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sanskrit - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 18:54

2024-11-04 Mon

#5670. Grassmann's law --- ֥饹ޥˡ§ [grassmanns_law][grimms_law][sound_change][sanskrit][greek][indo-european][dissimilation][verners_law][aspiration][phonetics][consonant]

̾ˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤϡƤ줿ꡤ͡㳰뤳ȤŤƤǤͭ̾ʤΤͥˡ§ (verners_law) ˴ؤ㳰⤦1饹ޥˡ§ (grassmanns_law) ȤΤ롥ؿѸؼŵ '(209--300) ꡤβ

ȯ줿㳰ϡ̾殺饹ޥˡ§ (Grassmann's law) ȸƤФΤǤ롥ΰб Grimm ꤷ˹פǤäHerman Grassmann (1809--77) ϥꥷ䥵󥹥åȤΥǡĴ١θǤ㳰ŪԵ§бȯãȤ餫ˤ㤨
Goth.Skt
-biudan 'offer'bódhāmi 'notice'
dauhtar 'daughter'duhitā'
gagg 'street'jánghā 'leg'

бˤơˡ§ˤХޥ b, d, g б륵󥹥åȤθƬӵ (bh, dh, gh) ǤʤФʤʤΤӵǤ롥Grassmann ϡꥷ줪ӥ󥹥åȤˤơĤܤ벻ӵ³Ȥɤ餫Ĥϰ۲ (DISSIMILATION) ˤäӵˤʤ븽ݤΤǤ뤳ȤȯˤƸؼԤϡñħ䲻ĶǤʤܤ벻ȤδطˤդʤФʤʤȤΤäΤǤ롥


Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵƤ (198--99)

Grassmann's law (also dissimilation of aspirates)
Discovered by Grassmann (1863), sound change occurring independently in Sanskrit and Greek which consistently results in a dissimilation of aspirated stops. If at least two aspirated stops occur in a single word, then only the last stop retains its aspiration, all preceding aspirates are deaspirated; cf. IE *bhebhoṷdhe > Skt bubodha 'had awakened,' IE *dhidhēhmi > Grk títhēmi 'I set, I put.' This law, which was discovered through internal reconstruction, turned a putative 'exception' to the Germanic sound shift (⇒ 'Grimm's law). . . into a law.


⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Bussmann, Hadumod.
Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics''. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2018-06-10 Sun

#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ [indo-european][germanic][category][voice][mood][tense][aspect][number][person][exaptation][sanskrit][gothic]

Lass (151--53) ˤȡSanskrit ŵŪưˤϡ;ΡΥƥ꡼˱126롥ޥΤʤǺǤʣʶޤ򼨤 Gothic Ǥϡ22ζ޷롥ޥΤʤǤ⤪褽ŵŪȤäƤ褤űѸϡ8Ĥζ޷򼨤ʤѸǤϺǤ3Ĥλ¤ϡŪФ뤴ȤˡޤμबäƤƤΤǤ롥
ĸǤϡ̤Ƥʸˡƥ꡼Ȥ̣ϰʲ̤ꡥ

(voice) ǽư (active) ư (middle)
ˡ (mood) ľˡ (indicative) ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˡ (optative) ̿ˡ (imperative)
ꡦ (aspect/tense) (present) ̵ (aorist) λ (perfect)
(number) ñ (singular) ξ (dual) ʣ (plural)
; (person) 1; (first) 2; (second) 3; (third)

Υƥ꡼ˤĤơĸ줫饲ޥĸؤκͻҤάҤ褦
֤Υƥ꡼ˤĤƤϡĸǽư vs ư֤ζ̤ϡޥĸǤϡǽư֡ vs ʼư֤ȺƵ֡ˤȤǤ⤤٤̤˺줿
ˡΥƥ꡼˴ؤƤϡĸ4Ĥζʬϡ̡ޥɤǤϡľˡ³ˡ̿ˡ3ʬ뤤Ϥͻ礬ʤߡűѸǤľˡ³ˡ2ʬؤȺ줿
ĸλΥƥ꡼ϡŪˤ˴ŤΤȹͤƤ롥Ϥ褦ȤưĸΡִλפޥĸˤֲפ˺줿褦̤ȤơޥĸǤϡοֲפȡߤޤפȤΡ˴Ť2ʬˡΩ롥
Υƥ꡼ϡűѸǤξ;̾ˤ鷺˻¸ƤΤΡŪˤСñʣ2ʬ˺줿κˤĤƤϡ#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥ꡼Ȥؤ ([2015-03-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Ǹˡ;ΤΥƥ꡼ˤĤƤϡѸΡ3ñ -sפˤħ褦ˡ褽3ʬˡޤǼѤƤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2016-03-18 Fri

