βƤˡ̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲ޤפĤǻϤʤˤ⤢餺ΥץȤǤο֡˱Ѹˤδ̾ (onomastics) ФޤޤޤΰǤǿƱǤ heldio ꥹʡγʤɤȤε̤ơĤ⤷ʬäƤޤʲվޤ
̾ؤδؿκ߽ϸʸȤ˰ۤʤ롥㤨СꥹǤ̾θ츻˴ؿΤФơꥫǤ̾դưؤδؿޤϤˤĤ̾ (hydronymy) ˤĤơꥹΦǤϲ̾ͻоݤˤʤΤФơ̲ϸо̾礿ؿоݤȤʤ
ͭ̾첽 (onymisation) ϰ̸Ūʼġ̾줬ġɤΤ褦ˡʤͭ̾첽Τ
̾ؤˤաʸˤϤˡܸ̾ؤˤƤϤƽפΤ̾ؤǤʸȤιͻŪ
Ѹ̾ˤˤ (last name, family name, surname, by-name) ȯŸӾˤϡɬŪʤΤǤϤʤäȥե쥭֥äȤ¤϶̣
̾ؤϸ¤ʤغŪʬǤ (cf. #5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1])#5334. Ѹ̾ؤ֤̤ Cecily Clark ([2023-12-04-1]))#5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥɡ ([2023-12-09-1])#5343. onomastics ̾ءˤоݤȼ --- Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵ ([2023-12-13-1])ˡ
̾ΤϡҲνŪοŸȤȤ礭ƤƤcf. ʹ֤Υߥ˥ƥͥåȥιꡤߥ˥ѤȯŸĿͼιޤꡤǥƥƥռζٲ̾
Ū̾ͻݤˤϡ1͡1Ĥ̾פȤŪɳդȤƤϤʤޤĤƤϸŪ̾ȻŪ̾ζϤäۣä
ѸˤܿˤȤСѸäˤν̿ޤǤȸ롥¤ϱѸ̾ˤ⡤Ƥν̿ޤǤϤʤѸ̾⡤̾ܿơ㤷դ뤲ƤȤ櫓Ѹ̾̾դΰݻȤ˲η֤ä
ѸޤǤϿ̾ˤˤĤ³ȯۤäϲȷϤǤϤʤĿͤꤹΤŪǤä (heraldry) ˤ̤Ǥ롥
פĤϢͤƤߤޤ줫̾ؤ³Ƥޤ
̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲طǡonomastics ̾ءͭ̾ءˤĤޤ߿ʤؤǤ롥 Bussmann θѸ켭ŵ onomastics ιƤߤʲ˰ѤʬγפĤǤ
onomastics
Scientific investigation of the origin (development, age, etymology), the meaning, and the geographic distribution of names (⇒ proper noun). Onomastic subdisciplines include anthroponymy (the study of names of bodies of water), and toponymy (the study of geographic place-names), among others. Because place-names and personal names are among the oldest and most transparent linguistic forms, they are an important source of hypotheses about the history of language, dialect geography and language families. More recently, sociolinguistics (name-giving and use in society), psycholinguistics (psycho-onomastics and the physiognomy of names), pragmalinguistics and text linguistics have taken an active interest in onomastics. Onomastics also offers new insights into historical processes (pre- and early history, folklore, among others) as well as geography and natural history.
嵭ΰѤΤʤ "the physiognomy of names" ̾οءפʤɤ¸ߤˤ϶ä椹ʬʤΤ̾ˤޤĤ벻ȥ䡤̾βʤɤޤޤΤʤɤۤߤޤʤ
̾ؤμȤϡ#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) #5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥɡ ([2023-12-09-1]) ǿƤ̤ݥƥϤޤޤȤäƤ
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Ϣͭ̾˴ؤϤƤ롥
̾̾ˤ褯ߤ뤬ƱؼоݤǤʤ顤ˤäưۤʤ̾ǸƤФ륱롥̻Ū̾Ѳ (name change) Ǥ롥ƱˡƱؼоݤФʣ̾ͿƤ륱롥Ū¿̾ (polynymy) Ǥ롥ͭ̾ǤϤʤ̾ǤС줾ָ֤ (onomasiological change) ȡƱ (synonymy) б
ε#5246. hydronymy --- ̾椹ʬ ([2023-09-07-1]) ǻȡѤ Strandberg (111) Ǥϡ̾ name change polynymy ˤĤơȤȤƳʤƤ롥
Name change is a common phenomenon in the history of hydronyms. In England, Blyth was replaced by Ryton, Granta by Cam, Hail by Kym, Writtle by Wid, etc. During a transitional stage of polynymy, there must often have existed both an older name and a new one. Trent (< Terente) is an alternative name for the river Piddle in Dorset. In Denmark, an older Guden and a younger Storå(en) were for a long time used in parallel for the same river.
