ī㡼ɶιֺ֥ڥǤɤѸˡ5ˤ4224ڡˤ˳ޤϡdoubt <b>--- ѸΥڥפꤷơѸ1500--1900ǯˤΥڥ⤷ޤֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ
ϰʲ3ĤǤ
ͥ˥ƥ줫֤줷ڥ¿и
ڥɸಽ1418ȾФˤƤ©ĹĤߤä
ѸμˤƤ⡤ڥɸಽϴˤãƤʤ
Ȥ櫓츻ŪڥˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡetymological_respelling ʲ饤ɤΥڡȤ˥ĥäƤޤƥ饤ɤϡ֥ؤΥȤƤȤޤ
1. ֺ¡إڥǤɤѸˡ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥ
2.
3. (1) 츻Ūڥ (etymological spelling)
4. debt ξ
5. 츻Ūڥ
6. island ϡ츻Ūץڥ
7. 츻Ūڥ黿 Holofernes
8. θȯΡɿסfault ξ
9. եǤ츻Ūڥ
10. ڥεǽɽ
11. (2) ʥڥɸಽ
12. ϥڥɸಽ¥
13. (3) Ѹμˤߤ륹ڥ
14. Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall (1603)
15. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
16. ޤȤ
17. ʸ
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
ɸȴϢϡ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) 䡤waseieigo γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Baugh and Cable (222) ǡ˱Ѹ줬ƥñݤ˻ܤŬ (adaptation) Ƥ뤬Τ褦1ʸä
. . . the Latin ending -us in adjectives was changed to -ous (conspicu-us > conspicuous) or was replaced by -al as in external (L. externus).
αñϡ̣ǤϼѤ줿Ȥ⤤뤬̣ǤϱѸ줬Ȥ⤤롥ֱפȸƤ֤Τդ路ǤϤʤ
OED ˤСconspicuous ϡƥ conspicuus ˴ŤѸ¦ǤϤƥͳηƻ -ous դȤˤäƿ˷Ǥ롥16ȾФ˽ФƤ롥
1545 T. Raynald tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Hh vij These vaynes doo appeare more conspicuous and notable to the eyes.
¤ϤΡʼȤƥƥͳ¾θξ⤢ˤղäƼͳ˿ʷƻѥϥޥ˹줿Τǡե -eus դΤ14--15濴ȤƱѸˤ -ous η̤äƤĤޤꡤޤäʩȤ٤Τ졤줬ѸˤήǤȤ櫓Ȥơdangerous, orgulous, adventurous, courageous, grievous, hideous, joyous, riotous, melodious, pompous, rageous, advantageous, gelatinous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ޤѸǤե˽ǤΥѥѶŪѤ conspicuous Τ褦ʱ褦ˤʤäƤƱȤơguilous, noyous, beauteous, slumberous, timeous, tyrannous, blusterous, burdenous, murderous, poisonous, thunderous, adiaphorous, leguminous, delirious, felicitous, complicitous, glamorous, pulchritudinous, serendipitous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ɸΤ⤦1Ĥñ external conspicuous Ȥ褯ѥñϡƥ externus ˴ŤѸ¦ǥƥͳηƻ -al դȤˤäƷǤ롥Ф Shakespeare
a1616 Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts.
a1616 Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling.
ȿո internal Ʊͤλ𤫤Ȼפ䡤ϰΤȤ post-classical Latin Ȥ internalis ǧȤθΥƥȤƤλѤ "14th cent. in a British source" ȤȤʤΤǡϤϤפפ롥ѸǤνϡ15 Polychronicon
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 53 The begynnenge of the grete see is..at the pyllers of Hercules..; after that hit is diffusede in to sees internalle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. þe ynnere sees; L. maria interna].
