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[2010-11-23-1]εdz⤷褦ˡŪ punctuation λѤˤϸŤʤ'פɽ蘆뵭 apostrophe ˤŪε16˥ե줫Ѥ졤17˹ޤä衤apostrophe ˤ3ĤˡȯŸƤ
(1) ʸξά: cannot can't, government gov't, I am I'm, never ne'er, 1999 '99
(2) ͭ: boy's, boys', Jusus'
(3) ʸʣ: two l's, three 7's, four MP's
(2) (3) ˡ⡤(1) ʸξάˡ˵ĤȤ롥ͭʸʣ -s Ѹ -es ʤˤϸűѸ -es -asˤͳ褷<e> ɽ蘆첻ȼäƤ e άɽȤѤ줿Τ -'s ääơξάɽϽͭʤˤʣˤƱͤŬѤʣǤ (3) ˵üʾƤϽ˻ѤʤʤäͭʤǤ⡤䤬 e ξάȤ䤫ΩŪ e 礤Ƥ men's ʤɤˤղä졤ߤν˽ͭʤɽ魯ˡؤȯŸƤäߤ apostrophe εϤ18ˤʤäƤ褦䤯ΩΤǡϤޤηŪѤƤʤä䡤ʹߤ⸽ߤ˻ޤǡŪʵϤϴˤϳΩƤʤȤäƤ褯ѸѼԤΤ˺³Ƥ롥
㤨[2009-11-11-1]εǤߤ褦 its it's ˸ apostrophe λѤ˴ؤ뺮ӻǤ롥its, hers, ours, yours, theirs ʤ̾νͭʤͭ̾Ǥ apostrophe ĤʤȤ㤬뤷one's Τ褦̾ξϤϤ apostrophe ĤȤʤ⤢롥ԤŹβʤɤǤ Harrods, Lloyds ˤ apostrophe ղäʤMacy's ˤղäȤäǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 203
ֻȯδطˤĤơ<ch> ̾ /tʃ/ б뤬/k/ б뤳Ȥ⤢롥/k/ ؤбϥꥷƥ줫μѸŵŪ˸졤ȤǤϤʤ ( ex. chemistry, chorus, chronic, school ) Ѹ <ch> = /k/ бache /eɪk/ ѤԤǤ롥
θϸűѸ acan ˤפ̤뤬Ūˤϰĸ *ak- ֱԤפˤޤ̤ꤦ ( cf. acid, acrid, acute, vinegar ) űѸư acan ϶ѲưVI°4 acan -- ōc -- ōcon -- acen ä14ϼѲ⸽졤˴˶ܹԤФʢθݤֶܹԡפȸƤ֤褦ǡѸˤϤʤ¤˴ؤܸɽˡ
űѸư acan ϻҲ̾ æce ˤߡפƤ see [2009-06-16-1] ) ʹߡѸޤǤưֻ̾ȯ϶̤Ƥ1700ǯդ꤫麮ƱƤ롥ȯǤ̾줬ư˵ۼ /eɪk/ 줵줿ֻǤư줬̾˵ۼ <ache> 줵줿ȤƤϤޤ <ch> = /k/ бϡư̾κƱ˴ŤΤäȤˤʤ롥
κƱбŤΤϡDr Johnson Ǥ롥1755ǯμǡto ake θФ˼Τ褦롥

Johnson Ϥθθ츻ꥷȸƤ褦ǡ椨 <ache> ֻȤεҤ˱ƶϤڤܤߤֻȯΤͤ줿طꤷƤޤä
ʤߤˡܸΡˤáפȱѸ ouch ȯƤʤʤ ouch ϡ18˥ɥĸ ( Pennsylvania Dutch ) δ autsch 饢ꥫѸäȤ뤬ܸΡ֤פˤɥĸ autsch ˤѸ ouch ˤ ache ˤεüȯΤǤϤʤȵ롥ouch ˤĤơܸΡ֤פȤƤ Online Etymology Dictionary ε⻲ȡ
ε[2010-11-27-1] aisle ֻȯˤĤƽҤ٤طʤˤϰֻ̯ȯδطΩƤ isle island ¸ߤäisland ϰθ˴Ť etymological respelling ŵǤꡤ⤷[2009-11-05-1], [2009-08-21-1]ǤܤƤʤäΤǡ٤ФʤͳҲ𤷤
פɽ魯ϸűѸ īegland 뤤 ēaland ȤäʣȾʬ īeg- ēa ϡֿ塤פɽ魯ǡ land Ȥ߹蘆äơפֿ̣ϡפפ̣ȤΤϤȯۤǤꡤޥˤбʣ줬롥ʤߤˡīeg- ΰκƷ *akwā ǡϥƥ aqua ֿפƱǤ롥
ơűѸ īegland ѸǤ iland yland Ȥäǡ1300ǯˡפɽ魯Ȥƥե줫 ile, yle äƤ iland ile + land ȺʬϤ뤳ȤȤʤäʬϤλǤϥեǤȱѸǤȤ߹蘆ä ( hybrid ) Ȥʤ뤬Ȥ߹碌[2009-08-01-1]εǿ줿褦ɬϤʤ
ˤ⤦Ҥ꤬ͤä롥15˥ե¦ ile isle ֤褦ˤʤäϡƥθ츻 insula פȤ etymological spelling ä <s> ޤ etymological spelling αƶե줫ѸؤڤӡѸǤ15 isle ʣǤ16 isle-land 졤17 island ֻ夷ֻηаޤܤˡȯΤۤ /s/ 櫓Ǥʤ1Ĺ첻 /iː/ 첻ܤФ /aɪ/ ؤȿܤ
ȤǡűѸ īeg- ֿפϡFrisian Old Norse Ǥ -land ȼ鷺ȤñȤǡפɽ魯Ȥ餪⤷եꥸ䥢ν̱֤줿Τʤ˽Ǥ褦ʤפȤäƤ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥ֿפȡפǤϤޤȿո̱ˤȤäƤ We live on the water We live on the island ȤϤۤɰۤʤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Ե֤ϩ¦ʤΤȤ aisle seat ȤäĹΥԵǤ window seat ȥΩ䤹ʪߤ䤹ʤɤͳǡϤäѤ aisle seat ɤǤ롥ʤ aisle Ϥֻ̯ȯʤΤȤդȻפäĴ٤ƤߤȡʤʤˤФƤ褦OED εҤɤǤȡʣƺ𤹤ۤɤ
ȯ鸫Ƥߤ褦츻ϥƥ āla פ /aː/ 첻äƤťեǤ e(e)le 1ʾ夬ä첻η֤14˱ѸäƤ15ϡθΡ¦ϭסʶƲ濴ʬΥۤ줿¦ϭˤθ ile פϢۤ졤/iː/ βĤ˻롥줬첻ܤϤȤʤꡤߤȯ /aɪl/ ˤɤĤƥ /ā/ 鸽Ѹ /aɪ/ ޤ夬ưƤȤˤʤ롥ȤƤ[2010-07-25-1]ǿ줿 friar ʤɤ롥
ֻϤäʣǤ롥ƥ <ala>ťե <e(e)la>Ѹ <ele>, <ile> ޤǤϾǸ18ˡˡʸ˴Ť etymological respelling <s> Ƥ isle island ( see [2009-11-05-1], [2009-08-21-1] ) ˤʤ餤θ isle ֤褦ˤʤ롥³ƥեȯãƤֻ <aile> ˤƶ졤ߤ <aisle> ߤֻϡisle aile ιλҤȤȤˤʤ롥
Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) aile ֻȼĥƤ뤬Ǥ˸ߤֻ̯夷ĤĤä褦Ǥ롥
Thus the word is written by Addison, but perhaps improperly; since it seems deducible only from either aile, a wing, or allie, a path; and is therefore to be written aile.
