laugh ʾФˤ̾ laughter ʾФˤǤ롥ư줫̾Τ -ter Ȥ츻õäƤߤƤ⡤ɬΤʤȤϤ狼ʤ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
OED laughter (NOUN1) ˤȡ -ter ˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥
a Germanic suffix forming nouns also found in e.g. fodder n., murder n.1, laughter n.2, lahter n.
嵭 laughter n.2 ȤΤϸʤַܤλҤȤޤȤޤפۤɤ̣롥פΰդư lay ̾ȤȤ
ʤߤˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ laughter ȡslaughter ܻԻˤȤƤꡤָŤ̾פ롥ư slay ʻˤб̾ȤƤ slaughter ȤȤ館Ƥ褤
¾ˤ food ʿʪˤȴϢΤ fodder n.ʲܤλˤ foster n.1ʿʪˤˤ⡤ͿƤȤλŦ롥Ǥ뤳ȤϳΤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

ε#5676. ظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ٤300캬 ([2024-11-10-1]) ˰³ƱϿ (344--52) ˷ǺܤƤפܼΥꥹȤȻפޤƬ (prefix) (suffix) 碌129ܼҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
ڡƬ
| a-, an- | ʤ (without) |
| ab-, abs- | Υơä (away) |
| ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- | Ĥ (to) |
| ambi- | (around) |
| anti-, ant- | ȿ (against) |
| bene- | 褤 (good) |
| bi- | 2 (two) |
| co- | (together) |
| com-, con-, col-, cor- | (together) (wholly) |
| contra-, counter- | ȿФ (against) |
| de- | (down)Υ (away) (wholly) |
| di- | 2 (two) |
| dia- | ڤä (across) |
| dis-, di-, dif- | ʤ (not)Υơ̡ (apart) |
| dou-, du- | 2 (two) |
| en-, em- | Ĥ (into)Ĥˤ (make) |
| ex-, e-, ec-, ef- | (out) |
| extra- | Ĥγ (outside) |
| fore- | ä (before) |
| in-, im-, il-, ir-, i- | ʤԡ̵ (not) |
| in-, im- | ˡĤ (in)Ĥξ (on) |
| inter- | Ĥδ֤ (between) |
| intro- | (in) |
| mega- | (large) |
| micro- | (small) |
| mil- | 1000 (thousand) |
| mis- | ä (wrongly) (badly) |
| mono- | 1 (one) |
| multi- | ¿ (many) |
| ne-, neg- | ʤ (not) |
| non- | ̵ (not) |
| ob-, oc-, of-, op- | ĤФơĤ˸ä (against) |
| out- | (out) |
| over- | ۤ (over) |
| para- | 來 (beside) |
| per- | Ĥ̤ (through) (wholly) |
| post- | (after) |
| pre- | (before) |
| pro- | (forward) |
| re- | (back)Ƥ (again) (strongly) |
| se- | ̡ (apart) |
| semi- | Ⱦʬ (half) |
| sub-, suc-, suf-, sum-, sug-, sup-, sus- | (down) (under) |
| super-, sur- | ˡۤ (over) |
| syn-, sym- | (together) |
| tele- | (distant) |
| trans- | ۤ (over) |
| tri- | 3 (three) |
| un- | ʤ (not)ᤷ (back) |
| under- | (down) |
| uni- | 1 (one) |
| -age | ֡ȡ |
| -al | |
| -ance | |
| -ancy | ֡ |
| -ant | ͡ |
| -ar | |
| -ary | ȡ |
| -ation | 뤳ȡ |
| -cle | Ρ |
| -cracy | |
| -ee | |
| -eer | |
| -ence | ֡ |
| -ency | ֡ |
| -ent | ͡ |
| -er, -ier | ͡ |
| -ery | ֡ȡΡࡤѡ |
| -ess | |
| -hood | ֡ |
| -ian | |
| -ics | ء |
| -ion, -sion, -tion | ȡ֡ |
| -ism | |
| -ist | |
| -ity, -ty | ֡ȡ |
| -le | Ρ |
| -let | Ρ |
| -logy | ء |
| -ment | ֡ȡ |
| -meter | |
| -ness | ֡ |
| -nomy | ˡ |
| -on, -oon | 礭ʤ |
| -or | ͡ |
| -ory | |
| -scope | |
| -ship | |
| -ster | |
| -tude | |
| -ure | ȡ |
| -y | ȡ |
| -able | Ǥ롤䤹 |
| -al | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -an | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -ant | ĤΡĤ |
| -ary | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -ate | ĤΡĤΤ |
| -ative | Ū |
| -ed | Ĥˤ |
| -ent | Ƥ |
| -ful | Ĥ |
| -ible | Ǥ롤 |
| -ic | ĤΡĤΤ褦 |
| -ical | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -id | ľ֤ΡƤ |
| -ile | Ǥ롤 |
| -ine | ĤΡĤ˴ؤ |
| -ior | äȡ |
| -ish | Τ褦 |
| -ive | Ρ |
| -less | Τʤ |
| -like | Τ褦 |
| -ly | Τ褦ʡȤ |
| -ory | Τ褦 |
| -ous | |
| -some | Ŭ |
| -wide | ˤ錄 |
| -ate | ˤ롤 |
| -en | ˤ |
| -er | ֤ |
| -fy, -ify | ˤ |
