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emode - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-02-26 Mon

#3227. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ󥰡 [slide][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][etymological_respelling][emode][renaissance][standardisation][orthography][lexicography][hel_education][link][asacul]

ī㡼󥿡ɶιֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ5ˤ4󤬡224ڡˤ˳ޤϡdoubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ󥰡פꤷơѸ1500--1900ǯˤΥڥ󥰻⤷ޤֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ
ϰʲ3ĤǤ

ͥ󥹴˥ƥ줫֤줷ڥ󥰤¿и
ڥɸಽ1418ȾФˤƤ©ĹĤߤä
ѸμˤƤ⡤ڥɸಽϴˤãƤʤ

Ȥ櫓츻Ūڥ󥰤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡetymological_respelling ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤƥ饤ɤϡ֥ؤΥ󥯽ȤƤȤޤ

1. ֺ¡إڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) 츻Ūڥ (etymological spelling)
4. debt ξ
5. 츻Ūڥ󥰤
6. island ϡ츻Ūץڥ󥰡
7. 츻Ūڥ󥰤黿 Holofernes
8. θȯΡɿסfault ξ
9. ե󥹸Ǥ츻Ūڥ󥰤
10. ڥ󥰤εǽɽ
11. (2) ʥڥɸಽ
12. ϥڥ󥰤ɸಽ¥
13. (3) Ѹμˤߤ륹ڥ
14. Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall (1603)
15. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
16. ޤȤ
17. ʸ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-28-1] [2018-07-18-1]

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2018-01-27 Sat

#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][emode][chronology][monarch][caxton][reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][renaissance][shakespeare][johnson]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

1476William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen.
1485Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England.
1497John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas.
1534The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England.
1549The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style.
1558At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce.
1577--80Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas.
1590--1611William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest.
1600The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India.
1604Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall.
1607Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America.
1611The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style.
1619The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia.
1642--48The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
1660The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research.
1670The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.
ca. 1680The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government.
1688The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy.
1702The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion.
1719Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title.
1755Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English
1775--83The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there.
1788The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney.


Ѹϡ̻ŪˤϱѸŸμ郎줿ǤꡤҲŪˤϼεǽŪɸಽʤäȤޤȤ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2017-12-26 Tue

#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external [waseieigo][latin][borrowing][loan_word][derivation][etymology][suffix][adjective][emode][neologism][lexicology][word_formation][shakespeare]

ɸȴϢϡ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) 䡤waseieigo γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Baugh and Cable (222) ǡ˱Ѹ줬ƥñݤ˻ܤŬ (adaptation) Ƥ뤬Τ褦1ʸä

. . . the Latin ending -us in adjectives was changed to -ous (conspicu-us > conspicuous) or was replaced by -al as in external (L. externus).


αñϡ̣ǤϼѤ줿Ȥ⤤뤬̣ǤϱѸ줬Ȥ⤤롥ֱפȸƤ֤Τդ路ǤϤʤ
OED ˤСconspicuous ϡƥ conspicuus ˴ŤѸ¦ǤϤƥͳηƻ -ous դȤˤäƿ˷Ǥ롥16ȾФ˽ФƤ롥

1545 T. Raynald tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Hh vij These vaynes doo appeare more conspicuous and notable to the eyes.


¤ϤΡʼȤƥƥͳ¾θξ⤢ˤղäƼͳ˿ʷƻѥϥޥ󥹽˹줿Τǡե󥹸 -eus դΤ14--15濴ȤƱѸˤ -ous η̤äƤĤޤꡤޤäʩȤ٤Τ졤줬ѸˤήǤȤ櫓Ȥơdangerous, orgulous, adventurous, courageous, grievous, hideous, joyous, riotous, melodious, pompous, rageous, advantageous, gelatinous ʤɤ󤲤OED -ous, suffix ˡ
ޤѸǤե󥹸˽ǤΥѥѶŪѤ conspicuous Τ褦ʱ褦ˤʤäƤƱȤơguilous, noyous, beauteous, slumberous, timeous, tyrannous, blusterous, burdenous, murderous, poisonous, thunderous, adiaphorous, leguminous, delirious, felicitous, complicitous, glamorous, pulchritudinous, serendipitous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ɸΤ⤦1Ĥñ external conspicuous Ȥ褯ѥ򼨤ñϡƥ externus ˴ŤѸ¦ǥƥͳηƻ -al դȤˤäƷǤ롥Ф Shakespeare

a1616 Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts.
a1616 Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling.


