ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲
ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)
CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:
(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.
Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
hellog Ϥ13ǯȾۤɤФޤϤ2009ǯˤϥ֥ȤϤǤ˿ƩƤޤblog ȤñνиϤ餵10ǯ̤ä1999ǯΤȤǤOED εҤˤаޤɤäƤߤޤ礦
blog Ȥ weblog ǤƬڤ (clipping) ˤꡤṳ̂줿 blog ޤweblog 1997ǯ˼Τ褦 URL ʸΰȤƽФޤ (sv weblog, n.)
1997 J. Barger Lively New Webpage in alt.culture.www (Usenet newsgroup) 23 Dec. I decided to start my own webpage logging the best stuff I find as I surf, on a daily basis:..www.mcs.net/~jorn/html/weblog.html.
2ǯ1999ǯ blog Фޤ
1999 P. Merholz peterme.com 28 May (blog, Internet Archive Wayback Machine 25 Dec. 1999) For those keeping score on blog commentary from outside the blog community.
Ʊǯˡʻž (conversion) ̤ư첽ΤФƤޤ֥֥ɤˡפΰ̣Ǥ
1999 TBTF for 1999-08-30: Aibo Rampant in cistron.lists (Usenet newsgroup) 30 Aug. Blog..to run a Web log.
ưȤƤ blog 顤ϤƱǯΤ blogging, blogger ޤƤޤ
θ塤blog 2004ǯ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary ˤ "word of the year" Ȥ졤ȤñȤʤޤcf. #262. 2009ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2010-01-14-1])ˡblog ΤʬǤȤ뿷Ȥʤꡤmoblog, audioblog, photoblog, videoblog (vlog), linklog, sketchblog, microblogging, blogstorm, blog swarm, blogoise, blogerati, bleg, blogorrhea ʤɤο줬߽Фޤ (Crystal, p. 457) 줾ɤʰ̣ʬǤ礦㤨кǸñϡĹ¡פۤɤǤ
伫Ȥ blogger ǤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υ֥ⱿĤƤΤ audioblogger Ǥ⤢ΤȻפޤȤȤ I (audio)blog therefore I am. ȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤ³ꤤޤ
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
εǤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) ˤĤƸSwift ƱͤǤ Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ⡤ˤۤƱ깭Ƥ롥
Joseph Addison launched an attack on monosyllables in the Spectator (135, 4 August 1711):
The English Language . . . abound[s] in monosyllables, which gives an Opportunity of delivering our Thoughts in few Sounds. This indeed takes off from the Elegance of our Tongue, but at the same time expresses our Ideas in the readiest manner.
He observes that some past-tense forms --- e.g. drown'd, walk'd, arriv'd --- in which the -ed had formerly been pronounced as a separate syllable (as we still do in the adjectives blessed and aged) had become monosyllables. A similar situation is found in the case of drowns, walks, arrives, 'which in the Pronunciation of our Forefathers were drowneth, walketh, arriveth'. He objects to the genitive 's, which he incorrectly assumes to be a reduction of his and her, and for which he in any case gives no examples. He asserts that the contractions mayn't, can't, sha'n't, wo'n't have 'much untuned our Language, and clogged it with Consonants'. He dismisses abbreviations such as mob., rep., pos., incog. as ridiculous, and complains about the use of short nicknames such as Nick and Jack.
