϰŪʤΤȤʤäƤȤȤ
Ѹ쥢ǥߡΩŪȤƤϡʲޤ academy γƵ򻲾ȡ

#2760. ꥢȥե󥹤Υǥߡȡ Johnson ϡ ([2016-11-16-1])
#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1])
#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1])
#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1])
#3086. ꥫΩȥꥫѸؤλפ ([2017-10-08-1])
#3395. 20ƬΩ줿Ѹ쥢ǥߡɤ ([2018-08-13-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Freeman, Edmund. "A Proposal for an English Academy in 1660." The Modern Language Review (1924): 291--300.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-04-1]

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2018-03-10 Sat

#3239. Ѹ˴ؤʿ [complaint_tradition][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][dryden][swift][language_myth][stigma]

ѸˤϡʹߤϢʤ³ "the complaint tradition" ʿˤꡤ"the complaint literature" ʿʸˤѤƤ㤨С#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ǼतΡ֤ʱѸϼʤפȤӤΤȤǤ롥ŵŪ˿ʹʤɤ˴󤻤Ƥ
ϡɸѸ줬ۤܳΩǡϼŪĬ褦ˤʤäƤŤλ̤롥̾ͤǤСJohn Dryden (1631--1700) 䡤 Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) κǽôȤcf. #3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1])#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]
Milroy and Milroy ˤСˤ2ĤΥפȤξԤϽŤʤ⤢뤬ŪۤʤäƤꡤŪˤʪȹͤɬפ롥ޤ Type 1 顥

Type 1 complaints, which are implicitly legalistic and which are concerned with correctness, attack 'mis-use' of specific parts of the phonology, grammar, vocabulary of English (and in the case of written English 'errors' of spelling, punctuation, etc.). . . . The correctness tradition (Type 1) is wholly dedicated to the maintenance of the norms of Standard English in preference to other varieties: sometimes writers in this tradition attempt to justify the usages they favour and condemn those they dislike by appeals to logic, etymology and so forth. Very often, however, they make no attempt whatever to explain why one usage is correct and another incorrect: they simply take it for granted that the proscribed form is obviously unacceptable and illegitimate; in short, they believe in a transcendental norm of correct English. / . . . . Type 1 complaints (on correctness) may be directed against 'errors' in either spoken or written language, and they frequently do not make a very clear distinction between the two. (30--31)


Type 1 ϡǤŵŪʥפǤꡤȤñƤʿǤ롥ָȽפȤäƤ褤ΥפɸѸݻ (maintenance) 뵡ǽôäƤȤŦ⤪⤷
˵󤲤 Type 2 Type 1 ۤΤƤʤϤ Swift ˤޤ̤롥

Type 2 complaints, which we may call 'moralistic', recommend clarity in writing and attack what appear to be abuses of language that may mislead and confuse the public. . . . / Type 2 complaints do not devote themselves to stigmatising specific errors in grammar, phonology, and so on. They accept the fact of standardisation in the written channel, and they are concerned with clarity, effectiveness, morality and honesty in the public use of the standard language. Sometimes elements of Type 1 can enter into Type 2 complaints, in that the writers may sometimes condemn non-standard usage in the belief that it is careless or in some way reprehensible; yet the two types of complaints can in general be sharply distinguished. The most important modern author in this second tradition is George Orwell . . . (30)


Type 1 "the correctness tradition" ȸƤ֤ʤСType 2 "the moralistic tradition" ȸƤǤ褤Ѥˤ褦ˡGeorge Orwell (1903--50) Ǥ̾ʼ羧ԤǤ롥Type 2 ɽǯưȤƤϡ1979ǯ˻Ϥ줿 "Plain English Campaign" 롥ŪʾˤïˤǤʬʸո򿴤٤ȼĥȿǤꡤʱѸǽ񤫤줿ʸ "Crystal Mark" դưԤʤäƤۤǯʱѸФƾޤ£äƤ롥

Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 4th ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.