֡פϷ褷ʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) εǡͥΥƥ줫֤βɽñ1ĤȤ splendidious θϸߤǤѤȤʤäƤ뤬ΰ̣ϸǤ̤Ѥ splendid ƱֲʡڤʡפǤ롥Ԥϥͥڤ䤫ʤꤷ15ѤƤꡤԤñȤƤ17ȾˤϽФƤʤˤäƽǯ夬ۤʤˡ15--17ˤϡ캬̣Ʊ splendid Ϥñ줬Ĥ⸽ƤϾäƤäΤǤ롥HTOED splendid ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
02.04.05.03 (adj.) Splendid
þurhbeorht OE geatolic OE torht OE torhtlic OE wrætlic OE orgulous/orgillous a1400 splendidious 1432/50--1653 splendiferous c1460--1546 splendent 1509-- splendant 1590-- splendorous 1591-- splendidous 1605--1640 transplendent 1622; 1854 florid 1642--1725 splendious 1654 splendid 1815-- splendescent 1848-- nifty 1868-- ducky 1897-- (colloq.) many-splendoured a1907--
Ū splendidious, splendiferous, splendent, splendant, splendorous, splendidous, splendious, splendid, splendescent, splendoured 10줬ߤŪܤ˸졤糵ϸ˾äƤʤα¼Ǥϡsplendiferous, splendent, splendorous ϸФΩƤƤˡ
Ρʥƥ줢뤤ϥեͳˤ̣Ʊ (synonym) Τ褦ʣäȤǡϤʤ¿θ줬礷ǤƤäΤ
Kay and Allan (15) ⡤θ췲˸ڤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Sometimes there was a degree of experimentation over the form of a new word. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the OED records the following forms meaning 'splendid': splendant, splendicant, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious and splendorous. Splendid itself is first recorded in 1624. Unsurprisingly, most of these forms were short-lived; no language needs quite so many similar words for the same concept.
б̾ˤĤƤ HTOED ȴФȡ"splendency a1591--1607 splendancy 1591 splendence 1604 splendour 1774-- splendiferousness 1934--" ȤϤ˭٤Ǥ롥
Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ǸűѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤΡּεפΥ٤˽ΥåȥΥä褦
ؼȩΥåȥɲ James VI (1566--1625) 1580ǯ˱ʸǡּεפ Scots ǺƤܿͤˤΤΤ London, British Library, MS Royal 18 B.xvi, f. 44 ˳ǧ롥James VI English English ǤϤʤ Scots (English) ǽȤˤ餤ƤͻҤϤʤƲǤCrystal (125) Ƹ褦
THE LORDIS PRAYER
Ô michtie father that in heauin remainis
thy noble name be sanctifeit alwayes
thy kingdome come, in earth thy will & rainis
euen as in heauunis mot be obeyed with prayse
& giue us lorde oure dayly bread & foode
forgiuing us all oure trespassis aye
as we forgiue ilk other in lyke moode
lorde in temptation lead us not ue praye
but us from euill deliuer euer moire
for thyne is kingdome ue do all record
allmichtie pouer & euerlasting gloire
for nou & aye so mot it be ô lorde.
