ε#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ ([2019-02-10-1]) ˰³McArthur ˰͵ AAVE θŪħˤĤơʸˡܤ롥
(1) ¾αѸѼˤߤ뤬¿̤Ѥ롥No way no girl can't wear no platform shoes to no amusement park.
(2) ¸߹ʸ there ǤϤʤ it Ѥ롥It ain't no food here.
(3) ʣͭʷ3ñ -s -ed ʤɤά뤳Ȥ롥He got three cent. / That's my brother book. / She like new clothes. / They talk all night.
(4) ʸ֤ʤʤȤ롥What it is? / How you are?
(5) be ư do Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥It don't all be her fault.
(6) be νˡThey be fightin. / He be laughing.
(7) Τ been ˤνŪʹ٤ɽ魯I béen see dat movie. / She béen had dat hat.
(8) ˾ a ˤջ֤ɽ魯I'm a shoot you. (= I'm going to shoot you.)
(9) steady ʹԷ֤䡤ʸΰ֤ˤƶȼäŪʰ̣ɽ魯We be steady rappin. / We steady be rappin. / We be rappin stéady. (= We are always talking.) / They steady be high. / They be stady high. / They be high stéady.. (= They are always intoxicated.)
(10) Come ˽ưȤѤ롥He come tellin me some story. (= He told me a lie.) / They come comin in here like they own de place. (= They came in here like they owned the place.)
(11) like ֤ۤȤɡפΰ̣ŪѤ롥I like to die(d). (= I almost died.) / He like to hit his head on that branch. (= He almost hit his head on that branch.)
ΤˤΤ褦ʱѸäС狼ϤʸʹʤȻפ롥ۤʤȤۤɤεΥǤϤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥AAVE ΰ֤ŤǮӤӤ櫓
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ε ([2019-02-05-1]) ³ain't ˤĤơϤε˴ؤ뤤ĤҲ𤷤褦
Ҥ٤褦 ain't ϡam not, isn't, aren't ΤѤȤƤѤ뤳Ȥ顤Τ줫˵ĤȹͤΤɸŪ3ĤΤ줫ȯãȲꤹ硤n Ҳξü˴ؤȡ1첻 /eɪ/ ˴ؤ褷ʤФʤʤ줬ʤʤ
1;ñ I б ain't ˴ؤƤϡCrystal (35) ϡŪ amn't, amna, amnae, ammot, am't ʤɤλҲæˤΤȤߤƤ롥
. . . from the sixteenth century on, we see forms dropping the m appear---first an't, then ain't, again with many regional variants such as een't in Suffolk, yunt in Worcestershire, yent in Berkshire, ant in New England, and ent in African-American usage.
ˡOED be, v. Ƥߤȡ츻2.1˾ܤҤ롥ˤȡain't ϡamn't ȯãȤǽ⤢뤬aren't ⡤ isn't ƱͤȯãȤƤ롥
The forms an't and ain't, when functioning as 1st singular, perhaps represent a contraction of am with the negative particle rather than levelling from the 2nd singular and plural (i.e. corresponding to aren't with simplification of final consonant group; compare discussion of ain't below and see discussions in E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500-1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §238, W. N. Francis in Focus on: Eng. & Wales (1985) 141-151; a third possible source (for ain't) is by compensatory lengthening after loss of s from isn't; compare discussion of en't at Forms 2c(iv)ζ). However, if so, an't and ain't were subsequently reanalysed as equivalent to are not, and the spelling aren't superseded an't in standard English, leading to avoidance not only of I aren't but also of aren't I by some speakers of current English. A similar problem arises with the early modern English form wan't, which when used for the singular, may represent either a contraction of was with not or show levelling of a variant of weren't. Compare also the concurrent development of similar contracted forms shan't (contracted form of SHALL v.) and han't, hain't, ain't (contracted forms of HAVE v.).
;ΤȤ˾ʬȯãõȤȤɬפ⤷ʤޤҲϡξˤæפդ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ첻ˤĤƤѶŪʥȤϤʤǤȤñ˰۷ǤȤΤ褦ǺѤޤƤ礬¿褦Ϥꡤain't ŪǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Story of Be. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
be ư1֤Ȥ ain't 롥ɸŪȤߤʤ뤬ǤϤФѤ롥am not, aren't, isn't Τˤ뤿ᡤȿθʤ̣ǡ̴Τ褦ʡ be ưη֤Ǥ롥 be ưˤȤɤޤ餺have not, has not ɸŪʰ۷ȤƤѤ졤¤˼ϰϤͱѸ졤 AAVE Ǥϡdon't, doesn't, didn't ѤȤʤꡤǽ be ưȤƤ ain't äʤ롥
ain't ɸŪȤƤꡤλѤϵŪΩ줫뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ϶ܤ͡δ֤ǤѤ졤Ȥ櫓1;ñε am I not? ȤƤ ain't I ϵƤٹ礤⤤ (ex. I'm going too, ain't I?) ޤ100ǯۤˤϡήǤ̤ѤƤݤ Crystal (35) ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Today, ain't is considered non-standard, but it's widespread throughout the English-speaking world---probably used far more often than the standard equivalent---and a century ago it was actually acceptable upper-class speech, turning up frequently in the novels of the period. Here's the lawyer Mr Wharton arguing with his sister-in-law over his daughter's future, in Anthony Trollope's The Prime Minister (1875): 'I ain't thinking of her marrying'. And towards the end of the novel the Duke of Omnium himself asks someone: 'I hope you ain't cold'.
ain't 18Ⱦ깭ѤƤ뤬εˤĤƤϽ⤢롥Ūˡ˴ؤƤ⡤̻Ūȯã˴ؤƤ¿̥ŪʥȥԥåǤ롥Ϣ American Heritage Dictionary Notes ꡤain't ȡ
Crystal, David. The Story of Be. Oxford: OUP, 2017.