ȿո internal Ʊͤλ𤫤Ȼפ䡤ϰΤȤ post-classical Latin Ȥ internalis ǧȤθΥƥȤƤλѤ "14th cent. in a British source" ȤȤʤΤǡϤϤפפ󤹤롥ѸǤνϡ15 Polychronicon

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 53 The begynnenge of the grete see is..at the pyllers of Hercules..; after that hit is diffusede in to sees internalle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. þe ynnere sees; L. maria interna].


֡פϷ褷ʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2017-12-18 Mon

#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ [cognate][synonym][lexicology][inkhorn_term][emode][borrowing][loan_word][renaissance][thesaurus][htoed]

#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) εǡͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤βɽñ1ĤȤ splendidious 󤲤θϸߤǤѤȤʤäƤ뤬ΰ̣ϸǤ̤Ѥ splendid ƱֲʡڤʡפǤ롥Ԥϥͥ󥹲ڤ䤫ʤꤷ15ѤƤꡤԤñȤƤ17ȾˤϽФƤʤˤäƽǯ夬ۤʤˡ15--17ˤϡ캬̣Ʊ splendid Ϥñ줬Ĥ⸽ƤϾäƤäΤǤ롥HTOED splendid ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

02.04.05.03 (adj.) Splendid
   þurhbeorht OE geatolic OE torht OE torhtlic OE wrætlic OE orgulous/orgillous a1400 splendidious 1432/50--1653 splendiferous c1460--1546 splendent 1509-- splendant 1590-- splendorous 1591-- splendidous 1605--1640 transplendent 1622; 1854 florid 1642--1725 splendious 1654 splendid 1815-- splendescent 1848-- nifty 1868-- ducky 1897-- (colloq.) many-splendoured a1907--


Ū splendidious, splendiferous, splendent, splendant, splendorous, splendidous, splendious, splendid, splendescent, splendoured 10줬ߤŪܤ˸졤糵ϸ˾äƤʤα¼Ǥϡsplendiferous, splendent, splendorous ϸФΩƤƤˡ
Ρʥƥ줢뤤ϥե󥹸ͳˤ̣Ʊ (synonym) Τ褦ʣäȤǡϤʤ¿θ줬礷ǤƤäΤ
Kay and Allan (15) ⡤θ췲˸ڤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Sometimes there was a degree of experimentation over the form of a new word. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the OED records the following forms meaning 'splendid': splendant, splendicant, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious and splendorous. Splendid itself is first recorded in 1624. Unsurprisingly, most of these forms were short-lived; no language needs quite so many similar words for the same concept.


б̾ˤĤƤ HTOED ȴФȡ"splendency a1591--1607 splendancy 1591 splendence 1604 splendour 1774-- splendiferousness 1934--" ȤϤ˭٤Ǥ롥

Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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2017-11-25 Sat

#3134. James VI Ρּε [monarch][scottish_english][scots][emode][bible]

#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ǸűѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤΡּεפΥ٤˽ΥåȥΥä褦
ؼȩΥåȥɲ James VI (1566--1625) 1580ǯ˱ʸǡּεפ򼫤 Scots ǺƤܿͤˤ񤭤ΤΤ London, British Library, MS Royal 18 B.xvi, f. 44 ˳ǧ롥James VI English English ǤϤʤ Scots (English) ǽ񤯤Ȥˤ餤򴶤ƤͻҤϤʤƲǤCrystal (125) Ƹ褦

THE LORDIS PRAYER

Ô michtie father that in heauin remainis
thy noble name be sanctifeit alwayes
thy kingdome come, in earth thy will & rainis
euen as in heauunis mot be obeyed with prayse
& giue us lorde oure dayly bread & foode
forgiuing us all oure trespassis aye
as we forgiue ilk other in lyke moode
lorde in temptation lead us not ue praye
but us from euill deliuer euer moire
for thyne is kingdome ue do all record
allmichtie pouer & euerlasting gloire
for nou & aye so mot it be ô lorde.