| -ish | ˤ |
| -ize | ˤ |
| -le | ֤ |
| -ly | 褦 |
| -ward | |
| -wise | 褦 |

ѸܥӥΤܤҲ𤷤ޤҤǤƤظ캬dzФ륳ѥñǤ300θ캬夲캬Ọ̇̄١2500ؽǤ褦˹ƤޤҤإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ١إå饤ȥϥ¼ŵ١إߥʥ¼ŵ١إѥ¼ŵ٤μ̤ưѤƤ캬बȤˤʤäƤޤ
Ф줿300Ĥθ캬ϡܥӥʳˤ⡤Ѹ˸ˤƲΩĥꥹȤȤʤäƤޤܼ˽äơʲ˰ޤ
cess ʹԤ
ceed ʹԤ
cede ʹԤ
gress ʿʤ
vent
verse ʸ
vert ʸ
cur
pass ̤
sta Ωġ
sist Ωġ
sti Ωġ
stitute ΩƤ
stant ΩäƤ
stance ΩäƤ뤳ȡ
struct ۤ
fact ʺ롤ʤ
fic ʺ
fect ʺä
gen ޤ
nat ޤ
crease Ĺ
tain ݤġ
ward ʼ
serve ʻŤ
ceive ʼ
cept ʼ
sume ʼ
cap ʤĤ
mote ư
move ư
gest ʱ֡
fer ʱ֡
port ʱ֡
mit
mis
duce Ƴ
duct Ƴ
secute ɤ
press ʲ
tract ʰ
ject ꤲ
pose ֤
pend ʤ֤鲼
tend ʹ
ple
cide ڤ
cise ڤ
vary Ѥ
alter ¾Ρ
gno Τ
sent ʴ
sense ʴ
cure ա
path ʶ줷
spect ʸ
vis ʸ
view ʸ
pear ʸ
speci ʸ
pha ʸ
sent ¸ߤ
viv
act ʹư
lect ֡
pet ʵ
quest ʵ
quire ʵ
use ʻѤ
exper ʻߤ
dict ʸ
log ä
spond ʱ
scribe ʽ
graph ʽȡ
gram ʽΡ
test ʾڸ
prove ʾ
count ʿ
qua ʤɤΤ褦ʡ
mini ʾ
plain ʿʡ
liber ʼͳʡ
vac ʶΡ
rupt ˤ줿
equ
ident Ʊ
term ʸ³
fin ʽꡤ³
neg ʤʤ
rect ʿäʡ
prin 1̡
grade ʳ
part ʬ
found ʴá
cap Ƭ
medi ֡
popul ʿ͡
ment ʿ
cord ʿ
hand ʼ
manu ʼ
mand ̿
fort ʶ
form ʷ
mode ʷ
sign ʰ
voc
litera ʸ
ju ˡ
labor ϫƯ
tempo ʻ
uni 1ġ
dou 2ġ
cent 100
fare ʹԤ
it ʹԤ
vade ʹԤ
migrate ʰư
sess ʺ¤
sid ʺ¤
man ʤȤɤޤ
anim ©
spire ©
fa ä
fess ä
cite ʸƤ֡
claim ʶ֡
plore ʶ֡
doc ʶ
nounce
mon ʷٹ𤹤
audi İ
pute ʹͤ
tempt ʻߤ
opt ֡
cri ʷꤹ
don Ϳ
trad ʰϤ
pare Ѱդ
imper ᤹̿
rat ʿ
numer ʿ
solve ʲ
sci Τ
wit ΤäƤ
memor ʵ
fid ʿ
cred ʿ
mir ʶä
pel ɤΩƤ
venge
pone ֤
ten ݻ
tin ݤġ
hibit ʻġ
habit ʻäƤ
auc
ori ʾ
divid ʬ
cret ʬ
dur ³
cline ʷ
flu ή
cas
cid
cease ʤ
close Ĥ
clude Ĥ
draw ʰ
trai ʰĥ
bat Ǥġ
fend Ǥġ
puls Ǥġ
cast ꤲ
guard ʼ
medic ʼ
nur ܤ
cult ʹ̤
ly ʷӤĤ
nect ʷӤĤ
pac
strain
strict 줿
here ʤäĤ
ple ޤꤿ
plic ޤꤿ
ploy ޤꤿ
ply ޤꤿ
tribute ʳƤ
tail ڤ
sect ڤ
sting ʻɤ
tort ʤͤ
frag ʲ
fuse
mens ¬
pens ʽŤ̤
merge ʿ
velop
veil ʤ
cover ʤʤ
gli ʵ
prise ʤĤ
cert ʳΤʡ
sure ʳΤʡ
firm ʳμ¤ʡ
clar ʡ
apt Ŭ
due ʻʧ٤
par
human ʿʹ֤Ρ
common ʶͭΡ
commun ʶͭΡ
semble ʰˡ
simil Ʊ
auto ʼ
proper ʼʬȤΡ
potent ʤǤ
maj 礭
nov ʿ
lev ʷڤ
hum 㤤
cand
plat ʿʡ
minent ͤФ
sane ʷʡ
soph ʸ
sacr ʿʡ
vict
text ʿ줿
soci ֡
demo ̱
civ ʻ̱
polic Իԡ
host ʵҡ
femin ʽ
patr
arch Ĺ
bio ̿衤ʪ
psycho
corp Ρ
face ʴ
head Ƭ
chief Ƭ
ped
valu ʲ͡
delic ̥ϡ
grat ʴӡ
hor ʶݡ
terr ʶ줵
fortune ʱ
hap ʶ
mort ʻ
art ʵѡ
custom ʽ
centr 濴
eco ʴĶ
circ ʱߡġ
sphere ʵ
rol ʲžΡ
tour ʲ
volve ʲ
base ʴá
norm ɸ
ord ʽ
range
int Ρ
front ̡
mark ʶ
limin ߵ
point
punct ͤɤ
phys ʼ
di
hydro ʿ
riv
mari ʳ
sal ʱ
aster
camp
mount ʻ
insula
vi ƻ
loc ʾ
geo ϡ
terr ϡ
dom ʲȡ
court ʵ
cave ʷ
bar
board ġ
cart ʻ
arm
car ʼ֡
leg ˡΧ
reg ʻۤ
her ³
gage
merc ʼ
סظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ١ҡ2019ǯ
Ѹο;̾ˤϡ~ΤΡפΩɽ碌ͭ̾ (possessive pronoun) Ȥब롥 mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs 6Ȥʤ롥˸Ťᤫ2;ñ thou бͭ̾ thine äƤ褤ޤ3;ñ it бͭ̾Ϸ礱ƤȤ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) ӡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) Ȥ줿
¿ -s ǽꡤͭʤ -'s Ȥδط۵뤬mine thine ˤĤƤä -ne ߤΩġ -ne ϤɤƤΤ
ͭ̾η֤ζ̣ˤˤĤƤϡMustanoja (164--65) INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE ꤹDz⤷ƤƤΤǡѤƤ
INDEPENDENT POSSESSIVE