ɸε䤬줿ºݤˤϡư can ȤƤɸ cannot Τۤcan't can not 3ब롥̤ˤ1Ǥ뤫Τ褦֤ can't cannot Ū¿ʬ줿 can not ⤢ˤϤ롥ԤѤΤϡŪʸϤ뤤϶ĴоȡտޤƤΤߤǤ롥
ޤ Fowler's Ȥcan't cannot ˤĤƸѸǤλ¤ǧƤcan't ȯϡꥹѸ /kɑːnt/, ꥫѸ /kænt/ Ȥʤ뤬ä˻ҲǤϤФи t ơ/kɑːn/, /kæn/ Τ褦ˤʤ롥 can ȤϰۤʤꡤǤϼ¸ߤʤcannot ϱƲǤ줾 /ˈkæn ɒt/, /ˈkæn ɑːt/ Ȥʤ뤬ºݤˤ can't Ȥȯ⤢롥
can't cannot λȤʬäˤʤ줫Ѥ뤫ϸĿͤνˤȤ礭Ȥ롥§Ȥ cannot Ȥ륱Ȥơ?ʤפ̣ cannot but do cannot help doing ιʸ롥դˡǡϤƤϤߤ?뤳ȤǤʤ褦פ̣ can't seem to do ǤϡäѤ can't Ѥ롥
Ūˤ cannot ΤۤŤѸ줫㤬OED Ǥ a1425 Сˡcan't ѸǻȤƤǽϻĤ뤬ޤȤ˽иƤΤ17Τ褦can't Shakespeare ǤȤƤʤ
ơɸεºݤΤȤ褯ʬʤΤ1Ĺͤ줽ʤȤҤ٤Ƥcan't ϻҲ t 뷹ȾҤȤ櫓³ t, d, n Τ褦ʻԲξˤϡηȿ¬롥ȡƱȤʤäƤޤȤˤ̤ޤѲǽ⤷ʤ䤹Ǥϡcannot 2ȯϡʤȤ2ܤ첻¸ߤǤ뤳ȤݾڤƤ뤿ˡͭǤ롥ޤ can not ȤϷŪˤⵡǽŪˤ̤٤άˤϰ㤤ʤᡤֻάˤդ路1Ǥ뤫Τ褦˽롤ȤȤǤϤʤ¾νưβ֤ȤˤӤƤߤɬפꤽ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ɸѸεʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) Ǥϡ (double negative) 롥#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ΥˤǤܤǤꡤѤΰ̤Τ褦ˤߤʤƤ롥ŤѸǤФ꤫¿꤬̤ѤƤ¤ꡤϤθˡ˸ŪʸѤΤˤ뤳ȤʪäƤ褦˻פ뤬ϼΩ줫ϥΰĥǤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) ȡˡ
ɸѸˤϡΤ褦18εʸˡζϤʱƶǴ˻ꡤߤޤŨ뤵ƤȤΤ̾θθɬΤǤϤʤ褦ԸȤĤ Tieken-Boon van Ostade (81) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥
Many scholars believe that the disappearance of double negation from standard English was due to the influence of the normative grammarians, but Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg . . . have shown that double negation was already on the way out during the EModE period. The same is true for another 'double' construction, the use of double comparatives and superlatives, no longer in general use either when first condemned by the grammarians (González-Díaz 2008)
ڤƤԸäƳΤƤʤ⤷θΤʤΤȤС˼θѤˤʤӵ顦ǾˤѤФλ¤18ʸˡȤǤäι¤ܤФȤäȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡdouble negative γޤӵˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) hellog ȡ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
Hasn't she grown! Τ褦ʡʸκۤƤ뤬ȯ (illocutionary force) ȤƤϴòʸˤĤƹͤ뵡ꡤѸˤ봶òʸ (exclamatory question) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤʲ Quirk et al. (825) εҤޤȤ롥
ŵŪˤϡHasn't she GRÒWN! Wasn't it a marvellous CÒNcert! Τ褦 yes-no ʸηꡤĴΥȥ͡ȯäʥꥫѸǤϾ徺Ĵġˡ̣Ūˤ˶δòĴղõƱͤˡʹФƲȤƱդԤƤ롥
yes-no ʸۤˤǤϤʤ yes-no ʸǤ⡤Ϥ겼ĴȯäơƱͤδòȤǤʥꥫѸǤϾ徺ĴġˡˈAm ˈI HÙNGry!, ˈ Did ˈhe look anNÒYED!, ˈHas ˈshe GRÒWN! ǡǤ롥
ŪˤǤäƤǤäƤ⡤̣ȤƤϹδòˤʤȤΤ⤷Ūʶ̣Ūˤ¤뤫Τ褦1ĤǤ (cf. #950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3) ([2011-12-03-1])) Has she grown! Hasn't she grown! δ֤ˤϼ㴳ΰ㤤롥Ǥ餫ʹƱդǧΤǤ̿ΤΤȤߤʤƤʹƱդǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤǤ롥äơΤȤҤ٤ Am I hungry! ʤɤˤƤϡƱդǧɬפʤˡŪ˹ǤФ롥ǤȹǤ̯ʺۤϡΤ褦ʥѥե졼̤ƤĤळȤǤ
Wasn't it a marvelous CÒNcert! = 'What a marvelous CÒNcert it was!'
Has she GRÒWN! = 'She HÀS grown!'
ǤȹǤȤǡȯä˺ݤüԤ (presupposition) ؤäƤȤȤǤ롥Ūˤⶽ̣츽ݤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ѸˤǤϡŪѲȤȤ˰ʲΤ褦˰ܤѤäƤȤ褯ΤƤ롥Jespersen ͭ̾ʷϩUkaji (453)
(1) ic ne secge.