Υåȥɲ James VI 1603ǯ˥󥰥ɤΥīγĤȤƥ󥰥ɲ James I Ȥʤ櫓ΤȤ˿òμԤȤȤˤ Scots ɥε˱֤ȤȤʤäϤƥ󥰥ɤ̱ϡ򸢰ҤѼȤǧ᤿ΤȯˡʤȤ⤢ΥåϴȤդˤСScots Υ󥰥ɱѸ첽Ϥޤäִ֤Ȥ⤤
η˴طȤơ#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1])#2128. "than" ȤƤ nor or ([2015-02-23-1])#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2017-11-12 Sun

#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ [slide][printing][history][link][hel_education][emode][reformation][caxton][latin][standardisation][spelling][orthography][asacul]

ѸˤˤѤȯΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1. ƥ٥륯ˤѤΡֲɡסʡȯפǤϤʤ
2. ѤϡפͻӤǶȤƤαѸƬ岡
3. ѤϡֻɸಽˤαƶͿ

ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤ

1. ѤȯȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ѤΡȯ
4. ѡʤˡˤ
5. Ϣǯɽ
6. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?--68)
7. William Caxton (1422?--91)
8. (2) ȤƤαѸ
9. פȰѤͻ
10. ռβ
11. (3) ֻɸಽؤι׸
12. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
13. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ
16. : Prologue to Eneydos (#337)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-17-1]

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2017-10-23 Mon

#3101. ѸμΨ [literacy][demography][emode][standardisation]

#3043. ѸμΨ ([2017-08-26-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ǡѸҲμΨˤĤˤϿ (116--17) ꡤƥ塼ī濴Ȥ16--17Υ󥰥ɤμΨߤƤߤ褦

ȥλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤϹ餬ҲŪɬפǤäԤˡΧȤˤʤˤϤˡʤäޤԻԤξͤλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤɤ߽񤭤ȷ׻ΤɬפǤäϹۤǡ͵ؤβǤҤɤ˹뤿ˤϡȷפǤγ褦ʽи礻ͤФʤʤäΤǤ롥ϤؤǤϻҤɤϫƯϤȷפ­ˤɬפäΤǡҤɤ⤬ɤ߽񤭤򽬤¼Įνع˹ԤäȤƤ⡤Ż˽̳ؤû֤ǽ뤳Ȥ¿äɤ߽񤭤ƤԲķȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ깩ȤηиŪʵѡμμΤۤפȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ä
λΥ󥰥ɤǤϥȥء͡͵̱ؤ濴˼Ψ夷켷˥ȥޥؤμΨϤۤܰ졻%˶դƤءͷ̱ؤǤȾ褦ˤʤ롥ؤϤ̱μΨ㤯켷Ǥ졻%%ã٤ǤäȿꤵƤ롥


ޤǿפǤ뤷ؤˤäƿͤۤʤȤä櫓ʤΤǡμΨĤळȤưפǤϤʤλΰѤڡʪ̤ȯԡפ˸岡줿ɽ񽬴θʤɤˤꡤ¤˿͡μΨ夷ƤȤϴְ㤤ʤɸֻϺ⡤ޤˤλνäȤ碌ƳǧƤ

Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-12-02-1]

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2017-10-22 Sun

#3100. 󥰥ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦ [reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][celtic][linguistic_imperialism][emode]

#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ϤȤ reformation ΤĤεǡ16Υ󥰥ɽפѸϰ̤夵ˤĤƹͤƤפˡפʤ͡ˤȤäơŪʸҤäƥŨǤꡤषѸɥĸʤɳơ (vernaculars) Ż뤵٤Ȥʷϵ줿16ˤĤǤ줿αꡤ1549ǯ Thomas Crammer ˤ The Book of Common Prayer ʱѸ쵧ˤԻꡤפ줿Ѹϰ̤Τ˹׸ʡ#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1])#1472. ͥ󥹴θŪ ([2013-05-08-1])#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ʱѸϰ̤θϡѸȤ륤󥰥ɤ¿ο͡ˤȤäƤϯä󥰥ɤμǥȤθ졦ʸݤäƤɤˤȤäƤɬϯǤϤʤä (70) ϡդλ˿ʤ齡פȱѸϰ̤θˤĤƤ롥

