̾ˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤϡƤ줿ꡤ͡㳰뤳ȤŤƤǤͭ̾ʤΤͥˡ§ (verners_law) ˴ؤ㳰⤦1饹ޥˡ§ (grassmanns_law) ȤΤ롥ؿѸؼŵ '(209--300) ꡤβ
ȯ줿㳰ϡ̾殺饹ޥˡ§ (Grassmann's law) ȸƤФΤǤ롥ΰб Grimm ꤷ˹פǤäHerman Grassmann (1809--77) ϥꥷ䥵åȤΥǡĴ١θǤ㳰ŪԵ§бȯãȤ餫ˤ㤨
Goth. Skt -biudan 'offer' bódhāmi 'notice' dauhtar 'daughter' duhitā' gagg 'street' jánghā 'leg'
бˤơˡ§ˤХޥ b, d, g б륵åȤθƬӵ (bh, dh, gh) ǤʤФʤʤΤӵǤ롥Grassmann ϡꥷ줪ӥåȤˤơĤܤ벻ӵ³Ȥɤ餫Ĥϰ۲ (DISSIMILATION) ˤäӵˤʤ븽ݤΤǤ뤳ȤȯˤƸؼԤϡñħ䲻ĶǤʤܤ벻ȤδطˤդʤФʤʤȤΤäΤǤ롥
Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵƤ (198--99)
Grassmann's law (also dissimilation of aspirates)
Discovered by Grassmann (1863), sound change occurring independently in Sanskrit and Greek which consistently results in a dissimilation of aspirated stops. If at least two aspirated stops occur in a single word, then only the last stop retains its aspiration, all preceding aspirates are deaspirated; cf. IE *bhebhoṷdhe > Skt bubodha 'had awakened,' IE *dhidhēhmi > Grk títhēmi 'I set, I put.' This law, which was discovered through internal reconstruction, turned a putative 'exception' to the Germanic sound shift (⇒ 'Grimm's law). . . into a law.
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics''. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Lass (151--53) ˤȡSanskrit ŵŪưˤϡ;ΡΥƥ˱126롥ޥΤʤǺǤʣʶޤ Gothic Ǥϡ22ζ롥ޥΤʤǤ⤪褽ŵŪȤäƤ褤űѸϡ8ĤζʤѸǤϺǤ3Ĥλ¤ϡŪФ뤴ȤˡޤμबäƤƤΤǤ롥
ĸǤϡ̤ƤʸˡƥȤ̣ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(voice) ǽư (active) ư (middle)
ˡ (mood) ľˡ (indicative) ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˡ (optative) ̿ˡ (imperative)
ꡦ (aspect/tense) (present) ̵ (aorist) λ (perfect)
(number) ñ (singular) ξ (dual) ʣ (plural)
; (person) 1; (first) 2; (second) 3; (third)
ΥƥˤĤơĸ줫饲ޥĸؤκͻҤάҤ褦
֤ΥƥˤĤƤϡĸǽư vs ư֤ζ̤ϡޥĸǤϡǽư֡ vs ʼư֤ȺƵ֡ˤȤǤ⤤٤̤˺줿
ˡΥƥ˴ؤƤϡĸ4Ĥζʬϡ̡ޥɤǤϡľˡ³ˡ̿ˡ3ʬ뤤Ϥͻ礬ʤߡűѸǤľˡ³ˡ2ʬؤȺ줿
ĸλΥƥϡŪˤ˴ŤΤȹͤƤ롥Ϥ褦ȤưĸΡִλפޥĸˤֲפ˺줿褦̤ȤơޥĸǤϡοֲפȡߤޤפȤΡ˴Ť2ʬˡΩ롥
ΥƥϡűѸǤξ;̾ˤ鷺˻¸ƤΤΡŪˤСñʣ2ʬ˺줿κˤĤƤϡ#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥȤؤ ([2015-03-20-1]) Ȥ줿
Ǹˡ;ΤΥƥˤĤƤϡѸΡ3ñ -sפˤħ褦ˡ褽3ʬˡޤǼѤƤ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ѸˤϤ˸ؤˤؤǤȡФŵ (classical language) ȤѸ˽Ф魯ŵŵŪϡΡʻˡˤθŵʸŵȷӤĤȤƤΥƥ (Latin) ŵꥷ (Ancient Greek) Ǥ롥ŵϸ (modern language) ΩΤǤꡤָŵ (dead language)פȤϢۤ줽ۤñʤΤǤϤʤ (cf. #645. Ѹ ([2011-02-01-1])) ŵ°ȤƤϡ (vitality) ΤۤΧ (autonomy) ɸ (standardisation) פǤ (see #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1])) Trudgill (22) Ѹ콸
classical language A language which has the characteristics of autonomy and standardisation but which does not have the characteristic of vitality, that is, although it used to have native speakers, it no longer does so. Classical European languages include Latin and Ancient Greek. The ancient Indian language Sanskrit, an ancestor of modern North Indian languages such as Hindi and Bengali, is another example of a classical language, as is Classical Arabic. Classical languages generally survive because they are written languages which are known non-natively as a result of being used for purposes of religion or scholarship. Latin has been associated with Catholicism, Sanskrit with Hinduism, and Classical Arabic with Islam.