(2) I ne seye not.
(3) I say not.
(4) I do not say.
(5) I don't say.
(1) űѸǤϡ ne ư֤(2) ѸǤưθŪ not ä2Ĥ꼭Ƕ߹褦ˤʸΤŵŪä(3) 15--17δ֤ ne 岽üʳưˤäƤ18ޤ¸³(4) ӡ15Ⱦ do-periphrasis ˤ꤬Ϥޤä (cf. #486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#1596. ʬˤβ ([2013-09-09-1])) (5) 1600ǯˡ don't
(2) ʲʳǤϡ줬ưθ֤ƤȤ롥ȤǤϤ뤬Ѹ줫ѸˤơŪħæ I not say. Τ褦ʹʸUkaji (454) ΰƤĤ褦
I Not holde agaynes luste al vttirly. (circa 1412 Hoccleve The Regement of Princes) [Visser]
I seyd I cowde not tellyn that I not herd, (Paston Letters (705.51--52)
There is no need of any such redress, Or if there were, it not belongs to you. (Sh. 2H4 IV.i.95--96)
I not repent me of my late disguise. (Jonson Volp. II.iv.27)
They ... possessed the island, but not enjoyed it. (1740 Johnson Life Drake; Wks. IV.419) [OED]
衤δ̯θϡűѸαʸȿǤΤǤȤĴǤȤ(1) ʳη³ǤȤ͡ƤUkaji (3) (4) ʳĤʤ "bridge phenomenon" ȤΤ(3) (4) δ֤ˡ(3') Ȥ I not say ߹Ȥǥ
ϡˤ⼫ȤмǤ롥(3') I not say ϡdo ȼʤ (3) I say not ȶ̤Ƥꡤnot ̣ôưʤξ sayˤ֤Ƥ (4) I do not say ȶ̤Ƥ롥(3) (4) Τ礭褦˴뤬(3') ꤹСϤϥࡼ
Ukaji ʸ褯ɤǤߤȡζϤȤͤϡ (3) (3') (4) ʳľŪȯŸȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤ褦Ukaji ϡ(3) (4) ؤΰܹԤϡϤҤȤӤȹͤƤ롥ŪˡϤ褦ʡΥå¤餲褦ʤǡ(3') ȯȤͤäơȯλŪȤƤϡष (3) (4) (3') ꤷƤ롥Τ褦˲᤹뺬ȤơUkaji (456) ϡ(4) ʳãƤʤ have be ʤɤư (3') ⼨ʤȤʤɤƤ롥(3) (4) ؤΰܹԤλСϤȤƤ (3') פȤʤꡤäƤȤˤʤäȡ
Ѹˤˤ붶ϤΤ⤦1ĤȤơUkaji (456--59) "compound numeral" Ƥ롥(1) űѸ줫ѸޤǰŪä twa 7 twentig Τ褦ɽ(2) 16Ƭ˰̲ twenty-three ʤɤɽ˰ܹԤȤϤꤵ (1') twenty and nine 15濴ˤʤ٤ѤƤȤ(1) (2) ؤΰܹԤλȤϤȤƤ (1') פȤʤꡤäƤäȡ
2Ĥ㤫̲Τޤ⤷ʤUkaji (459) Ѳζ̣Ƥʤ顤Τ褦ʸǤ롥
I conclude with the hypothesis that syntactic change tends to be facilitated via a bridge sharing in part the properties of the two chronological constructions involved in the change. The bridge characteristically falls into disuse once the transition from the old to the new construction is completed.
Ukaji, Masatomo. "'I not say': Bridge Phenomenon in Syntactic Change." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 453--62.
ε#2044. ʤ mayn't ȤʤΤ (1) ([2014-12-01-1]) ˰³ɸꡥŪʻ¤롥OED ˤȡû̷ mayn't 16㤬ߤȤȤƺǤᤤΤ17 Milton ΤΤ
1631 Milton On Univ. Carrier ii. 18 If I mayn't carry, sure I'll ne'er be fetched.
OED ˴Ťȡܤ٤ϽѸʸȤȤˤʤ롥 EEBO (Early English Books Online) ١ǸĿŪ˺äƤƥȡǡ١ˤ٤ԤäȤΤ褦ʷ̤Фmai nat ʤɤΰ۷ޤƸˡƻΥ֥ѥεϤۤʤΤǡ100 (wpm) Ӥ줿
| Period (subcorpus size) | mayn't | may not |
|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (244,602 words) | 0 wpm (0 times) | 474.24 wpm (116 times) |
| 1501--1550 (328,7691 words) | 0 (0) | 133.22 (438) |
| 1551--1600 (13,166,673 words) | 0 (0) | 107.01 (1,409) |
| 1601--1650 (48,784,537 words) | 0.020 (1) | 131.85 (6,432) |
| 1651--1700 (83,777,910 words) | 1.03 (86) | 131.54 (11,020) |
| 1701--1750 (90,945 words) | 0 (0) | 109.96 (10) |
| Period (subcorpus size) | mayn't | may not |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 33 | 859 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 21 | 703 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 68 | 601 |

ʤ may not û̷ mayn't ѸǤϰŪѤʤΤȤΤԻĤȻפäƤΤޤǰ鷺ˤΤǾͤƤߤ
ˡư줬꼭ȼˤϡƤбû̷롥can't, couldn't, won't, wouldn't, shouldn't, mightn't, mustn't, needn't, use(d)n't, oughtn't mayn't ϤޤꤪܤˤʤºݤΤȤ礭ʼˤϵܤΤ졼٥ȤƤϸŪǤȤǤȤüˡȤƤ롥OED Ǥ mayn't "(colloq., now rare)" "rare in all varieties of English" ȤꡤɸѸåȤȤѸ춵ˤƶƤʤΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥Quirk et al. (122) Ǥ⡤mayn't shan't ȤȤѤʤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
Every auxiliary except the am form of BE has a contracted negative form . . ., but two of these, mayn't and shan't, are now virtually nonexistent in AmE, while in BrE shan't is becoming rare and mayn't even more so.