Υåȥɲ James VI 1603ǯ˥ɤΥīγĤȤƥɲ James I Ȥʤ櫓ΤȤ˿òμԤȤȤˤ Scots ɥε˱֤ȤȤʤäϤƥɤ̱ϡҤѼȤǧΤȯˡʤȤ⤢ΥåϴȤդˤСScots ΥɱѸ첽Ϥޤäִ֤Ȥ⤤
η˴طȤơ#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1])#2128. "than" ȤƤ nor or ([2015-02-23-1])#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
ѸˤˤѤȯΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤϰʲ̤Ǥ
1. ƥ٥륯ˤѤΡֲɡסʡȯפǤϤʤ
2. ѤϡפͻӤǶȤƤαѸƬ岡
3. ѤϡֻɸಽˤαƶͿ
ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ˭٤ĥäƤޤ
1. ѤȯȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ѤΡȯ
4. ѡʤˡˤ
5. Ϣǯɽ
6. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?--68)
7. William Caxton (1422?--91)
8. (2) ȤƤαѸ
9. פȰѤͻ
10. ռβ
11. (3) ֻɸಽؤι
12. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
13. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ
16. : Prologue to Eneydos (#337)
¾Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) ɤ
#3043. ѸμΨ ([2017-08-26-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ǡѸҲμΨˤĤˤϿ (116--17) ꡤƥ塼ī濴Ȥ16--17ΥɤμΨߤƤߤ褦
ȥλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤϹ餬ҲŪɬפǤäԤˡΧȤˤʤˤϤˡʤäޤԻԤξͤλҤɤ⤿ˤȤäƤɤ߽ȷΤɬפǤäϹۤǡ͵ؤβǤҤɤ˹뤿ˤϡȷפǤγ褦ʽи礻ͤФʤʤäΤǤ롥ϤؤǤϻҤɤϫƯϤȷפˤɬפäΤǡҤɤ⤬ɤ߽¼Įνع˹ԤäȤƤ⡤Ż˽̳ؤû֤ǽ뤳Ȥ¿äɤ߽ƤԲķȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ깩ȤηиŪʵѡμμΤۤפȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ä
λΥɤǤϥȥء͡͵̱ؤ濴˼Ψ夷켷˥ȥޥؤμΨϤۤܰ졻%˶դƤءͷ̱ؤǤȾ褦ˤʤ롥ؤϤ̱μΨ㤯켷Ǥ졻%%ã٤ǤäȿꤵƤ롥
ޤǿפǤ뤷ؤˤäƿͤۤʤȤä櫓ʤΤǡμΨĤळȤưפǤϤʤλΰѤڡʪ̤ȯԡפ˸岡줿ɽθʤɤˤꡤ¤˿͡μΨ夷ƤȤϴְ㤤ʤɸֻϺ⡤ޤˤλνäȤ碌ƳǧƤ
Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ
#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ϤȤ reformation ΤĤεǡ16ΥɽפѸϰ̤夵ˤĤƹͤƤפˡפʤ͡ˤȤäơŪʸҤäƥŨǤꡤषѸɥĸʤɳơ (vernaculars) Ż뤵٤Ȥʷϵ줿16ˤĤǤ줿αꡤ1549ǯ Thomas Crammer ˤ The Book of Common Prayer ʱѸ쵧ˤԻꡤפ줿Ѹϰ̤Τ˹ʡ#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1])#1472. ͥθŪ ([2013-05-08-1])#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1]) ȡˡ
Τ褦ʱѸϰ̤θϡѸȤ륤ɤ¿ο͡ˤȤäƤϯäɤμǥȤθ졦ʸݤäƤɤˤȤäƤɬϯǤϤʤä (70) ϡդλ˿ʤ齡פȱѸϰ̤θˤĤƤ롥
ϥɤնϰˤɤΤ褦ˤƽפդ뤫Ȥ礭ȤäƤɥɼνפϡѸǤʤѸ쵧禱ƳȤʤäƤᡤɡ륺Ǥ⥳ʤɤαѸȰۤʤ줬ѤƤϰۤɤƳˤϺäȹͤ롥
ζ趵Ǥϥ졼ȡХ֥Ф붵̱δؿѹ⤯礭ʽʪμϤ˿꤬ͤǤۤɤǤäȤȥåοĤˤȤäƺǤפʥƥϡԤ٤ʶ͡ꤵ줿Ǥä̱οĤ̲˸Ȥߤʤ줿ץƥȤϥ衼åѳϤ˸ϸǤοդ뤳Ȥ
դΤϡɡ륺ʤɤαѸȤʤϰˤƤ⡤Ѹ䵧Ƴ줿ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤϰο͡ˤȤäƤߤСפɬָϸǤοդ뤳ȤפʤäΤǤ롥ˤȤäƤϡθ줬ƥ줫ѸإեȤˤǤȤǤϲѲʤäɤνפϡΥȷϤο͡ˤȤäơޤˤƥβĤäƤ줿Ԥ⤷ʤɤˤѸβĤ⤿餷ԤǤ⤢ä
(85) ۩֥֥ƥˤ뽡פϡѸȤλѤĤξǵ̳Ť뤳ȤˤĤʤäᡤθΥȷϽλѾˤ礭ʱƶͿΤȤסѸŪʤϡѸ줬Ȥʤä20--21ͭΤΤǤϤʤ16餽˨꤬줿Ȥ
Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ
Ѹˤˤ뽡פΰյˤĤơreformation γƵǹͤƤǤȤơֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ饤 (HTML) ɤ * *
15礫ʤ륹饤ɤǡܼϰʲ̤ꡥ
1. פȱѸ
2.