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2018-02-19 Mon

#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ [academy][double_comparative][preposition_stranding][dryden][complaint_tradition]

ǤϡǥߡΩƹ٤ȤͤޤꡤΦǤϤ᤯ǥߡΩ줿1582ǯ˥ꥢ Accademia della Crusca ߤ졤1612ǯˤϤԻ줿ꥢ켭νǤߤե󥹤Ǥϡ1635ǯ Richelieu ˤ Académie Française ꡤ1660ǯˤ Grammaire de Port-Royal 1694ǯˤϥե󥹸켭񤬽Ǥ줿ɥĤǤ17˥ǥߡμݤ˶ᤤĤθ˴ؤ붨Ω夬äƤ
󥰥ɤǤϡ1712ǯ Jonathan Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤʤ졤줬ȾŪͳʤäаޤˤĤơ#2759. Swift ˤ륢ǥߡΩƤ̤ʤäͳ ([2016-11-15-1]) Ǥߤ̤Φ٤ư٤ä褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ󥰥ɤǤѸ륢ǥߡΩȯۤ˨ϥꥶ٥ī1570ǯ夫ߤ줿θ塤1617ǯ Edmund Bolton ΩǥߡΩƤʸؤؤδĤޤȤƤλߤܺäϤΤΡ󥰥ɤǤΦƱͤ16Ⱦʹߤ˥ǥߡΩ˾äȤõ٤Ǥ롥
ơ1660ǯ˲Ťȡθ塤ܳŪʱѸǥߡθȤʤ٤ (The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) Ω줿22̾βʤꡤʤˤ John Dryden, John Evelyn, Thomas Sprat, Edmund Waller, John Aubrey ̾ϢʤäƤۤȤɤβϱѸ줽ΤΤľܴؿȤϡŪΩΤˡ̾ΤˡѸ򡤤ƥǥߡѤ褦ȤΤǤ롥
Ȥ櫓 Dryden ϡʸȤƤ̾٤ñѤ񤷤ꡤ2ӵֻ (preposition_stranding) ι¤Ǻᤷꤷ (Knowles 113--14) Knowles (114) ϡDryden αѸˡ˴ؤŪʸФäפ˼Τ褦ŪɾͿƤ롥

In making these attacks Dryden is possibly the first person to select examples of the language usage of others and arbitrarily assert that they are intrinsically incorrect. To prove his points, Dryden attempted to find observable evidence in his opponents' texts. The problem was that he did not know enough about language to do this properly, and consequently from a linguistic point of view his remarks are ill founded. Nevertheless he did successfully establish the convention whereby people without any special knowledge of language feel entitled to assert that some other people have failed in the acquisition of their mother tongue.


Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.

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2016-12-08 Thu

#2782. 18Υե󥹼ѸؤΡȿ [french][loan_word][purism][dryden]

18ϡ衼åѤˤե󥹸ΰҿޤäǤ롥ꥹˤƤ⤳ηϳΤˤߤ졤ºݤˡ18ˤϾʤ̥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ѸήǤʡ#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2011-03-06-1])#1792. 18--20Υե󥹼Ѹ ([2014-03-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ѹ̼ѤȤ٤٤ʤѸˤˤƥե󥹸줬ƤӰҿᤷ1ĤλǤϤäŪݼŪǽ¹ߤοŵAugustan Period) ˤƤꡤȤ櫓ȾˤϳؤΡȿפ򼨤ϳƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥̤ˡΤΤ繥Ȥ¿ˤϡȤɬΤǤ롥äμѤʤ͡Сäν褵 (purism) ݤȤȱưݼŪҤ⸽ȤΤźǤ롥ʲλξBaugh and Cable (281--82) ˰ѤƤθʸˤ
18˳ʼȤƥե󥹼Ѹˤή˶褷ʸͤȤơ㤨 Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) 롥1708ǯ1010դ Review Ǥϡ"I cannot but think that the using and introducing foreign terms of art or foreign words into speech while our language labours under no penury or scarcity of words is an intolerable grievance." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
⾯1672ǯΤȤJohn Dryden (1631--1700) Dramatic Poetry of the Last Age ΤʤDZѸˤե󥹸Ѥ񤷤Ƥ롥

I cannot approve of their way of refining, who corrupt our English idiom by mixing it too much with French: that is a sophistication of language, not an improvement of it; a turning English into French, rather than a refining of English by French. We meet daily with those fops who value themselves on their travelling, and pretend they cannot express their meaning in English, because they would put off on us some French phrase of the last edition; without considering that, for aught they know, we have a better of our own. But these are not the men who are to refine us; their talent is to prescribe fashions, not words.