ư -ed ˲ä -es Ჽͭʤ 'sܼ n't ̤˵äƤ롥 Nick Jack ˤޤ̷褬ڤǤ뤫顤ϤϤθȤΤȤˤʤäƤ롥
Addison ˤȤäƤԹʤȤˡƤܤ¿ϸɸѸdzΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Addison ˤ Swift ˤڳñ첽ɤޤܵǷäƤΤϤ狼ʤषˤϤӤֱѸפɤ٤ǥߡΩ뤿θ¤Ȥơ̤˵Τñ첽䤽¾κ٤ʹܤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ⤷ȤȡǤϤΤΡܼŪưŪäȤȤˤʤϼŪʸϡƤȤޤǤDzȤ餽þ뱿̿Ǥ롥ϡͤŤƤ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ礭ŪΤμʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦˻פ (cf. #468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]))
ʤͭʤ 's his ξάǤȤ Addison λŦˤĤƤϡѸˤΩ줫϶̣˴ؤơ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
εǤϡ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) ˤĤƸSwift ƱͤǤ Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ⡤ˤۤƱ깭Ƥ롥
Joseph Addison launched an attack on monosyllables in the Spectator (135, 4 August 1711):
The English Language . . . abound[s] in monosyllables, which gives an Opportunity of delivering our Thoughts in few Sounds. This indeed takes off from the Elegance of our Tongue, but at the same time expresses our Ideas in the readiest manner.
He observes that some past-tense forms --- e.g. drown'd, walk'd, arriv'd --- in which the -ed had formerly been pronounced as a separate syllable (as we still do in the adjectives blessed and aged) had become monosyllables. A similar situation is found in the case of drowns, walks, arrives, 'which in the Pronunciation of our Forefathers were drowneth, walketh, arriveth'. He objects to the genitive 's, which he incorrectly assumes to be a reduction of his and her, and for which he in any case gives no examples. He asserts that the contractions mayn't, can't, sha'n't, wo'n't have 'much untuned our Language, and clogged it with Consonants'. He dismisses abbreviations such as mob., rep., pos., incog. as ridiculous, and complains about the use of short nicknames such as Nick and Jack.
ư -ed ˲ä -es Ჽͭʤ 'sܼ n't ̤˵äƤ롥 Nick Jack ˤޤ̷褬ڤǤ뤫顤ϤϤθȤΤȤˤʤäƤ롥
Addison ˤȤäƤԹʤȤˡƤܤ¿ϸɸѸdzΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Addison ˤ Swift ˤڳñ첽ɤޤܵǷäƤΤϤ狼ʤषˤϤӤֱѸפɤ٤ǥߡΩ뤿θ¤Ȥơ̤˵Τñ첽䤽¾κ٤ʹܤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ⤷ȤȡǤϤΤΡܼŪưŪäȤȤˤʤϼŪʸϡƤȤޤǤDzȤ餽þ뱿̿Ǥ롥ϡͤŤƤ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ礭ŪΤμʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦˻פ (cf. #468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]))
ʤͭʤ 's his ξάǤȤ Addison λŦˤĤƤϡѸˤΩ줫϶̣˴ؤơ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1])#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])#1479. his °ʤο ([2013-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ε#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1]) ʤ顤ѸˤˤƸû shorteningȤ櫓ڳ (clipping) äʸ۵1712ǯ˥ǥߡΩƤۤɤޤǤ˸Ǥʸ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ롥#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) #141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) Ǿ줿̤ꡤSwift ϡλôȤαѸΡפͫθѸ "refine" "fix" 褦ȴޤΤä
Swift ͫθƤܤϤĤ뤬Ȥ櫓ñΤķڤʤä褦Ū˥ޥ°ֶޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1]) Ǽ褦ñΡָ캬פϤ餺ĤˤäѸˤȤäơSwift ñؤηϡޤ˼ȿ뤳ȤäǤ⡤Swift ñ뤤ϤΤˤñ첽Swift θ˴ؤϡBaugh and Cable (259) "Taking his writings as a whole, one may surmise that he would have preferred that the seventeenth century, at least after 1640, with its political, commercial, and scientific revolutions had never happened." ɾƤۤɤݼŪä
դˤСΤȤϡñ첽ˤ˵äƤڵǤ⤢롥Swift ̤˵Τϡrep (< reputation) mob (< mobile) ʤɤڳǤ롥Baugh and Cable (259) ꡤѤ褦
The things that specifically troubled the gloomy dean in his reflections on the current speech were chiefly innovations that he says had been growing up in the last twenty years. One of these was the tendency to clip and shorten words that should have retained their full polysyllabic dignity. He would have objected to taxi, phone, bus, ad, and the like, as he did to rep, mob, penult, and others. The practice seems to have been a temporary fad, although not unknown to any period of the language.