Polynymy may also involve the simultaneous existence of different names for different parts of a (long) river. There are, for example, cases where the upper and lower reaches of a river have different names. The upper part of the Wylye in Wiltshire, England is called the Deverill, and the source of the French river Marne has the name Marnotte. A present-day name for a long river may have replaced several old ones denoting different stretches of it. The Nyköpingsån is a long and large river in Sweden; its name is formally secondary, containing the town name Nyköping. Two lost partial names of the Nyköpingsån (Blakka, Sølnoa) are recorded in medieval sources, while others, like *Sledh and *Vrena, may be or probably are preserved in names denoting settlements on the river; the current partial name Morjanån most likely goes back to an OSwed. *Morgha.
̾ǤСƱʪܤ˲̾ (name change)˥å͡䤢̾ʣ (polynymy) Ȥͭ̾κΰյϡؼоݤƱ̾ˤ깱Ū˳ݤˤϤȹͤƤ̾Ѳ¿̾ϡषεդԤΤǤ롥̣븽ݤ
Strandberg, Svante. "River Names." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 104--14.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ΤʤǤϡ̾椹ʬȤ̾ (toponymy) 롥̾ؤȶᤤо¡Τʤɤο̾ʬ롥̾ (hydronymy) hydronymy ϡ衼åѤǤ˳ؤųؤȤϢưƽפʬȤƤꡤǸؤβ̾ᤰä "alteuropäische Hydronymie" β⤬ƤʤɡĹѤ롥
#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ϥɥ֥å7ϤȤʤ "River Names" ɤ߽֤뤪⤷äƳؤ֤Ȥ¿äȤ櫓 hydronymy ˤ֤פȤħȿǤ˶̣ɤɥĤǤ hydronymy Ȥв̾оݤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ǥǥޡΥ륦Τ褦̲Ū˸о̾оݤȤʤȤơϰϷΤȿǤΤ
Strandberg (104) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥
Hydronymic research in a country like Sweden has concerned itself to a very great extent with lake names; these can be as old as river names and contain the same words or roots. River names formed from names of lakes are common in Sweden. In Denmark and Norway, too, much research has been done on lake names. For topographical reasons, in areas of Europe such as England and Germany more attention has been paid to river names than to lake names.
ʸϤΤȤ˸롥ʹ֤Ͽ塤Ȥ櫓ø夬ʤΩʤϿʹ֤μҲưˤȤäƤפǤꡤϢưƿ̾ˤͿΤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ȤƤ⡤ʤʬȤƤ hydronymy ˡܤƤcf. #5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1])ˡ
Strandberg, Svante. "River Names." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 104--14.
̾ˤ϶ŪŪʴ鳬ΤǤϤʤVan Langendonck (33--34) ǡΤ褦ʶ̣ƤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
ZERO MARKING, as in city and town names: London, Berlin;
SUFFIXING, as in country names: Fin-land, German-y;
ARTICLE PREPOSING, as in names of, e.g. fields, regions, and rivers: the Highlands, the Rhine;
The use of CLASSIFIERS plus possibly an article, as in names of seas, oceans, or deserts: the North Sea, the Gobi Desert
̾ˤߤͭɸγؤϡʹ֤ȿŪʴͿοϢưƤΤǤϤʤȤʹּҲˤȤäơԻԤϤƽפоݤ٤й衦ʤɤϿʹּҲؤαƶʳ褦˻פ롥嵭γؤϡֿʹ濴ΡϢ³ ("'anthropocentric' cline") ȤäƤ褵 (Van Langendonck 34)
Van Langendonck (34) ϡ괧̵ͭ˴ؤơ٤Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . English shows the humanized place-names (e.g. settlement names) omitting the article, whilst the non-human place-names (e.g. river names) tend to adopt the article. This can be observed where the names of former colonies or regions lose their article when they become independent countries: the Ukraine > Ukraine, The Congo > Congo, the Lebanon > Lebanon.
