427ʿˤ˸줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥǤּΤߤʤط̾ʸˡְ㤨нˡǤ衼ڰʼδѸظإͥ # 18 ۡꤷƴط̾夲ޤʤʤ¿İƤ褦ǡ꤬¤Ǥºݤ2ͤǤ⤷Ȥ٤äƤޤʾСˡҤ
ɸѸǴط̾Ȥ which, who, whom, that, ƥʤط̾ξάդ꤬ޤΤ줬Ѥ뤫ȤˤϡʣΥѥʣ˴ؤäƤޤط̾Ǥ䤬ʤʤΤŪʤʤΤȤȤϤ¡ˡΰ㤤Ի줬̵ͭʤɤ̣Ūѥʣ˴ͿƤޤˡޤܤޤ¤ϻѰ (register) ȤŪѥط̾ˤȤƤפ̤ƤΤǤ
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (608--21) ˤϡѥѤط̾˴ؤĴ̤ܺ٤˼ƤޤϤȤʤ顤ΤȤƺǤ٤ι⤤Ȥ which that ˾ơξԤʬۤ٤Ƥߤޤ礦
which that ¿ξؤǽǤعʸˡǶȤꡤ§Ȥ which Ի줬̵ξ˸¤졤ޤˡΤߤʤ餺ˡȤƤȤȤħߤޤthat ԻӤޤˡ˸ꤵޤ
which that ʬۤΰ㤤ˤĤƤ⤷ΤϡΤ褦̣ŪװƱ餤ѰȤװƤȤȤǤwhich ݼŪdzؽŪʴޤߤꡤؽѻʸǤˡ˸ꤹС70%ᡤthat ݤƤޤthat ϸŪǤޤߤꡤ㤨ХեǤˡ˸ꤹȡ75%ޤ
ޤꥫѸ줫ꥹѸ줫Ȥ㤤⡤which vs that Ǥޤ˥塼ǤˡܤȡꥫѸΤۤ餫 that ߡꥹѸǤ which ߤޤä٤ȡޤޤꥫѸǤ that ޤ졤ꥹѸ2ܤ٤Ѥޤ
ΤȤơLGSWE (616) which vs that зˤĤƼΤ褦礷Ƥޤ
The AmE preference for that over which reflects a willingness to use a form with colloquial associations more widely in written contexts than BrE.
ط̾αˤϻѰȤեҤǤΤǤ
ʤߤˡ18:00˸ YouTube #19 ϴط̾³ԤȤʤޤڤߤˡ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ε#4607. Ѹν ([2021-12-07-1]) ǡ"Middle English lyric" ȤħˤĤƸħ1ĤȤơ"I" "you" ˸꤫פȤƤˤĤơѤ Greentree (388--89) Τ褦˲äƤ롥
The 'lyric I' who addresses the 'you' implied in Middle English lyrics is a general, typical figure, an 'I' without ego, who may make the reader a participant in the poem. Anonymity helps efface the poets of many medieval lyrics, removing distractions to focus attention on the poem itself. Aspects of style may suggest a particular poet, place or time of composition. Some political verses recount historical events, and some poets describe their situations, but a manuscript's time of compilation does not necessarily reveal the dates when its contents were written, and biographical details may be fictions. These factors can enhance or diminish the reader's appreciation of a work. Acrostics and other devices sometimes reveal a poet's name or the place of composition. However, the lack of details of a poet's life and state of mind spares the reader fruitless speculation, since it is both easier and more profitable to concentrate on the lyric 'I'.
Ѹ "I" ϻܿͤؼȤ⡤ɤꡦʹǺʤƱ1;ñ̾ȤƵǽƤ롤ȤˤꡤͤïȤ䤤طʲƤΤΤ˾Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʤؤͶ1;ñ̾ʸŪˡȤǤ
ѸħʬϤƤ
Greentree, Rosemary. "Lyric." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 387--405.