εƤȹ碌ƹͤȡSwift Ϥڳظ˴롤罰 "desire for emotive effects" ɡʤʤäΤ⤷ʤˤäޤ٤Ȥ̤Ф Swift ٤ݼŪʸؤȯŸƤäΤȻפ롥
Swift ڳؤηϡ٤ϼؤѤ줿Ƥ Baugh and Cable (259--60) Ѥ롥
Thus George Campbell in his Philosophy of Rhetoric (1776) says: "I shall just mention another set of barbarisms, which also comes under this class, and arises from the abbreviation of polysyllables, by lopping off all the syllables except the first, or the first and second. Instances of this are hyp for hypochondriac, rep for reputation, ult for ultimate, penult for penultimate, incog for incognito, hyper for hypercritic, extra for extraordinary.
Τ̤˵줿ڳϤ褽ˤϻĤʤäΤǡSwift Campbell Ƥ顤ȤƤȤmob 㳰ǡߤޤĤäƤ롥
ϢơSwift deudg'd, disturb'd, rebuk'd, fledg'd Τ褦ʲʬ -ed Ჽ⡤ñᲽǤꡤƱͤ˴٤άȹͤƤϾ嵭¿ڳȤϰۤʤꡤˤܴۤɸѸˤ夹뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#776. ʬƻ -ed Ჽ ([2011-06-12-1]) Ȥ줿
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ε#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1]) ʤ顤ѸˤˤƸû shorteningȤ櫓ڳ (clipping) äʸ۵1712ǯ˥ǥߡΩƤۤɤޤǤ˸Ǥʸ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ롥#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) #141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) Ǿ줿̤ꡤSwift ϡλôȤαѸΡפͫθѸ "refine" "fix" 褦ȴޤΤä
Swift ͫθƤܤϤĤ뤬Ȥ櫓ñΤķڤʤä褦Ū˥ޥ°ֶޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1]) Ǽ褦ñΡָ캬פϤ餺ĤˤäѸˤȤäơSwift ñؤηϡޤ˼ȿ뤳ȤäǤ⡤Swift ñ뤤ϤΤˤñ첽Swift θ˴ؤϡBaugh and Cable (259) "Taking his writings as a whole, one may surmise that he would have preferred that the seventeenth century, at least after 1640, with its political, commercial, and scientific revolutions had never happened." ɾƤۤɤݼŪä
դˤСΤȤϡñ첽ˤ˵äƤڵǤ⤢롥Swift ̤˵Τϡrep (< reputation) mob (< mobile) ʤɤڳǤ롥Baugh and Cable (259) ꡤѤ褦
The things that specifically troubled the gloomy dean in his reflections on the current speech were chiefly innovations that he says had been growing up in the last twenty years. One of these was the tendency to clip and shorten words that should have retained their full polysyllabic dignity. He would have objected to taxi, phone, bus, ad, and the like, as he did to rep, mob, penult, and others. The practice seems to have been a temporary fad, although not unknown to any period of the language.
εƤȹ碌ƹͤȡSwift Ϥڳظ˴롤罰 "desire for emotive effects" ɡʤʤäΤ⤷ʤˤäޤ٤Ȥ̤Ф Swift ٤ݼŪʸؤȯŸƤäΤȻפ롥
Swift ڳؤηϡ٤ϼؤѤ줿Ƥ Baugh and Cable (259--60) Ѥ롥
Thus George Campbell in his Philosophy of Rhetoric (1776) says: "I shall just mention another set of barbarisms, which also comes under this class, and arises from the abbreviation of polysyllables, by lopping off all the syllables except the first, or the first and second. Instances of this are hyp for hypochondriac, rep for reputation, ult for ultimate, penult for penultimate, incog for incognito, hyper for hypercritic, extra for extraordinary.