FORM: --- As mentioned earlier in the present discussion (p. 157), the dependent and independent possessives are alike in OE and early ME. In the first and second persons singular (min and thin) the dependent possessive loses the final -n in the course of ME, but the independent possessive, being emphatic, retains it: --- Robert renne-aboute shal nowȝe have of myne (PPl. B vi 150). In the South and the Midlands, -n begins to be attached to other independent possessives as well (hisen, hiren, ouren, youren, heren) after the analogy of min and thin about the middle of the 14th century: --- restore thou to hir alle thingis þat ben hern (Purvey 2 Kings viii 6). In the third person singular and in the plural, forms with -s (hires, oures, youres, heres, theirs) emerge towards the end of the 13th century, first in the North and then in the Midlands: --- and youres (Havelok 2798); --- þai lete þairs was þe land (Cursor 2507, Cotton MS); --- my gold is youres (Ch. CT B Sh. 1474); --- it schal ben hires (Gower CA v 4770). In the southern dialects forms without -s prevail all through the ME period: --- your fader dyde assaylle our by treyson (Caxton Aymon 545).
The old dative ending is preserved in vayre zone, he zayþ, 'do guod of þinen' (Ayenb. 194).
Imitations of French Usage. --- The use of the definite article before an independent possessive, recorded in Caxton, is obviously an imitation of French le nostre, la sienne: --- to approvel better the his than that other (En. 23); --- that your worshypp and the oures be kepte (Aymon 72).
The occurrence of the independent possessive pronoun (and the rare occurrence of a noun in the genitive) after the quasi-preposition magré 'in spite of' is a direct imitation of OF magré mien (tien, sien, etc.): --- and God wot that is magré myn (Gower CA iv 59); --- maugré his, he dos him lute (Cursor 4305, Cotton MS). Cf. NED maugre, and R. L. G. Ritchie, Studies Presented to Mildred K. Pope, Manchester 1939, p. 317.
ͭ̾˴ؤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s ([2016-10-21-1])
#2737. 奤ꥹѸˤͭ̾ hern ʬۡ ([2016-10-24-1])
#3495. Jespersen ˤФ ([2018-11-21-1])
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ϢεɽθᤰҲ𤷤Ƥ롥Ρ#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1])ӺΡ#5582. -ster Ͻɽ魯ǤϤʤä --- Jespersen ([2024-08-08-1]) ˰³ϽѸ (by-name) Ĵ Fransson ˤҲ𤷤Fransson ϡ-ster ȤȽɽ魯äȤȿ Jespersen ФäƺȿƤ롥
Fransson ԤʤäΤϼ̤ꡥޤĴоݤȤʤ塦̾ -ester η̡ӤӤ͡Τ77̾242̾Ƚ⤽̾˸˽ΨƱǤϤʤ̾˸ǽ⤺ä㤯ºݤ˽12:1κȤˡ⤷̾ؤνи˽ƱǤäȲꤹȡ-ester λ79%ޤǤȤʤꡤ21%ˤȤɤޤ롥Ĥޤꡤ -ester Ͻ礭ФäƤȤߤʤ롥
ϰ躹⤢褦Saxon Ǥ -ester ϤȤ櫓ФäƤ뤬Anglia Ǥ⾯ʤʤǤ⡤ΤȤƤʤ餷ƤߤС-ester ȽӤĤƤȤȤϸǤ롥Fransson ϤޤǵȤǡٻŪʷ˻롥βսѤ褦 (44)
With regard to the nature of the suffix -ester some elucidation can be obtained from the significations of the present surnames, especially of those that occur most frequently. The most common of them are the following (ranged after frequency; the figure denotes the number of persons that have been found bearing the surname): Bakestere 63, Litester 60, Webbester 47, Brewstere 33, Huckestere 10, Heustere 9, Blextere 8, Kembestere 7, Deyster 7, Sheppestere 7, Bleykestere 6, Thakestere 5, Combestere 5, Dreyster 5. All the trades denoted by these names --- with the only exception of Thakestere --- are of such a character that they can very well be supposed to have originally been carried out only (or almost only) by women. I think, therefore, that we are entitled to conclude that the words in -ester were at first used only of women, and that the old and general theory holds true. This ending, however, was also applied to men in OE, but that this happened so often as it really did, may be due to the fact that women do not appear as frequently as men in the OE sources.