ѸǤϤ̤˸뤬λ鸫̯ʹ¤롥go ˼бŪ̾줬տ魯빽¤ǡˤ he goes him Τ褦ɽǤ롥ŪˤϼؼƵ̾ȹͤ뤬himself Τ褦ʣѤ뤳ȤѸˤϤʤ, p. 187ˡǽŪˤϰ ethical dative ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤȤƤ⤽εǽϤʤʤ褦˻פ롥
㤨СChaucer "The Physician's Tale" (l. 207) ʰѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ
He gooth hym hoom, and sette him in his halle,
ι¤ˤĤƤäĴ٤¤ǤϡޤܤȤʬʤΤOED Ǥ "go" θ45ȤưʲεҤä
45. With pleonastic refl. pron. in various foregoing senses. Now only arch. [Cf. F. s'en aller.]
ʸȤƤϡѸ4ȡʬȴ֤1892ǯΤΤ1㤢Τߤä
Middle English Dictionary ΥȥƤߤȡ2a.(b) ˴Ϣ뵭Ҥää˲ϤʤפäƤȤѸǤϼ¤ˤ˵빽¤Ǥʤ顤äĴ٤餤ǤϤޤܤܤäƤʤΤǤ롥 (187) ˤСѸǤ gon Τۤarisen, feren, flen, rennen, riden, sitten, stonden ʤɤαȯμư줬ι¤Ȥ뤳ȤΤƤ롥
Ѹäι¤ϡѸǤϤɤʤäΤHelsinki Corpus go him 濴ȤƤߤѸ줫10ʾ夬äΤΡѸ1ʤä칽¤϶ѸѤƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ɤäаޤäΤ
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ
Ѹ줬λǤ뤳Ȥϡܥ֥Ǥ me_dialect γƵˤƤɤǤϱѸϸѸϰ̤եå졤ɸȤῴԺߤΤȤǡäƱŪϰ˱ɤѸˤϱѸ줬̤ɸಽؤ⸽Ƥ뤬ˤϱѸϽؤȤ¤ʬƤȤäƤ褤C. L. Barber (152) μθŪΤǤ롥
Early Middle English texts give the impression of a chaos of dialects, without many common conventions in pronunciation or spelling, and with wide divergences in grammar and vocabulary. (qtd in Bryson 48)
Ѹˤǰ츫ԻĤ˻פ뤳ȤΰĤϡʤѸ줬Ѹ˥եΤӤΤȤӤ줿ȤǤ롥䡤Ӥ줿Ȥϡष˱ɤȤäƤ褤ҲŪϰ̤Ѹ줿եȤӤˤʤʤ餤ͤäͤä餳˵Ť줺̩̿Ϥݻ뤳ȤǤΤ⤷ʤѸγǽ줿ʸɤȡθŪ¿Τʤ̿ϤβʤɼҲդǻ٤ƤѸüԤϡͤϰ̤ʤɤޤ鷺ˡȱѸä³ƤΤǤ롥
̩ʱѸ˱ɤԻĤ˻פΤϡĤλǤ⤽ä褦ˡŪʸΤȤ۲θ줬ȤȤӻǤ뤫[2010-01-26-1] language_death γƵǤߤ褦ˡǤλäƤꡤ¿ϼϤλŪʸ˶ǤλǤ롥Ѹˤ˴ϢߤƤ⡤Ĥƥ֥ͤƥΥȿͤȤˡȸϻˤʤäնƨ뤳ȤǤӤ٤Ǥ롥ɤˤѸϰۤʤäƤ
ѸξԻĤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤطʤõԻĤҥȤϤ롥ʥΥޥ˥եͤβ²ˤ륤ɻۤϳΤܾ̾ϤʤΤŪˤϥͤݤƤ[2010-03-31-1]εǸȤꡤɽ̱95%ޤǤϤäΤǤ롥ޤۼԤեüԤϱѸŨդƤꡤäϤƤʤäȤפǤ롥餯ѸǤǤʤñ˱ѸФƤ̵ؿäȤΤäդȤƤαѸ줬̩˱ɤˤϡष乥δĶäƤȹͤ롥
ѸʹߡѸϥ֥ƥӽФǥӥ塼̤Ȥˤʤ롥ơ21θߡѸϤäȤ˱ɤȤʤäƤ롥ѸϼҲŪˤϿ̲äƤѸˤƤ顤¤̩˱ɤƤΤǤ롥λ¤õƤ
Barber, C. L. The Story of Language. London: Pan Books, 1972.
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
[2010-08-18-1]εǡ֥ס inkhorn term ˤˤĤƿ줿16ͥǮˤĤ줿ؼԤϡꥷƥ줫̤˸äѸؼѤʳŪѸ줬¿Ѥ®٤⤢ޤ˵ޤäᡤθݼŪʳؼԤ inkhorn terms 餵褦ˤʤäɽŪȽȤ1ͤ Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) Ǥ롥 The Arte of Rhetorique (1553) ǼΤ褦˼ĥƤ롥
Among all other lessons this should first be learned, that wee never affect any straunge ynkehorne termes, but to speake as is commonly received: neither seeking to be over fine nor yet living over-carelesse, using our speeche as most men doe, and ordering our wittes as the fewest have done. Some seeke so far for outlandish English, that they forget altogether their mothers language.
Wilson "ynkehorne termes" ȤƤϼΤ褦ʸ礬롥ex. revolting, ingent affabilitie, ingenious capacity, magnifical dexteritie, dominicall superioritie, splendidiousΥƥ줫֤βϡ[2010-02-13-1]εǿ줿15 aureate diction ˡפγǤȤ
inkhorn controversy 16̤³ʪȤƱѸ˾塤פʤΤޤ뤳ȤˤʤäѸ켭Ǥ롥inkhorn terms ȡɬŪ켭褦ˤʤäRobert Cawdrey (1580--1604) ϡ1604ǯ3000ϿʿפݤȤ A Table Alphabeticall Ǥɽβơ줳³1Ѽ ( monolingual dictionary ) ʤѱѼäΤǤ롥ߡEFL ؽԤʿפγƼѱѼˤäˤʤäƤ뤬طʤˤ16 inkhorn terms inkhorn controversy ƤΤǤ롥
A Table Alphabeticall ˤĤƤϡBritish Museum βͭѤǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ε[2010-11-22-1]˰³punctuation ֶˡפˤĤơpunctuation ˤϽդˤƱĹȹͤ뤬ܵǤϸѸ punctuation ľܤεȹͤѸޤ̤٤뤳Ȥˤ
߱ѸѤƤפ punctuation ˽иŪʴѤȯãƤǽȹͤΤ1516ΤȤǤ롥Ǥܤɤ߽ԤʤƤꡤpunctuation Τ͡ʷdzѤƤषǤʤ٤ƼǤ뤿˸Ȥϰۤʤü punctuation ¸ߤƤ¤˸ˤޤǤ˼줿ɵ30Ķȸ ( Crystal, p. 282 )
Ū punctuation ȯãˤϰѤȯԤʤФʤʤä1475ǯCaxton ˤѸϤޤ ( see [2009-12-24-1] ) ֻ punctuation ˸경ư褦ˤʤʵդεˤĤƤ[2010-02-18-1]εȡˡλ period, colon, semicolon ʤɤδѤޤäƤä 경ưȤäƤ¿٤ФȤ٤Ǥꡤ褷ηŪǤϤʤäޤ punctuation δŪȯۤϤޤ prosodic 뤤 oratory ä17 punctuation ϡޤ˼ȤƱΧͺۡưŤƤꡤŪʲɤǽˤ뤿ˡȤ̤äΤǤʺε[2010-11-22-1]ǽҤ٤ǽ (2) ˡ