ܲرμȤ Bennett and Smithers ΥѸν (Middle English lyrics) ɤǤ롥Ǥ褯ΤƤΤϡؾβλ Sumer is icumen in cf. #1438. Sumer is icumen in ([2013-04-04-1])ˡβΤˤؾİȤ뤬ĴҤȲλ줬뤯ؾˡƬǤ뤰äƤޤޤˤϤʤ롥
ѸνȤäƤ⡤ȤƤ¯ŪʤΤ⤢нŪʤΤޤǤ롥ΤޤᥫСϰϤϹSumer is icumen in Τ褦˲ڤ˺ܤΤ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥͡Ūû¿դˤûǤ "lyric" ȸƤǤޤΤǤϤʤȤ롥ºݡΥŤǤϲȤ䤤ФơüŪˡûǤפȤ⤢褦Greentree (388) "Characteristics of Lyrics" ˴ؤɤǤߤ褦
There are some constants in the genre. Ann S. Haskell notes a 'cluster of characteristics' including brevity, metrical pattern, rhyme scheme, theme and occasional hints of a plot. To John Burrow, the term 'usually means no more than a short poem', but he emphasizes 'the most characteristic axis of lyric poetry: the "I" addressing the "you", and distinguishes that 'I' from any other personal utterance, since the lyric 'I' 'speaks not for an individual but for a type' (Burrow 1982: 61). The voice of the lyric 'I' is always present, sounding many notes: laughing, weeping, expressing countless human feelings, praying, teaching or passing on scraps of knowledge.
ΥŤߤޤʤΤϡǤȿΤ¸Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ष줳ѸνħʤΤ⤷ʤΤȤ Greentree (387) Τ褦ɽƤ롥
'Oh, to vex me, contraries meet in one'
Anyone who seeks the essence and boundaries of the medieval English lyric may find John Donne's line an apt expression of the task's pleasures and exasperations. The Middle English lyric attracts contraries of matter and manner, metre, diction and form. The slightest of structures may bear the weight of serious content with a paradox or exploration of holy mysteries in a form equally suited to celebration. Apparently artless forms may prove sophisticated and lavishly allusive. The disparate members of this genre vary from the glorious to the mundane . . . . Vexation comes from attempts to define the genre, to confine its members within a few descriptive sentences. Every statement can be questions, every adjective is ambiguous, every category has exceptions.
Ѹνϡ˰ηϸˤ衤ʤˤȤȤ館ƤƤ褤
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Greentree, Rosemary. "Lyric." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 387--405.
Burrow, John. Medieval Writers and their Work: Middle English Literature and its Background 1100--1500. Oxford: OUP, 1982.
Ѹ쿷ʹ˴ؤŪˤˤĤơFries γɤѥȤʤޤȤޤäƤꡤʬܳŪʴؿȤϤʤäΤΡƤ⤷ʬǧ뤳ȤǤä˴ؿäΤϸФ (headline) ̻ŪѲǤ롥ʲˡFries (1070--71) ƤҲ𤷤
ʹθФ70ǯĶˤͭ롥ָФפȤäƤ⡤䤿Ƥ륿פθФ (headline proper) Τۤˤ⤤Ĥμब롥1718ƬˤƤϡνн (dateline) äƸФȤ봷̤ä
ޤ̾Ի̾̾ʤɤ1, 2üŪɽหФ (section heading) Ūä (ex. "LONDON", "AUSTRIA", "BIRTHS", "SHIP NEWS") οʹǤСڡξ1ǰƤơޤΤȹͤ롥
20νᤫϡ³Ω渫Ф (crosshead) ⸽Ƥ
䤿Ƥ̾θФ (headline proper) ϡ¤ϸŤΤ褦ˤä櫓ǤϤʤ18ޤǤϾ嵭Τ褦˸ФȤ dateline §Ǥꡤheadline proper Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤΤ19äƤǤ롥θ塤¤ʬۤäƤʿѸ12٤7ĹˤޤĹ
headline proper ϡŪˤ̾ŪФưŪФʬ롥̾ŪФȤ The earthquakes, The Russian epidemic, Surrender of General Johnston, Brazil and Portugal, Russian and India Τ褦ʥפؤ
ưŪФˤϡTo cease fire, Normal life returning to Krefeld, Recall suggested Τ褦ưѤΤ⤢СGerman Cabinet resigns Τ褦ưѤΤ⤢롥19ޤǤϤۤȤɸ줺ưŪФϤƸŪħȤäƤ褤
ŪȤϰ̣Ūʴ鸫ФʬहȡArrival of the La Plata, Destructive Fires, Prices up Τ褦 "relational" ʥפȡA Scotch Ghost Τ褦ʽ˾˴ؤ̾Ūʡ"regional" ʥפʬ롥
ʹϡǥȤƤȯŸȤȤˡθŪħ礭ѲƤѸνפʥȤơʹѸŪˤ礭ʲǽꤽ
Fries, Udo. "English and the Media: Newspapers." Chapter 68 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1063--75.
