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causative - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-10-15 Tue

#3823. show θΰ̣ϡָפǤϤʤָ [verb][semantic_change][causative][passive][voice]

show 濴Ūʸϡָ롤פűѸǤϴŪˡָ ̣Hall θűѸ켭 scēawian ߤȡ"look, gaze, see, behold, observe; inspect, examine, scrutinize; have respect to,look favourably on; look out, look for, choose; decree, grant" ʤɤ줬ͿƤ롥Ǹ "decree, grant" ˤϸθε̣ⴶ뤬űѸμ礿̣ϡָפä
줬ѸˤơָפָפʤɡưŪʸ (passive) Ūʸ (causative) ȯŸƤָ͡סָ͡סָʪפȤưΰ̣˴ؤ뻲Ϳ (participants) 3ԤȤ (voice) 괬ѲȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʤΤ褦ȯŸ뤳ȤˤʤäΤϤ褯ʬäƤʤ캬ϰĸˤΤܤꡤޥǤ⤹٤ơָפ̣ƤΤǡѸǤȯŸȼΤΤǤ롥OED show, v. ˡηˤĤƲ⤬롥

In all the continental West Germanic languages the verb has the meaning 'to look at' (compare sense 1), and the complex sense development shown in English, in particular the development of the causative sense 'to cause to be seen' (which may be considered the core meaning of all the later sense branches), is unparalleled. Evidence for this development in Old English is comparatively late (none of the later sense branches is attested before the first half of the 12th cent.); however, similar uses are attested earlier (albeit rarely) for the Old English prefixed form gescēawian, especially in the phrase āre gescēawian to show respect or favour (compare quot. OE at sense 26a(a)), but also in senses 'to present, exhibit' (one isolated and disputed attestation; compare sense 3a) and 'to grant, award' (compare sense 18). The details of the semantic development are not entirely clear; perhaps from 'to look at' to 'to cause to be looked at or seen' (compare branch II.), 'to present, exhibit, display' (compare branches II. and IV.), 'to make known formally', 'to grant, award' (compare branch III.), although all of the latter senses could alternatively show a development via sense 2 ('to look for, seek out, to choose, select'). Compare also quot. OE at showing n. 2a, but it is uncertain whether this can be taken as implying earlier currency of sense 24.


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤűѸˤָ롨Ϳפϳ̵ǤϤʤOED 餤ĤäƤߤȡǡǤ롥

[OE Genesis A (1931) 1581 Þær he freondlice on his agenum fæder are ne wolde gesceawian.]
lOE Extracts from Gospels: John (Vesp. D.xiv) xiv. 9 in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 77 Se mann þe me gesicð, he gesicð eac minne Fæder. Hwu segst þu, Sceawe us þone Fæder?
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Þa..sceawede him mann v nihta grið ut of lande to farenne.


ѸˤʤȡMED sheuen v.(1) ̤ꡤΡָפθĤĤġָפθ⹭äƤ롥Ѹ줫ϵ󤬤äƤ褦
˽פưʤˡ̣ѲθΤꤿȤǤ롥ʤߤˡshow ϡ̣Ǥʤڥ󥰡ȯѤˤĤƤŪ˶̣ѲФƤưʲε򻲾ȡ

#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1])
#1416. shew show (2) ([2013-03-13-1])
#1716. shew show (3) ([2014-01-07-1])
#1806. ARCHER shew show ([2014-04-07-1])
#1727. /ju:/ ε ([2014-01-18-1])
#3385. Ѹ˼嶯ܹԤư ([2018-08-03-1])

Hall, John R. C. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Rev. ed. by Herbert T. Merritt. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. 1896.