Ȥ17 punctuation prosodic ȯۤ鸽 grammatical ȯۤؤƤʺεεǽ (1) ˡˤϡȡʸˡ Ben Jonson (1572--1637) θӤ礭17ʹߡexclamation mark, quotation marks, dash, apostrophe ʤɤοɵ³Ф18ޤǤˤϱѸ punctuation ϸߤȿã1819ˤ punctuation ¿Ѥ heavy style ŪäߤǤϤޤ punctuation Ѥʤ light style ήǤ롥Żҥʸʤɤطʤˡߤ⿷ punctuation ηϤޤĤĤ롥ŪʱѸ punctuation ˤϤ500ǯ⿷ʶˡäƤ椯Ȥˤʤ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ѸνդǤ punctuation ֶˡפβ̤礭period, comma, colon, semicolon, hyphen, apostrophe, question mark, exclamation mark, quotation marks Ϥᡤasterisk, italics, bold type, capitalisation, indentation ʤɤ punctuation ιǤȹͤƤ褤MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers The Chicago Manual of Style ʤɤǤ϶ˡεϤ٤Ƥꡤºݤʪ϶ˡˤΤǤ롥ޤǸȤ⡤̤νɤ⡤ˡ䤹ɤߤ䤹˴ط뤳ȤΤäƤꡤʤ̤Ƥ뤳ȤǧƤ롥
Crystal (278) ˤСpunctuation ˤϾʤȤ4Ĥεǽ롥
(1) grammatical: "to enable stretches of written language to be read coherently, by displaying their grammatical structure"
(2) prosodic: "representing the intonation and emphasis of spoken language"
(3) semantic/rhetorical: "highlight semantic units or contrasts present in the text but not directly related to its grammatical structure"
(4) semantic/graphic: "add a semantic dimension, unique to the graphic medium, which it would be difficult or impossible to read aloud"
punctuation ȤäƤ˻פĤΤϡ(1) grammatical ӤʸȤŪñ̤ڤΤ period Ѥ롤̴طΤ comma Ѥ롤ȸ̤Τ space Ѥʤɤ punctuation ŵŪˡ
(2) prosodic ʵǽȤϡquestion mark Ǿ徺ĴǤȤexclamation mark Ǹ쵤ɽʤɤǤ롥
(3) semantic/rhetorical Ϲ̣ʸŪʵǽȹͤƤ褤⤷ʤsemicolon 뤳ȤˤäƱĴɽꡤʸǹʬ stanza ɽˡѤʤɤ롥
(4) äդбΤʤ̣˹뵡ǽǡ֤פɽ魯 scare quotes 䡤Ĵ *VERY IMPORTANT* ʤɤȥƥꥹǶʸ뵻ˡʤɤȤʤ롥
Żҥʸ˽ϤƤ punctuation ˤ͡ʿѤиĤĤ롥Ѳϡפ components ( see [2010-05-09-1] ) Τߤʤ餺punctuation Τ褦ʼŪ component Ǥμ¤Ƥ롥ǤϡˤϤɤäѸˤˤƤ punctuation ϾѲƤγפεǡ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Ѹˤϡ̾бƻäǤȤ롥ˤϡƻ줬˥ե졤ƥ졤ꥷ줫μѸˤäƤޤʤƤȤ𤬤롥ˤ3Ĥ¦̤褦˻פ롥
(1) ̾бƻϼѸǤˡ֤ǧʤfather Ф paternalking Ф royal, regal ʤɡŪͽ¬ԲǽǤꡤؽԤϰĤҤȤİŵۤʤfather -- paternal Τ褦ʥڥϵŪˤƱ츻 ( see [2009-08-07-1] ) ΤˤŪμɬפǤ롥[2010-04-18-1]ε褦ˡưʪ̾бƻϤɽ魯ŵŪǤ롥
(2) (1) Τ褦ʥڥˤƻ줬¸礬ꡤξ硤ʣηƻδ֤˰̣ʬ롥father ФƻȤƤ paternal Τۤ fatherly ¸ߤ롥Ʊͤˡking ФƤ royal regal Τۤ kingly ¸ߤ ( see [2010-03-27-1] ) ηƻδ֤ˤϰ̣Ѱ ( register ) κꡤؽԤϤϤĤҤȤİ㤤ؤФʤФʤʤ
(3) ̾켫ΤѸξ硤̾бƻƱ츻μѸʤΤǡ츫ͽ¬ǽ⤽ղäƻʣढΤǤɤ줬ƻ줫ʬʤ㤨Сlabyrinth µܡפ˼θϥꥷ줫ƥФƱѸ˼Ѥ졤ѸǤν1387ǯȤʤäƤ롥ơ16ʹߡηƻѸѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤФ뤳ȽФ뤳ȡ17濴ˤƤʤ7ηƻ줬ϿƤ롥OED ǤνǯȤȤ˷֤
| Adjective | Year |
|---|---|
| labyrinthial (obsolete) | a1550 |
| labyrinthian | 1588 |
| labyrinthical (rare) | 1628 |
| labyrinthine | 1632 |
| labyrinthic | 1641 |
| labyrinthal (rare) | 1669 |
| labyrinthiform | 1835 |
Ѹǵ줿¸ǸŤʸϡΥ Anglo-Frisian ϤΥ롼ʸ ( the runic alphabet ) ǹޤ줿ûʸǤ롥1982ǯ Suffolk Undley ȯ줿ľ2.3cmζΥ ( the Undley bracteate ) ˹ޤƤꡤǯϵ450--80ǯΤΤȤ롥ޥ Angles, Saxons, Jutes 餬Φ֥ƥذܽƤˡȰ˳ϤäƤΤȹͤ롥βϡThe British Museum ΥǸ뤳ȤǤ롥
֤äƬβǻϵͤοʹ֤ͿƤ롥餫Υ Romulus Remus οä۵μϡ̤Ⱦʬۤɤˤƥ롼ʸ麸˹ޤƤ롥Τ3줫ʤûʸǡȸζڤϾŴݤǼƤ롥ž̤ȰʲΤ褦ɤ롥
( u d e m æ g æ m æg og æg )
= gægogæ mægæ medu
= ?she-wolf reward to kinsman
= This she-wolf is a reward to my kinsman
Τ褦ʻϤ뤬ܺ٤ʬäƤʤä˺ǽθ gægogæ ϰ̣Ǥꡤʲζ餷Ʋ餫μŪ귿Ȥ롥
줬1500ǯǺǤפȤʤΡ¸ǸŤεϿǤ롥
David Crystal ƸȤޤήƴưȤΥˤĤƤϡCrystal ˤưˤȴϢ⤪ᡥThe British Library 1112ǯ43ޤdzƤѸŸ Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices θƤʪ1ĤǤ
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002. 181.