êƤ顤Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies Including a CD-Rom . . . . ʤܤФƤϡɥСǸ¬äƤߤ3.4cmƤۤȤɳȤʤäܤʼºݤäΤˡѥ CD-ROM ĤƤȤΤdzƤߤΤ˽ѸΰإƥȥѥĤƤ롥ܤΤۤϡΥѥˤĤƤβȥѥѤǥʤäƤ롥
ϡޤȤäƤ⤤ʤΥѥˤĤơܽƬꤶäȳפҲ𤹤롥
The Corpus of Early English Medical Texts (CEEM) is a three-part series of historical corpora of medical writing 1375--1800. The corpus was initiated about fifteen years ago at the University of Helsinki for the ongoing research project of Scientific Thought-styles: The Evolution of English Medical Writing by Irma Taavitsainen and Päivi Pahta. This project aims to gain new knowledge of the development of the language of science and medicine in a long diachronic perspective, and for this end an extensive electronic database was needed. The work has progressed in phases. The first corpus, Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT, 1375--1500), was published on CD-ROM in 2005 by John Benjamins. Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT) is the second component of CEEM. The third, Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT, 1700--1800), has already been initiated and will be released in due course. (Taavitsainen and Pahta, vii)
ʤۤɡܤƤ EMEMT ϡ3Ĥʤ륷2ƤǽѸ (1500--1700) ΰإƥȤС른ΥѥȤȤΤ褦450ۤɤΥƥȡ200줫ʤƲ˥ѥǤ롥츫Ǥ뤫Τ褦ˡְإƥȡפΥѥäƤϤ뤬βʳػͤɽ른ȤƤߤСαϰϤϰƳ⤷ʤΤۤ2ĤΥѥȤΥץȤˤĤơCoRD (Corpus Resource Database) ˲⤬ȤȤǡؤΥĥäƤ
Corpus of Early English Medical Writing (CEEM)
Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT)
Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT)
Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT)
ܲȤӤϤʤΤȤӤͤƤߤȤΤ⥳ѥδƬࡥͤƤߤ
Taavitsainen, Irma and Päivi Pahta, eds. Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies Including a CD-Rom Containing Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT) Corpus Compiled by Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta, Turo Hiltunen, Martti Mäkinen, Ville Marttila, Maura Ratia, Carla Suhr and Jukka Tyrkkö.'' Amsterdam: Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2010.