3. פȤϡ
4. Ūط
5. ɤνפȤð
6. ͥȤϡ
7. ɤˤ뽡פȥͥζ¸
8. ѸʸؤΥѥ
9. ץƥƥγ
10. űѸ츦γ
11. äᤰ
12. Ϣ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 䡧11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤζḽ8ܿƱ
̤Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1]) ⤴
ɸѸεʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) Ǥϡ (double negative) 롥#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) ΥˤǤܤǤꡤѤΰ̤Τ褦ˤߤʤƤ롥ŤѸǤФ꤫¿꤬̤ѤƤ¤ꡤϤθˡ˸ŪʸѤΤˤ뤳ȤʪäƤ褦˻פ뤬ϼΩ줫ϥΰĥǤʡ#549. ¿θѡ ([2010-10-28-1]) ȡˡ
ɸѸˤϡΤ褦18εʸˡζϤʱƶǴ˻ꡤߤޤŨ뤵ƤȤΤ̾θθɬΤǤϤʤ褦ԸȤĤ Tieken-Boon van Ostade (81) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥
Many scholars believe that the disappearance of double negation from standard English was due to the influence of the normative grammarians, but Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg . . . have shown that double negation was already on the way out during the EModE period. The same is true for another 'double' construction, the use of double comparatives and superlatives, no longer in general use either when first condemned by the grammarians (González-Díaz 2008)
ڤƤԸäƳΤƤʤ⤷θΤʤΤȤС˼θѤˤʤӵ顦ǾˤѤФλ¤18ʸˡȤǤäι¤ܤФȤäȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƤϡdouble negative γޤӵˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) hellog ȡ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
17Ⱦ18ˤƸääŪ¤롥λ¤ϡ#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ΥդꡤѹˤǤϡ̤1700ǯ夹ݼŪǽ¹ߤοŵAugustan Age) ȾΤƤꡤη˿Ƴ¤ȤȿǤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤʴϢơ#2650. 17μǹߤ18ȾФβߤء ([2016-07-29-1])#2782. 18ΥեѸؤΡȿס ([2016-12-08-1]) ȡˡ
λθŪݼˤŪطʤ롥1ĤϡΩĻ塤ä16Ⱦ17Ⱦˡƥ䥮ꥷȤäŵ줫̤θäήȤ¤롥֥Ѹ (inkhorn_term) 餵ۤɤΡɡˤĤ褦ʳιħŤ줿Ǥ롥Τ褦̼ѤϡΤʬŪˤɬפäʳءءůؤʤɤ줬ƥ줫ѸؤȵڤؤˤäơѸ¿θäΤɬפȤûǸäѤ̡ȱѸΡָäɬספ졤³ˤϤʾѤΤʤʤäƤAugustan Age Ū˸üѤäΤϡΩĻΡּѤפˤȤ礭äȻפ롥ûˤ⡤ԡФǤƤޤȤȤ
⤦1ĤŪطʤȤƤϡAugustan Age ϡΡּѤפƤ⡤ϤݼŪʸѤ˻ۤƤäȤ¤롥㤨СJonathan Swift (1667--1745) Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ɽݼɤҤǤꡤѸòβ경ܻؤ˳ȯʼɮưԤʤäƤ#1947. Swift clipping Ƚ([2014-08-26-1]) #1948. Addison clipping Ƚ ([2014-08-27-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) ˸褦ˡʷϵϡ¹ݼäΤǤ롥
Augustan Age ŪʸŪȤƤϾ嵭̤ġǯǤС㳰Ū˿ƳΩǯ⤢ä㤨С1740ǯ夫50ǯˤƤϡΤȤƸäǤĴʻǤϤ뤬1753ǯˤ Chambers' Cyclopaedia ǤƤꡤ¿βʳѸ줬ޤޤƤˡ㳰Ū˸äϤޤäǯȤƵϿƤ (Beal 21) Сƥ줪ӥꥷ줫 adarticulation, aeronautics, azalea, ballistics, hydrangea, primula, sphagnum, trifoliate; anthropomorphism, eczema, mnemonic, urology ǯ˵ϿƤ롥
Beal, Joan C. English in Modern Times: 1700--1945. Arnold: OUP, 2004.