#2517. ŵȤϲ [variety][sociolinguistics][terminology][language_death][standardisation][religion][history][latin][greek][sanskrit][arabic]

ѸˤϤ˸ؤˤؤǤȡФŵ (classical language) ȤѸ˽Ф魯ŵŵŪϡΡʻˡˤθŵʸŵȷӤĤȤƤΥƥ (Latin) ŵꥷ (Ancient Greek) Ǥ롥ŵϸ (modern language) ΩΤǤꡤָŵ (dead language)פȤϢۤ줽ۤñʤΤǤϤʤ (cf. #645. Ѹ ([2011-02-01-1])) ŵ°ȤƤϡ (vitality) ΤۤΧ (autonomy) ɸ (standardisation) פǤ (see #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1])) Trudgill (22) Ѹ콸

classical language A language which has the characteristics of autonomy and standardisation but which does not have the characteristic of vitality, that is, although it used to have native speakers, it no longer does so. Classical European languages include Latin and Ancient Greek. The ancient Indian language Sanskrit, an ancestor of modern North Indian languages such as Hindi and Bengali, is another example of a classical language, as is Classical Arabic. Classical languages generally survive because they are written languages which are known non-natively as a result of being used for purposes of religion or scholarship. Latin has been associated with Catholicism, Sanskrit with Hinduism, and Classical Arabic with Islam.


ܤˤƤϡŤ졤ʸŵȤưƤʸϡߤǤŪѼԤʤȤ̣ vitality 礤Ƥ뤬ˤ autonomy standardisation ǧ졤䡦ۤȶӤĤƤ񤭸դѼǤ롥
ʤŵΤ⤦1Ĥ°Ȥơΰˤ⼨ƤΤΡŪʸ (historical authority) Ū˲äƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2015-01-30 Fri

#2104. ޽ [writing][hiragana][japanese][grammatology][phonetics][vowel][consonant][sanskrit]

ܸҤ餬ʤθ޽ޤȤС鷺Τ줿ɽؤ  *

ʤ 
 
ʤ 


첾̾Ρ֤פȡ֤פޤƤºݤˤ50ΰۤʤ벻ʥ⡼ˤɽƤϤ餺ɽ˷⤢롥510ɽˤ褽ޤȤȤ̣ǡ޽ޤȸƤӽ蘆Ƥ롥޽ޤϡҤ餬ʤγؽ˳Τߤʤ餺ʳѤ䲼ʳѤʤɸܸܸʸˡҤˤʤƤϤʤʤ¸ߤǤꡤܸΤʤ֤礭ˤ⤫餺ʤ¤ӽʤΤ뤳ȤϤʤ
¤ϡθ줿޽ޤظˤϡĴؤθƤ롥ˤĤ̾ (2--12) ǫİפ򤭤ۤƤΤǡ󤽤򻲾ȤƤ餤γפΤ߰ʲ˵
ޤ첻5ʤ¤ӤˤĤơʤ֤פνʤΤ֤פϹ㤤첻Ǥꡤ³֤פȡ֤פϤ줾춹ʹ⤤첻Ǹ֤פȡ֤פϤ줾Ūʳʹ⤵ˤ첻Ǥ롥ν֤Ƥꡤ줾Ǥ첻첻ȤȤʤäƤ롥첻շά첻ѷǹͤʤС֤פ3Ĥĺ򲡤Ƥ顤ʤΡ֤פ᤯äƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥֤פǸƤΤϡŪˤϸ޽ޤδפʤȹͤƤ륵󥹥åȸβˤơ/e/, /o/ Ϥ줾첻 /ai/, /au/ ˴ŤƤꡤŪ첻ǤȤͤ˴ŤƤ褦ʹ硤p. 44ˡ
ˡ֤ʤϤޤפνˤĤơԤ첻ϤޤꡤԤ޹ԤޤǻҲԤ³ԤԤޤǤȾ첻ԤȤʤäƤ롥ҲԤˤĤƤϡĴαؤ󤵤ƤꡤǤĴͼˤä໤ɡ¤֡Ū˸ȡǽΤԡˤǸΩƤ뤬³ԡԡʹԤϤ줾ԲǤꡤ嵭Ĵͼ¤Ǥ롥θ塤ϹԡŪ /p/ /ɸ/ ȿǡˤȤ޹ԤϤȤ˿Ǥꡤ໤ʤ뤤ˡɡν¤Ǥ롥֤פ3ԤˤĤƤϡȾ첻ȤǤХޥǤ롥Ǥ⡤ĴϹŸԢȸα¤٤Ƥ롥ʤԤȾ첻ȤΤϡ첻 r 󥹥åȸ¸ߤ뤳Ȥˤʹ硤p. 44ˡ
#1008. ֤ϡפ ABC ([2012-01-30-1]) εǡְߡʤˡפˤĤƿ줿ְפϸ򳫤ǻνᡤߡפϸĤ벻ǻνɽ路ξ碌ʪνȽ򼨤Ȥ롥ϡ޽ޤˤȿǤƤǽ֤첻 /a/ ȺǸ֤Ҳ /m/ (hum) ͳ褷Ƥ롥
Ϥˤϡ#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 ([2012-01-27-1]) ǸȤ굪1000ǯ̤褦޽ޤˤĤƤ⤪褽Ʊ11¢عв٤ˤߤޤ¸ǸŤΤΤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡǤϥ󥹥åȸʼޡˤФ뤤Ϥ˴ŤƤȤΤäȿڤΤ˺줿Ȥ⡤ޤΤҤʷȤƺ줿ȤʤɤꡤʶȤƤ롥ʤָ޽ޡפ̾ΤϹͻηˤΤǤ롥
Ϣơե٥åȤ¤ӤˤĤơ#1832. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (1) ([2014-05-03-1])#1833. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (2) ([2014-05-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
ߡ֥ɤʸܡסط3410桤2005ǯ42--49ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-05-1] [2015-01-31-1]