ڲ (84--87) ܸθѤƤäִס¸סֺ졿פ˶ʬƤ롥
| ¸ | 졿 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ۤˤ夦 | ݡƤҤ礦ϡʲʪӤϡ | ϡߡĤ͡ޡꡤ롤̤סǭͤߡӡڡसʡ | |
| Ļ | 㤯 | Ҥ롤ࡤ⡤餹ߤߤᡤɤꡤĤߡĤФᡤĤ롤ȤӡϤȡҤФꡤۤȤȤᤸĻ褿路 | |
| ࡦξ | 롤Ȥؤӡޤष | ||
| | ꡤӡ路ʤӡĤˡޤ줤顤餲Сᡤޡߡˤɤ礦ʤޤʤޤϤϤޤꡤϤ⡤ҤᡤդդʡޤޤĤᤦʤ | ||
| ֡ꡤष⡤顤ߡߡĤꡤʤΤߡϤϤۤ롤ߤΤषफ | |||
| ưʪ | 夦 | ˡäѡ̤ | |
| ʪ | 𡤤礦֡礦ܤ | ߡᡤФ顤Τ䡤䤭ݡǡȤɤꡤơޤӡޤ⡤⤮ | |
| ƻ | ϡġġۡСỌ̃̄구ᡤݡҡ礦ŴˤΤȭȽӤ礦֡ʩšդȤ䤫褦äѡ | ꡤ塤顤ᡤʤŤ⡤⡤ޤɡ桤ߤꡤʡ͡ꡤţסޡ롤ʤ롤ϡꤳšˡê餤롤ĤܡƤСĤŤ顤ʤʤΤߡϤߡȤϤˡǤСҤ⡤ޡɮؤ顤ޤʤ𡤤䤹 | ȢȭФڡȢ |
| ٤ޤ夦 | ӡоơ桤ɿȡ顤Ĥʪɤ礦ʤޤѤᡤӡܤӡ | 㡤ĤСĻҡҤŴˤƦ | |
| ʡ | 礦ˤ㤯֡Ȥ礦礦桤㡤Ʀ塤ǼƦߤ | Ĥ֤ơݡޤ | Ʀ |
| ڡʪ | ܤޡ纬ˤҤ礦Ӥ椺 | 㡤Ʀ͡⡤ɡߡơᤸСΤĹ⡤ʤʤͤϤؤޡޤĤ⡤ | ܤ |
| ˹ҡ̡̡ꡤϤƤ | ӡޡӤ顤ߤ⡤µᡤޡµߤΡĤʤġˡ餸 | դɤयⲼ̡ޤ֤ȡФ |
ƻʤɤϡʤߤǤϡۤȤɸʤʤäƤޤäΤ¿ޤ褬ˤʤäȾ̡ܤŪƻ˻䤿Τޤ꤫ѤäƤޤơ⤷Ȥˡ줿ƻϡޤˤȤ虜ΤʤˤϸĤޤ衤ƥӤ饸ʤɤȤäȤФȤäȤ虜Ǥ뤫⤷ޤ͡
ưʪˤƤ⡤ʪˤƤ⡤ˤƤ⡤̾Ȥ虜˸뤳ȤǤޤβफϡ⤦錄ΤޤǤϸ뤳ȤǤޤ˲ʤǡ¤ʤʤꡤⳤѤѤĤĤޤ䤿ˤ٤ʸ夲뤿ˤϡʤ¦̤⤢ΤǤΤȤ虜ʹӤˡӤˤʤޤ͡
ƸθȤΤϡ̤ǥåȤʤꤽ
ڲ ůؤȤ虜ˤϤʤ١ꥹۡ1997ǯ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade (138) ˤѸγɤǤơʸˡȥ쥷ܤ˸פʤ줿
Between 1500 and 1850, the number of such books [= cooking recipes] increased dramatically, which, interestingly, shows a parallel with the steep rise in the publication of English grammars since the 1760s . . . . Their reading public was also similar: people who desired access to the 'polite' middle classes, and who needed tools for this, even cookery books. Another similarity is that writers of cookery books often 'copy from existing collections so that such compilations tend to be "improvements" of earlier cookery books' (Görlach 1992: 750).