θѶŪ˼ȤȡɤΤ褦ʲΩƤΤ褤°ˤʤ⡤ۤɶᤷ¸ߤǤϤʤΤˤ괧 the Ĥ䤹ʳ¸ߤǤ the ĤˤȤȤˤʤ̣ĹǤ롥
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1])#3749. Ƚ줫μѸ˴Ϣ츻ؤ ([2019-08-02-1])#3750. Ƚ줫μѸ (2) ([2019-08-03-1]) ʤɤDZѸˤŪʥȼѸ˾ƤƤ̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾ˤ륱ȸǤˤĤƤ⡤Durkin (81--82) ˤäƾƤߤ褦
ޤ̾ˤĤơűѸͭ̾ Cædmon ̾˵ʡ#2898. Caedmon's Hymn ([2017-04-03-1]) ȡˡ³ơȥν䵮²̾ Ċerdiċ, Ċeawlin, Ċeadda, Ċeadwalla, Ċedd, Cumbra Ĥ롥ǰʤ顤ΰ̣ˤĤƤ⤬ʤ
̾ˤĤƤϿ̾˭٤ʾڵꡤȸǤƱꤷ䤹ȤäϴñǤϤʤ褦Ūʬۤϡ#2443. ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ФäƤ롥Thames, Severn, Trent ʤɤβ̾ϡ˥ȸǤȤƱꤷ䤹Τ¿ (see #1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]))
Kent ȸǤݤäƤΤϡΰ֡ʥ֥ƥˤͤȤۤ˻פ뤬ϥͤΥ֥ƥΤƤ̾äChevening, Chattenden, Chatham, Dover, Reculver, Richborough, Sarr, Thanet ʤɤ⥱ȸʤ뤤ȸǤݻƤ롥
¾δϢȤơ#1736. ꥹ̾ͳ ([2014-01-27-1]) ȡ#3113. ͤ˥ɤΤ ([2017-11-04-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#3740. Ƚ줫μѸ ([2019-07-24-1]) Ūʸ츻ؤθȤʤѸؤΥȼѸˤĤƹͤƤȤƻȤΤϡDurkin 5 "Old English in Contact with Celtic" (76--95) Ǥ롥
Ƚ줫ѸؤμѸ줬ʤȤ¤ϵ褦ʤȼѸȤƤġñˤĤƤϡ츻ˤξܺ٤ɬ餫ˤʤäƤʤΤ¿εǵ褦ʡ̤αѸ˽ǤФм夲ϢñŪּפΤ¿ˤ⤷ȲΤ뤫⤷ʤ˥ȸ줫μѸʤΤȤܼŪ꤫顤ɤλ˼Ѥ줿Τ뤤ϤΥȸ줫äƤΤȤäޤǡ͡
طʤˤϡѸˤȥȽθ츻ξ˾ܤȤʤȤŪʻ⤢롥ޤȸ츻ؤ䥱ȸӸؤΤΤ⡤ȯŸ;Ϥ˻ĤƤȤ¦̤⤢롥ȤС̾ʤɤ̾˴ؤơ#1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȸ츻⤢Τ
ˡѸüԤȥȽüԤȤܿϡԤΦˤ夫鸽˻ޤạ̇̄Ǥڤ뤳Ȥʤ³Ƥ롥θ줬Φ˥ޥ˼Ѥ줿ñʤΤͤΥ֥ƥؤޤäƤΤʤΤθˤƤΤˤήΤʤΤȽȤʤ⤢롥
Υȸ줫äƤȤˤĤƤϡ˺ݤơ#778. P-Celtic Q-Celtic ([2011-06-14-1]) ǿ줿Ūħ˻ͤˤʤ롥βȯãϵ1ǯŪ®˵äȤ졤礦ɥͤ夹ʤΤǡ츻ˤ̯ꤲ롥
奱ȸؤȯŸƤС嵭ˤΤθ̤ˤĤƤϡDurkin (80--81) ν긫ͤˤ줿
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1])#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])#2443. ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1]) ǸƤ褦ˡɤβ̾ˤϥȸͳǤʤΤ¿
̤˲̾ϡ̱²ˤˤФƤ⡤̾Ѥ뷹Ȥ롥ͳ[2012-07-28-1]Ǥ⾯̤δ顤ǥȥå (62--63) Ҥ٤褦ʰʲλͿƤ
ȸ̾˺Ǥ¿ߤ롥ơ̾3ʬ2ϥȸǤ롥ʬˤߤ롥ʤۤ¿̾ĤäΤǤĤξ硤ä礭ʲξϡ̾ϸϩȤƥꥹΦιȤδ֤ǹΤۤ˽פǤäΦǰϵ饤ɤˡϤäƤȤˤȤäơ礭ϤΤޤΦؤοϩȤʤΤǡ̱͡²ˤ̾ΤƤǤͤϿάԤǤäǰǤϤʤäάȤˤŪΤˤ⥤ɤؤοϩˤ礭ʴؿƤ