ϥ󥰥ɤնϰˤɤΤ褦ˤƽפդ뤫Ȥ礭ȤäƤɥɼνפϡѸǤʤѸ쵧禱ƳȤʤäƤᡤɡ륺󥰥Ǥ⥳󥦥ʤɤαѸȰۤʤ줬ѤƤϰۤɤƳˤϺ񤬤äȹͤ롥
󥰥ζ趵Ǥϥ졼ȡХ֥Ф붵̱δؿѹ⤯礭ʽʪμϤ˿꤬ͤǤۤɤǤäȤȥåοĤˤȤäƺǤפʥƥϡԤ٤ʶ͡ꤵ줿Ǥä̱οĤ̲˸Ȥߤʤ줿ץƥȤϥ衼åѳϤ˸ϸǤοդ뤳Ȥ


դΤϡɡ륺󥦥ʤɤαѸȤʤϰˤƤ⡤Ѹ䵧Ƴ줿ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤϰο͡ˤȤäƤߤСפɬָϸǤοդ뤳ȤפʤäΤǤ롥ˤȤäƤϡθ줬ƥ줫ѸإեȤˤǤȤǤϲѲʤä󥰥ɤνפϡΥȷϤο͡ˤȤäơޤˤƥβĤäƤ줿Ԥ⤷ʤ󥰥ɤˤѸβĤ⤿餷ԤǤ⤢ä
(85) ۩֥֥ƥˤ뽡פϡѸȤλѤ򿮶Ĥξǵ̳Ť뤳ȤˤĤʤäᡤθΥȷϽλѾˤ礭ʱƶͿΤȤסѸŪʤϡѸ줬Ȥʤä20--21ͭΤΤǤϤʤ᤯16餽˨꤬줿Ȥ

Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-05-13-1] [2017-11-10-1]

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2017-09-20 Wed

#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [reformation][renaissance][bible][emode][lexicology][slide][history][link][map][hel_education][asacul]

Ѹˤˤ뽡פΰյˤĤơreformation γƵǹͤƤǤȤơֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤 (HTML) ɤ  *  *
15礫ʤ륹饤ɤǡܼϰʲ̤ꡥ

1. פȱѸ
2.
3. פȤϡ
4. Ūط
5. 󥰥ɤνפȤð
6. ͥ󥹤Ȥϡ
7. 󥰥ɤˤ뽡פȥͥ󥹤ζ¸
8. ѸʸؤΥѥ
9. ץƥƥγ
10. űѸ츦γ
11. äᤰ
12. Ϣ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 䡧11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤζḽ8ܿƱ

̤Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1]) ⤴

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-07-13 Thu

#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ [prescriptive_grammar][negative][double_comparative][syntax][emode][double_negative]

ɸѸεʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) Ǥϡ (double negative) 򤵤롥#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Υ󥭥󥰤ˤǤܤǤꡤѤΰ̤Τ褦ˤߤʤƤ롥ŤѸǤФ꤫¿꤬̤ѤƤ¤ꡤϤθˡ˸ŪʸѤΤˤ뤳ȤʪäƤ褦˻פ뤬ϼΩ줫ϥΰĥǤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɸѸˤϡΤ褦18εʸˡζϤʱƶǴ򤵤˻ꡤߤޤŨ뤵ƤȤΤ̾θθɬΤǤϤʤ褦Ը򻲾ȤĤ Tieken-Boon van Ostade (81) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Many scholars believe that the disappearance of double negation from standard English was due to the influence of the normative grammarians, but Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg . . . have shown that double negation was already on the way out during the EModE period. The same is true for another 'double' construction, the use of double comparatives and superlatives, no longer in general use either when first condemned by the grammarians (González-Díaz 2008)


ڤƤԸäƳΤƤʤ⤷θΤʤΤȤС˼θѤˤʤӵ顦ǾˤѤФλ¤18ʸˡȤǤäι¤ܤФȤäȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡdouble negative γ򡤤ޤӵˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) hellog 򻲾ȡ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2017-07-09 Sun

#2995. Augustan Age θŪݼ [lexicology][emode][inkhorn_term][purism][loan_word][latin][greek]