ܤˤƤϡŤ졤ʸŵȤưƤʸϡߤǤŪѼԤʤȤ̣ vitality 礤Ƥ뤬ˤ autonomy standardisation ǧ졤䡦ۤȶӤĤƤդѼǤ롥
ʤŵΤ⤦1Ĥ°Ȥơΰˤ⼨ƤΤΡŪʸ (historical authority) Ū˲äƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
ܸҤ餬ʤθޤȤС鷺Τ줿ɽؤ *
| ʤ | |||||||||
| ʤ | |||||||||
² (the Indo-European family) ʣθɤʬ뤬ƸɤˤĤƲä뵭ĽƤ椭ϡɸ (Indian) ˤĤ Baugh and Cable (23--24) εҤ˴ŤƲ⤹롥#50. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޤͷӤǡ ([2009-06-17-1]) #455. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡܸǡˡ ([2010-07-26-1]) 뤤ϡ#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1]) ηޤʤɤȤʤ顤ʲʸϤɤ
²θ¸ǸŤʸإƥȤϥɸɤθǽ줿ΤǤꡤΤȤϰӸؤˤ뤳θɤνɤ뤮ʤΤȤƤ롥κǸŤΥƥȤȤϡɺǸŤνʸؤǥХκŵǤ the Vedas ʥ١ˤǤ롥١ϡRig-Veda ֥ꥰ١סSama-Veda ֥ޥ١, Yajur-Veda ֥䥸١, Atharva-Veda ֥Х١פ4ĤʬʤꡤΤ Rig-Veda ǸŤΤΤǤ롥νϡĹǸѤƤΤǡäȸˤʤäƤ줿ΤǤ뤿ᡤɽƤǯꤹ뤳ȤRig-Veda θϵ1500ǯۤɤ̤Ȥ롥θ Sanskrit 뤤 Vedic Sanskrit ȸƤФƤꡤؤ (the Brahmanas)Ԥ۽ (the Aranyakas)ůŪ (the Upanishads) (the Sutras) ʤɤλʸƥȤˤ⸽롥
ˤʤäơSanskrit ϽʳؤϰϤ4˽Ф Panini ˤäƸ줬Ҥ쵬ϲȡthe Mahabharata the Ramayana ȤΥʸؤޤ줿ʳ Sanskrit ϡClassical Sanskrit ȸƤФ롥äդȤƤ˻Ȥʤä衼åѤˤĹ餯ƥ줬ôäƤΤϰ̤ݻ³Classical Sanskrit ϸߤǤ줿ؼθȤƤߤʤƤ롥
Sanskrit ¸ǡ塦̤¿ȤƹԤƤθ Prakrits Τ뤬Τʤˤϵ6ȾФʩθ Pāli Τ褦ˡդϰ̤Τ⤢ä Prakrits 顤ߤΥɡѥХǥǹԤƤ Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi ʤɤγƸ줬ȯŸߡθüԿϿ6ͤȤ졤ΤȤƵʸɤƤ[2010-05-29-1]ε#397. üԿˤȥå25פȡˡHindi Urdu ϤȤˡ4Τ lingua franca [2013-02-16-1]ε#1391. lingua franca (4)פȡˤȤƵǽƤ Hindustani ΤǤꡤߤȤߤʤȤǤ롥ԤŪ˥ڥ륷䥢ӥ줫αƶԤȤϻѤƤʸηϤۤʤ롥
ʤץθ Romany 5ɤˤΤܤ뤬ˤüԤȤȤ˥ڥ륷ȴ˥ꡤ衼åѤ䥢ꥫؤϤä
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