Τ̤˵줿ڳϤ褽ˤϻĤʤäΤǡSwift Campbell Ƥ顤ȤƤȤmob 㳰ǡߤޤĤäƤ롥
ϢơSwift deudg'd, disturb'd, rebuk'd, fledg'd Τ褦ʲʬ -ed Ჽ⡤ñᲽǤꡤƱͤ˴٤άȹͤƤϾ嵭¿ڳȤϰۤʤꡤˤܴۤɸѸˤ夹뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#776. ʬƻ -ed Ჽ ([2011-06-12-1]) Ȥ줿
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
shortening ûˤȤϡˤƽפˤˤߤˡ1ĤǤ롥ѸˤǤߤƤ⡤Ȥ櫓Ѹ shortening ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1]) dzǧϢơ#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1]) Ǥûˤ͡ʼब뤳Ȥǧ#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])#1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1]) ǤϾãθΨȤûͻ
嵭Τ褦ˡûϼȤƷȤơ뤤ϾȤδϢǸΤ̤Stern ϵǽỤ̄ŪʴûβܤƤ롥Stern ϡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) Ǽ褦ˡụ̂ѲʬΤʤ˴ޤƤ롥٤Ƥụ̂Ѳȼ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤ㤨 private soldier ʼ´ˤ private ûȤ¸θʷƻˤǤ private Ͽʡ̾Ρ˸Ȥˤʤꡤδߤа̣ѲȤˤʤ롥
private soldier Τ褦ˡṳ̂θ¸θƱȤʤ뤿˰̣ѲȤȤ̤ˡrhinoceros rhino, advertisement ad ʤɤ clipping ڳˤΤ褦ˡ̤θùܤȤʤ륱롥Ǥΰ̣ǤΡְ̣ѲפϤʤ̣Ū˸٤ΤϤʤ褦ˤפ뤬rhinoceros rhino ΰ̣κadvertisement ad ΰ̣κ⤷ȤСûϰ̣ŪʴްդȤȤˤʤ롥
Stern (256) ϡûŪʲǤȤȤˡǽŪʴפʲǤȤߤƤ롥ºݡûθΤʤǺǽפΤΤϡǽŪװǤȤޤǽҤ٤Ƥ롥Stern (256) μĥѤ롥
Starting with the communicative and symbolic functions, I have already pointed out above . . . that brevity may conduce to a better understanding, and too many words confuse the point at issue; the picking out of a few salient items may give a better idea of the topic than prolonged wallowing in details; the hearer may understand the shortened expression quicker and better.
The expressive function is partly covered by signals, but a shortened expression by itself may, owing to its unusual and perhaps ungrammatical, form, reflect better the speaker's emotional state and make the hearer aware of it. Clippings are very often intended to make the words express sympathy or endearment towards the persons addressed; nursery speech abounds in nighties, tootsies, etc., and clippings of proper names, transforming them into pet names, are often due to a similar desire for emotive effects . . . . The numerous shortenings (clippings) in slang and cant often aim at a humourous effect.
Conciseness and brevity increase vivacity, and thus also the effectiveness of speech; brevity is the soul of wit; the purposive function may consequently be better served by shortened phrases.
ΤеŪʴûߤˤȤɤޤ餺ѤŪɽϡʸΤȤäǽŪ¦̤ûȤ館ƶϡStern ǡȤǤ롥֤û뤳ȤǤषǽղä⤬̣
ѤʸϤǸڤƤնɽ nighties ȴϢơ#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1]) ڤӡ#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
Ѹ but ¿1ĤǤ롥ˡ¿ʻߤƤ³졤ֻ졤̾졤졤̾졤ưޤǤϰϤΤʤȤƤˡܤʸˤ only ΰ̣Ѥ but 롥ʸ褦
He is but a child.
