εǾҲ𤷤#2170. gravity model ([2015-04-06-1]) ϸѲŪŤͥ줿³⤢롥ΥǥǤϡŤͼ2֤εΥȳơοϤˤäޤȲꤵ뤬ºݤˤϤ2ĤΥѥΤۤˤ⤤Ĥװθɬפ롥㤨С˸¤餺ŪŤθԤäƤ Rogers ϡ(1) the phenomenon itself(2) communication networks, (3) distance, (4) time, (5) social structure 5ѿװȤƷǤƤ뤬gravity model äƤΤ (3) ȡ绨Ĥʰ̣ˤƤ (2) ΤߤǤ롥
ǤϡWolfram and Schilling-Estes (726--33) Ȥʤ顤¾װͤƤޤ "barrier effect" θʤФʤʤ㤨СɤȥåȥɤζϡΤޤפʱѸȤʤäƤ롥åȥɤζѲåȥȾˡ뤤ԻŤ뤳ȤäƤ⡤ۤƥɤζŤ뤫ɤϤ狼ʤդξǤ롥ŷͤͤζξ¦¼ǡͽۤʾ˰ۤʤäƤȤ⡤˵äθѲߤ˶ۤŤʤäȤ롥
ˡgravity model ϤȤʪؤοʸҲʳؤؤαѤǤꡤԤȤưǸ뤳ȤϤǤʤ㤨СʸʪŤͼȸŤͼ˴Ϳװϰۤʤ (cf. #2064. ʸμѼ (1) ([2014-12-21-1])#2065. ʸμѼ (2) ([2014-12-22-1])ˡ㤨СŤݤˤϡηϤؤ (embedding) ¦̤θɬפ뤬gravity model ϤΤ褦ʥѥǰƬ֤ƤʤηϤ˴ؤѥˤĤƤϡ#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])#1781. ܿ ([2014-03-13-1])#2011. Moravcsik ˤѤ ([2014-10-29-1])#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1]) ȡηϴ֤ŤѤˤƤɤ٤θ̤ĤˤĤƤŪʵ⾯ʤʤȤդäƤ
ˡgravity model ŪŤˤĤƤβǤꡤҲŪŤٳ뤷ƤȤ꤬롥1ĤϰˤʣμҲṲ̄Τ̤Ǥ롥ѲϰŤȤȤϰΤ٤ƤμҲƱŤȤϸ¤餺μҲˤΤŤȤȤ⤢ꤦ롥gravity model Ūʲμ˱äŤθƤʤѲŤͻǤϼҲŪʽĤμƱ餤˽פʤΤǤϤʤ
social_network ˤС夤 (weakly_tied) ĸĿͤ佸ĤѲŤĥܿͤȤʤȤ롥gravity model ϿϤ礭Ȥ龮ȤؤȤޥΥͥåȥռƤ뤬θĿͤ佸ĤδͿߥΥͥåȥϹθƤʤȤ롥η䤦Ȥơ#882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1])#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1])#1352. ߥ˥̩٤̻֡ ([2013-01-08-1]) ͤˤ줿
ǸˡϤξϰ褫礭ϰؤȡֵήפ "contra-hierarchical diffusion" λ𤵤Ƥ롥εǤ줿褦 Oklahoma Ǥϡ/ɔ/ -- /a/ εۼ gravity model ͽۤȤԻԤļˤؤ hierarchical ŤƤ뤬Ʊ Oklahoma ǽˡư fixin' to (= going to) ϤषļˤԻԤؤ contra-hierarchical ŤƤ뤳ȤǧƤ롥Tennessee ɡ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ εۼƱͤ contra-hierarchical ŤƤȤܸǤ⡤#2074. ѸѼαǥ ([2014-12-31-1]) Ǿˤ褦ˡؤήȤݤϰճ¿ߤ졤contra-hierarchical Ť褷ƵʻǤϤʤȤƤ롥
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.
Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. 5th ed. New York: Free Press, 1995.
ѲŪŤͼˤĤơȾ (wave_theory) 䤽η̤ȤƤ (cf. #1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])ˤ褯ΤƤ롥Ӥꤲޤ줿ФƱ߾椬Ȥ褦ˡȯϤƱ߾˼ϤŤƤȤͤǤ롥
ѲɬƱ߾³˳ȤȤϸ¤ʤषȳȤäƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1])#2037. Ťȸ֡ ([2014-11-24-1])#2040. ([2014-11-27-1]) ʤɤε褦ˡΤۤȤͭǤ褦ʸѲλ롥ȤۤƱȯۤȤäƤ褤ΤˡҲؤؤʸ gravity model 뤤 hierarchical model ȸƤФƤѲŤ˴ؤǥ뤬롥 Trudgill ǡWolfram and Schilling-Estes (724) Τ褦ͿƤ롥
According to this model, which is borrowed from the physical sciences, the diffusion of innovations is a function not only of the distance from one point to another, as with the wave model, but of the population density of areas which stand to be affected by a nearby change. Changes are most likely to begin in large, heavily populated cities which have historically been cultural centers. From there, they radiate outward, but not in a simple wave pattern. Rather, innovations first reach moderately sized cities, which fall under the area of influence of some large, focal city, leaving nearby sparsely populated areas unaffected. Gradually, innovations filter down from more populous areas to those of lesser population, affecting rural areas last, even if such areas are quite close to the original focal area of the change. The spread of change thus can be likened not so much to the effects of dropping a stone into a pond, as with the wave model, but, as . . . to skipping a stone across a pond.