ޤ Quirk et al. (811--12) ϡղõˤ mayn't I? ʤɤηȤˤΤʤˤڤǤ롥mightn't I? can't I? ѤüԤ⤤褦ޡȤǤϤʤmay I not? Ͼ˲ǽ줷¿ʸ̮ˤϤդ路ʤ
The negative tag question following a positive statement with modal auxiliary may poses a problem because the abbreviated form mayn't is rare (virtually not found in AmE). There is no obvious solution for the tag question, though some speakers will substitute mightn't or can't or --- when the reference is future --- won't:
?I may inspect the books, | mightn't I?
| can't I?
?They may be here next week, | mightn't they?
| won't they?
The abbreviated form is fully acceptable, but limited to formal usage:
I may inspect the books, may I not?
They may be here next week, may they not?
ơBNC mayn't 7ΤߥҥåȤäե֥ѥ2Τߤե֥ѥ5Ūʸ̮ˤƤ롥73㤬 mayn't you?, mayn't it?, mayn't there ȤäղõΤʤǸƤꡤϻѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼뤬1쵬ϤΥѥǤȤȤϡϤ¾ԻѤȤäƤ褤
can't mightn't ȤʿǤڤꡤղõˤ뤽ΤʤżƤޤǤ mayn't λѤȤξϡäɤΤ褦Ф褤ΤŪ˲ǤΤŪʻˤĤơεǹͻ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ѹ but ¿1ĤǤ롥ˡ¿ʻߤƤ³졤ֻ졤̾졤졤̾졤ưޤǤϰϤΤʤȤƤˡܤʸˤ only ΰ̣Ѥ but 롥ʸ褦
He is but a child.
There is but one answer to your question.
There were a lot of famous people there: Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, to name but two.
I heard it but now.
I don't think we'll manage it. Still, we can but try.
but Τΰ̣ˡŪˤϤɤ褿ΤͤƤߤСHe is but a child. Ȥʸ He is nothing but a child. Ȥ롥ԤǤ but ϡ?ơפΰդֻʬϤΤȤƤ깽¤Ȥʤ뤬Ԥι깽¤Ȼ¾ƱȤʤΤϰ츫ԻĤǤ롥Ūˤ only ΰ̣ but ϡޤ nothing but Τ褦깽¤꼭æ뤳ȤˤäΤǤ롥ṳ̂뤤ϾάλǤ롥Stern (264) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In English, an original ne--butan has been shortened to but: we nabbað her buton fif hlafas and twegen fiscas > we have here but five loafs and two fishes (Horn, Sprachkörper 90), he nis but a child > he is but a child (NED but 6). The immediate cause of the omission of the negation is not quite certain. It is not impossible that influence from other uses of but may have intervened.
OED but, prep., adv., conj., n.3, adj., and pron. θ6aˤƱݤεҤ롥
By the omission of the negative accompanying the preceding verb . . ., but passes into the adverbial sense of: Nought but, no more than, only, merely. (Thus the earlier 'he nis but a child' is now 'he is but a child'; here north. dialects use nobbut prep., conj., and adv. = nought but, not but, 'he is nobbut a child'.)
ʤOED ǤLangland (1393) ˡνȤʤäƤ뤬MED but (conj. (also quasi adj., adv., and prep.)) 2a ˤС13 The Owl and the Nightingale 㤬롥
û̡άݤȤƤϡne butan > but Ѳϡ"negative cycle" Ȥͭ̾ʥե ne . . . pas > pas ѲȤ롥pas ְ (pace) ۤɤΰ̣ǡľܤΰ̣ôƤ ne ȶƯƤne ޤäƼ줿̡pas 켫Τΰ̣ƤޤäΤǤʸˤ Ce n'est pas possible. > C'est pas possible. Ѳȡˡ pas ηФѲϡΰ̣ΰ̣ȤѲǤ뤫顤#1586. ʬβ̶ʬ ([2013-08-30-1]) Ǽ Croft νѸǤ "metanalysis" Ȥ
ΤˡȤȶƤ꼭æǡΰ̣ȤǤ϶̤ƤꡤŪû̡άǤˡ̣δϰ̣ž (meaning transfer) Ȥ (contagion) ȤƤ֤ȤǤbut pas ΥǤϡˤư㤤롥 (115) Ѥ褦ʸʸηϡǤˤƤˡ
ne + pas Ǥϡ꼭 ne ΰ̣ pas ΰ̣ҰӤȴ֤줿ΤФơ but ȯãǤϡbutan ΰ̣ϤΤޤݻ졤Τ ne ΰ̣žƤ롥˴ؤƶ̣Τϡ꼭 ne ϲŪ˾äƤޤäΤˡ̣ʤ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ but ˡǤϡά줿Ǥΰ̣žƤ֤but ¾ˡ٤ựʣˤʤäƤ롥
äơbut ηФѲϡCroft Τ "metanalysis" ˤϸ̩ƤϤޤʤ褦˸롥Ĥϡbut ηФѲ (contagion) ǤϤʤûŪ (contractive contagion) ɽpas ѲȤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʤStern ϤΥ̣ѲΤʤ Shortening ʤ٤ ClippingˤȤƵƤʡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ȡˡ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ְ̣Ѳסذ̣١ԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ106--33ǡ
no ϡHave you ever been to Kyoto? Ф No, I haven't. Τ褦ˤơñȤȤѤ롥ʳ¿ˤꡤno ŵŪˤϷƻȤǧƤ롥ʸηƻȤơI have no money on me., He is no fool., Let there be no talking in class. Τ褦ѤۤηƻȤ No news is good news., The owl can see with no light., No homework, no TV., No objection. Τ褦ˤѤ롥
no ճˤ no ˡ¸ߤ롥ӵҷƻ֤㡤ޤ whether or no ʤɤȤ㤬Ǥ롥Ĥʸ褦
The sick man is no better.