17Ⱦ18ˤƸääŪ¤롥λ¤ϡ#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ΥդꡤѹˤǤϡ̤1700ǯ夹ݼŪǽ¹ߤοŵAugustan Age) ȾΤƤꡤη˿Ƴ¤ȤȿǤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤʴϢơ#2650. 17μǹߤ18ȾФβߤء ([2016-07-29-1])#2782. 18Υե󥹼ѸؤΡȿס ([2016-12-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
λθŪݼˤŪطʤ롥1ĤϡΩĻ塤ä16Ⱦ17Ⱦˡƥ䥮ꥷȤäŵ줫̤θäήȤ¤롥֥Ѹ (inkhorn_term) 餵ۤɤΡɡˤĤ褦ʳιħŤ줿Ǥ롥Τ褦̼ѤϡΤʬŪˤɬפäʳءءůؤʤɤ޲줬ƥ줫Ѹؤȵ޷ڤؤˤäơѸ¿θäΤɬפȤûǸäѤ̡᡹ȱѸΡָäɬספ졤³ˤϤʾѤΤʤʤäƤAugustan Age Ū˸üѤäΤϡΩĻΡּѤפˤȤ礭äȻפ롥ûˤ⡤ԡФǤƤޤȤȤ
⤦1ĤŪطʤȤƤϡAugustan Age ϡΡּѤפ򺹤Ƥ⡤ϤݼŪʸѤ˻ۤƤäȤ¤롥㤨СJonathan Swift (1667--1745) Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ɽݼɤҤǤꡤѸòβ경ܻؤ˳ȯʼɮưԤʤäƤ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) ˸褦ˡʷϵϡ򤱡¹ݼäΤǤ롥
Augustan Age ŪʸŪȤƤϾ嵭̤ġǯǤС㳰Ū˿ƳΩǯ⤢ä㤨С1740ǯ夫50ǯˤƤϡΤȤƸäǤĴʻǤϤ뤬1753ǯˤ Chambers' Cyclopaedia ǤƤꡤ¿βʳѸ줬ޤޤƤˡ㳰Ū˸äϤޤäǯȤƵϿƤ (Beal 21) 󤲤Сƥ줪ӥꥷ줫 adarticulation, aeronautics, azalea, ballistics, hydrangea, primula, sphagnum, trifoliate; anthropomorphism, eczema, mnemonic, urology ǯ˵ϿƤ롥

Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-17-1] [2020-06-18-1]

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2017-06-05 Mon

#2961. ͥ󥹤ǤϤʤƥ줫֤λ塩 [renaissance][emode][loan_word][latin][inkhorn_term][periodisation]

ѸˤǤϡѸĤޤʸǤȤΥͥ󥹴ϡ̤ΥƥäѤ줿ȤħŤƤ롥Υ (inkhorn_term) ܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ޤˡ֥ƥ줫֤פλäȤ˲٤ڤƤ
ε#2960. ˸ˤʬΰյ ([2017-06-04-1]) ǻȤ˲ȤΥ롦դϡषΤۤƥ줫֤줷ƤȤݤεŸƤ롥ʲϢս (104--05) Ѥ롥

ϤޤαĹǡϸ˴ؤ뤢礭ʿȤ롥Ԥ¯꡼ȤθǤäƥ줬ꥹȶ줿ϰ˹줿ΤǤ롥ŵƥ줫ߤѲƤΤΡΥƥϥ衼åѤθŪäŤϽ󡦽ꤢȤǤĤäΤǤ롥κҲκDzؤǡˤʤΥƥꡤȤХե󥹸Τ褦¯줬Ѥ褦ˤʤ롥ϡͥ󥹤Ϥ뤫ˡ֥ƥ׻ʤΤ


ƥ줫֤λǤȤĥϡ츫̷⤹ʪˤʹ뤬Ǥϡ֥ƥס֤֤פΰ̣ۤʤäƤ롥ˤơ֥ƥפȤϸŵƥȤϡȤƥ졤뤤¯ƥǤ롥ޤǤϡμ餬ռŪ˥ƥˡ֤֤פƤȤϡषꥹȶϰ褬ʤΰȤƥƥǤȤ̣ˤơ֤֤äȤȤ
̤γ٤餳ͤС֥ƥס֤֤פβΰ㤤򤢤פդСߤ̷ϲä졤ͥ󥹤Ȥˡ֥ƥ줫֤פλȸ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ϡξδ֤ǤϤʤϢ³ߤˡ1Ĥ
Ҥ뤬äƱѸˤä᤽ƥñμѤϡΤ˽Ѹ˸ͭħʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ⡤űѸˤ⡤űѸλˤ⸫줿˸СѸǤ⸽ѸǤ⸫ΤǤʡ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˤäơƥüѤμ̡ʸ̮Ϥ줾ۤʤ뤳ȤϳΤ碌ƱѸˤ줹ӤήȤߤʤϢ³򸫽ФȤϡޤäǽǤ뤷յ롥
ƻΥƥüѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])
#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])