There is but one answer to your question.
There were a lot of famous people there: Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, to name but two.
I heard it but now.
I don't think we'll manage it. Still, we can but try.
but Τΰ̣ˡŪˤϤɤ褿ΤͤƤߤСHe is but a child. Ȥʸ He is nothing but a child. Ȥ롥ԤǤ but ϡ?ơפΰդֻʬϤΤȤƤ깽¤Ȥʤ뤬Ԥι깽¤Ȼ¾ƱȤʤΤϰ츫ԻĤǤ롥Ūˤ only ΰ̣ but ϡޤ nothing but Τ褦깽¤꼭æ뤳ȤˤäΤǤ롥ṳ̂뤤ϾάλǤ롥Stern (264) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In English, an original ne--butan has been shortened to but: we nabbað her buton fif hlafas and twegen fiscas > we have here but five loafs and two fishes (Horn, Sprachkörper 90), he nis but a child > he is but a child (NED but 6). The immediate cause of the omission of the negation is not quite certain. It is not impossible that influence from other uses of but may have intervened.
OED but, prep., adv., conj., n.3, adj., and pron. θ6aˤƱݤεҤ롥
By the omission of the negative accompanying the preceding verb . . ., but passes into the adverbial sense of: Nought but, no more than, only, merely. (Thus the earlier 'he nis but a child' is now 'he is but a child'; here north. dialects use nobbut prep., conj., and adv. = nought but, not but, 'he is nobbut a child'.)
ʤOED ǤLangland (1393) ˡνȤʤäƤ뤬MED but (conj. (also quasi adj., adv., and prep.)) 2a ˤС13 The Owl and the Nightingale 㤬롥
û̡άݤȤƤϡne butan > but Ѳϡ"negative cycle" Ȥͭ̾ʥե ne . . . pas > pas ѲȤ롥pas ְ (pace) ۤɤΰ̣ǡľܤΰ̣ôƤ ne ȶƯƤne ޤäƼ줿̡pas 켫Τΰ̣ƤޤäΤǤʸˤ Ce n'est pas possible. > C'est pas possible. Ѳȡˡ pas ηФѲϡΰ̣ΰ̣ȤѲǤ뤫顤#1586. ʬβ̶ʬ ([2013-08-30-1]) Ǽ Croft νѸǤ "metanalysis" Ȥ
ΤˡȤȶƤ꼭æǡΰ̣ȤǤ϶̤ƤꡤŪû̡άǤˡ̣δϰ̣ž (meaning transfer) Ȥ (contagion) ȤƤ֤ȤǤbut pas ΥǤϡˤư㤤롥 (115) Ѥ褦ʸʸηϡǤˤƤˡ
ne + pas Ǥϡ꼭 ne ΰ̣ pas ΰ̣ҰӤȴ֤줿ΤФơ but ȯãǤϡbutan ΰ̣ϤΤޤݻ졤Τ ne ΰ̣žƤ롥˴ؤƶ̣Τϡ꼭 ne ϲŪ˾äƤޤäΤˡ̣ʤ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ but ˡǤϡά줿Ǥΰ̣žƤ֤but ¾ˡ٤ựʣˤʤäƤ롥
äơbut ηФѲϡCroft Τ "metanalysis" ˤϸ̩ƤϤޤʤ褦˸롥Ĥϡbut ηФѲ (contagion) ǤϤʤûŪ (contractive contagion) ɽpas ѲȤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʤStern ϤΥ̣ѲΤʤ Shortening ʤ٤ ClippingˤȤƵƤʡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ȡˡ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ְ̣Ѳסذ̣١ԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ106--33ǡ
̲ñ̡֥ɥפθ츻ˤĤơBohemia Joachimst(h)al ȤĮ롥Į1519ǯ˽¤줿ʾϡɥĸĤ Joachimst(ha)aler ȸƤФ졤䤬ƤǤ clipping ѤڤΤƤ졤T(h)aler ̾Τ褦ˤʤäʱѸǡëפɽ魯dale ƱˡΥɥĸ̾ϥɥĸ줢뤤 daler, daller ȤƼѤ졤16ˤϱѸؤäƤαñϡ16--19ѤƤɥĶߤɽ路ڥʾ peso Ū̾ (=Spanish dollar) ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäƹΩ1782ǯThomas Jefferson ƹ̲ߤȤƱѹ̲ߤκѤǤ˹ѤƤ Spanish dollar ƹ̲ߤȤƺѤ뤳ȤҤ١dollar ϸߤΰ̣βƤιŪʷкѳưʪ츻Ȥ1785ǯˤΦĤˤꡤƹ̲̾ȤƺѤ줿ºݤή̤Τ¤꤬줿1792ǯǤ롥
1785 Resol. Continent. Congress U.S. 6 July, Resolved, that the money unit of the United States of America be one dollar.