You're no longer young.
I can walk no further.
There were no more than two books on the desk.
Their way of life is no different from ours.
I am no good at tennis.
I don't know whether it's true or no.
Rain or no, I have to leave tomorrow.
ӵȤι¤ȤƤ no + the + less 1ˤʤä natheless /ˈneɪθləs, ˈnæθləs/ (cf. nonetheless, nevertheless) ƱǤ롥Ǹ2Ĥʸ . . . or no ϡɸѸǤϳʼĥäǡ̾ . . . or not Ѥ롥ۤ We had no little rain. ʱʤɤǤϤʤäˤˤ no ⡤ƻ little ꤹȲǤ
嵭ηƻ no no ϡˡۤʤ졤Ǥ̾ƱùܤΤȤ˵ҤƤ롥츻ŪˤξԤ϶̤롥ƻ no ϡűѸη֤ǤС ne (not) ȿ ān (one, a(n)) 碌ʣǤ롥괧 a(n) ͭƻ my/mine ʿŪʲȯãˤꡤ³Ƭ첻 h ξˤ -n ݻ줿Ҳξˤ -n æ촴첻ϸűѸ ā Ѹ ō ؤȯãΤɸŪʷ֤ȿǤƤ롥츻ŪˤϿǤ뤫顤η no ϴŪ˷ƻǤ롥
Ѹ no ϡűѸθȤƤϡ ne (not) ā (ever, always, aye) ʣǤꡤ̣ȵǽˤƤ never ȤۤƱǤ롥ŪˤϷƻ no ȹή˵ǽŪ none ǻͻ͵ӤȯŸƤ
ήΤʤǡȤƤ none űѸ줫ȯŸȤӵȹ¤ʤ nanmore, non lengere, none the less 䡤He went to college but is none the better for it.ؤعԤäˤΩʤäˤʤɤˡƤ
ʸ嵭2022/10/02(Sun) 2021/06/18 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ#17. ƻ no ̸츻פȤƼ夲ޤʲɤ
ɸϱѸ "polarization hypothesis" ȸƤФ롥ǽΤäΤǤ롥ε#1572. ʤѲSȹͤΤ ([2013-08-16-1]) ӡ#1569. óȻSؤȽ (2) ([2013-08-13-1]) ʤɤǸѲοʹԥѥˤĤƵƤSʬˤβϿ⤤
ʬˤβϡʸˡ䤽˴Ť콬ȤߤߤѲοʹԤ˴ؤ벾Ǥ롥ˤȡʸˡ§ˤ絬§ (major rule) Ⱦ§ (minor rule) ̤Ȥ絬§ϡƤʬιܤˤĤŬѤ뵬§Ǥꡤ㳰ŪʹܡŵŪˤϸùܡˤˤ㳰ǤȤĤƤꡤ̤˽롥§ϡΰĤ줿ܤˤΤŬѤ뵬§Ǥꡤʳ¿ιܤˤŬѤʤξԤκۤΩƸС絬§ˤϸ§ȤŬѤ뤬ŬѤʤ㳰ꡤ§ˤϸ§ȤŬѤʤŬѤ㳰롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ϡ㳰ܤοʤȤǤ롥ʬˤβ⤬ͽۤΤϡε§㳰ܤξʤ絬§§Τ줫Ǥꡤ㳰ܤ¿浬§פϤꤨʤȤȤδ⡤㳰Τޤ¿浬§ʤϤ䵬§ȸƤ٤ʤ⤷ʤˤΨŪǤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥꡤʬˤβ˹Ϥ롥
ʬˤβȸѲȤδطΤˡŪ do ( do-periphrasis ) ˤ깽¤ȯã褦#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1]) ۤεǿ줿űѸѸǤ깽ʸˤưθ not ʤɤ꼭֤ǺѤ꼭֡neg-placementˤѸ do ˤ깽¤ȯãƤdo ؤΰܹԤβˤĤƤ褯ΤƤΤϡknow, doubt, care ʤɾưϤΰܹԤФƺǸޤI know not ʤɤ餳ƤȤǤ롥
ơűѸѸǤ꼭֤絬§äѸǤ do ֤졤ư㳰ȤƤľ§ؤѤädo δߤСȯãϤ16ˤϡư줬Ϳˤʤ§ä17ȾˤϾ㳰絬§ؤѤä꼭֤ο do ȯãդȡʳ®ѲʵաSȤʤ롥

óȻʬˤβϡνн꤬ޤǰۤʤˤ⤫餺SȤǰפȤΤ⤷
碌ơʬˤβδϢʸȤƱĤΡʬˤβȽưdoȯãΰ¦̡פɤĤϡʬˤβαѤȤ̻ŪݤȰ֤ŤƤ롥
إեѸˡ١ҤĤ˼1996ǯ111--12ǡ
ѡʬˤβȽưdoȯãΰ¦̡סThe Northern Review ̳ƻءˡ١121984ǯ47--57ǡ
#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1]) ڤӡ#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1]) ˰³Trudgill κǤͭ˾Ȥߤ벾Ҳ𤹤롥ѸǹԤʤ줿¿μҲĴˤС٤ƤɸŪѼȤߤ롥
1ȤơDetroit ǹԤʤ줿¿ (multiple negation) Ĵ롥̤ˡѸˤ I don't wanna none Τ褦¿ɸŪʸˡȤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) #988. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (2) ([2012-01-10-1]) ȡˡ̤ǤϡήۤɸŪʸˡ뤿¿꤬ͽۤ졤ºݤˤ̤ʤΤƱ쳬٤ȡΤۤ¿꤬뷹餫˸줿Trudgill (70) ꡤ¿λΨƸ褦
| Upper Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 6.3 | 32.4 | 40.0 | 90.1 |
| Female | 0.0 | 1.4 | 35.6 | 58.9 |
| Upper Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 66.7 | 52.5 | 20.0 | 25.0 |
| Female | 90.0 | 70.0 | 44.2 | 31.7 |
| Middle Middle Class | Lower Middle Class | Upper Working Class | Middle Working Class | Lower Working Class | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 4 | 27 | 81 | 91 | 100 |
| Female | 0 | 3 | 68 | 81 | 97 |