ѸϱѸ줬ǺߤƤǤ롥ѸƥΤ褦ʸ경ؤȹȻפäƤꥹγؼԤϡȯֻáʸˡʤɱѸΤ¦̤˴ĤɸŪѸ夲褦Ȥȯ˴ؤƤ16ʹߡȯפˤؼԤ졤17ˤؼ ( orthoepist ) ȸƤФ褦ˤʤä ( see [2010-07-12-1] ) ؼԤȯΤߤʤ餺ȯֻδطˤؿˡ ( orthography ) ȯŸֻפȤ̩ܤ˴ؤä ( orthoepy ) ϤȤȤȯˡϯˡȤδϢȯãƤʬä18ˤ William Kenrick (1773) A new Dictionary of the English Language: containing not only the explanation of words . . . but likewise their orthoepia or pronunciation in speech John Walker (1791) A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the english Language ʤɤȯ줿˸ˡؤϸβؤδäȤʤä
George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion ȤˤDz My Fair Lady (1964) Ǥ Audrey Hepburn ʱ Eliza ȯ뤬϶奤ꥹǤȯγϼҲγʤ뤦ǽפǤǤäȤΤǤ롥ߤǤ RP Ȥϸ鷺Ȥ⥤ɸȯ뤳ȤϡпȤΥꥹͤˤȤä1ĤɸǤ롥αؤƤ Scotland Glasgow ¤ΤҤɤǰ̾⤤ˤǤϡԤɸȯԤ뽢ܤʤɤܵݤȤ顤ФʤäǤ롥EFL ؽԤˤȤäƤȯפϽפɸȤʤäƤꡤϤȤƤؤϷߤǤ롥Ѹ줬ȤȤ˱Ѹȯ¿ͲƤ롥ѸؤȤΤϤ⤽ǽʤΤȹͤ롥
Ѹˤפϡˤ orthoepy orthoepist ΤΤȯɤƤ뤳Ȥɽ蘆Ƥ롥ʤȡξ4Τǽʳ3ĤβΤˤ⥢ȤΤǤ롥פΡפȤϰβؤΤʸˡΤȤϢơ̤αѸȤʤäƤ
[2010-11-10-1]εǡűѸ y ѸǤȯãˤ³[2010-11-11-1]εǤϡmerry ( OE myrig ) 夲ʣ Chaucer αѸ˺ߤƤ뤳ȤǼ褦ˡ礭ʬ3˶̤ƤѸΤɤȯֻɸѸȤ夹뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ϥäȹͤ롥
٤ηϤĤळȤǤ롥(1) <i> /ɪ/(2) <u> /y/(3) <e> /ɛ/ 3Τʤǡ(1) Ǥ¿ɸǼ bridge ( OE brycg ), kiss ( OE cyssan ), kin ( OE cynn ), lust ( OE lystan ), sin ( OE synn ) (2) 첻ϸѲƤ뤬blush ( OE blyscan ), church ( OE cyrce ), much ( mycel; for mickle see [2010-11-12-1] ) ʤɤκפĤƤ롥Ǥ⾯ʤΤ (3) Υפǡknell ( OE cnyllan ), merry ( OE myrig ) ʤɤɸȤäƤ롥
ơޤǤϸɸȤƺѤ줿֤ȤäʤƤˤη֤ϤɤʤäƤΤɤνϡѸʹߡߤ˻ޤ¸ߤ³Ƥ롥㤨СѸͳ褹 /ɛ/ ¸Ƥ븽ɸ bury ϡǤϤɤΤ褦ȯƤΤ
ʤȤˡUpton and Widdowson Map 1 ˤ buried 1첻ʬۤƤʸѸȤϤäƤ20ȾФλǤʬۤǤ뤳ȤաˡˤȡɤǤ /ɛ/ ԤʤƤ뤬CambridgeshireǤ /ʌ/ ȯԤʤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ޤDurham Ǥ㳰Ū /a/ ȯ⤢롥
ɸȯ /ɛ/ εǤ Kent ޤǡ/ɛ/ Ǥʤ /ʌ/ ԤʤƤȤΤ϶äǤ롥ɸȤʤ٤ĤƤʤ顤ɸŪȯѤ褦ˤʤäΤ̯<u> ֻ /ʌ/ бƤΤ顤ष§ŪȤ⤤롥
ʤϡɸѸη֡פˤߤƤޤȤ¿θȡäȤ⤷ʤʣʡˤλ¤ФƤΤʤȼ´
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
츻ˤ֤ΰۤʤ2Ĥθ2Ÿ ( doublet ) ȸƤ֡ޤǤ2Ÿ3ŸˤĤƤ¿εˤƤ ( see doublet and triplet ) Ѹθä˭٤ͤȡDzŸޤǤΤȻפäƤBryson (67) 6Ÿ ( sextuplet ) ¸ߤȤҤߤĤ
奮ꥷ discos ƥä discus ֡ʸ奮ꥷζѤΡ˱ספ캬Ȥʲαñ췲Ǥ롥
| Word | Meaning | First year by OED |
|---|---|---|
| dish | 绮 | OE |
| dais | ֹ¡ʡ | a1259 |
| desk | ִ | c1386 |
| discus | ֡ʸ奮ꥷζѤΡ˱ס | 1656 |
| disk | ֱסŷΤΡʿ߷ʵΤΡ˥ǥ | 1664 |
| disc | Ȥ disk α֤ | C18? |
츦ˤ corpus ֥ѥפ͡Ƥ뤬McEnery et al. ʷǤ롥
. . . a corpus is a collection of (1) machine-readable (2) authentic texts (including transcripts of spoken data) which is (3) sampled to be (4) representative of a particular language or language variety.
(1) (2) ˤĤƤϤ褽Դ֤˥뤬(3) (4) ˤĤƤϲä "sampled" 뤤 "representative" ȤߤʤˤĤ͡ʰո롥ڤˤƤ뤳ȤǤ
ڤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥˤϡ饤ΤΤǤ롥ʲϡϿɬפʤΤ⤢뤬˥饤ǴؤѤǤѸ쥳ѥ
British National Corpus ʤĤΥեƤ
* BNC ( The British National Corpus )
* BNCweb ̵Ͽ
* BYU-BNC ̵Ͽ
BYU Corpora Brigham Young University, Mark Davies Τ¾Υ饤ѥ
* COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ̵Ͽ
* COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English ) ̵Ͽ
* TIME Magazine Corpus of American English ̵Ͽ
Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler
¾ܥ֥ǤϥѥطεȷǺܤƤΤǡͤˤ줿
hellog Υѥν: [2010-09-15-1]
hellog ΥѥϢ: corpus
hellog BNC Ϣ: bnc
McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.
OED ɤǤȻ٤ΤܤƤ뤬ä˽פ¿ǤϵҤڡˤ錄Τǡ줳ܤʤꤽ䤫Ƥڡ¿ܰ¤ȤȡѸư set ۤɤ¿¸ߤʤOED Dictionary facts ˤȡ
Longest entry in Dictionary: the verb 'set' with over 430 senses consisting of approximately 60,000 words or 326,000 characters
6εҤȤûۤɤĹǤ롥ҤĹǺǹȤȤϡ褽¿Ǥǹȹͤƺ٤ʤߤ "a wholly unassuming monosyllable, the verbal equivalent of the single-celled organism" ( Bryson, p. 63 ) ¤Ȥǻ polysemic word ȤȤˤʤ롥CD-ROMǤǤ set ΥȥΤɽޤǤ˻PC32ää
¾ξؽѱѱѼʤǿǡˤư set ϿĴ٤Ƥߤ
| dictionary | number of senses |
|---|---|
| OALD8 | 16 |
| LDOCE5 | 25 |
| Cobuild | 14 |
| CALD | 18 |
| Macmillan | 15 |
| Merriam-Webster's | 17 |
[2010-10-18-1], [2010-11-07-1]ˤƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ȴϢ뤬줬ȿ2ΰ̣Ʊͭ뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʸ contronym 뤤 Janus-faced word ȸƤ֡
ѸܶȤơout 롥"Stars are out tonight." ǤϡָƤפΰ̣"The lights are all out." Ǥϡ־äƤפ줾ɽ魯̤ŵŪ contronym sanction 롥θϡǧġġפθ ( ex. "without the sanction of Parliament" ) ¤ǡۡȳ ( ex. "US sanctions against Cuba" ) θġ fast ˤϡ֤äȡꤹ̣ ( ex. "make a boat fast" ) ȡ̣ ( ex. "run fast" ) ȤߤƤ롥quinquennial ˤϡ5ǯ³פȡ5ǯ1١פθ ( Bryson, pp. 63--64 )
ǯѤȤˤ "infer" contronym ȹͤinfer ֿ¬פ̣뤬άˤ imply ְżפƱˤѤ롥äAżΤʹB¬Ȥ̴طʤΤξϷӤĤѤȤƤȿФǤ롥OALD8 θˡǤϡʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
infer / imply
Infer and imply have opposite meanings. The two words can describe the same event, but from different points of view. If a speaker or writer implies something, they suggest it without saying it directly: The article implied that the pilot was responsible for the accident. If you infer something from what a speaker or writer says, you come to the conclusion that this is what he or she means: I inferred from the article that the pilot was responsible for the accident.
