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2012-01-21 Sat

#999. ѲȾ [wave_theory][indo-european][family_tree][geography][lexical_diffusion][contact][history_of_linguistics][isogloss]

[2010-02-03-1]ε#282. Sir William JonesαԤŦפǽҤ٤褦ˡSir William Jones (1746--1794) βŪƶˤꡤ18ν꤫ӸؤϤޤäθ塤ӸؤδפϡAugust Schleicher (1821--68) ˤꡤ19ȾФˤϳΩƤȤäƤ褤Schleicher ȤСƷ˥ƥꥹĤ뽬Ϥ᤿ؼԤǤ⤢롥Ӹؤβڡ̤ϡΰη ([2009-06-17-1], [2010-07-26-1]) ˶Ž̤Ƥ롥
ǡƱӸؤȤѲѡ the family tree model ФưлϤƤޤϻּ˱äϤƤ뤬¤ˤϡϸߤܿ򤷤ʤȯŸƤ롥ɤδطͤˤϡּǼĤμǤʤ֤Ǥܿɽ魯μ碌ǰƬˤɬפΤǤϤʤǡSchleicher θѼԤΰ Johannes Schmidt (1843--1901) ϡthe family tree model ؤΥơȤ the wave theory (Wellentheorie) 󼨤ܤŪȵڤƤ椯Ȥ֤μ˾ƤѲѤǤ롥Campbell and Mixco (221) Ѥ褦

According to the wave model, linguistic changes spread outward concentrically as waves on a pond do when a stone is thrown into it, becoming progressively weaker with the distance from their central point. Since later changes may not cover the same area there may be no sharp boundaries between neighboring dialects or languages; rather, the greater the distance between them, the fewer linguistic traits dialects or languages may share.


׿ŪʸܤϡӤꤲޤ줿ФΤ褦ˡ濴ȤƱ߾˶٤عäƤ椯ͤƤߤСΤ褦˻פ롥ιꡤήԤšȯڴʬ۳硤Ȥʸݤ the wave theory ξˡǹäƤ椯褦˸뤫ӸؤϻּˤȤ줹Ƥꡤʤʤּȯۤˤɤ夫ʤäơѲ϶֤μȤ̿᤭ޤ졤 (linguistic geography) ȯŸؤȤĤʤäƤä
Ǥϡthe family tree model ˴Ť²ηޤϡthe wave theory ǤϤɤΤ褦ʿޤȤΤʲβѤޤߤʤ Schmidt ˴ŤδطޤǤʾϲp. 43 οޤ򻲹ͤ˺ˡ

Schmidt's Wave Theory

Ƹʤ־ΰˤϽŤʤ꤬ꡤ餬 Italic Ȥ餬 Germanic ȤΤȤǤʤȤȤ褯Ƥ롥ΰѤ2ʸǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡۤʤǻϤޤä2Ĥθ׿㤨п A B ϡȤƱȯȤƤƤ⡤ƱȾ¤ȤϤʤȾ¤κˤꡤABξ줿A줿ʤäʤɤΰ㤤롥ºݤˤϡ̤Τ褦ˤ줤˱ߤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡƸ׿εڤΰθ³ɽ魯 (isogloss) ʣȤΤȤʤ롥ABΤߤʤ餺¿θ׿Τ褦ˤƹäƤ椯ˡŪΥΥۤɡۤʤä줬ޤ줶򤨤ʤΤ Schmidt ϹͤޤƱ⤫顤ؤκ±äȤ⤤ "Every word has its own history." Ȥ⤤ޤ줿

Schleicher, August. Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1861--62.
Schmidt, Johannes. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: Böhlau, 1872.
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of utah P, 2007.
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧ ԡ罤۱Ѹؼŵ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

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