gravity model ϡŤϡȾΤ褦֤εΥ˰¸ǤϤʤοϤˤ¸ȤȤǤ롥ϡ2ĤŷΤΰ礦ϤΥ̩٤δؿǤ뤳ȤӤ롥ΥȿϤ2ĤѿΤȤŤͼޤȤ gravity model ϡȾळȤǤͥƤ롥ȤΤϡΥΤߤͭѿȤϤѿ̵ȤСʤȾȤʤ뤫Ǥ롥
gravity model ˱äѲλϾʤʤWolfram and Schilling-Estes (725) ˵ƤΤѸ˴ؤΤˤĤƤСLondon dzϤ줿Ƭ h-dropping ֤ϰӱۤľ East Anglia Norwich ؤӲФȤ㤬𤵤Ƥ롥Chicago [æ] 첻 [ɑ] 岽⡤ƱͤΥѥ Illinois νԻԤŤOklahoma Ǥ /ɔ/ -- /a/ εۼŤǤ롥
ξȤơgravity model ǽǤϤʤºݤŤλѻȡΥȿϰʳˤ⤤ĤѿꤻʤǤ롥gravity model θ³ˤĤƤϡεǼ夲롥
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.
#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1]) ڤӡ#2037. Ťȸ֡ ([2014-11-24-1]) ˤ褦ˡϡ¾ʸŪƱͤˡ֤˱äŤ뤳Ȥ¿äϥƥӤ䥤ͥåȤʤɳƼΥǥȯãʪŪʾ㳲Ȥ⤿䤹ӱۤƤޤǤʪŪʸ̤ʸŪŤδäˤä
ǻϤޤä䡤˸ꤵƤ֤˱äŤϡܤˤߤ롥ޤǤܤʪήδϡΦγƻǤϤʤ賤ιϩǤ롥ͽδǯ (1624--44) ˲¼ (1618--99) ˤܽϩȡܽαߤˤ˽褦ˤʤä塤ⳤܳߡĤϩȡ͡ʿδߡܳߡĤϩȡ塤ʿδߡͤϩääܳߤ褷ϩγ褯ΤƤ롥ϺϡġܸšĸҤʤɤ˴ιĮ˾ʪʡʸ澮ιĮΦӱۤơΥ줿礭ʹĮ˾뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥 *
СϩפäϤˤϵηɾΡ?Ϥסʶ̸Ρ?פˤԤƤֹۤԤʤפΰդζᵦ֤㤻ס֤Ȥפΰդ֤ʤס֤ɡפΰդζ彣֤ФäƤפʤɤʹʰ塤p. 44ˡޤܸŤʤɴ긩αոĸҤǤϡ֤꤬Ȥפΰ̣ǤΡ֤ˡפʹ롥ۤĸǤϡּѤפȤ֤פɽ뤬äΤǤ롥ϤˤΤ褦ԤƤϰ褬ʤΩʬۤƤ뤿ᡤβϩȤ֤˱äƤиݤȲ᤹ۤʤޤȬΡ֤פϸŤԤǡĬ˾äή夤ȸƤꡤ̣Ǹ֤˱äŤȤäƤ褤ʰ塤pp. 8--9ˡ
γäθ˵ΦŴƻ֤ȯãǿषƤäȤȤŤΥ롼ȤѤäƤäΤȻפ롥
ͺʴƽˡϿޡ١ե졼٥ۡ2009ǯ
#2034. Ⱦʤ ([2014-11-21-1]) ǡԻԤԻԤؤθŤ˿줿̤̤ȯãμҲǤϡ͡ιưȾ¤礭ʤư϶٤ϰ˸¤롥ξˤϡŤͼϡȾ (wave_theory) ͽۤȤˤʤ̤ȯãҲǤϡ㤨ƻϩ֤Ŵƻ֤˱褦ʤɤơߤ˱Υ줿ԻԤԻԤؤФΤ褦ŤΤ褦Ⱦϸߤ̷⤹ΤǤϤʤषμҲθ̤ȯã٤ѿȤ롤ŪؤȻȤǤ褦˻פ롥
Ťȸ֤ȤϢưƤ뤫Τˤϡǡ֤Фפɽ魯ɸ manger trough ִƤʬۤįΤ褤Survey of English Dialects ΤĴʤƤ20ȾФˤϡϰǤ trough ԤƤ̤ɸ manger ¤˿ƩĤĤäοηϩܤߤƤߤȡɥرӤ봴ƻϩŴƻ֤ˤԤäȱ褤ʤ鿻ƩƤ뤳Ȥ狼äΤǤ롥̤Ȥơ֤˱äϰǤϿ manger դ֤鳰줿ϰǤϸŷ trough ³ƤȤ줿ʲTrudgill (130--31) ꡤϿޤȸϿޤξϿޤ˽Ťʤ뤫ˤϡGIF˥ɤ

It can be seen that each of the three southward-encroaching prongs of the manger area, two of which actually reach the coast, coincide with the main London to Dover road and rail route, the main London to Brighton route, and the main route from London to Portsmouth. The spread of the incoming form is clearly accelerated in areas with good communications links, and is retarded in more isolated areas. (Trudgill 132)
˸¤餺Τˤ襦륹ˤˤ衤Τ֤˱äơŪˤϥߥ˥ͥåȥ˱äưưŤ롥ͤƤߤΤȤɤˤ֤ФפΤ褦ϿޤǼȡΤȤŪǤǼǤ롥ؤ˥ʥߥåǤ뤫̣碌Ƥ빥#1543. ء ([2013-07-18-1]) ʬθȤƤɾǤ롥
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
ȾŤƤȤȾ wave_theory ˤĤơζ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1])#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1])#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1])#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) ʤɤǤߤƤȾκǤʲˤСϤʸ̤ƱߤʤȤäƤȤ롥Ū֤ѸǸȡ濴ϤȤʤĮ¼顤̤ء٤礦Į¼˽缡ŤƤȤȤˤʤ롥