??? Infer is now often used with the same meaning as imply. However, many people consider that a sentence such as Are you inferring that I???m a liar? is incorrect, although it is fairly common in speech.
Trudgill (5--6) infer ˤĤ⤷Ƥ̤ꡤŪʸ̮ŪʴĶʶֻ줬 to from ʤɡˤǤΰ̣ѤƤ뤫Ƚ̤Ǥ礬ۤȤɤǡۤɺƱϵʤȤϤäƤ⡤contronym ˤŪ˸ζ줬ΤϳΤǤꡤinfer Τ褦ʸ̵̤ͭˤƤ⡤줫ΰ̣Ƥ椯ưŤ䰵Ϥϡcontronym Ǥʤ٤礭ȹͤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
Trudgill, Peter. "The Meaning of Words Should Not be Allowed to Vary or Change." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 1--8.
ɸ /ɪ/ ȯɽǤʤͤʤΤǡд첻 ( lax front-high vowel ) ʤɤĴŪɽפ it ˴ޤޤû첻ΤȤǤ롥
ߤʤɤǸѸȯֻЪΥݤˡƬȤơ֡ȤȯбֻñζФʤʣפȤդˡ֡ȤֻбȯñζФʤʣפȤ齬Dz롥Υߤǡ /ɪ/ бֻñζФʤʣפƤߤΤθ̤ȯ졤ͤǤϤʤʤפĤʤճ줿Τǡäʲ˶ɲäʤƸ
<i>: him, it, thick
<y>: hymn, sympathy, yclept
<e>: English, recognize, women ( see [2009-12-12-1] )
<u>: busy, business ( see [2010-11-10-1] )
<a>: acknowledge (AmE), spinach,
<ee>: been
<ie>: sieve
<ui>: build
ճȤ̣Ǥηϡΰͤ forehead <ea> Ǥ ( see [2010-01-12-1], [2009-11-24-1] ) ˤäƤ <ehea> ʬڤФ줬 /ɪ/ бȼĥ뤳Ȥǽ⤷ʤʤμΥΰۤΥ롼Ȥơ첻Ҳб롤뤤ϻҲ첻бȤȤ߹碌ϰȿȤƤ褦˻פˡμ ( disguised compound; see [2010-01-12-1] ) 䡤हѸ̾̾ʤɤСȤǤʤ¾ˤ뤫⤷ʤ
ɸʸϡ֤ѤлȤʤפ̣Ǥ롥mickle ϡűѸǤ̤Ѥ줿 micel "much" бťΥɸ mikill ˲ŪʱƶơѸ mikel ȤʤäΤͳ褹롥ߡmickle ϥåȥʤɤǹԤʤƤ뤬ɸǤϸǤ롥
ˤΤ many a little ȤɽǤ롥 little ϡ־̡פΰ̣βĻ̾ȹͤƤ褤 many ղäΤǤ many littles ȤʤꤽǤ롥Ȥmany a ǽƤ롥Ǥ⡤ many a + ̾ñפȤ¤ϸdzʼФäƤΤΡmany + ̾ʣפƱΰ̣ɽ魯ȤǤ롥ι¤ñ̾찷Ȥʤꡤθ makes Ƥ褦ˡбưñΤħǤ롥
ι¤ѸǤΤ褦ѤƤɤ괧ȯãƤʤűѸ졤ޤȯãˤäѸǤϡ many + ̾ñפι¤ѤƤŪʡ many + ̾ʣפι¤ϸűѸˤ¸ߤϤѤäƤΤѸʹߤΤȤǤ롥űѸǺǤ̤ˡ¿Ρפΰդɽ路 fela ŵŪʣ̾ȼäˤȤ߹蘆ä many fele + ̾ʣפȤʸѸˤФи뤬줬 many + ̾ʣפι¤γ˰äǽϤ뤫⤷ʤ
¿ΡפȤ̣ͤ many 괧 a(n) ³ΤԻĤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤˤϡall Ф every each Ʊͤˡ¿ΤΰĤҤȤĤθŻ뤹ȯۤȹͤ롥 many a(n) + ̾ʣפΤۤ¿Ǥ뤳Ȥ궯Ĵ̤Ȥ뤬ʵŪǤϤ뤬ˤι¤ܤƤ뤬椨
ε[2010-11-10-1]ǡѸͳ褹ֻȯЪΥˤ̤ȤƤߤСbusy bury ʤɤֻȯɸಽκݤ̡˿äƤޤäԱǤꡤmerry ʤɤֻȯåȤǹưǤäȤˤʤ롥
ϤޤǶη̤Ǥ롥ɥΤ褦ΤĤܤǤϡºݤˤֻȯΤȤ߹碌줿٤busy ǤСɥǤ /ɪ/, /y/, /ɛ/ ȯʹ줿<i>, <u>, <e> ֻΤ⸫줿339̤Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢롥ɸಽ˺ݤƤκǽŪʷϡѡȤäǤʣ˺Ѥ̤äɸಽû֤ǵä櫓ǤϤʤߤζ줷ߤȤ¿ʻ֤äΤǡδ֤˸ߤ̯˻פ뤳ȤĤĵäȤƤԻĤǤϤʤbusy bury ϤΤ褦ȹͤ롥
14ȾΥɥǤϡդɸಽˤ䤫˻ưƤΥɥѸ褽ɽƤΤ Chaucer Ǥ롥 The Canterbury Tales "The Nun's Priest's Tale" ɤǤơmerry ˲٤вäΤǡۤʤֻϿʤɤ߿ʤƤߤʲѤ The Riverside Chaucer ꡥ
<myrie>
Be myrie, housbonde, for youre fader kyn! (l. 2968)
That stood ful myrie upon an haven-syde; (l. 3071)
Ther as he was ful myrie and wel at ese. (l. 3259)
Faire in the soond, to bathe hire myrily, (l. 3267; [:by])
How that they syngen wel and myrily). (l. 3272; [:sikerly])
For trewely, ye have as myrie a stevene (l. 3291)
<mery>
Of herbe yve, growyng in oure yeerd, ther mery is; (l. 2966)
And after that he, with ful merie chere, (l. 3461 in Epilogue to NPT)
<murie>
His voys was murier than the murie orgon (l. 2851)
Soong murier than the mermayde in the see (l. 3270)
This was a murie tale of Chauntecleer. (l. 3449 in Epilogue to NPT)
Chaucer ˤͽ̤ꡤ3ֻ̤äȤʬ롥ΥƥȤ˴ؤ¤ŪͥʤΤ <myrie> 䤿ΤäƤȤꡤɸಽΤϺǤ⾯ɤǤ <mery> 첻ʻˤķ֤Ǥ롥դɸಽ˿ʹԤΤǤꡤ椨ɸಽβˤʣʻ𤬤ä褦ȤȤ褯ʬΤǤϤʤ
ѸֻȯЪΥˤϼŪطʤ롥ŪΤĤˤĤƤ[2009-06-28-2]εˤ (2) ǼΤˤƤʤѸ𤬤äspelling-pronunciation gap ȤƸѸˤޤǻĤäɬ¿ʤˤϤƱѸŪʻ𤬤ä
busy ʵڤӤ̾ business ˤˤȤäƹͤƤߤ褦busy 1첻 <u> ֻʤ /ɪ/ ȯǡѸäΤʤǤǹ٤Ե§ʸȤäƤ
θõˤϡѸθʤФʤʤ[2009-09-04-1]Ǹ褦ˡѸΥɤˤΤʬ¸ߤθűѸˤʹߤζѸˤ¸ߤ٤κϤȯãʤϤʤȹͤƤ褤Ǥ⡤Ѹ줬λפȸƤФ졤¸ߤܤΤϡդɸबԺߤȤǡդΤˤФɽƤǤ롥̻ϼäդΡ¤פդξȿǤ̤Ȥ1ĤθФʣֻΩȤʤäʤκǤü㤬[2009-06-20-1]ǾҲ𤷤 through ֻǤˡ
14ʹߡˤ䤫˥ɥȯͤνɸ餷ΤƤ롥αѸˤɸλߤζ줷ߤˤȤСѸϤνϤˤʤɥŪˤθǤꡤޤή͡ΤĤܤǤ⤢äɥפȤʤ礦٤Τʤ顤֤ơʬŪˤϿͰŪˡʬŪˤϼȯŪɸ餷Τ줭ΤǤ롥
嵭طʤѸ첻äܤűѸ <y> ֻˡ/y/ ȯˤɽ蘆ƤֻȯϡѸγǤϤ줾켡Τ褦ɽФƤ

绨ĤˤäơǤ <i> /ɪ/Ǥ <u> /y/Ǥ <e> /ɛ/ Ȥʬֻۤ <u> ϥեֻαƶǤˡäơűѸ <y> äƤϡѸǤˤä֤͡졤ȯ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ʲɽͤ˺ˡ