θ塤Fransson (45) ϡĴ̤줿ηϷŪʤΤǤϤʤǰƤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5581. -ster ʬۤȵ ([2024-08-07-1]) ˰³-ster εˤĤơȤȤϽɽ魯äȤФJespersen ϶ۤ¤10ڡˤ錄ȿʸƤΤ¿ˤ錄뤬Τ2ĤѤ롥
The transition of a special feminine ending to one used of men also is, so far as I can see, totally unexampled in all languages. Words denoting both sexes may in course of time be specialized so as to be used of one sex only, but not the other way. Can we imagine for instance, a word meaning originally a woman judging being adopted as an official name for a male judge? Yet, according to N.E.D., deemster or dempster, ME dēmestre, is 'in form fem. of demere, deemer.' Family names, too, would hardly be taken from names denoting women doing certain kinds of work: yet this is assumed for family names like Baxter, Brewster, Webster; their use as personal names is only natural under the supposition that they mean exactly the same as Baker, Brewer, Weaver or Web, i.e., some one whose business or occupation it is to bake, brew or weave. (420)
There is one thing about these formations which would make them very exceptional if the ordinary explanation were true: in all languages it seems to be the rule that in feminine derivatives of this kind, the feminine ending is added to some word which in itself means a male person, thus princess from prince, waitress from waiter, not waitress from the verb wait. But in the OE words -estre is not added to a masculine agent noun; we find, not hleaperestre, but hleapestre, not bæcerestre, but bæcestre, thus direct from the nominal or verbal root or stem. This fact is in exact accordance with the hypothesis that the words are just ordinary agent nouns, that is, primarily two-sex words. (422)
⤫ Jespersen ⤫ɤ餬ʤΤƤˤϡܺ٤ĴɬפȤʤ롥μ꤬ŪΤϡʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθ˽ΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤˤ롥ˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤϤޤؼоݤäȤǤƤޤΤ
δ餤СʸΡֽפפؤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤʸ̮ˤθĸλؼоݤȤäơθΰ̣ޤޤƤȸڤʤȤΤϡˤϤȤξΰ̣ޤޤƤꡤʸ̮ǤޤؼоݤäȤΤȤ⤷ʤ
¿λᡤλѤȡλؼоݤ˽ʬۤȤشطõȤäĴɬפºݤ Jespersen Ȥ⡤Τ褦ʼݤǻƤΤ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
webster, baxter ʤɤο̾䡤spinster, youngster ʤɤο̾˸ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1])
#3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1])
Ѹο̾˸ -ster ʬۤõȡڤʬۤ뤬ꥢˤǹ٤ǤȤϰʬۤȤ碌ơ⤽εǤ뤫Ȥ褬ĤƵäߤͭϤˤĤƤϡ嵭βǼ夲Ƥ̤ Fransson ˤаޤɤǤߤ褦 (42)
It is true that the surnames in -ester occur in the whole of England, but with regard to their frequency there is a distinct difference. The case is that they chiefly belong to the Anglian counties; most instances have been found in Nf (over 100 inst.), Li, Y, La, and St, but many also in Wo and Ess. In the WS counties (Sx, Ha, So) these surnames occur very seldom; thus I have only found 3 inst. in So, 5 in Ha, and 11 in Sx.
We now come to the difficult question whether the suffix -ester is a feminine ending or not. There has been no difference of opinion about this until recently, when Jespersen propounded an entirely new theory (Linguistica 420--429). According to the general view, -ester was originally a special feminine ending, which, however, was later applied to men as well as to women. This transition from fem. to masc. is usually explained through the supposition that the work that was at first done only by women, was later performed by men, too, and that the fem. denominations were transferred on men at the same time.
ʤƤפ̾ʱѸ˸Ԥ Jespersen ˤäȽ졤⤬줿ΤȤ켫Τ1930ǯäʤΤΤ褦ϻˤȤä繥ʪǤ롥ǤϡJespersen οȤϡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Jespersen, Otto. "A Supposed Feminine Ending." Linguistica. Copenhagen, 1933. 420--29.
#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ ([2016-04-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸηƻζޤˤ̣Ū˱ƼѲ (weak declension) ȶѲ (strong declension) ̤롥
줾ηŪʵϡεǽҤ٤̤ǡ̾μѲȶѲ˥ȥ졼Ȥб櫓ǤϤʤäƤ롥ƻμѲϡΤ̾μѲб롥n-stem ҲȤڤ̤ꡤ n ΩġFertig (38) ˤȡѲζϡȤȤϸ̲ǽ (= "individualizing function") ͭüȯȤ̲ơפɽ魯餳ޥɤǤ "definiteness" ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤ
ƻζѲζϡɬ̾ζѲΤ˻ƤʤषŪˤ̾Τह롥ˤ̾Ūʶƻ˿ѲȤʤΤϤ褯ʬʤˤäƷƻ줬Ūˤ̾Ȱ褹ؤȯŸƤäȤϳΤ
Fertig (39--40) ꡤϢƤ
Originally, the function of this new distinction in Germanic involved definiteness (recall the original 'individualizing' function of the -en suffix in Indo-European): strong = indefinite, blinds guma 'a blind man'; weak = definite, blinda guma 'the blind man').
The other Germanic innovation which may not be entirely separable from the first one, is that many of the endings on the strong forms of adjectives do not correspond to strong noun forms, as they had in Indo-European. Instead, they correspond largely to pronominal forms . . . .