Cheshire (115) ɤǤơѸ˴ؤ뵭ҤȤơäˤ¿ȤȤڤľŪˤϳΤˤΤ褦˻פ뤬ҴŪդϤΤȡLGSWE äƤߤȡϢ뵭Ҥ pp. 159--60 ˸Ĥä
ˤ͡ʼब뤬4ĤλѰΤ줾ˤĤơѥѤ "Distribution of not/n't v. other negative forms" Ĵ̤Ƥ100դɽǼ

| not/n't | other negative forms | |
|---|---|---|
| CONV | 19500 | 2500 |
| FICT | 9500 | 4000 |
| NEWS | 4500 | 2000 |
| ACAD | 3500 | 1500 |
ε#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ǡѸɸಽ̵ռμʲǤȤ Hope θҲ𤷤Hope ϤƤθ̷⤹롤ѸɸಽˤޤĤԼƱ˻ŦƤ롥ɸಽβΤΤϿ͡ΡּפǡָŪפʱĤߤʤΤη̤ȤƤɸѸϸŪˤϺǤ⤢ꤽˤʤԼʡѼǤȤHope (52--53) ϡȤ4Ƥ롥
(1) 3ñ -s ݻŪˤϺǤݻˤåȤ˶ĤäƤ롥եɸʤɡ٤ŪʸǤ⤳ΥåȤǤ̵ɸѤ롥
(2) Զѹդʿ;̾ηϡʲɽȡˡѸ ([2009-10-25-1])Ѹ졤νǤϡ꤭줤ηϤߤ롥(cf. thou / you, you / youse, you / you-all; [2010-10-08-1]ε#529. ɸѼ2;ʣ̾פȡ)
| singular | I | she / he / it |
| singular / plural | you | |
| plural | we | they |
Thus, in each case, Standard English arrives at a typologically unusual structure, while non-standard English dialects follow the path of linguistic naturalness. One explanation for this might be that as speakers make the choices that will result in standardisation, they unconsciously tend towards more complex structures, because of their sense of the prestige and difference of formal written language. Standard English would then become a 'deliberately' difficult language, constructed, albeit unconsciously, from elements that go against linguistic naturalness, and which would not survive in a 'natural' linguistic environment.
͡ɸಽܻؤ̵ռβΤʤǡŪˤϤʤʡԼʸŪʤΤȤ̤Ȥơؤ֤Τ¦ˤȤäƤ϶ΤʶΤԹΤ褤˸ηϤǤꡤ顤ϤƳؤԤϰΤȤĬʤϼޤΤȤ
Τˡ˵줿ʸˡܤϡŪˤꤽˤʤΤΤ褦˻פ롥ȿȤСɤθŪˤ䤹ʸˡܤФǹƤ櫓ǤϤʤġιܤߤʿѤΰæϤǤ⤢षΤ褦ʰæäƤϤȤͤޤϤȤƤ⡤Hope ΡֽŪ̵ռˤҤͤϴߤ롥ε[2012-09-24-1]Ǥɸಽȵϼν̤ĴºݤΤȤξԤδطȤǤ
Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.
ε#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ǡɸѸȯŸ¿ο͡ˤŪ (selections) βǤȤ Hope ΰոǤϡȤϰռŪʤΤʤΤ̵ռŪʤΤʤΤԼʤΤʤΤ̾ĿͤϰռŪǤԼǤȤ⤤뤬¿ˤȤʤ̵ռŪǤ꼫ǤȤ⤤롥
Hope ϡɸѸȯŸΤġΥӥХȤħˤĤơΤ褦˹ͤƤ롥ɸಽβϡ͡νĤ̵ռŪʸѤ˶ư "a 'natural' linguistic process" 뤤 "a language-internal phenomenon" (51) Ǥ롥ϡФɸಽȰ勞˰뤬¤оȤʤƤ뵬ϼȤΤ "language-external: a cultural, ideological phenomenon" (52) ǤΤ椵롥̤˼ҲŪǤȹͤƤɸಽ "natural" "language-internal" ȤߤʤΤϵ;Ϥϼȶ̤ǤϡԤʬϤǤϤʤʽŪ̵ռȤϡKeller θѲˤָפε۵롥invisible_hand γƵȡ
Hope (50) ϡѸɸಽȵϼδطԤԤΩĴطǤ롥
One of the paradoxes of the relationship between standardisation and prescriptivism is that prescriptivism always follows, rather than precedes, standardisation. It is therefore wrong to see prescriptivism as the ideological wing of standardisation: standardisation can be initiated, and can run virtually to completion (as in the case of English in the early seventeenth century), in the absence of prescriptivist comment. In fact, it is arguable that prescriptivism is impossible until standardisation has done most of its work --- since it is only in a a relatively standardised context that some language users become conscious of, and resistant to, variation.