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2016-03-03 Thu

#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ [infinitive][verb][inflection][syntax][causative][terminology][sobokunagimon]

219դǷǼĤˡɸ˴ؤ뵿䤬󤻤줿ǼľƤ١ˤƵȤƤޤȤƤʲάˤ򵭤
Ѹˤ to (to-infinitive) ȸ (bare infinitive) 2ब뤬ŪˤϤ褽ʪǤ롥θŤΤϸΤۤǤꡤϱѸΤߤʤ餺ǤϹ롥ȤäƤ褤űѸǤŵŪưθ촴 -(i)an դ֤פȸƤФƤꡤ줬ѸƱͤˡȤƻưγưŪθ֡ӽưθ֤ѤƤθűѸδŪƯϡư̾첽뤳ȡĤޤ̾Ūˡפäθ塤Ѹˤ޸οʿˤ -(i)an 졤촴ΤΤη֤ؼ̤ƤޤäΤǡߤǤϡָפȸƤľ褦ˤʤäư졤γư졤ưθ֤֤ȤƤεǽϡΤޤ޸ߤޤǰѤ줿
to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³Τǡ㤨 to ganne ȤСֹԤȤ˸ơפĤޤֹԤˡפۤɤäĤޤꡤűѸǤϡǤŪˡפ to ɽ蘆ƤΤǤ롥ŪˤϡϤͿʸޤ᤿Τ˿ʿüɡto + ưθפȤ夯ȤˤʤäǽˤĤƤСto ѸѸˤƤ˳ĥűѸΡŪˡפΤߤʤ餺μϰϤǤä̾Ūˡפؤ⿯¾νεǽȯãƤä
ȯ to 줬ȯθɤĤɤۤƤ椯Ȥˤ򳵴ѤºݤˤѸʹߤξԤμϰϤ褤ξܺ٤ʣǤꡤɤǤѲǽʡɤפξФи줿줾μϰϤٷꤹޤǤˡĹλ夬äΤǤ롥㤨Сư make ˡǤСǽư֤ˤƤϸȤ뤬ư֤Ǥ to ȤȤΤⶦŪˤ̯ʸݤˤߤ뤬2μϰ褤η̡Τ褦ʤϤʬۤˤʤäƤޤäȤȤǤ롥ºݡŤѸǤ make ǽư֤Ǥ⸶¤ to ѤƤդλˤĤƤϡ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1])#978. Money makes the mare to go (2) ([2011-12-31-1])#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

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2011-12-25 Sun

#972. help + פλỤ̄ [grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb][causative][infinitive][syntax]

ε#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) Ƭǿ줿Ʊʸΰ̣ӤӤƤƤȤȤˤĤƹͤ
Leech et al. (190) ϡʸ󤲤 help λŦƤ롥

(19) He made important contributions to a number of periodicals such as Il Leonardo, Regno, La Voce, Lacerba and L'Anima which helped establish the respectability of anti-socialist, anti-liberal and ultra-nationalist ideas in pre-war Italy. [F-LOB J40]

(20) The right person may just happen to come along, or it may be necessary to take certain steps to help this happen. [BNC B3G]


ˤƤ⡤ֽפȤ prototypical ʰ̣Ȥϡֹ׸롤ǽȤפȤ˶ᤤ̣ ("weak causation") ǧ롥λζϡ2ܤʸǤ "enable such a thing to happen" "make such a thing happen" ŪʶǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ (190)
Mair (121--26) ϡhelp λỤ̄ȯʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βȤƤ롥help ֽפȤŪʰ̣򼺤ʸˡŪʵǽȸƤǤ٤ֻפΰ̣ĤĤ뤳ȡưǤ뤫Τ褦ľ˸빽ʸƤƤ뤳ȡϡư줬ư첽Ƥ椯ʸˡβˤۤʤʤ[2009-07-01-1]ε#64. ˡưʤ³ȡפȹ碌ƹͤǤ롥

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-02-11-1]

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2011-12-24 Sat

#971. help + פε [causative][infinitive][syntax]

ε#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1]) ǡư make ˸³ to ˤĤĴ٤ϸѸǻŪʰ̣ӤӻϤƤȤ help 줬³빽ʸ夲
help + Ū + פιʸˤĤƤϡѸˤη֤ to 줫鸶ذܹԤĤĤȤơ¿δϢ椬롥20Ⱦаʹߡ줬äƤȸ뤬¤ΤȤ help ȹ¤ʤεϤʤŤޤ̤롥
ޤOED 򸫤Ƥߤ褦"help", v. B.5. ǡhelp ³빽ʸˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ūΰ̣μˤȼʤ礬 5.a.ȼ礬 5.b. ǰƤꡤ to λѤ̤λѤ򼨤Ǥᤤ㤬16˸롥Τ褦ä

In this and b the infinitive has normally to, which however from 16th c. is often omitted: this is now a common colloq. form.