βήξϡǽҤ٤褦ʤȤƤϤޤʤɡ٤ΤϤʤˤʤʤ顤̥ꥫǤϥꥫǥθ줬ȸȻä̿éäƤꡤ羮¿βˤƥǥ̾ĤäƤȤȤܤƤ褤ȤƤϥߥåԡߥ¾ˤ¿ߤ롥ɤβ̾Ĥꡤɤ̾ĤʤȤ˾βʤʤΤҤȤĤǤ롥
̤βսˡ֥Τǡ̾Τ3ʬ2Ƥסʥǥȥåȡ52ǡˤȤҤΤǡ̾˴ؤƤषȷϤ3ʬ2ȤΤϡä٤ۤǤ롥
̾ϸ̾Ѥ䤹ͳȤƤ⤦1Ĺͤ줽ʤΤϡʤ䤽¾μϷˤϡĮ¼̤Τ褦ʿʪǤϤʤȤȤ뤫⤷ʤ˺ФꡤåסɡӥɤǤΤǤϤʤ褫֨Ȥ¸ߤƤΤǤ롥˼ä뤳ȤǤʤΤƱͤˡ¸̾ˤäʤǤȤȤǤϤʤ̾ (toponym) ȰˤäƤ⡤Ϸ̾Į̾ȤǼۤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ
Ѹ̾ˤĤƤϡtoponymy γƵǼ夲Ƥˤ֥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ˤĤơ (pp. 191--209) ˴ŤơɤΥȸ̾ʬۤˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥
5ȾꡤޥΥ͡͡塼ȿͤ꼡ǥ֥ƥ轻ΥȷϽ̱²̤ɤꡤ˥ɤȸƤФΰаޤϡ褯ΤƤ (#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤͤϥɤΤ ([2015-10-06-1])) ޤԤαѸ줬ԤΥȸ줫ۤȤΩäüѤԤʤäȤ⡤褯ΤƤ롥Ȥ#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) #1736. ꥹ̾ͳ ([2014-01-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̾ˤĤƤ㳰Ȥ٤ǤꡤȸǤȤɤ륤̾ϾʤʤȤ櫓ɤβˤĤƤϡ¿ȸϤ̾ͿƤ뤳ȤŪ˻ŦƤ (cf. #1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]))
ޥν̱²꽻ϡλ֤ơɤ줫ؿʹԤȹͤ뤬ϥȸ̾ʬۤȤ褯פ롥ʲϿޡp. 199ˤϡȸϤβ̾ʬۤˤꥤɵڤӥ륺4Ĥΰ˶ʬΤǤ롥Ⱦʬ Area I 顤Ⱦʬޤ Area IIƤϢܤ Area III 顤ǤŪʥ륺䥳뤫ʤ Area IV ޤǡȸϤβ̾ڤ̩̾٤ǻʤ롥

꽻ˤȥȸ̾ǻøϢŤȡΤ褦ˤʤArea I ϡ5--6˥ͤ䥵֥ͤƥ褷ܵϤȤΰǤꡤͽۤ褦ˤˤϳμ¤˥ȸϤȤ̾϶ˤƾʤܤ Area II ؤϡͤ6Ⱦˡͤ7˿ʽФΰǤϡArea I ٤֡Ӥʤɤ̾˥ȸϤ̾¿뤬Ѹ̾ȤӤˤʤʤ餤Ǥ롥ˡ7--8ˤơͤϡ¦ʤ Devonshire, Somerset, Dorset; Worcestershire, Shropshire; Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland ʤɤ Area III ؤŸΰǤϡ֡ӤΤۤ¼졤ŪħŤ˥ȸǤä¿ѻ롥ͤ Area III ؤοʽФϡArea I ٤2ۤɤ٤줿λ֤κȸ̾Ǥǻøκˤ褯Ƥ롥ǸˡCornwall, Wales, Monmouthshire, Herefordshire ʤ Area IV ϡȷ轻̱ǸޤƧߤȤɤޤäΰǤꡤʤ顤ȸ̾Ū¿
Τ褦˷ˤ̾Ǥˤ줤ȿǤƤϾʤʤ⤦1ĤλȤơ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) Ȥ줿
ظؼ?ػˤäŷ͡ۺͤμ?١īǼҡ2010ǯ
[2011-02-14-1]ε˰³Sir William Jones ΡְӸءŪʸθˤĤơRobins μȤ pp. 192--94 ͤˤơڤդä
Jones 衼åѽ Sanskrit ȤδطΤ˻ŦȤϸػ˾夭ƽפʽäˤƱݤλŦʤ櫓ǤϤʤä衼åѤˤ Sanskrit ؤκǽθڤϡ16ꥢ Filippo Sassetti ̤롥ϡSanskrit Italian θäˤϿƤ롥θ塤ɥĤ B. Schulze ե Père Coeurdoux ʤʪ Sanskrit ȥ衼åѽ˵դƤ