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2013-04-13 Sat

#1447. ɸɡʰ² [indo-european][family_tree][indian][sanskrit][indo-european_sub-family][buddhism]

² (the Indo-European family) ʣθɤʬ뤬ƸɤˤĤƲä뵭򾯤Ľ񤤤Ƥ椭ϡɸ (Indian) ˤĤ Baugh and Cable (23--24) εҤ˴ŤƲ⤹롥#50. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޤͷӤǡ ([2009-06-17-1]) #455. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡܸǡˡ ([2010-07-26-1]) 뤤ϡ#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) ηޤʤɤ򻲾Ȥʤ顤ʲʸϤɤ
²θ¸ǸŤʸإƥȤϥɸɤθǽ񤫤줿ΤǤꡤΤȤϰӸؤˤ뤳θɤνɤ뤮ʤΤȤƤ롥κǸŤΥƥȤȤϡɺǸŤνʸؤǥХκŵǤ the Vedas ʥ١ˤǤ롥١ϡRig-Veda ֥ꥰ١סSama-Veda ֥ޥ١, Yajur-Veda ֥䥸١, Atharva-Veda ֥Х١פ4ĤʬʤꡤΤ򽸤᤿ Rig-Veda ǸŤΤΤǤ롥νϡĹǸѤƤΤǡäȸˤʤäƤ񤭼줿ΤǤ뤿ᡤɽƤǯꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤Rig-Veda θϵ1500ǯۤɤ̤Ȥ롥θ Sanskrit 뤤 Vedic Sanskrit ȸƤФƤꡤؤ (the Brahmanas)Ԥ۽ (the Aranyakas)ůŪ׺ (the Upanishads) (the Sutras) ʤɤλʸƥȤˤ⸽롥
ˤʤäơSanskrit ϽʳؤϰϤ򹭤4˽Ф Panini ˤäƸ줬Ҥ쵬ϲȡthe Mahabharata the Ramayana ȤΥʸؤޤ줿ʳ Sanskrit ϡClassical Sanskrit ȸƤФ롥äդȤƤ᤯˻Ȥʤä衼åѤˤĹ餯ƥ줬ôäƤΤϰ̤ݻ³Classical Sanskrit ϸߤǤ줿ؼθȤƤߤʤƤ롥
Sanskrit ¸ǡ塦̤¿ȤƹԤƤθ Prakrits Τ뤬Τʤˤϵ6ȾФʩθ Pāli Τ褦ˡ񤭸դϰ̤Τ⤢ä Prakrits 顤ߤΥɡѥ󡤥Х󥰥ǥǹԤƤ Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi ʤɤγƸ줬ȯŸߡθüԿϿ6ͤȤ졤ΤȤƵʸɤƤ[2010-05-29-1]ε#397. üԿˤȥå25פ򻲾ȡˡHindi Urdu ϤȤˡ4Τ lingua franca [2013-02-16-1]ε#1391. lingua franca (4)פ򻲾ȡˤȤƵǽƤ Hindustani ΤǤꡤߤȤߤʤȤǤ롥ԤŪ˥ڥ륷䥢ӥ줫αƶԤȤϻѤƤʸηϤۤʤ롥
ʤץθ Romany 5ɤˤΤܤ뤬ˤüԤȤȤ˥ڥ륷ȴ˥ꡤ衼åѤ䥢ꥫؤϤä