åᥴաˡ ˡػʬɬפ١ƣŹ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-12-07 Wed

#2781. פȸűѸ츦 [reformation][emode][oe][history_of_linguistics][anglo-saxon]

󥰥ɤˤܳŪʸűѸ츦椬ϤޤäΤϡäƤǤ롥ѸˤϡűѸؤδؿϤۤȤɤʤäȤäƤ褤ǤϡʤȤߥ󥰤ǡŪˤ16ˤʤäƤ顤űѸ줬ǡȤƸ椹٤оݤȤʤäΤ
16ϽפλǤ롥Henry VIII ޶路ѹ񶵲ΩΤ1534ǯΤȤɤϡѹ񶵲ȤζȼŪ³ĥɬפäǻФ줿ΤŪʤѸˤǤä󥰥ɤȤȤʬ񤯷ӤĤ줿ѸȤĹˤ錄ȼΤΤǤ³ȤΤɤˤȤäƤȹͤ줿ޤѸ̤Ȥİ٤ϡйºŪ˥󥰥ɤˡΧŪԤεõȤߵŬΤǤ⤢ä
űѸʸդ줿ǽΤΤϡÆlfric ˤⶵǡ1566--67ǯ A Testimonie of Antiquity Ȥ˽Ф줫1λ֤򤪤ơ1659ǯˤ William Somner ˤθűѸ켭 Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum Ǥ롥ǽθűѸʸˡ⡤George Hickes ˤä1689ǯ˽ǤƤ롥ơ1755ǯˤϥåեؤǺǽ "Anglo-Saxon" ؤζ Richard Rawlinson ˤꤵ줿ʱѸ˾1ʳȤƤѼɽ魯Τ "Old English" ǤϤʤ "Anglo-Saxon" ȤѸ줬ѤƤȤˤĤƤϡ#234. Ѹˤλʬ (3) ([2009-12-17-1])#236. Ѹˤλʬ (5) ([2009-12-19-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ˡ16--18ˤƸűѸ츦椬ֶƤطʤˤϡ˳Ūʹ񿴤Ȥϡפüȯ뤹ŪʻǤäΤǤ롥ηаޤˤĤơʷˤ Baugh and Cable (280fn) 򡤾ܤΡ8ϡ󥰥ɤΥ󥰥ػϡפ򻲾ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-11-28 Mon

#2772. ɸಽȵϲλߤϡâʸˡȯν (1) [standardisation][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][emode][pronunciation][orthoepy][dictionary][lexicography][rp][johnson][lowth][orthoepy][orthography][walker]

ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
󥰥ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹ׸ʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.


ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-05-1] [2016-11-29-1]

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2016-11-04 Fri

#2748. 첻ܤμҲ񲻱Ūͻ (4) [gvs][sociolinguistics][emode][contact][vowel][phonetics][rp][homonymic_clash]

[2016-10-01-1], [2016-10-11-1], [2016-10-31-1]³4ơޤǤεǡ15ޤǤˡChaucer ʤɤɽ볬λ¹äƤȹͤ첻η (System I)󥰥ɤǹԤʤƤη (System II)East Anglia ʤɤˤߤη (System III) 3बɥˤƺäƤ򼨤System II System III üԤϡAlexander Gil ˤơ "Mopsae" "Easterners" ȸƤФƤ롥
ηϤ1650ǯޤǤȼȯŸ뤲󥰥ɤǤϤȤ櫓Ťΰҿ System I ȡΤ System II 2郎Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäƤ

System I:
   ME /eː/ > EModE /iː/, e.g. meed
   ME /ɛː/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead
   ME /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /ɛː/, e.g. made, maid

System II:
   ME /eː/ > EModE /i:/, e.g. meed
   ME /ɛː/, /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead, made, maid

Ȥ18ˤʤȡޤ̤2ηϤ礹褦ˤʤäƤ1ĤϡSystem I ɤȴưҿΤ褦ʰ֤ŤȤ¸³Ƥ System II Ǥꡤ⤦1ĤϤϤŤǹԤʤƤ System III Ǥ롥System III ϡ[2016-10-31-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡɥǤ System I Ȥ̤ܿưʲΤ褦Ѳ뤲Ƥ

System III:
   ME /eː/, /ɛː/ > ModE /iː/, e.g. meed, mead
   ME /aː, aɪ/ > ModE /eː/, e.g. made, maid