űѸ̾졤ƻ졤ưǤȤΡּѲפȡֶѲפϡ줾̣礤ۤʤ뤳Ȥ˲դ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ܲ䤬ܤȤƷǤܤƤ1ĤѸϢʤѸ by-name Ǥ롥Ǥ̾ͳ褹˴ؿƤ롥
Fransson (14--15) ˤȡ̾١ʣȤʤѸǤ¸ߴƤ롥Ūˤʣ2Ǥ̤Ƥ롥Ūˤ -maker, -man, -monger-, -wright तŵĴ٤Ƥߤ¾ˤ⤿롥ʣ2ǤȤŵŪʤΤ Fransson ΰƷǤ褦
-BATOUR: Orbatour.
-BETER: Coperbeter, Flaxbeter, Goldbeter, Ledbeter, Wodebetere, Wolbetere.
-BIGGERE: Fetherbycger, Shoubiggere.
-BYNDER: Bokbynder.
-BREDERE: Haryngbredere.
-BREYDER: Lacebreyder.
-BRENNER: Askebrenner, Lymbrener.
-BREWERE: Alebrewere.
-BROCHER: Ploghbrocher.
-KARTERE: Heryngkartere.
-KERNERE: Smerekernere.
-CLEVER: Burdclever.
-DRAGHER: Wirdgragher.
-DRAPER: Lyndraper.
-FEUERE: Baiounsfeuere, Orfeuere.
-GRAVER: Orgraver, Selgraver.
-HEWERE: Bordhewere, Fleshhewere, Marlehewer, Silverhewer, Stonhewere, Vershewere.
-HOPER: Goldehoper.
-YETERE: Belleyetere, Bligeter, Brasyetere, Ledyetere, Pannegetter.
-LEGGER: Streulegger.
-LETER: Blodleter.
-LITTSTER: Corklittster.
-MAKER: Aketonmaker, Aruwemakere, Aunseremakere, Belgmakere, Bokmakere, Bordmakere, Botelmaker, Bowemakere, Callemaker, Candelmaker, Kelmaker, Chalunmaker, Chapemaker, Chesemakere, Clokkemaker, Cordemaker, Cottemakere, Delmaker, Dofkotemakere, Elymaker, Flourmakere, Gourdmaker, Hayremaker, Hodemaker, Lepmaker, Maltmakere, Medemaker, Meysemakere, Melemakere, Moldemaker, Netmaker, Oylemaker, Paniermaker, Potmaker, Pouchemaker, Pundermaker, Quyltmaker, Saucemaker, Seggemaker, Sheldmakere, Strengmakere, Walmakere.
-MAKESTERE: Kallemakestere.
-MAN: Butterman, Candelman, Capman, Chapman, Cheseman, Clothman, Elyman, Fetherman, Flaxman, Flekeman, Glasman, Hauerman, Honyman, Laxman, Lekman, Lynman, Meleman, Mustardman, Oilman, Pakeman, Panierman, Redman, Sakman, Saltman, Sherman, Syveman, Slayman, Smeremay, Tailman, Wademan, Waxman, Werkman.
-MARTER: Bukmarter.
-MONGERE: Bukmongere, Ketmongere, Chesemonger, Clothmangere, Cornmongere, Fethermongere, Fishmongere, Flaxmongere, Fleshmongere, Garlekmongere, Gosmanger, Heymongere, Henmongere, Heryngmongere, Hermonger, Horsmongere, Irmongere, Lusmonger, Madermanger, Maltmongere, Melemongere, Otmongere, Sklatemanger, Smeremongere, Taylmongere, Tymbermongere, Waxmongere, Whelmonger, Wolmongere, Wudemonger.
-MONGESTERE: Bredmongestere.
-POLLARE: Felpollare.
-SELLER: Clothseller.
-SLIPER: Swerdsliper.
-SMITH: Ankersmyth, Arowesmith, Balismith, Blakesmyth, Bokelsmyth, Boltsmith, Botsmith, Brounsmyth, Knyfsmith, Copersmith, Exsmyth, Goldsmyth, Hudsmyth, Ledsmyth, Lokersmyth, Loksmyth, Orsmyth, Schersmyth, Shosmyth, Watersmyth, Whelsmyth, Whitesmyth.
-SNITHER: Lakensnither.
-TAWYERE: Whittewere.
-TEWERE: Whittewere.
-THEKER: Ledtheker.
-TOWERE: Whittowere.
-WASHERE: Skynwashere.
-WEBBE: Poghwebbe, Sakwebbe.
-WIFE: Flaxwife, Silkwife.
-WYNDER: Flekewynder.
-WOMAN: Silkwoman.
-WRIGHT: Arkewright, Bordwright, Bowewright, Brandwright, Briggwright, Cartwright, Chesewright, Kystewright, Kittewright, Culewright, Detherwright, Glaswright, Hayrwright, Lattewright, Limwright, Nawright, Orewright, Ploghwright, Shipwright, Syvewright, Slaywright, Tywelwright, Tunwright, Waynwright, Whelwright, Whicchewright.
-WRYNGERE: Chesewryngere.