νȾˤƤϤޤʤŤλ¿ڤ롥Τߤʤ餺ʸŪήԤˤ¤ˤ衤ɬ٤礦Į¼ŤȤϸ¤餺Υ줿ӲФȤȤꤦ롥Ȥ櫓֤ȯãҲǤϡդ¼̤ꤷơԻԴ֤dzͭ륿ߥΤۤᤤȤ¿㤨Сȯγϡ쳰Ⱦ˹ޤ⡤쳤ƻ˱äӤ˲̾͡Ųԡۤᤤ⤷ʤξ硤ȾȤꤷʤ롥ξ¾ŪʴطǤϤʤФγʾǤϲ̾͡ŲԡˤϡϤλɷˤꤽ濴ˤϤ꿷椬äơȾΤۤŪʥǥǤ餷Ȥ狼롥
Chambers and Trudgill ˤƤǴϢʲʸϤȤΤǰѤƤ
As for dialect-to-dialect change, the wave model was first proposed to describe the geographical diffusion of linguistic innovation. Then some geographically aware linguists developed an extended theory on linguistic diffusion over space. Chambers and Trudgill, for example, advanced the gravity model against the wave model to account for the path along which innovation diffuses in space (166). In this model, a linguistic innovation is likened to a stone skipping across a pond because it spreads not necessarily from a speaker or place to the immediate next but jumps from a speaker or place to another which may be geographically apart but socially connected. For example, linguistic innovation can spread from a big city to another, skipping through small towns in between. (Hotta 173)
Ť˴ؤζȤƤϡˤֶפɽ魯 bridge ɸˤ brig ʬۤʰʲϿޤ Upton and Widdowson 154 ˡԤϸűѸŪʷ (brycg) ѾǤꡤԤϸťΥɸƱη (bryggja) ƶȤǤ롥ŪʬۤȤƤϡȾ bridge Ǥ brig ԤƤ뤬ߤ2սꡤ줾Υ줿ꥢˡbridge ѤƤ뾮褬롥1ĤϺ̤ Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham ޤ२ꥢ⤦1ĤϤ Humber ϸ Grimsby ޤ२ꥢǤ롥Ϥ٤ brig Ǥϰˡ2Ĥξ褬ݥĥݥĤȾΤ褦⤫ǤݤϡϤȤɸ bridge ȾǤ露˵ͤäƤȤϡ쳤ߤԻԤԻԤؤʬۤȤƤȤŤλ롥ơ쳤ߤγԻԤ٤ؤȡ٤Ϥ褽ȾʬۤȤƤäȤ

Trudgill (129, 132) ϥɤԻԲĬήȴϢŤơʬۤɤ߲Ƥ롥
The geographical patterning of the occurrence of the two words suggests that the southern and Standard English word is beginning to spread north, and in a rather interesting way. In its spread northwards, bridge has first invaded the coastal city areas of Sunderland and Grimsby, and then spread outwards again from these centres. This is just one example of the importance of urban centres in the spreading of new forms in language . . ., and of the way in which the increasing urbanization of England has contributed in this century to the loss of Traditional Dialects.
Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English." PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. Glasgow, November 2005.
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006. *
Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects of England. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
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