ޤξƥȥפȤˡ̤ƽǤ³ƤꡤȤ櫓18ȾäȤޤμפϤ徺ָζή˻٤ƤȤŦƤ롥⡤ʤ»νʽˤȤäơ֤ʤߡפªƤΤǤ롥ˡԤֲפȾΤơΥԥڤΤ褦˹ԤʤäƤȤȤⶦߤǤ餫ȤȳȤȤǤϤʤäΤȤϤ18Ⱦˤϡ㤦٤ǧ褦ˤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥
ܤǤϡ뺧Ȥ˽ȤΤʤߤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ褦äܸʸˡμϵƤʤϤ̣ǤۤäȤȤǤ롥18ΥꥹҲϡ "social climbers" ˤȤäΤڤǤϤʤäΤʤȹͤճʶä
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
#1097. quotation marks ([2012-04-28-1]) ǡѸΰ single double κˤĤϡγĤνˤĤˤҤȤƤߤ褦
ߤδǤϡȡdz顡ɡĤȤΤϼΤ褦˻פ롥εǤߤ褦ˡŪˤεϡ֤ѤϤޤޤפȤޤȤơ֤ޡȤƽȯΤä֤ϤޤפȸäƤơ֤ɤǽפȸʤΤϡѼԤȤ̵ǤΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤϸŪʻˡʤΤ⤷ʤŤϡĤΰ֤ʤäΤǤ롪ˤȤäơɤǰѤ뤫餫ɤ⤽DzȤʤȡȤ碌ƤΤ褦
üԤˤ˸ؤäκƸʻǤСºݡȤʤäΤ褦ʥ뤬ˤʤȡĤʤϿȤʤ롥ơ⤬͵18ˡĤĤΰ䤬ŪѤ褦ˤʤäꤷ18ˤϸͤˤȤäƤϸ줷ۤɶˡ¿Ѥ뤳ȤȤ줿ΤǡMurray εʸˡǤ⡤Τ褦2ŰλѤ侩줿ΤǤ롥ʸإȯãȤȼľˡѡνŤζˡδѤ¥ʤȤˤʤ (Crystal 308--09)
γĤˤĤơȤľ̤⤦1Ĥ꤬äϡѤʣˤޤȤκǸĤΰޤ뤫뤤ϸκǽ˳ΰ֤ȤäǤ롥ȤˤäƤϡλϤȽ줾쳫ĤΰɸȤˡѤǤϳΩưѤƳƤ뤫Τ褦˸ɤ붲줬롥ߺѤƤΤϡλϤϲƳΰդưѤη³ĤΰϰΤνˤդʤȤˡ (Crystal 310) 츫ŪǤϤʤΤ褦СμȹΥХμƤ뤳ȤǼǤ
ŪˤϡɬĤΤǤϤʤäȤ¤դ٤Ǥ롥ĤƤδˤˡϡĤγ̤бΤǤʤȤ˥顼Ȥʤ븽ΥץߥΤ褦ʥȤжˤˤ롤¤ˤ餫δäΤǤ롥
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ܥ֥Ǥ code-switching (CS) ˴ؤƤĤεƤȤ櫓Ѹˤλϡ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹνդˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1]) Ƥ CS ˴ؤ븦ȯŸ˸岡ǡޤ˸ (historical_pragmatics) ήԤˤ٤ǡŪˤ CS θ⾯ĿӤƤƤ褦ǤꡤѸˤˤƤ⤤ĤʸФ褦ˤʤä
˱Ѹˤ CS μ֤ϡޤޤƤʤȤ¿⤽⡤CS ѻ˥ƥȤϤɤٻĤäƤΤSchendl ϡѸ줫Ѹˤơʣ줬ߤƥȤϷ褷ƾʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
There is a considerable number of mixed-language texts from the ME and the EModE periods, many of which show CS in mid-sentence. The phenomenon occurs across genres and text types, both literary and non-literary, verse and prose; and the languages involved mirror the above-mentioned multilingual situation. In most cases Latin as the 'High' language is one of the languages, with one or both of the vernaculars English and French as the second partner, though switching between the two vernaculars is also attested. (79)
CS in written texts was clearly not an exception but a widespread specific mode of discourse over much of the attested history of English. It occurs across domains, genres and text types --- business, religious, legal and scientific texts, as well as literary ones. (92)
鷺͡ʥƥȤ CS 褦ʸإƥȤȤƤϡŪˤ "(i) sermons; (ii) other religious prose texts; (iii) letters; (iv) business accounts; (v) legal texts; (vi) medical texts" ƤꡤʸإƥȤȤƤ "(i) mixed or 'macaronic' poems; (ii) longer verse pieces; (iii) drama; (iv) various prose texts" ʤɤȤ (Schendl 80)
Ѹˤ뤤˸ؤˤ CS ʤޤƥȡˤ椹յϾʤȤ3롥1Ĥϡ2Ѥȸܿξβ˻2ĤϡCS ȼѤζܤ˴ط롥üѤ¿ѸˤˤȤäơѤβ餫ˤ뤳ȤϡŪˤºŪˤˤƽפǤ (see #1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1])#2009. ؤˤܿ2 ([2014-10-27-1])) 3ĤˡŪ CS ̻ŪʼͿ뤳Ȥˤꡤ뤳ȤǤ롥
Schendl, Herbert. "Linguistic Aspects of Code-Switching in Medieval English Texts." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 77--92.