Ϣơ#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ ([2024-06-07-1]) ʤɤε⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
heldio #1111. latitude longitudeɤäɤä --- ȥФΥޥۿlatitude ʰ١ˤ longitude ʷ١ˤζ̤դˤȡǤܸΡְ١פȡַ١פäƶ̤ˤȤʤɤˤǤϿΰŵˡꥹʡƤƤΤǡ𤷤ƤɬɤǤ롥
ξ˸ܤرѸ츻ŵʻ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡҡ1997ǯˤˤȡ -tude θ츻ϼ̤ꡥ
-tude suf. ƥƻ졦ʬˤĤ֤ɽ魯̾¤롨 -i- ȼä -itude Ȥʤ롧gratittude, solitude. F -tude // L -tūdin-, -tūdō
ıñϡŪˤϥեͳǡ뤤ϥեŪʷ֤ȤƼޤƤ롥Ū褯ܤˤΤȤƤ altitude ʹ١ˡamplitude ʹˡaptitude Ŭˡattitude ١ˡcertitude ʳοˤʤɤ롥fortitude Զˡgratitude ʴաˡineptitude Ŭˡmagnitude 礭ˡmultitude ¿ˡservitude °ˡsolicitude ʵˡsolitude ʸȡˤʤɤ롥Ϣ첻ޤ -itude Ȥʤꡤθ2פ뤿ᡤñΤ⤤ĹʤꡤդʷϵȤˤʤ롥η줷ϡեΤȤϥƥΤȤäƤ褤
OED -tude SUFFIX ΰ̣ˡ⸫Ƥ
Occurring in many words derived from Latin either directly, as altitude, hebetude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, or through French, as amplitude, aptitude, attitude, consuetude, fortitude, habitude, plenitude, solitude, etc., or formed (in French or English) on Latin analogies, as debilitude, decrepitude, exactitude, or occasionally irregularly, as dispiritude, torpitude.
줾ΡʤäûӤơ-(i)tude δդ촶̣臘Τ⤪⤷⤷ʤ
#5461. 4ΡhelפȤˤʤäƤޤ ([2024-04-09-1]) #5484. heldio/helwa ꥹʡγΡhelפҲ ([2024-05-02-1]) ʤɤǤҲ𤷤ưŪhelԤ1 lacolaco note ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡȤŸƤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯɤ褦ȤʥץȤǡܲAιBιؤƧƤޤäˤ⤷츻ñ줬ԥååפƤꡤȤƤٶˤʤޤ
lacolaco ϡץޡܶȤȤƤꡤSpotify/Apple Podcast/YouTube ˤ֥ե饸 --- եȤ饸ȤȤŪۿƤޤ伫ȤϸΤ˾ץ٤Υޥ奢ץޡˤޤ֥եפ϶̣Ǥ
ե饸ǿ64ۿ#25 GoF③ Singleton ѥˤ2ĤβͤäƤǤץΥǥѥȤƤΡSingletonפȤʤäƤޤۿ9:00դǡ⤽ singleton Ȥñϲ̣ΤȤ櫓 -ton ʬϲʤΤȤ䤤ȯƤޤ
رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤϸФΩäƤʤäΤǡ¾μŵäƤߤޤǤ OED singleton NOUN2 ιܤߤƤߤޤ礦
1. Cards. In whist or bridge: The only card of a suit in a hand. Also attributive.
1876 If..the lead is a singleton..it may be right to put on the ace. (A. Campbell-Walker, Correct Card Gloss. p. vi)
Ф1876ǯǡȥפΡ1绥פȤʤäƤޤθ֤ҤȤΡס1ĤΤΡסñ1ĤιǤ⤿ʤˡפʤɤθƤޤ츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤޤ
single adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending). Compare simpleton n.
θ -ton ˤĤƤϡOED ϡˤߤ -ton ȸƤ褦Ǥ simpleton ȤȤޤΤ single simple ϵŪˤƱ캬̤ƥѸǤϢϤꤽǤsimpleton θ츻ߤƤߤޤ礦
Probably < simple adj. + -ton (in surnames with that ending), probably originally as a (humorous) surname for a generic character (compare quot. 1639 and note at sense 1).
̾դ -ton žѤȤݤΤ褦Ǥ -ton ϡűѸ tūn ʰϤ줿ϡˤͳ褷 town Ϣʤޤ (exx. Hampton, Newton, Padington, Princeton, Wellington) ʤߤˡ̾ͳ褹ϰ̤ˤߤΤǤ
simpleton ν1639ǯȤʤäƤꡤޤ̤ʿʪ餫äƸƤ֥˥å͡ȤƻȤƤޤ
1. An unintelligent, ignorant, or gullible person; a fool.
In quot. 1639 as a humorous surname for a character who gathers medicinal herbs and is also characterized as stupid, and so with punning reference to simple n. B.II.4a.