ߤֻ dollar 17ǡ¾ˤ daleir, daler, dal(l)or, dalder, doler, dolor, daller, doller, dollor ʤֻ͡ѤƤ
ʤɥ뵭 $ ͳϡˤСڥ̲ peso 8 reals 뤳Ȥ8פ夨ǤϤʤȤ뤤ϡpeso p s ŤͤްƤȤ⡤ζ solidus Ƭʸ s ΤȤ⤤롥
ܤϡ߷ˤ֥֡ɥפϤȤȥܥإߥΤä!? ? dollar θ츻ȡ
ȿȽ̾Ѥ Miss ȤɾΤ롥ǯǤ Ms. 뤤 Ms Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤƤʹϢǤ1973ǯѡˡĤƤ֤㤯ʤäƤ롥ʷɾΤˤĤƤϡ[2009-10-16-1]ε#172. ƤӤȤƤ Mr, *Mrs, Missפȡ
Mrs Mr ˤϼƼ Mrs. Mr. ȥԥꥪɤĤ뤬Miss ˤĤƤϱƤȤ˥ԥꥪɤԲĤǤ롥ͳϡMiss άǤϤʤȤƤ뤬ȤǤʤäȤάǤ롥 etymon mistress Ǥꡤ̣Ȥˤθ Mrs etymon Ǥ⤢롥mistress ȤƱ줬̤Ƿֻ֤ʬMrs Miss ߽ФΤǤ롥
17Ⱦmistress ûФ <Mrs> ֤褦ˤʤäθ֤̾ǤȤʤʤä˼嶯֤褦ˤʤꡤȯȤƤ19ƬޤǤ /ˈmɪsɪs/ 뤤 /ˈmɪsɪz/ ؤṳ̂줿ơߤֻȯбꤷ
Ȥ̤ηϩǡ17ޤǤˡȯڤ /mɪs/ ߽Ф줿褦λֻ <Mis> 뤤 <Mis.> ȯƤ褦˻פ뤬ºݤˤϤνֻϽûˤʤäǽ⤢롥Ĥޤꡤषû <Mis> <Miss> ˹碌뤫Τ褦 /mɪs/ ȯޤ줿ȹͤʤʤξ硤spelling pronunciation Ȥˤʤ롥
Heller and Macris (206) ϸԤβǽŦƤ롥εǼ夲 AWOL κǽ2ʳˤƤϤޤȹͤƤ褦mistress <Miss> /mɪs/ ѲȤˤʤ롥ûûͶȤ
Τˤ衤<Miss> <s> ֤ƤȤʤ롥/mɪs/ ȯŬ礹褦˽ŻҲΤ뤤 Heller and Macris (206) Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ<Mis(tres)s> ⤷ <Mi(stre)ss> "acrouronym" ([2011-10-07-1]) ʤΤ뤤ϤξԤߺѤη̤ʤΤ
⤦1ĻĤ줿ϡ˼夲 Miss ˥ԥꥪɤĤʤΤϤʤȤMiss ϡ嵭Τ褦ˤĤιͤϤΤΡMr. Mrs. ȤϰۤʤꡤȯֻŪ˰פΤȤˤäơMiss άǤȤǧ줿ΤǤϤʤäȤ1ñǤȤǧԥꥪɤĤʤȤħȿǤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ƚν۴ŪѤϡ뤳ȤΤǤʤѲΰװʤΤ⤷ʤ
Heller, L. G. and James Macris. "A Typology of Shortening Devices." American Speech 43 (1968): 201--08.