18εʸˡǻŦƤε§㤨С¿ζػߡˤϡǤˤٴѤȤɸಽƤ餳ŦΤǤäơФиƤ褦ˡʸˡȤǤиä櫓ǤɬʤθϡɸಽȵϼƱƤ롤뤤Ʊ˺Ѥδְ㤨ƤȤ館Ƥ뤳Ȥˤ롥ɸಽȵϼȤ2Ĥβ̤ξԤδطǧ뤳ȤפǤ롥
Hope, Jonathan. "Rats, Bats, Sparrows and Dogs: Biology, Linguistics and the Nature of Standard English." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 49--56.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Ѹˤ so ... that if ... then both ... and ϤȤơ͡عʸѰդƤ롥³ɤ뤤³Ȼؼ줬Фˤʤäơ¤ʤΤ
Τ褦عʸϸűѸǤꡤ[2011-07-18-1]ε#812. The sooner the betterפǼ褦ˡФʤξθ줬ƱǤΤʤʤä (ex. þā ... þā "when ..., (then)"þǣr ... þǣr "where ..., (there)", ge ... ge "both ... and", ne ... ne "neither ... nor") εǡƱξ¦ѤعʸǸߤˤޤǻĤäƤΤ The sooner ... the better Υפ餤ǤϤʤȽҤ٤ʤȤϤʤä
˻פĤΤȤ as ... as 롥ˤϡ[2011-03-21-1]ε#693. as, so, alsoפǸ褦ˡso ... so ʤɤΥꥨ⤢ä
ơ⤦1ĤϤʤŤᤫɸ˷Ǥ nor ... nor ʤ빽ʸ롥neither ... nor Ʊǡḽ夫鼡Τ褦ʸߤĤ롥
Nor silver nor gold can buy it. ʶǤʤʤ
Nor he nor I was there. ⤽ˤʤä
I nor fear her frown nor trust her smile. ԵϤʤ,ޤΤۤۤߤѤ⤷ʤ
Nor heaven nor earth have been at peace to-night. ʺŷϤʿ¤ǤϤʤä (Shak., Caesar 2.2.1)
츫ȡűѸ ne ... ne ȻƤꡤƱ餤ŤɽʤΤȵäƤޤԤ̤꼭ȼʤˡȤƤ϶äƤǤ롥OED "nor", conj.1 2. b. "Introducing both alternatives" Chiefly poet. Ȥꡤ1576ǯ ne ʤɤԤƤꡤʸȤȤƤŪʸ̮Ǥnor ... nor ʤäΤǤ롥ʤ ne ԤƤʸ̮Ǥ nor ... nor ιʸϡѸ줫鸽ߤˤޤϢʤ³Ƥ롥ѸǤϡMED "nor" (conj.) ʸ뤷ѸǤ They did not wait for you, nor for me, nor for anybody. ʤɤ㤬롥
äơnor ... nor ñȤعʸʤˡϡűѸˤޤ̤櫓ǤϤʤѸ˻Ĥ롤ͣȤϤ鷺ȤʤƱ֤ˤعʸ1ĤȤϡ°عʸʤ¾ȰۤʤꡤعʸǤ롥ǧΤǤС[2011-07-12-1]εǰä what with A and what with B ǧ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ε ([2012-01-09-1]) Ǽ夲ʸˤĤơ³
ŪˤϸäƤƱʸѸǵƤƤطʤȤơϡỤ̄Ūװιʸ⤦1ĤνפװȤơϾװΤǤϤʤȤٹ (148--49) εҲ𤷤ϡ¿ (multiple negation; [2010-10-28-1]) Ȥ뵬ʸˡѤǤ롥
18˲ϤǤߤˤޤǶƶϤڤܤ³Ƥ뵬ϱʸˡνܤΤʤǤ⡤¿ζػߤȤܤϡȤ褯ΤƤ롥ŵŪˤ2꤬褯Ȥʤꡤ1٤Ȥ2Ĥ꼭ޤƤޤȤʸǤ (ex. I didn't say nothing.) ¿ػߤ뵬ʸˡϤä̡ѸǤ꼭1ĤǽʬȤֿġפ줿2Ĥ꼭ۤʤ˸ʤɡߤ˰̣ŪϢƤʤˤϡǤä礦Ȥʤ줾줬Ωΰ̣˹ƤϤʤΤΤ褦ʾǤֿġפ꼭1Ĥθ§פ롥ˡ*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. 줿ΤǤϤʤٹ (148) ϡ֤Ǥä٤ѤʤȤΤȤޤ˲٤Ϥä̡ˤäƤϤҤʤƤϤʤʤǤäʤʤäơԹʸ˻äפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ŪˤߤСcannot help doing Υǥ϶äƤΤΤǡOED "help", v. 11. b. ˤСư̾1711ǯǽΤΤǤ롥̣Ȥˡ11. c. ǤϡιʸΤ褦˼夲Ƥ롥
c. Idiomatically with negative omitted (can for cannot), after a negative expressed or implied.
1862 WHATELY in Gd. Words Aug. 496 In colloquial language it is common to hear persons say, 'I won't do so-and-so more than I can help', meaning, more than I can not help. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. 25 Your name shall occur again as little as I can help, in the course of these pages. 1879 SPURGEON Serm. XXV. 250, I did not trouble myself more than I could help. 1885 EDNA LYALL In Golden Days III. xv. 316, I do not believe we shall be at the court more than can be helped.