Sanskrit ̤Ȥơ衼åѽˤĤƸ²ιͤܶᤷƤؼԤ16¸ߤե J. J. Scaliger (1540--1609) ϡ褫Ƥ Hebrew > Greek > Latin ľŪȯŸδطѤߴطˤĤƤȤʤ11θɤꤷ²ιͤ˶ŤƤIndo-European Finno-Ugrian ߤʤɡδ̯ʶʬǤϤäػ˾塤ܤ٤ǥäƤȤɾǤ롥
17ˤϡ2ͤΥǥ̤ͤܤ٤ѻʤäƤ롥G. Stiernhielm (1598--1672) ϡѤ餺 Hebrew ٤ƤθεȤʤ⡤̤ Latin Gothic ˵դA. Jäger ϡĸ줬衼åѤ䥢ΰسȻʤ顤줾θɤؤȯŸȤŪʹͤãƤϡĸ줽ΤΤϸ¸ƤʤȤˤⵤդƤꡤͥ줿ƤȤ虜ʤ
17ȾˤϡɥĤ Leibniz (1646--1716) 衼åѤν̤2ʬ²ѤζʬΤΤǤϤʤ˸ؤˡܤͤ롥̾̾ʬۤˡüԡˤִꤷΤǤ롥δ Basque ŪʸΩˤڤƤꡤȯۤϤƿä
Τ褦ˡJones ˤ⡤θ²Ӹؤιͤ碌ͽϤĤ¸ߤäơ[2010-02-03-1]ε#282. Sir William JonesαԤŦפǵ Jones θӤϡ̩ˤСΤߤ˵ΤǤϤʤ¿ʬ˸ĥäƤ롥ǤפϡJones ΤĤλŦ˸λܤ٤ΤǤäƤ⡤ȤƤϸΩŪŪǤꡤػ˾礭ήˤĤʤʤäȤǤ (Robins 168--69) õǰס̱ˤѡѤꡤؤδؿϤĤĤä18ȤߥJones ػ˾αͺ˲夲ΤǤ롥
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
5˥֥ͤƥ塤̱Ǥ륱ȿͤϤʤŪƶ뤳ȤȤʤäűѸˤ륱ȸαƶκǤΤϡ̾Ǥ롥[2012-07-28-1]ε#1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stourפǥ̾ˤĤƤοΤȤƥȤ̾¿ĤäƤ뤳ȤǧƤ褤
̾뤤ϰ̾ȤơBarr (cf. Welsh bar = "top", "summit"), Bernicia, Bredon, Brockhall, Brockholes (brocc = "badger"), Bryn Mawr, Cornwall, Creech, Cumberland, Cumbria, Deira, Duncombe (cumb = "a deep valley"), Exeter, Gloucester, Holcombe, Huntspill, Kent, Lichfield, Pendle (cf. Welsh pen= "top"), Pylle (pill = "a tidal creek"), Salisbury, Torcross, Torhill, Torr (torr = "high rock, peak"), Torhill, Winchcombe, Winchester, Worcester ˤϡΤ뤤ϸΰˤƥȸ etymon ޤޤƤ롥Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk, Dover, Wye ʤɤβ̾⥱ȸǤ롥
̾ΤСȸ줫μѤ϶ϾǤ롥ass, binn (basket, crib), bratt (cloak), brocc (brock or badger), crag (a high steep rough mass of rock), cumb (valley), dun (dark colored), luh (lake), torr (outcropping or projecting rock, peak) ʤɤθϡͤȿͤȤṲ̄ܿƱѸؼΤǡancor (hermit), cine (a gathering of parchment leaves), clugge (bell), cross, cursian (to curse), drȳ (magician), gabolrind (compass), mind (diadem), stær (history) ʤɤθϡɤ붵դˤ륱ȷϥꥹȶڤ̤ƱѸ˼ޤ줿