System III ϸŤηϤǤϤ뤬18ޤǤưҿϤƤꡤ̣ǿηϤǤ⤢äơθ塤 System III ޤޤͥȤʤꡤˤޤ³Ū RP δפȤʤäƤäSystem III ͥȤʤäΤϡSystem II ٤Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) ε򾯤ʤޤȤŪʥåȤˤϤäSmith (110) ϡSystem III II ǻܿϥɥ򤪤Ƥۤˤʤˤ⡤װ򸫤ȤƤ롥

. . . System III's success in London is not solely due to intralinguistic functional reasons but also to extralinguistic social factors peculiar to the capital. System II and System III could only come into contact in a major urban centre, such as London; in more rural areas, the opportunity for the two systems to compete would have been much rarer and thus it would have been (and is) possible for the older System II to have been retained longer. The coexistence of System II and System III in one place, London, meant that it was possible for Londoners to choose between them.


Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2016-10-25 Tue

#2738. Book of Common Prayer (1549) King James Bible (1611) β [bible][book_of_common_prayer][popular_passage][hel_education][bl][history][literature][link][emode][printing]

ɽ2ĤνϡѸ˾礭ʱƶϤäѸǽ񤫤줿ʸǤ롥Ĥ䤫ѿ޽ۤǹϤ򸫤ĤΤǡơ1դΥ᡼ͿƤʲ򥯥åʸɤǡˡ

Book of Common Prayer (Of Matrimonie)King James Bible (Title-page)
Book of Common Prayer (Of Matrimonie)King James Bible (Title-page)


Book of Common Prayer King James Bible ˤĤƤϡơʲε򻲾ȡ

#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1])
#745. 뺧 wedlock ([2011-05-12-1])
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])

BL Sacred Texts: King James Bible
The King James Bible - The History of English (4/10)

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-27-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-08-14 Sun

#2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ [punctuation][emode][printing][manuscript][shakespeare][writing][orthography][standardisation][apostrophe][hyphen]

15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
Ωμ񤭼ܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30Ķ߻ȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤ򼨤ʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬󥰥ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ԰³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ԰ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤά򼨤ѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ׷⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ򼨤1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) 򻲾ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2016-06-20 Mon

#2611. 17˽񤭸դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ [latin][emode][renaissance]

#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) #2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) εǻŦ褦ˡ16ȾޤǤϡԤܤ񤯤Τ˱ѸѤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤ¿쾯ʤ apologetic ä줬˶ŤȱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤꡤ17ˤϼۤܲ褦ˤߤ롥
ȤϤĹˤȰҿΤƥ줬񤭸դ餹˶व뤳ȤϤʤäƥϡ䶵طθҤȤƳΤϰ̤ݻƤؽѤθȤƥ衼åѤιݸǤ⤢ä͸αʸˡǤƥǽ񤫤ƤۤɤǤ롥ԤϡΤ褦ʬˤƤ̾˻ĤȻפСޤƥǽ񤯤Τդ路ȴƤΤǤ롥ѸȤ16--17Ԥƥǽ񤤤򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Görlach 39)

Literature: T. More, Utopia 1515ff.; Milton, early Latin poems
History: Boetius, Chronicles; W. Camden, Britannia
Sciences: W. Gilbert, De magnete . . . (1600); W. Harvey, Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Frankfurt, 1628); I. Newton, Principia (1689)
Philosophy: F. Bacon, De augmentis scientiarum (1623); T. Hobbes, De cive (1642)
Grammars, etc.: T. Smith, De recta et emendata linguae anglicae scriptione (1542, printed 1568); A. Gil, Logonomia Anglica (1619/21); J. Wallis, Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1685, English version 1687)


Τ褦ˡ줿ƥ줿ѸζϿˤ錄ä³ѸѤ17δ֤¤ƤꡤNewton Locke θOpticks (1704), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) ʤɡˤ˸褦ˡѤܤޤǤˤϤۤܥƥषȤäƤ褤¾Υ衼åѽǤϤä٤äȤ⤢ˡ17ΥƥͳˤĤơGörlach (39) 4󤲤Ƥ롥

1 The grammar schools increasingly adopted English-medium education; the use of Latin declined sharply as soon as it began to be learnt only for reading texts (Latin classics, etc.).
2 Bacon and the 'New Science' looked more critically at classical and humanist concepts and their rhetorical forms; their demand for plain language strengthened the vernacular.
3 The influence of Puritanism increased, and Puritans tended to equate Latin with Roman Catholicism.
4 The upheavals of the Civil War disrupted the old traditions of the schools.


ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2016-05-31 Tue

#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥ󥰥ɤǻȤƤ [old_norse][bilingualism][emode][language_death]

ɸˤĤƤϡ#1149. The Aldbrough Sundial ([2012-06-19-1]) ǿ줿 Page ʸΤۤĤͤ롥μˤΤʷФʤȤ¿ƤԤˤäưոϤޤޤǤ롥ǤϡBaugh and Cable (92--93) θ򼨤

Although in some places the Scandinavians gave up their language early, there were certainly communities in which Danish or Norse remained for some time the usual language. Up until the time of the Norman Conquest the Scandinavian language in England was constantly being renewed by the steady stream of trade and conquest. In some parts of Scotland, Norse was still spoken as late as the seventeenth century. In other districts in which the prevailing speech was English, there were doubtless many of the newcomers who continued to speak their own language at least as late as 1100 and a considerable number who were to a greater or lesser degree bilingual. The last-named circumstance is rendered more likely by the frequent intermarriage between the two peoples and by the similarity between the two tongues. The Anglian dialect resembled the language of the Northmen in a number of particulars in which West Saxon showed divergence. The two may even have been mutually intelligible to a limited extent. Contemporary statements on the subject are conflicting, and it is difficult to arrive at a conviction. But wherever the truth lies in this debatable question, there can be no doubt that the basis existed for an extensive interaction of the two languages upon each other, and this conclusion is amply borne out by the large number of Scandinavian elements subsequently found in English.


Danelaw ϰˤƤ1100ǯ餤ޤǸťΥɸ줬äƤȿ¬Ƥ뤬θˤĤƤϸڤʤҲŪХ󥬥ˤĿŪХ󥬥ˤ衤٤κä٤䤷̤褦ľܡܤʸʤȤʤȡ٤Ƥϲ¬ΰФʤȤˤʤ롥
ΰѤˤϥåȥɤΰˤťΥɸλѤˤĤ17ޤǷ³ƤȤθڤ뤬Ϣơ#828. Shetland ([2011-08-03-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿Shetland ǤϡťΥɸ줫1Ѽ錄 Norn λѤ18ޤ³Ƥ褦Ǥ롥

Page, R. I. "How Long Did the Scandinavian Language Survive in England? The Epigraphical Evidence." England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock. Ed. P. Clemoes and K. Hughes. Cambridge: CUP, 1971. 165--81.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-05-20 Fri

#2580. Ѹιռʳ [history_of_linguistics][prescriptive_grammar][latin][emode][renaissance]

ε#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) ȴϢơ (68--69) ֶƬˤФǧʳפ4ĤƤ롥Ƥ󤷤褦

1ʳϹФλǤꡤ1561ǯޤ³ѸθäϼڤǤꡤѸǤΤ񤯤ȤϤޤѤȤǤȤߤʤƤGouernour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot Toxophilus (1545) ԤǤ Roger Ascham ⤳Υ롼פ°롥
2ʳ1561--86ǯλȾ֤ǤꡤƳޤ͡ʼʤǤθ̤ơѸ줬ܤ쿷Ǥ롥ˤƱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤäŵ Sir Philip Sidney An Apology for Poetrie (c. 1583) ˸졤ǤϱѸ줬¾θӤƤҤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
3ʳ1585ǯ1650ǯޤǤǡѸ줬äǤϡ˭١פơ˼ˡʸˡˤƤϤޤäƤȹͤƤMulcaster Bullokar Υ롼פ°Ϲ챿ưʤǤꥢե󥹤ռƤܻؤƤʸˡϥƥʸˡ˱褦ΤǤꡤƥθҤڤ뤳ȤˤäƱѸ⤯褦ȴޤƤ
4ʳ1650ǯʹߤǡʸˡƥʸˡΩ褦ȤɽФWallis ʹߡषƥΥռΩʸˡܻؤ褦ˤʤ롥

夲 Bullokar ˤѸ˾αʸˡϡ3ʳɽΤäȤ
ѸϡѸ줬ȤƤμƥ줫鼫ͳˤʤäƤǤ뤬϶볫˷깭줿ȤȸͻӤζȸΤäΤǤ롥Ϣơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

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