OED ǤѸ˸λѤϤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򼨺Ƥ褦ɤ᤽
ȤMustanoja (532) ˤСѸ줫ϳΤˤ롥

. . . the subject of the infinitive, originally a dative, is no doubt looked upon as an accusative in ME. The infinitive usually takes to, but not invariably: --- mine friende þe ic halp to sweriȝen (Vices & V 9); --- alle þat halpe hym to erie, to selle or to sowe (PPl. B vii 6); --- to helpe him to werreye (Ch. CT A Kn. 1484); --- Rymenhild help me winne (Horn 991); --- somme hulpen erie his half acre (PPl. B vi 118); --- I wol thee helpe hem carie (Ch. CT C Pard. 954). Chaucer has four cases of help with the plain infinitive and seventeen with the infinitive with to or for to. The two instances found in the Book of London English (non-literary prose of Chaucer's time) are followed by an infinitive with to (for to): --- Þe wheche dede paien diverse sommes of monye for to helpe to destruye Þe weres yn Tempse (151); --- [dyverse percelles paied] to ij wemen for her travayle yn helpynge to make clene Þe halle (174).


ǡMED äƤߤȡ"helpen (v.)" 1. (b) ˤ⾯㤬ä
ϡιʸѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤޤǤϤ狼äʹߤƱʸȯãˤĤƤϡѥѤ Mair θä pp. 121--26ˤܤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.

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2011-12-23 Fri

#970. Money makes the mare to go. [proverb][causative][infinitive][syntax][alliteration]

ɸʸϡ֤ϡʤ֤Ȥ˻Ϥ⤫ʡϹΤ⼡ˡפȤǤ롥m ƬƤۤ츫ʸˡŪˤߤ to 뤳Ȥˤ궯Υꥺ (trochee) ¸ƤꡤΧŪˤϴʸ
ɸѸεʸˡǤϡ make to 줬Ϣʤ뤳ȤϵƤʤŤѸǤϲǽäȤɽˤƲŪ˻¸Ǥ롥 make to 줬ǽäȤϡѸǤư֤Ǥ He was made to wait for some time. Τ褦 to פ뤳ȤȴϢ롥ĤƤϸ to ⤢䤬ԤͥȤʤꡤԤϼư֤Ȥꤵ줿ĶĤΤߤȤʤä줬make ˤˤγάǤ롥
ѸǤ make ˤĤơMustanoja (533) 򻲾Ȥ褦

. . . both forms of the infinitive occur with this causative verb: --- heo makede him sunegen on hire (Ancr. 24); --- she maketh men mysdo many score tymes (PPl. B iii 122); --- þe veond hit makede me to don (Ancr. 136); --- alwey the nye slye Maketh the ferre leeve to be looth (Ch. CT A Mil. 3393). In the Book of London English 1384--1425, make is accompanied by the plain infinitive in three cases and by the infinitive with to in five.


MED "māken (v. (1))" Ǥϡ15. (b) make 򰷤äƤ뤬¿įȡto λѤ̤ˤߤ롥OED Ǥϡ"make", v.1 53.a. to Ȥι¤53.b. Ȥι¤򵭽ҤƤ롥Ѹǽ㤬롥
ϢˤĤưѸ˵äƤѲˡhelp to ǤʤȼޤäƤƤȤݤ롥help Ǥư֤ǤϤޤ to 줬ͥΤ褦Ǥꡤ make ˤʿԤƤ褦ˤߤ̣

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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