˵Τ18ФűѸ˼Ѥ줿ñϤ褽夵Ƥ롥̤ˤѤʤޤޤƤꡤȼѸ¸ߴ狼
ʾ塤Baugh and Cable (75--77) ȤƼɮ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
θ츻ǤϡɸΤ褦ʥɤμפʲ̾ϡȷϤθͳ褹ȤƤ5˥ͤɤϤäƤȤˡβ̾轻ΥȿͤѤȤKitson (36) ˤȡ̾ϥȸθؤ alteuropäisch "Old European" ̤Ȥ롥
ˤϡHumber 12ήƤꡤThames ֤β̾¿ (ex. T(h)ame, Teme, Team, Tamar, Tavy) Φ衼åѤܤƤ⡤ϤꡤΤ褦̾νĤʬۤƤ롥̾ؼԤΤǤϡ̾衼å˷֤뤳ȤϾQΰǤꡤθ츻ζ븻ȤƤ alteuropäisch ʤ줬ꤵƤ롥
Kitson (38) ˤС̾ΤʤǤפʲ̾ϤȤ櫓ݼŪǤꡤ̱²ˤäִ뤳Ȥʤ塹ѤƤ椯ʸȯԲķǤȸ뤬ʹˤȤäƺǹ٤νǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤɤοʹֽĤޤǽ̾Ϳ٤оݤö̾ĤƤޤСۤɤưŤʤ¤ꡤ̱²ԤܽԤؤ⤽ΤޤѾ뤳Ȥ¿
. . . it seems to hold pretty generally that of all classes of place-names, main river-names are the most resistant to change. In taking over a substantial body of river-names from their predecessors the Anglo-Saxons exhibited behaviour typical of immigrant populations worldwide, as Mississippi and Ohio bear witness. Yet the attitude of Anglo-Saxons to Celts, at least among their ideological leaders, at least by the end of the settlement period, was of not borrowing anything (or at least not admitting they had borrowed it). For Celts, who were certainly not autochthonous in Britain, and who are not known to have developed any colonialist ideology stronger than Vae Victis!, to have taken over no names at all from their predecessors would be preposterous. (Kitson 38)
츻ΤǤʤ֥ƥ̾ϡФХȸ쵯ȼ롥ΤʤˤϡޤǥȸͳǤꡤŪˤԸ (alteuropäisch) ͳ褹Ȥߤʤ٤Τ¿ΤǤϤʤäȤ⡤εΤˤ alteuropäisch Τä餫ˤʤФʤʤ
ʤKitson ϡ̾ݼ̾ؤˤ "uniformitarian principle" (38) ȾΤƤ롥ʸΥȥ˴ޤޤƤ "Linguistic Theory" ϡ "uniformitarian principle" ȤδϢUniformitarian Principle ưˤˤĤƤϡ[2010-11-04-1][2012-07-26-1]εȡ
Kitson, Peter. "Notes on Place-Name Material and Linguistic Theory." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 35--55.