| Southwestern, West-Midland | North, East-Midland | Southeastern (Kentish) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OE forms | /y/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ |
| byrgan "bury" | bury | biry | bery |
| bysig "busy" | busy | bisy | besy |
| cynn "kin" | kun | kin | ken |
| lystan "lust" | luste(n) | liste(n) | leste(n) |
| myrge "merry" | murie | myry | mery |
| synn "sin" | sunne | synne | senne, zenne |
ε[2010-11-08-1]Ǽ夲Ƭ post- ˤĤơιޤäˤĤƤMarchand (183-84) ˤȡpost- ȯ19ʹߤȤ
3.43. 2 The only type that has really become productive in English word-formation is the type postmeridianus (which in Classical Latin is still weak, but grows in subsequent periods). Though we have coinages from the 17th century on, as postmeridian 1626, post-diluvian 1680 (after antediluvian 1646), post-connubial 1780, the vast majority date from the 19th century, as post-baptismal, -biblical, -classical, -graduate, -natal, -nuptial, -pagan, -prandial, -resurrectional, -Roman / -cretacean, -diluvial, -glacial, -tertiary / -Adamic, -Cartesian, -Darwinian, -Elizabethan, -Homeric, -Kantian, and other derivatives from proper names.
3.43.3 Developing at about the same time as the corresponding types pre- and ante-war years (second half of the 19th century), formed after the prototype anti-court party, we have the type post-war years with combination such as post-Pliocene period 1847, post-Easter time, post-election period, post-Reformation period, post-Restoration period, etc. The idea is always that of 'time following --'.
ƬŪطɽ뵡¿ˤȤʬǤȤ櫓Ƥ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥ޤ19ñȤȯ櫓ǤϤʤе pre- ante- ȤȤϤƤȤ褯ʬ롥
ŪѤ post- 뤤ܸ֥ݥȡפθ촶ȤơΤɽƤ˶ڤ꤬Ĥθ˿夬³Ȥޤߤ롥夫鼡λؤΰܤѤꡤ뤤ϾʤȤ͡ܤѤռȤ post- ɽȤȡѲɤ륭ɤȤƤ⤷Ƭ⤷ʤpost- ɽμפ֤Ȥ19˸˸ƤȤ˰쵤ȯȤΤʬ褦ʵ롥
Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation: A Synchronic-Diachronic Approach. 2nd. ed. München: Beck, 1969.
ΩѴåŸ˹ԤäƤVincent Van Gogh ( 1853--90 ) ϲȤȤƤʤȤƤǹ⤤͵ؤ뤬Ȥ櫓ܿͤˤϼȤ19ݼ ( Impressionism ) λơPaul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin ȤȤ˸ݼ ( Post-Impressionism ) δȤʤäθؤȤǤ롥
ơָɡפϱѸ Post-Impressionist Ȥߤ줿ŬڤǤϤʤȤƤǤ夷ƤޤäƤ뤬Τˤϡְɰʹߡפ٤ä
Ƭ post- "after, behind" ̣ƥ post ͳ褷ưղä줿ưʬ졤ƻ졤̾ˤղä褦ˤʤä ȿ before ɽ魯ƬȤƤ pre-, ante- ˡߤǤϤƬ˹⤯դΤޤޤ˹뤳ȤǤ롥OED post- (prefix) Υȥˤ¿ι줬㼨ƤꡤäȿȤ700Ķ롥19Ⱦ20ΤΤݤƤꡤƬȯŪäѸˤƤθݤǤ뤳Ȥ롥
ǯǤ OALD8 ˸ФȤƵƤ13ι
post-coital, post-industrial, post-mortem, post-natal, post-natal depression, post-operative, post-paid, post-partum, post-partum depression, post-production, post-sync, post-traumatic stress disorder, post-war
֥ݥȡפܸǤ⤹ǤƬȤƻ̱Ƥ롥֥ݥȾס֥ݥȹ¤ס֥ݥȡǡס֥ݥס֥ݥȻɴáסʡҤˤʤɡ
20ȾθܼήԤˤĤƤ[2010-06-21-1]ȡ
[2010-10-18-1]Ʊ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ˤθݤ˸ؤǤϸŤܤƤhomonymic clash ΤäȤŵŪʻȤƤ褯ФΤեȶƤΥ˥ˤַǭ͡פǤʥ˥ Gascon ϥեäѼǡŪˤϥץХΰȰ֤ŤƤˡ
ƥǡͺܡפΤȤ gallus Ȥäθ줬˥Ǥ /ll/ > /t/ ؤβѲФ gat Ȥ֤ǷѾ줿ƥǡǭפ̣ cattus ( cf. ʸš˥ե chatűѸ catt ) ⲻѲˤꥬ˥ gat Ȥ֤äͺܡפȡǭפƱ֤˼̤ƤޤäΤ顤ͤʤƱ۵ͤϡͺܡפɽ魯 gat faisan vicaire Ȥ̤θִ줿ȤˤäƲ줿
ǽפʤΤϡִäΤޤǡͺܡפȡǭפѲˤäƱȤʤäƤޤä˥ˤƤΤߤäȤȤǤ롥ϤΥޥʤ뤤ϽˤǤϾ嵭βѲϵ餺ƱͤʤäΤǡ˥ˤ褦ִϸʤäפˡ(1) Ѳ(2) Ʊ͡(3) ִˤȤ3ʳ⤬ʸ褦Ūʬۤ줿Ȥܤͤ롥
Ʊ۵ͤ¾ŪʹͻˤĤƤϡSamuels (pp. 67-75) ܤ
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
ܸǡ֥ޥפȤäưŪ۵ΤʪʸؤΥȤƤΥޥϡ͡ȯŸ뤲ʤ鸽ˤޤǶƶϤڤܤƤ롥ǡӸؤʬǡ֥ޥפȤСɥ衼åѸ²ΥåɤμפʽޤޥɤΤȤؤŪˤϡƥȤե졤ڥ졤ݥȥ졤ꥢ졤ץХ졤ȡޥ졤롼ޥ˥졤˥ʤɤΤǤ롥Ǥϡ֥ޥפΤ2ĤθϴϢƤΤ
Yes ϢƤ롥Ѹ romance ϸťե romanz μѸǡԤ¯ƥ *Rōmānicē ֥ޥǡס˥ƥ Rōmānicus ֥ޤΡפ̤Ȥ롥ťեǤϡθϥƥФƥƥ줫ȯãǤեؤɽȤѤ줿Υե ( = Romance ) ǽ줿ʸؤϵƻۡĶȤˤ䤫ʤޤȤޤƤꡤʸإȯã뤳Ȥˤʤäơ֥ޥפϡƥ줫ؤȤȤˡƱˤǽ줿äʸؤؤȤˤʤä
ʸإȤƤΥޥ12ȾФ˥եޤ줿ѸäƤΤ1ʾ٤ƤΤȤǤ롥٤ϡΥޥˤäƥɤˤѸμҲŪϰ̤դȤƤαѸ줬Ƥ褹ޤǤˤФ餯֤äȤˤ롥ɤǤϱѸ˥ƥ졤ե졤ΥޥˤޥʤޤƤꡤˤȯκʤȤDZѸΥޥо줷Ƥ13Ⱦ15ˤƱѸΥޥʤ蘆뤳ȤȤʤäޥήԤ϶äƿह롥ޥϥȤѤ뤳ȤϤʤ̮ȸߤˤޤǼѤƤ롥18ˤϥåޥȤ̤20ʹߤ J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, J. K. Rowling ʤɤκʤɽեǤϥޥηߤƤ롥