OED ϡƱʸŪȤʤ⡤19ȾаʹߡѤȤʤäƤȤƤ롥ʸˡڤΥߥȤδϢạ̇̄Ĺ
嵬ϱʸˡϤФйɸ֤ʤ⡤Τ褦ԹʲޤˤΤΤ⤷̣ŪŪʴΤ⤪⤷ϤŪŪʴΤۤˡ϶̣롥
ʸˡˤ¿ΰˤĤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1]ε#124. Ѹʸˡεפ[2010-02-22-1]ε#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10פȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
cannot help doing ϡ?뤳ȤʤפȤ?ˤϤʤ?Τϻʤפ̣봷ɽǤ롥cannot but do ȤƤƱܿͤˤŪȤ䤹ɽɸΤ褦Ӥʸˤ than ΤʤǸƱʸˤդɬפǤ롥
ƤBNCWeb ˤ "(more (_AJ0 | _AV0)? | _AJC) * than * (can|could) (_XX0)? help" ǸȡϢ㤬8ҥåȤۤƱɽϺơ6
. . . the Commander struck out for the shore in a strong breaststroke that did not disturb the phosphorescence more than he could help . . . .
I'm not putting money in the pocket of the bloody Hamiltons more than I can help.
"Don't be more stupid than you can help, Greg!"
Resolutely, and determined to think no more than she could help about it . . . .
And I won't spend more than I can help.
"We'll do our best; we won't get in your way more than we can help."
ơιʸϡտޤƤ̣äƤˤ롥㤨СɤƤӡ3դϰޤˤʤͤФƤ̿ʸȯȡ3դޤǤϵ4դϰʡפȤݤȤʤʤǤä狼䤹뤿տϼȤˡʤȤ⡤줬ȯüԤΰտޤǤȹͤ롥Ū˹ͤȡyou can help ȹǤ뤫顤̤ϡȤޤˤ館뤮꤮̡4դؤϤ¿ϰʤȤȤ顤4դޤǤϵ5դϰʡפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤȯüԤΰտޤΰ̣ȤäƤޤޤŪˤΤǤС*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. ȤʤϤμιʸ BNCWeb Ǥʸڤʤ
Ǹо嵭Τ褦ˤʤ뤬Ԥΰտޤʸȯ뵡ϤۤȤɤʤ졤Ū˺뤳ȤϤʤޤ[2011-12-03-1]ε#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3)פǸ褦ˡǤǤ̣ѤʤȤˤ狼ˤϿʤ褦칽¤Τ¸ߤ롥Ȥȡɸ칽¤ƤỤ̄Ū;ϤϤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤˡɸʸϺǯλɸ1ĤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡġĤǤᤷƤ
##948,949,950,951 εǡ̩ŪˤΤĤʤɽ Be it never so humble (= "no matter how humble it is") ˤĤƿ줿ѸǤϤ̤˸ɽǡĤǶ The Owl and the Nightingale ˤ˽Ф路ǤϡǤκʾɽʣŪʸ̮ΤʤǸƤꡤΤȤƶˤɤߤȤʤäƤ롥
Atkins Ǥ顤C J ƥȤ ll. 341--48 Ƹ褦
(C text)
341: Eurich murȝþe mai so longe ileste
342: þat ho shal liki wel unwreste:
343: vor harpe, 7 pipe, 7 fuȝeles [song]
344: mislikeþ, ȝif hit is to long.
345: Ne bo þe song neuer so murie,
346: þat he ne shal þinche wel unmurie
347: ȝef he ilesteþ ouer unwille:
348: so þu miȝt þine song aspille.
(J text)
341: Eurych mureþe may so longe leste,
342: Þat heo schal liki wel vnwreste:
343: For harpe, 7 pipe, 7 foweles song
344: Mislikeþ, if hit is to long.
345: Ne beo þe song ne so murie,
346: Þat he ne sal þinche vnmurie
347: If he ilesteþ ouer vnwille:
348: So þu myht þi song aspille.
ϡll. 345--48 ιʸǤ롥Atkins ϡp. 32fn ˤƤξɽˤĤƼΤ褦ͿƤ롥
345. neuer so murie. Instance of an irrational negative in a concessive clause---a construction found in O.E. and other Teutonic languages (see W. E. Collinson, M.L.R. x. 3, pp. 349--65) as well as occasionally in A.-Norman, where it is apparently due to English influence (see J. Vising, M.L.R. XI. 2, pp. 219--21): cf. A.S. Chron. (1087), nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he næfre swa mycel yfel gedon.
βս Atkins βˤĤƤϡl. 346 ne redundant ȲȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"No matter how merry the song may be, it shall seem very unmerry if it lasts . . ." ɤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ξ l. 346 ιƬ þat ̵뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ礱Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ⡤ne unmurie ǹ碌 "unmerry" ȤƲᤷƤꡤþat ˤĤƤ̵Ǥ뤫顤Atkins ɤߤ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Cartlidge ͿƤ븽Ѹϡ"No matter how merry the song might be, it won't seem at all amusing if it lasts too long, undesirably, . . ." (10) Ǥ롥
þat 褷褦ȤƤɤߤˡStanley (114) 롥
345ff. The construction is difficult. Perhaps translate (assuming ellipsis), 'However joyous the song may be, it is never so joyous that it will not seem very miserable if it. . . .' he in lines 346f refers to song, a masc. n.
ɤߤǤϡne redundant ǤϤʤþat ϼξά줿 so . . . that ʸ þat Ƥ롥Burrow and Turville-Petre (94) ⤳ɤߤ˽äƤ롥
345--6 The logic of these lines requires their expansion: 'However delightful the song may be, (it will never be so delightful) that it will not seem very tiresome.'
ɮԤȤƤϡþat 褷Ƥ Stanley ɤɤߤ˻Ǥ롥ɽ so ³Ϥä so . . . that ʸ so ȽŤʤ礤̯ʹʸȤƸ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ֤꼭ˤäۤܲǽΰãƤ뤬so . . . that ʸμξά뤤ϤŬڤˤ syntactic contamination ([2011-05-04-1]ε#737. ʸ contaminationפȡˤȤƤǤСǽˤʤ롥
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Stanley, Eric Gerald, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1972.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
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