[2009-08-26-1] octopus ʣϲȤä rhinoceros /raɪnˈɑsərəs/ ֺԡפʣϲȤʬꤿ
θϥꥷˤΤܤꡤrhīno- "nose" + -kerōs "horned" ʣǤ롥Ѹˤ1300ǯ˼Ѥ줿
θϡ䤬ΤäƤñΤʤǡʣ֤μबǤ¿Ǥ롥ޤ OED Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ8ʣʬ롥
rhinoceros, rhinocerons, rhinocerontes, rhinoceroes, rhinocero's, rhinoceri, rhinoceroses, rhinocerotes
ȤƤĤʤʤΤǡJespersen ʸˡʤɤǤꤢƤ뤷رѸǯ٤ˤ롥ˤϡ˺ԤӤäꤷƤ뤳Ȥ
ܳεˤС1905ǯ Sir Charles Eliot ʤʪƬǺޤƤȤϿ롥rhinocerotes ʳŪǤꡤȤä rhinoceroses ϸĴɤʤǤξά rhinos ǤϰҸʤñʣƱ rhinoceros ǤƤ˲ʤȤ
ޤ1938ǯˤ Julian Huxley ʤʪؼԤrhinoceri ϸѤǤꡤrhinoceroses äȤʤǤʳŪʶؤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤ rhinos ʣȤ褦ƤƤ롥
ͤεϿƶ¤˼ƹͤƤߤ褦1905ǯλ rhinocerotes ˤϤǤʳŪʶäȤȤֵ§ʣפ rhinoceroses ˤäʳŪʶäȤϿƤʤ1938ǯˤ rhinoceroses ǤʳŪˤʤäƤȤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥餳rhinos Ƥ櫓Ǥ롥
Ȥȡ1938ǯޤǤοܤνϰʲΤ褦˿ǤΤǤϤʤޤrhinocerotes ޤ¿ΡԵ§ʣפ20ƬˤϤǤʳŪäǡֵ§ʣפ rhinoceroses Ūˤʤ꤫ĴͳǤǽŪˤϹޤ줺ݤˤϤʤΤΡά˵§Ū -s դ rhinos ̲Ф
ܳΤ褦ˡ30ǯ;δ֤ˤֺԡפʣοܤϡJespersen Τ simplification monosyllabism ȤѸ̻ŪɽΤ褦˻פ rhinos ξ硤̩ˤ monosyllabism ؤѲȤϤʤθǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤˡޤԵ§§Ǥ˰ꤺڤ ( clipping ) ˤ
ơߤäܤܳε1938ǯΤΤǤꡤ줫鸽ߤޤǤˡֺԡפʣϤɤΤ褦ѲBNC ( The British National Corpus ) ñ㸡ˤȡԵ§ʣפΥҥåȤϳ̵äʥդǤϤʤᡤñʣƱ rhinoceros ʣȤƤΥҥåȿˤĤƤ̤ǧˡ§ˤĤƤϡҥåȿϰʲ̤ꡥ
| rhinoceroses | 13 |
| rhinos | 100 |
ε[2009-08-10-1]ǡܸä֥åع٤ƤߤΤʤǡ ( word formation ) ˤĤƵˤʤ줬Ĥä֥å erotic ȡ֥ƥƥå Ästhetik (German) Ǥ롥ԤϤѸˤ aesthetic Ȥб줬롥