ޥŪɽ䵳ƻۤȤäǶǤäʤνΤȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤ뤬ζŪʸϹϰȤȤ˼¤¿ˤ錄롥¿ޥ͵©ĹƤ褦˻פ롥Chism (57) ޥˤĤƤ Cooper θڤҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
Helen Cooper suggests that romance is best conceived as a family, branching and evolving in different directions, rather than as manifestations or "clones of a single Platonic idea," and this family metaphor is useful because it stresses the genre's existence in time.
ޥϡȤƾ˿ʲդŸƤ餳ĶɼԤ椭ĤΤ
Chism, Christine. "Romance." Chapter 4 of The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Literature 1100-1500. Ed. Larry Scanlon. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 57--69.
ȤDZʸɤǤơֺ٤פȤ̣Ѥ fine ˽вäʼºݤˤ finely Ȥơˡֺ٤פȤϳΤߤʤ⤷ʤfine rain ֤̤סfine dust ֺ٤ԼפʤɤɽǻѤ롥
fine μθιˤϡ츻ͤȤ褤ƻ fine ϡOld French fin 13˱Ѹää̤ Late Latin fīnus "fine, pure" Latin fīnis "end" ˤɤ夯ƥ fīnis ϡڤפ̣캬 fid Ƥ ( cf. fissure ܡ ) θ캬θˤȤƿθ줬߽Ф뤳ȤȤʤä
ΤڤפȤˤäơֺ٤פʤ롥١סֱҡססס־ʡפʤɤΰ̣ϤڤפȡֶפǤϰϡסָ١פ롥ָ١סָ³פüסֽפؤỌ̇̄ŸˡֻסֲפؤĥʲΥꥹȤθϤ٤ƱѸˤ⤿餵줿 fīnis ƱǤ롥ΰ̣ˤϡ嵭ΰ̣Τ줫ȿǤƤ롥췲ΰ̣ΤĤʤȹ̣äƤ餤
affinity ֿƶסʢξüܤƤ֡
confine ¤
define ָꤹ롤
final ֺǸΡ
finance ֺ⸻סʢʪ˻դ뤿ζΰ
fine ֤줿
fine ȳסʢʪ˻դ뤿ζ⡤ʾ٤褹ʤȤƤζ
finery ֡ʲ٤ʡ
finesse ֵͥ
finial ĺڡü
finical ֶŤΡऺ
finis ֽꡤ
finish ֽλ
finite ͭ¤Ρ
infinite ̵¤Ρ
infinitesimal ֶ˾Ρ
infinitive סʢ;ΤˤäƸꤵƤʤ֡
infinitude ̵¡
refine ϣ
ˤϡ㤨 definition, definitive ʤɤΤʤϴޤޤƤʤ캬̣ι̣臘ˤϡʡ缣μŵäƤĤǤ롥츻ŵڡ륯ͭѡ
ƥ sequi ˤĤƽҤ٤[2009-07-08-1]εȡ
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
˸ؤˤơĤѲβ丶ᤷȤˡƤѲβ丶ȤȤȤŪ˹ԤʤƤ롥ڵ˳θѲҤȤˤϡߤθѲ˴ؤμʳˤϻʤǤ롥Τ褦˻ʤΤǡ˸ؤ˸¤餺ˤʬǤϡΤ˸ߤäƤȤˡϹƤ롥ϡưθ§ ( the uniformitarian principle ) ȸƤФƤ롥
ưůŪˤϤǤ롥ȸߤξȤˤĤƤƱǤ뤳ȤиŪդˤ뤬줬̤ˤ錄äƤƱͤ³Ƥ椯ȤݾڤܼŪʴפϤʤǤ롥˵äʬ˴ͿƤʾ塤ưˤĤưٹͤɬפȻפĴ٤Ƥߤ
˼Ҳ ( historical sociolinguistics ) ʬŪ¸ߤǤ Romaine ϡˡưǤƤ롥
The working principle of sociolinguistic reconstruction must be the 'uniformitarian principle'. In other words, we accept that the linguistic forces which operate today and are observable around us are not unlike those which have operated in the past. Sociolinguistically speaking, this means that there is no reason for claiming that language did not vary in the same patterned ways in the past as it has been observed to do today. (122--23)
˸츦κŪˡȤơư궯ФƤΤ Lass Ǥ롥Lass ˤСưˤ General Uniformity Principle Uniform Probabilities Principle Ȥ롥
General Uniformity Principle
No linguistic state of affairs (structure, inventory, process, etc.) can have been the case only in the past. (28)
Uniform Probabilities Principle
The (global, cross-linguistic) likelihood of any linguistic state of affairs (structure, inventory, process, etc.) has always been roughly the same as it is now. (29)
ưϤȯۤǤϤʤ19Ⱦˤ¿ʬǾQΰä츦ԤǤ⡤Whitney ʤɤϼΤ褦ȯƤ롥
The nature and uses of speech . . . cannot but have been essentially the same during all periods of its history . . . there is no way in which its unknown past can be investigated, except by the careful study of its living present and recorded past, and the extension and application to remote conditions of laws and principles deduced by that study. (24 as quoted in Lass 28)
ưϸѲθϲ⸽ߤȤˤư㤤ʤȤͤǾȤˤƤϰ㤤뤳ȤȤƤ롥⤽⡤˸ؼԤϸ줬ѲΤǤ뤳ȤФ褯ΤäƤͼǤ뤫顤ȤȤȤѲ뤳ȤϰۤȤƤϤǤ롥ǤϡȤȾȤζϤɤˤ뤫Τǡưε
Lass ˤȡϸǤ "the best of our knowledge" ȽǤۤޤȤǤ롥General Uniformity ʤ Uniform Probabilities ʤꡤߤθؤμοäơꤢꤽʲƷƤȤȤǤʤȤˤϸ꤬դΤǤȤǡ
Lass (29) Ҥ٤ƤȤꡤ¿ξ "the best of our knowledge" "the best of my knowledge" ȤȤˤʤΤǡ˱ѸؤѸˤθ˷ȤȤȤƤϡޤϸαѸؤؤäؤФʤȤʤʤȲƻפäǤ롥ˤϸߤλƤǤ롤Ȥ
Romain, Susan. Socio-Historical Linguistics: Its Status and Methodology. Cambridge: CUP, 1982.