#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1]) ǡKoch and Oesterreicher ͭ̾ʡֶᤤȤСפȡֱȤСפΥǥҲ𤷤ϡѰ (register) ˴Ϣơäդդʤɤä (medium) ȡʹˡӥ塼ʤɤäξ (field of discourse) ȤߤˤɤΤ褦ϢưƤ뤫1ĤΥǥǤʻѰˤĤƤϡ#839. register ([2011-08-14-1]) ȡˡ
ޤ˸ˤڵȴϢơ#2001. ˸ˤǡ ([2014-10-19-1]) Ǥ⡤äΤȾʤ뤤ϥˤδطɽ魯ΤȤơJucker ˤޤ
Ϥ⤦1ĻѤ Svartvik and Leech (200) ˤ "A spectrum of usage linking speech with writing" Ƴ褦
'Typical speech'
Face-to face conversation
Telephone conversation
Personal letters
Interviews
Spontaneous speeches
Romantic fiction
Prepared speeches (such as lectures)
Mystery and adventure fiction
Professional letters
News broadcasts
Science fiction
Newspaper editorials
Biographies
Newspaper reporting
Academic writing
Official documents
'Typical writing'
ε#2000. ˸ʬȲ ([2014-10-18-1]) ǡ˸͡ʸҲ𤷤˸츦¾¿Ʊͤˡ˸⤫ĤƤθ졤Ȥ櫓äդǽʸ¤Τ˵Ҥ뤳ȤܻؤƤ롥äȤ⡤˸ϡäդǤդǤ졤뤬äǤ졤修Ǥ졤Ǥ졤줾1Ĥͭ (discourse) ȤơΩоݤȤ뤳ȤʤƤΤǤꡤɬäդˤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤϤ˸Ǥ⡤äդפʲ1ĤǤ뤳ȤˤϤʤ
Ǥϡ¾դ̤ƤθΤ褦Τ뤳ȤΤǤʤ˸ޤ˸츦ǤϡɤΤ褦ˤäդ˴ؤФ뤳ȤǤդޤƤäդǤФˤϡޤξԤδط˴ؤɬפǤ롥褯ΤƤ1Ĥˡ#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1]) Ǽ夲 Koch and Oesterreicher ˤֱȤС (Sprache der Distanz) ȡֶᤤȤС (Sprache der Nähe) ˴ؤ롥ʹֱ顤ӥ塼ʤɳƼäաʸˤäաʲˤδطΤʤǤ줾ɤդ˰֤ΤǥǤ롥ˤꡤäդ˶ᤤդȿǤ줿äӽФȤǤ롥
Jucker and Taavitsainen (23) ˡJucker Ƥ⤦1ĤΥǥ뤬Ƥ롥"Data in historical pragmatics: The 'communicative view'" ꤵ줿ޤγפƸ롥
monologic books, poems
Genuinely written data
dialogic letters, pamphlets
retrospective reports, protocols (e.g. legal); in diaries
in narratives or poetry
Written representations fictional in academic texts
of spoken language
drama
in conversation manuals
prospective
in language textbooks
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