Addison (1672--1719) ⡤1711ǯ Spectator (no. 165) ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

I have often wished, that as in our constitution there are several persons whose business is to watch over our laws, our liberties, and commerce, certain men might be set apart as superintendents of our language, to hinder any words of a foreign coin, from passing among us; and in particular to prohibit any French phrases from becoming current in this kingdom, when those of our own stamp are altogether as valuable.


äν褵ξȤơѸѤȽҤ͡θѤ˱ƶͿ뤳ȤϡۤȤɤʤ18ξ㳰ǤϤʤ϶褷ܸۤܤϤʤäΤǤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-07-09-1]

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2016-07-27 Wed

#2648. 17ȾθŪҤΥ֥른ﲽ [sociolinguistics][history][monarch][dryden]

ѸˤơŪҤϤɤˤȹͤƤϡѸνȤʹߤλȤǰۤʤäƤ
Knowles (120) ˤСElizabeth īޤᡤʹߤ1ΤȷӤĤƤŪҤ17Ⱦ18ˤ滺ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤꡤߤˤޤ³ꥹˤ볬ȸѤ̩ܤʴطˤϤޤäȤ

In a hierarchical society, it must seem obvious that those at the top are in possession of the correct forms, while everybody else labours with the problems of corruption. The logical conclusion is that the highest authority is associated with the monarchy. In Elizabeth's time, the usage of the court was asserted as a model for the language as a whole. After the Restoration, Dryden gave credit for the improvement of English to Charles II and his court. It must be said that this became less and less credible after 1688. William III was a Dutchman. Queen Anne was not credited with any special relationship with the language, and Addison and Swift were rather less than explicit in defining the learned and polite persons, other than themselves, who had in their possession the perfect standard of English. Anne's successor was the German-speaking elector of Hanover, who became George I. After 1714, even the most skilled propagandist would have found it difficult to credit the king with any authority with regard to a language he did not speak. Nevertheless, the monarchy was once again associated with correct English when the popular image of the monarchy improved in the time of Victoria.
   After 1714 writers continued to appeal to the nobility for support and to act as patrons to their work on language. Some writers, such as Lord Chesterfield, were themselves of high social status. Robert Lowth became bishop of London. But ascertaining the standard language essentially became a middle-class activity. The social value of variation in language is that 'correct' forms can be used as social symbols, and distinguish middle class people from those they regard as common and vulgar. The long-term effect of this is the development of a close connection in England between language and social class.


⤫ƤΤϡŪҤȸŪҤϢưǤ롥ŪʷˤƤϡλƳԤȤƤϰ̤ȡ餬äϰ̤ȤϢưƤϤǤ롥ŪŪϤäƤ񲦤θФդθŵǤꡤϤǤꡤۤǤϤǤ롥18ʹߤ˷פꥹϡͤ William III äꡤɥĿͤ George I Ǥäȡ˱ѸäʤͤäΤǤʴϢơ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) ⻲ȡˡ¬褦ˡꥹϼºݤ˥ꥹˤۤɴؿʤäΤǤꡤꥹ̱ˤäơŵסϡסۡפȤߤʤ櫓ʤä顤񲦤Ȥ򱿱Ĥ "Prime Minister" ʽ Sir Robert WalpoleˤФ졤ονƸߤ˻Τ顤ʤΤǤ롥ơŪҤϡ񲦤ͭϹ̱ɽԡ¼Ūˤ͵ʥ֥른ɽԤؤȰܹԤ
ʤ顤ϢươŪҤνߤ񲦤֥른ɽԤؤȡȤ櫓Фưռι⤤ʸϵҤؤȰܹԤơ񲦤ǤϤʤʬι⤤ܤΤ볬ɽԤѸᡤݤϤޤä21θոˤο "pundit" ⡤θѼԤ¾ʤʤ

Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-07-30-1] [2016-07-28-1]

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