Lass, Roger. Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
Whitney, W. D. Language and the Study of Language: Twelve Lectures on the Principles of Linguistic Science. New York: Charles Scribner, 1867.
( analogy ) ϶ŬϰϤιǤ롥ֲˡ§㳰ʤפ19ӸؼԤ㳰ݤߤϤ٤Ƽ ( borrowing ) ( analogy ) ˵ȤʹߡϲǤƤޤˡȢиѲΥȢȤͤ褦ˤʤäƤޤä롥ޤ¿θѲȤŤ뤿ˡäΤȤʤäƤޤä褦˻פ뤬ν̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤޤϡCrystal analogy
A term used in HISTORICAL and COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS, and in LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, referring to a process of regularization which affects the exceptional forms in the GRAMMAR of a language. The influence of the REGULAR pattern of plural formation in English, for example, can be heard in the treatment of irregular forms in the early UTTERANCES of children, e.g. mens, mans, mouses: the children are producing these forms 'on analogy with' the regular pattern. (24)
ˤ⤢褦ˡѸ analogy ɽȤ̾ʣη뤳Ȥ¿ѸԵ§ʣɽʤϡfoot (sg.) / feet (pl.) ˸褦Ū i-mutation ͿƤǤ ( see [2009-10-01-1] ) i-mutation θ̤ϡűѸǤ bōc "book" ˤ⸽Ƥꡤʣʡʣгʡʵڤñ°ʡñͿʡˤη֤ bēc "books" Ǥäߤθʣϡ¿̾ˤʤä books -s ѤƵ§Ū˷ΤǡŪˤ analogy Ưȹͤ롥
ŵŪ analogy ˤϡºݤˤ2 sub-analogy Ȥ⤤äƤ롥2 sub-analogy extension ֳĥפ levelling ֿʿפȸƤФ졤ŪˤʬªƤʤȤ¿ֲȤƤ϶̤ƹͤ٤Ǥ롥extension ϡűѸμñ bōc ͥʶޥѥʶŪˤ a-stem strong masculine declension ˤȤơʣʡʵڤʣгʡˤɸǤ -as ȤŬѤbōces ʤɤФؤextension "the application of a process outside its original domain" ( Lass, p. 96 ) Ť
դΤϡ嵭εҤϤޤǼñȼʣη֤δط˸ꤷǤ롥ºݤˤϡűѸǤϲζɽ˸褦ñǤʣǤʤ˱Ʒ֤Ѳi-mutation ñ°ʡñͿʤǤѤƤΤǤꡤʣ˺ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤݡʣǤ°ʤͿʤˤϺѤƤʤäñ bookʣ books Ȥߤñʬۤ˹Ԥ夯ޤǤˤϡñʣΤʤǤͥʷ֡̾ϼʷ֡ˤؤΰ층뤤Ͽʿ ( levelling ) ȤɬפäΤǤ롥̤Ȥơñʿ book ʣʿ books 줾μʷ֤ǥȤ analogy levelling ȤȤˤʤ롥Lass ˤСlevelling Ȥ "the ironing out of allomorphy within the paradigm" (96) Ǥ롥

ޥѥ༫Τ¾ͥʶޥѥफƶ analogy ( = extension ) ȡޥѥ analogy ( = levelling ) ȤϡΤ褦˶̤ƹͤƤɬפ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
( morpheme ) ϰǤϤʤǤϤФСְ̣ͭǾθñ̡פȤ뤬ǽҤ٤褦ɬΤʰ̣ͭƤʤ⤢롥
blackberry, blueberry, strawberry ͤ褦3˸ berry 餫˷ǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥⡤ñȤǤѤ뼫ͳ ( free morpheme ) Ǥ롥̡פȤ̣3˶̤Ƥ롥Ǥϡberry ǤϤɤblack, blue, straw ȤȤΩǤ뼫ͳǤǤʣΤΰ̣˹ƤΤ blackberry Ϲblueberry ĤΤạ̇̄Ūʹǧ뤬straw ֤פ strawberry ֥פΰ̣ˤɤΤ褦˹Ƥ뤫꤫ǤϤʤǤ̣ͭñ̤ȲꤹΤǤСstraw ηǤȤƤϰ̤ϴʤ롥
straw ξñȤǡ֤פΰ̣ĸȤʤΤǡǤȤƤϰ̤ϴ֤ޤ줳졤˽Ȥ뤳ȤϤʤcranberry huckleberry Ϥɤcran huckle ñȤǸȤʤꤨʤʤʤꤨȤƤʸȤƤΤߡˤФ꤫ʤȤƤ¾θ˸뤳ȤϤʤʤ̣ΤǤϤʤ̣ͭñ̤ȤƤŬʤǤ롥̵̣Ȥͳ cran huckle ǤȤߤʤʤȤȡϤǤ롥ȤΤϡξ cranberry huckleberry Τ̣ͭ1ĤηǤȤߤʤȤˤʤ뤬餫ʣΰ̣˹Ƥ berry ڤФʤȤˤʤ뤫Ǥ롥
̷äˤϡǤỌ̇̄ȤϢŪʤΤǤϤʤˤ䤫ʤΤˤȤɤƤΤ褤cran ̣Τblack blue Ʊ̣֤ͤͭ餷פϸ롥٤ǷǤϰ̤ǧƤФΤǤϤʤʤȤƤ1Ĥθˤʤ cran Τ褦ʷǤ cranberry morpheme ȸƤФƤ ( Carstairs-McCarthy, pp. 19--20 )
[2010-10-17-1]εǡbikini ⤸äȤͷӤ monokini trikini Ȥ줬뤳Ȥ˿줿ȤͷӤȤưʬϤڤФ줿 -kini bikini ˤʤ cranberry morpheme ä櫓ۡԡפۤɤΰ̣¾θʤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä¾ˤ bankini γԡ, camikini ֥ߥ롦ȥåפΥӥˡ, tankini ֥ȥå, zerokini ǤפʤɤꡤȤФεȤϤ "cranberry" Ȥư "morpheme" ȤʤäȤߤʤƤ褤⤷ʤ
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
[2009-11-17-1];ưˤĤƴñѸ Chaucer ˸;ư褦Burnley (36) ΥꥹȤƷǤ뤬Chaucer ѤƤ;ưΤ٤Ƥ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤաѸǽƸ줿ΤˤĤƤϡ* դƤ롥
(1) used exclusively in impersonal constructions
ben lief, ben looth, *betyden, bifallen, bihoven, *happen, *lakken, listen, neden, *tyden
(2) used frequently in impersonal constructions (and also in personal constructions)
*availlen, ben, *deignen, *dremen, *fallen, forthinken, *gaynen, longen, lyken, metten, *rekken, *remembren, rewen, *seemen, *sitten, *smerten, thinken, *thurfen, thursten, *wonderen
Chaucer ʹߡ;ιʸϷ it Ȥ빽ʸ;μȤ빽ʸؤȿܤѸǤϤܴۤ˿ष
;ưϰ²˶̤Ƹ뤬 it ΩƤ빽ʸŪ㤨 Sanskrit ˤϸʤȤ ( Mustanoja, p. 433 ) it rains б뤤Ĥθɽȡrigneiþ (Gothic), rignir (Old Norse), pluit (Latin), llueve (Spanish)
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. 88--92.
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