1639 Now Good-man Simpleton... I see you are troubled with the Simples, you had not need to goe a simpling every yeare as you doe, God knowes you have so little wit already. (J. Taylor, Divers Crabtree Lectures 10)
ʾޤȤСsimpleton Ȥ¤ñޤ̤ΡñפȤäΥǤ礦ͷӤȤ⤤٤θ simple ƱϢ single ˤŪŬѤ졤singleton Ȥ줬Ǥäޤ
̾ȴϢ town, -ton ˤĤƤϡ#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#1395. up and down ([2013-02-20-1])#5304. ̾ Grimston ϸťΥɸȸűѸκǤϤʤ ([2023-11-04-1]) ȡ
ʤϤhelԤǤ~ߤ⡤ե饸 singlton 츻ˤĤơ note ȿƤޤ
ɸιټ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) #3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ-ster ϤȤȽιټäȤ뤬¤ϤˤĤƤ⤢ꡤޤߤηǤǤ (Fransson 42--45)
Ѹο̾١ϤĴ Fransson ⤳ηˤĤƵƤ롥γ˿ˤϡޤϵҤפǤȤơFransson ϥɳϤ -ester 42ĤȰʲ̤ (41)
Bakestere, Blacchester, Blakestere, Bleykestere, Blextere, Bredmongestere, Brewstere, Kallemakestere, Capiestere, Cardestere, Kembestere, Combestere, Corklittster, Cuppestere, Deyster, Dreyster, Fullester, Girdelester, Heustere, Huckestere, Litester, Lokyestere, Madster, Maltestere, Mongestere, Quernestere, Ridelestere, Ropestere, Scherestere, Semester, Sewstere, Sheppestere, Sopestere, Tannestere, Thakestere, Touestre, Upholdestere, Wadester, Webbester, Whelster, Wyggester, Wollestere
֤Ϥ줫ʤΤʬۤϰˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ̾μ礬ΨۤʤäƤȤ𤬤褦ñʤ츻äˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤҲŪʼΥȥԥåؤŸƤץץƤߤˤϤޤʤ褦դʤФȼȤĤġ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
Ѹο̾ӤӤ (by-name) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Fransson Thuresson ΰįƤȡƱοȤȤܤΤˡ͡ʸƾΤäȤ褯ʬäƤ롥Ȥ櫓Ƥμ¿ΤԥååפƤߤǧ줿ǯθƤߤ褦
˿ (Fransson 66--67): Cheseman (1263), Cheser (1332), Chesemakere (1275), Chesewright (1293), Chesemonger (1186), Furmager (1198), Chesewryngere (1281), Wringer (1327)
ꡤ (Fransson 87--88): Webbe (1243), Webbester (1275), Webbere (1340), Weuere (1296)
ޤ (Fransson 95--96): Pouchemaker (1349), Poucher (1317), Pocheler, Poker (1314)
ٹ (Fransson 133--34): Goldsmyth/Gildsmith (125), Gilder/Golder (1281), Goldbeter (1252), Goldehoper (1327)
֡ء繩 (Fransson 161--62): Whelere (1249), Whelster (1327), Whelwright (1274), Whelsmyth (1319), Whelemonger (1332)
֥ (Thuresson 65--67): Swynherde (1327), Swyneman (1275), Swyner (1257), Swyndriuere (1317), Swon (c1240)
Ļ (Thuresson 75--76): Hunte (1203), Hunter (1301), Hunteman (1235)
Τ褦ʰ۷֤ϡȤ櫓̣δ鶽̣롥ʾˡοȤ¿䡤͡μΡ¾ΤؤΤ꤬졤鴶ưФ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
Thuresson, Bertil. Middle English Occupational Terms. Lund Studies in English 19. Lund: Gleerup, 1968.
Ĺ餯̾ʣˤ椷ƤȤűѸǸԵ§פʣ -ru -n 줾ĸʳǤäȤΤʤäԤ ċildru "children" ʤɤˤߤ뤬ư̾äȤԤ ēagan "eyes" ʤɤˤߤ뤬̲ΰ̣ôä褦
ˤĤơFertig (38) ޥʣܼάˤʤ鶽̣äƤ롥
There are a couple of cases in Germanic where an originally derivational suffix acquired a new inflectional function after regular phonetic attrition at the ends of words resulted in a situation where the suffix only remained in certain forms in the paradigm. The derivational suffix *-es-/-os- was used in proto-Indo-European to form action nouns . . . . In West Germanic languages, this suffix was regularly lost in some forms of the inflectional paradigm, and where it survived it eventually took on the form -er (s > r is a regular conditioned sound change known as rhotacism). The only relic of this suffix in Modern English can be seen in the doubly-marked plural form children. It played a more important role in noun inflection in Old English, as it still does in modern German, where it functions as the plural ending for a fairly large class of nouns, e.g. Kind--Kinder 'child(ren)'; Rind--Rinder 'cattle'; Mann--Männer 'man--men'; Lamm--Lämmer 'labm(s)', etc. The evolution of this morpheme from a derivational suffix to a plural marker involved a complex interaction of sound change, reanalysis (exaptation) and overt analogical changes (partial paradigm leveling and extension to new lexical items). A similar story can be told about the -en suffix, which survives in modern standard English only in oxen and children, but is one of the most important plural endings in modern German and Dutch and also marks a case distinction (nominative vs. non-nominative) in one class of German nouns. It was originally a derivational suffix with an individualizing function . . . .
child(ren), eye(s), ox(en) ˴ؤϡޤǤ͡˼夲ƤʲΥƥȡ
hellog #946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
hellog #146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
hellog #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])
hellog #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])
hellog #219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
hellog #2284. eye ȯˡ ([2015-07-29-1])
hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ #31. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ
heldio #202. child children 첻Ĺ
heldio #291. ͺ ox ʣ oxen
heldio #396. ʤ I eye ƱȯˤʤΡ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
-er ŵŪټ (agentive_suffix) 1ĤǤ롥̤ưδΤղä뤳ȤǡбټԤ̾ȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥
ϡ̾δΤˤĤơ~˴ط͡פۤɤ̣ټ̾Τä㤨 fisher ʵաˤϡư fish -er ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ츻Ūˤ̾ fish -er ĤΤʤΤǤ롥
رѸ츻ŵ٤ -er1 ˤȡȤȤ̾ˤΤղä줿ޤѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤꡤ˶ѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤäȤʤŬϰϤưˤȤäȤСޤ˾˵ fish Τ褦̾ưͤΤϤȤʤꡤʬ (reanalysis) ¥Τȹͤ롥
Fertig (35) μκʬϤȤơޤ -er 夲Ƥ롥
An even more striking example is the English/German/Dutch agentive suffix -er (< proto-Germanic *-ārjo-z). Originally, this suffix could only be attached to nouns to produce new nouns with the meaning 'person having something to do with X' (where X is the meaning of the base noun). This use can still be seen in Modern English words such as hatter and is highly productive with place names, e.g. English New Yorker; Dutch Amsterdammer; German Pariser, etc. In the older languages, we see this original use clearly in examples such as Gothic bôkareis/Old English bócere 'scribe', derived from the noun corresponding to Modern English book. As this example suggests, the construction was used especially to designate professions and occupations, and there was very often also a related denominal verb. In Gothic, for example, we find the basic noun dôm- 'judgment', the derived verb dômjan 'to judge' and the noun dômareis 'judge (i.e. person who judges)'. Nouns like dômareis were then reanalyzed as being derived from the verbs rather than directly from the basic nouns.
ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ¿夲Ƥʲεʤɤȡ
#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])
#3791. ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5392. Ѹȿ̾ ([2024-01-31-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ؤäΤȤꡥ
Fertig (34) ˤȡɸ̤ꡤƻ졦κǾɸ -est ϡӵ -er ˤȯŸǤȤȤ餷
The superlative suffix -est, for example, is historically a combination of the ancestor of the -er comparative suffix (*-ôz-/*-iz- in proto-Germanic) followed by an originally separate *-to-.
ȤȤ *-ôz-/*-iz- *-to- ̡̡̤ä줬蘆뵡¿äΤǡ蘆ä̤η1ĤοȤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ
Ϥ礦ɸѸ -ist -ic ̡ȤߤʤƤ뤬蘆ä -istic 1ĤΩȤȤ館٤롥㤨 cannibalistic ˤơڤФ٤ -ist -ic 2ĤʬϤ⡤-istic 1ĤʬϤۤºŪȤΤϡ*cannibalist ȤñϤʤ
ȤСӵ -er -ist ˡǾ -est -istic ȤȤˤʤʬ䤹褦ʬˤ褦ʡ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed ([2023-12-18-1]) εǡʻ (parasynthesis) ȤѸƳ
OED ˤ "Derivation from a compound; word-formation involving both compounding and derivation." Ȥ롥бƻ parasynthetic ȤȤˡꥷζ˴ؤܤΤʤ1862ǯ˽ФƤ롥OED ǤϷƻ parasynthetic ιܤΤۤ⤬ܤΤǡ餫⡤ʸѤ롥
Formed from a combination or compound of two or more elements; formed by a process of both compounding and derivation.
In English grammar applied to compounds one of whose elements includes an affix which relates in meaning to the whole compound; e.g. black-eyed 'having black eyes' where the suffix of the second element, -ed (denoting 'having'), applies to the whole, not merely to the second element. In French grammar applied to derived verbs formed by the addition of both a prefix and a suffix.
1862 It is said that synthesis does, and parasynthesis does not affect the accent; which is really tantamount to saying, that when the accent of a word is known..we shall be able to judge whether a Greek grammarian regarded that word as a synthetic or parasynthetic compound. (H. W. Chandler, Greek Accentuation Preface xii)
1884 That species of word-creation commonly designated as parasynthetic covers an extensive part of the Romance field. (A. M. Elliot in American Journal of Philology July 187)
1934 Twenty-three..of the compound words present..are parasynthetic formations such as 'black-haired', 'hard-hearted'. (Review of English Studies vol. 10 279)
1951 Such verbs are very commonly parasynthetic, taking one of the prefixes ad-, ex-, in-. (Language vol. 27 137)
1999 Though broad-based is two centuries old, zero-based took off around 1970 and missile lingo gave us land-based, sea-based and space-based. A discussion of this particular parasynthetic derivative is based-based. (New York Times (Nexis) 27 June vi. 16/2)
оݤȤʤ˱ parasynthetic/parasynthesis λؤۤʤȤ𤬤褦ǡǤդνѸǤ롥ѸǤ -ed Ϳ parasynthesis ŵȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿褦-ed parasynthesis ˸ꤷƹͻˤ衤ʥѥꤽǡŪˤϤ˺ʬɬפ
Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ
Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)
ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤƤ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -edλѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥
1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)
1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)
Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷
ε ([2023-12-18-1]) ³Ԥǡgreen-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤˤĤơ OED Ȥ -ed ΤΤ롥
OED ǤưβʬȤƤ -ed, suffix1 ȡΤ褦̾ˤĤȤƤ -ed, suffix2 ̸ФΩƤƤ롥Ԥθ츻Ѥ롥
Cognate with Old Saxon -ôdi (not represented elsewhere in Germanic, though Old Norse had adjectives similarly < nouns, with participial form and i-umlaut, as eygðr eyed, hynrdr horned); appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. The function of the suffix is thus identical with that of the Latin past participial suffix -tus as used in caudātus tailed, aurītus eared, etc.; and it is possible that the Germanic base may originally have been related to that of -ed, suffix1, the suffix of past participles of verbs formed upon nouns.
εҤˤȡޥǤʶʬۤǤϤ뤬бꡤƱɳΥƥʤɤˤбǤȤȤˤʤ롥̤ķϤɤޤ̤Τ뤤ϳƸɡˤǤΩʿȯãʤΤ뤤ϰ¾ؤμѤͤΤʤɡ䤹褷ˤʤΤ褦
⤦1Ĺθ٤Ȥơ -ed ñ̾դ (ex. dogged) ʣ̾դ (ex. green-eyed) ȤηδƱΤȤߤƤ褤Τ뤤ϰۤʤΤª٤ʤΤŪˤŪˤ⡤Τ˶̣Ǥ롥
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