metonymy ޤ (trope) θϡ̣˹ԤʤƤǤϡФСͭ̾줬̾첽㤬夲롥atlas, bloody mary, cardigan, dobermann (pinscher), hoover, jacuzzi, jersey, juggernaut, madeira, mercury, oscar, post-it, sandwich, tom (cat), turkey, wellington (boot) ʤˤȤޤʤξάͭ̾ǰƤ̿̾ҥåȾʤʤɤˤꡤ̾첽Ƥ椯㤬롥
դβ̾줬ͭ̾첽ˤĤƤϡޤ긦оݤȤƤʤäβϡͭ̾ (onomastics) Ǥ "onymisation" ȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥Coates ϡűѸΰŪɽ sēo fūle flōde "the foul channel" Fulflood Ȥͭβ̾ȯŸƹԤ˼ʤ顤onymisation Ū˹ͻƤ롥ʲCoates (30--33) 褦
ޤonymisation ϡɬŪѲްդʤΤ Fulflood ξˤϡ첻ѲȼäƤ뤬the White House ʤɤϡȤʤ "the white house" ٤ä˷ŪѲƤʤʤǤ϶κۤϹθʤȤȤˡonymisation ܼϡη֤ˤΤǤϤʤ˸ͭ̾ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäƤ뤫Ȥˤ롥˸褦ˡºݤˤ onymisation ϷѲȼȤ¿ϲܼǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥
ˡͭ̾ˤʤȤȤϡȤʤɽΤäƤ̣ȤȤǤ롥sēo fūle flōde ϡ֤Ρס֤ʤסֿϩפȤŪʰ̣¤Ȥ뤬Fulflood ̾ʬϤ줺ˡľܤβؼ뵭Ȥ롥Ԥΰ̣Ѥ "semantic" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСԤΰ̣Ѥ "onymic" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ
ߡŪˤ flood ˤĤƤΡֿϩפΰ̣Ϥʤ̾ȤƤ flood ϡűѸ衤̣ѲƤṬ̌ϸͭ̾ Fulflood ΤʤˡʴʬϤС˲Ū˻¸ƤȤ롥λ¸ϡͭ̾ Fulflood ʬϤ̣ʬϤʤʤä餳ǽˤʤäΤǤꡤonymisation η̤ŵŪʸȤ롤̣Ȥˤäƻ¸ȤΤŪǶ̣
ˡCoates ϡ̣ѡʲθ顤"Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) Ƥ롥ϡ"the default interpretation of any linguistic string is a proper name" ȤǤ롥ˤϡθѤˤƤϡŪľܤʻؼ (onymic reference) ͭä˰㤤ʤȤʲŪȯۤ롥
Ǹˡonymisation ϤФзŪѲȼϲŪפ䡤̸ˤϸʤ㳰ŪʲѲȤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭ̾äϰ̸äΤ褦˲ΰ̩٤⤤櫓ǤϤʤΤǡȯ¿ΤԵ§äƤ⡤֤ͭ̾μ̤»ʤʤȤ
Using an expression to refer onymically licenses the kind of attrition, or early and/or irregular sound change . . . because the phonological space of proper names is less densely populated than that of lexical words, and successful reference may be achieved despite less phonological precision. (33)
ͭ̾줢뤤ϸͭ̾첽ȤˤĤơŪΩ줫顤ޤǾܤͤȤϤʤäΤǡCoates ʸ⤷ɤ
Coates, Richard. "to þære fulan flóde . óf þære fulan flode: On Becoming a Name in Easton and Winchester, Hampshire." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 28--34.
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