erotic ϥꥷäο Eros ֥פ -ic ղäƻǤ롥ȤܸǤ -ic ǤϤʤ֥åס֥ƥåפȤưʬϤڤФ([2009-08-02-1], [2009-08-03-1], [2009-08-10-1])ΰʬϤ֥ƥåס֥ƥƥåפƤϤȡΤϤ줾֥פȡ֥ơפȤʤ롥ơδΤϤѸˤ¸ߤʤᡤ̤ȤѸȤʤäƤ롥ɽȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
֥ƥå - ֥ƥå = ֥
֥ƥƥå - ֥ƥå = ֥ơ
ΰʬϡΩ줫̤ιͤ褦˻פ롥Ĥϡ ( back-formation ) Ǥ롥̤ϡΤˤäơδΤ -ic ʤɤܼղäƿȤˤʤ뤬ѥäΩȡȤܤ줬졤դνǴΤŪ˷Ȥ֤롥Ѹͭ̾ʵ editor > edit 롥̾ưΥڥˤĤƤϡټԤɽ -or ղä줿 editor -or ư edit 줿̤餹ȽդθʤΤǡȤ櫓Ǥ롥ιͤǤС֥ס֥ơפܸˤưʬϤȵξФ̤θȤȤˤʤ롥
⤦Ĥιͤϡڤ ( clipping ) ȸƤФάäƤȤΤǤ롥ڤȤϡΰڤ륿פξάΤȤǤ롥֥ƥåס֥ƥƥåפǤĹΤǡȾʬϾάƤޤȤȤǡ֥ס֥ơפȤά줬ǤȤͤǤ롥ܸڤդʤΤǡʬˤβȤꤦ롥
嵭ĤιͤΤ줫뤤ξݤ蘆줿Ȥ⤢ꤦ뤬ˤ衤ѸΡ֥ƥåס֥ƥƥåפܸθФơ֥ס֥ơפޤ줿äϤǻߤޤʤ֥ס֥ơפϰθȤư⤭ϤᡤƼʣ߽Ф³Ƥ롥֥ס֥ܡס̡֥ס֥סִڹơסֲֲǥơסּơ
ơ֥פ˻äƤϡʤܸǤΤˤķƻ֥פޤ줿Ǥ롥ʤʤߤˡ֥פ⡥
ܸüԤ (ˤɵڤ뿴Τʤ虜ܸθϤΤʤ虜ܸθä˭ˤʤäƤ椯
Ϥ⤦ second ˴ؤꡥ[2009-07-06-1] second θ츻ˤΤܤäơ2ܤΡפȤ̣ˤsecond Τ⤦Ĥΰ̣ʤ̾ȤƤΡáסΩͤƤߤ褦 minute ʬפȹ碌ƹͤɬפ롥
ƥǤϡʬפΤȤpars minūta prīma "first divided part" ɽ1֡פʬ䤷ʬ1ʬפȤȯۤǤ롥minūta ϡminimum, minor, mince ƱǡڤޤƾʤäפΰդǤ롥prīma ϡ1ܤΡפΰ̣ǡѸˤѤ졤prime minister, primary, primitive ʤɤ˳ǧ롥
áפϥƥ pars minūta secunda "second divided part" ɽǽʬ䤷줿ʬפ⤦ʬ䤷Τǡ2ܤʬפȤȤˤʤ롥
줾3줫ʤĹɽʤΤǡ˰Ĥƴ줿 ( clipping ) ʬۤʤäƤΤߥǤ롥ơν˱ѸؼѤ줿
minute < (pars) minūta (prīma)
second < (pars minūta) secunda
Ѹˤϡfor a split second ֤ۤΰ֤δ֡פȤ뤬áפ split ʬפ櫓顤 pars minūta tertia "third divided part" ȤäȤ
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