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2011-08-05 Fri

#830. sandhi [assimilation][euphony][phonetics][terminology][sanskrit][article]

[2011-08-02-1]εshe θ츻פ (3) ǡ"sandhi-theory" ˸ڤsandhi ʥǥˤȤϥ󥹥åȸ (Sanskrit) ͳ褹ʸˡѸǡ椬ǤϢʤ󤸤礦ˤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ǥϡ֡ϡˤޤȤ롤Ĥʤפɽ魯 saṃ-dadhāti ̾ǡϢפ̣롥θȸ³θƬΤ˸벻 (euphony) ؤθϸˤä͡¿첻ҲƱ (assimilation) ޤࡥ
Sanskrit ˤ sandhi ֵ§ȤƿޤƤꡤβʸˤȿǤΤ˽פʲǤ롥ȸΤ뤤ʣιǤΤ˸ϢϳϢ (external sandhi) ȸƤФ졤θ촴ܼܼΤ˸ϢϢ (internal sandhi) ȸƤФ롥
Ѹ˸ʳϢȤƤϰʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥

did you [did juː] ǤϤʤ [diʤuː] ȤʤҲƱ
far ñȤǤ [fɑː] Τ褦 non-rhotic far away Ǥ [ˈfɑːrəˈweɪ] Τ褦 rhotic ˤʤ linking r θݡ
a 첻ʤȤ̵ h ˤǻϤޤ֤ an Ȥʤ븽 (see [2010-07-30-1], [2010-08-01-1]) 嵭2Ȱۤʤꡤsandhi ̵ͭ򼨤۷֤ˡ̤ƤǡѸǤǤ롥

ϢפγǰϡֲءפȤѸˤܸˤѤƤꡤ󥪥ʰ²ˤΥˡ襦ʱۻաˤߥ祦ˡĥ㱣ˤå󡤥󥤡ʻ̡ˤߤˤʤ褦ˡ󡤥IJ˥ԡԡԲ³ĶǼȤƴ㤬¿롥12濴Ȥ뱡ޤǤˤäʩŵ֤ȯƤ褦ޤθݤǤꡤߤޤǤ򼺤äƸŪ˸경Ƥ롥
ե󥹸 vous aimez [vuzeme] est-il [ɛtil] ʤɤ˸ (liaison) sandhi ΰѸܸΤηŪǤ롥

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-09-1] [2011-08-06-1]

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2010-02-03 Wed

#282. Sir William JonesαԤŦ [indo-european][family_tree][comparative_linguistics][popular_passage][sanskrit][history_of_linguistics][jones]

1786ǯSir William Jones (1746--1794) Ω the Asiatic Society Ω3ǯǰ "On the Hindu's" ꤹֱԤä줬ӸؤȤʤäJones ΰʲΰϡޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥

The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. (emphasis added)


Jones ƶαԤϡֻˤ˸ȤǤ롥

(1) GreekLatin¾Υ衼åѸ줬ߤ˸Ū˴طƤȤȯۤǤʤä衼åѤʣθƤԤǤСδФϤܤǤ碌ƤLatin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian ʤΤθޤ᤿¿θ28ؽȤˤ򽤤᤿ Jones ϡ衼åѸӱۤ Sanskrit ޤǤ⤬ Latin, Greek ʤɤȸŪ˴طƤȤȤȴȤǤǤ⡤Ѹ͸̡ˤȥҥǥ軰̡ˤŪ˴طƤ뤳ȤʹٴΤȴJones λŦϤ˶ᤤ׷Ϳͥåȥι꤬̤ˤޤǿĹΤǤ롥

(2) Jones ˥衼åѸɤθŪ˵ŤƤͤϡ˸äΤȤˤƤȤJones ʸˡä˷ˤɤƤΤȼĥͥåȥ˿ߤȤʼդä줿ΤǤ롥

(3) Jones ˤϡϢߤοƤϸ¸뤤줫θƤJones ϱԤľäơƸϤǤ˻ǼƤƧȯۤϡͥåȥ֤ȤޤΩŪʤΤǤꡤä⤢ޤ⤢ȤȤȤƤʤʤ

Jones ȤϤȯۤɤȯȤϻפäƤʤä褦ǡθ塤ߤ¾ڤ褦ȻߤפʤJones Ƭ˰η([2009-06-17-1])ΤҤʷΤ褦ʤΤäȤϹͤˤι˴ŤľϷ̤ȤäȤˤʤ롥

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