[2011-08-02-1]εshe θ츻פ (3) ǡ"sandhi-theory" ˸ڤsandhi ʥǥˤȤϥåȸ (Sanskrit) ͳ褹ʸˡѸǡ椬ǤϢʤ礦ˤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ǥϡ֡ϡˤޤȤ롤Ĥʤפɽ魯 saṃ-dadhāti ̾ǡϢפ̣롥θȸ³θƬΤ˸벻 (euphony) ؤθϸˤä͡¿첻ҲƱ (assimilation) ޤࡥ
Sanskrit ˤ sandhi ֵ§ȤƿޤƤꡤβʸˤȿǤΤ˽פʲǤ롥ȸΤ뤤ʣιǤΤ˸ϢϳϢ (external sandhi) ȸƤФ졤θ촴ܼܼΤ˸ϢϢ (internal sandhi) ȸƤФ롥
Ѹ˸ʳϢȤƤϰʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥
did you [did juː] ǤϤʤ [diʤuː] ȤʤҲƱ
far ñȤǤ [fɑː] Τ褦 non-rhotic far away Ǥ [ˈfɑːrəˈweɪ] Τ褦 rhotic ˤʤ linking r θݡ
괧 a 첻ʤȤ̵ h ˤǻϤޤ֤ an Ȥʤ븽 (see [2010-07-30-1], [2010-08-01-1]) 嵭2Ȱۤʤꡤsandhi ̵ͭ۷֤ˡ̤ƤǡѸǤǤ롥
ϢפγǰϡֲءפȤѸˤܸˤѤƤꡤʰ²ˤΥˡ襦ʱۻաˤߥ祦ˡĥ㱣ˤåʻ̡ˤߤˤʤ褦ˡIJ˥ԡԡԲ³ĶǼȤƴ㤬¿롥12濴Ȥ뱡ޤǤˤäʩŵ֤ȯƤ褦ޤθݤǤꡤߤޤǤäƸŪ˸경Ƥ롥
ե vous aimez [vuzeme] est-il [ɛtil] ʤɤ˸ꥨ (liaison) sandhi ΰѸܸΤηŪǤ롥
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
1786ǯSir William Jones (1746--1794) Ω the Asiatic Society Ω3ǯǰ "On the Hindu's" ꤹֱԤä줬ӸؤȤʤäJones ΰʲΰϡޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥
The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. (emphasis added)
Jones ƶαԤϡֻˤ˸ȤǤ롥
(1) GreekLatin¾Υ衼åѸ줬ߤ˸Ū˴طƤȤȯۤǤʤä衼åѤʣθƤԤǤСδФϤܤǤ碌ƤLatin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian ʤΤθޤ¿θ28ؽȤˤ Jones ϡ衼åѸӱۤ Sanskrit ޤǤ⤬ Latin, Greek ʤɤȸŪ˴طƤȤȤȴȤǤǤ⡤Ѹ̡ˤȥҥǥ軰̡ˤŪ˴طƤ뤳ȤʹٴΤȴJones λŦϤ˶ᤤͿͥåȥι꤬̤ˤޤǿĹΤǤ롥
(2) Jones ˥衼åѸɤθŪ˵ŤƤͤϡ˸äΤȤˤƤȤJones ʸˡä˷ˤɤƤΤȼĥͥåȥ˿ߤȤʼդä줿ΤǤ롥
(3) Jones ˤϡϢߤοƤϸ¸뤤줫θƤJones ϱԤľäơƸϤǤ˻ǼƤƧȯۤϡͥåȥ֤ȤޤΩŪʤΤǤꡤä⤢ޤ⤢ȤȤȤƤʤʤ
Jones ȤϤȯۤɤȯȤϻפäƤʤä褦ǡθ塤ߤ¾ڤ褦ȻߤפʤJones Ƭ˰η([2009-06-17-1])ΤҤʷΤ褦ʤΤäȤϹͤˤι˴ŤľϷ̤ȤäȤˤʤ롥
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