ѸˤǤϡѸĤޤʸǤȤΥͥϡ̤ΥƥäѤ줿ȤħŤƤ롥Υ (inkhorn_term) ܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ޤˡ֥ƥ줫֤פλäȤ˲٤ڤƤ
ε#2960. ˸ˤʬΰյ ([2017-06-04-1]) ǻȤ˲ȤΥ롦դϡषΤۤƥ줫֤줷ƤȤݤεŸƤ롥ʲϢս (104--05) Ѥ롥
ϤޤαĹǡϸ˴ؤ뤢礭ʿȤ롥Ԥ¯ȤθǤäƥ줬ꥹȶ줿ϰ˹줿ΤǤ롥ŵƥ줫ߤѲƤΤΡΥƥϥ衼åѤθŪäŤϽꤢȤǤĤäΤǤ롥κҲκDzؤǡˤʤΥƥꡤȤХեΤ褦¯줬Ѥ褦ˤʤ롥ϡͥϤ뤫ˡ֥ƥʤΤ
ƥ줫֤λǤȤĥϡ츫̷⤹ʪˤʹ뤬Ǥϡ֥ƥס֤֤פΰ̣ۤʤäƤ롥ˤơ֥ƥפȤϸŵƥȤϡȤƥ졤뤤¯ƥǤ롥ޤǤϡμ餬ռŪ˥ƥˡ֤֤פƤȤϡषꥹȶϰ褬ʤΰȤƥƥǤȤ̣ˤơ֤֤äȤȤ
̤γ٤餳ͤС֥ƥס֤֤פβΰ㤤פդСߤ̷ϲä졤ͥȤˡ֥ƥ줫֤פλȸ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ϡξδ֤ǤϤʤϢ³ߤˡ1Ĥ
Ҥ뤬äƱѸˤäƥñμѤϡΤ˽Ѹ˸ͭħʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ⡤űѸˤ⡤űѸλˤ⸫줿˸СѸǤ⸽ѸǤ⸫ΤǤʡ#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) ȡˡˤäơƥüѤμ̡ʸ̮Ϥ줾ۤʤ뤳ȤϳΤ碌ƱѸˤ줹ӤήȤߤʤϢ³ФȤϡޤäǽǤ뤷յ롥
ƻΥƥüѤˤĤƤϡʲεȡ
#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])
#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
åᥴաˡ ˡػʬɬפ١ƣŹ2016ǯ
ɤˤܳŪʸűѸ츦椬ϤޤäΤϡäƤǤ롥ѸˤϡűѸؤδؿϤۤȤɤʤäȤäƤ褤ǤϡʤȤߥǡŪˤ16ˤʤäƤ顤űѸ줬ǡȤƸ椹٤оݤȤʤäΤ
16ϽפλǤ롥Henry VIII 路ѹΩΤ1534ǯΤȤɤϡѹȤζȼŪ³ĥɬפäǻФ줿ΤŪʤѸˤǤäɤȤȤʬӤĤ줿ѸȤĹˤ錄ȼΤΤǤ³ȤΤɤˤȤäƤȹͤ줿ޤѸ̤Ȥİ٤ϡйºŪ˥ɤˡΧŪԤεõȤߵŬΤǤ⤢ä
űѸʸդ줿ǽΤΤϡÆlfric ˤⶵǡ1566--67ǯ A Testimonie of Antiquity Ȥ˽Ф줫1λ֤ơ1659ǯˤ William Somner ˤθűѸ켭 Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum Ǥ롥ǽθűѸʸˡ⡤George Hickes ˤä1689ǯ˽ǤƤ롥ơ1755ǯˤϥåեؤǺǽ "Anglo-Saxon" ؤζ Richard Rawlinson ˤꤵ줿ʱѸ˾1ʳȤƤѼɽ魯Τ "Old English" ǤϤʤ "Anglo-Saxon" ȤѸ줬ѤƤȤˤĤƤϡ#234. Ѹˤλʬ (3) ([2009-12-17-1])#236. Ѹˤλʬ (5) ([2009-12-19-1]) ȡˡ
Τ褦ˡ16--18ˤƸűѸ츦椬ֶƤطʤˤϡ˳ŪʹȤϡפüȯ뤹ŪʻǤäΤǤ롥ηаޤˤĤơʷˤ Baugh and Cable (280fn) ܤΡ8ϡɤΥػϡפȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ѸѸȾФˤƵäѸɸಽȵϲĬήˤĤơ#1237. ɸѸΥǥȱѸɸಽ ([2012-09-15-1])#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1])#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 濴Ȥơstandardisation prescriptive_grammar γƵˤƤήˤĤħŪĶ̣ϡΥСåפϤˤ衤âʸˡȯν˵ϲλߤʤƤȤ
ɡƥꥹ줿ѸɸಽܻؤƤǽϡää16ȾϸäƤȤϤθ17ˤƤϡֻε§첽˾Ƥ褦ˤʤääȤֻϡ17--18ޤǤˤϤ褽褷Ƥꡤ1755ǯ Johnson μνǤϤᲡȤߤƤ褤ʴϢơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) ȡˡ
ɸಽϲΥåȤȤʤäΤϡʸˡǤ롥18ˤϵʸˡνǤ꼡Ǥ#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1]) 繥ɾ
ơ٤18Ⱦ19ˤơȯפؤΤ꤬褦ˤʤ롥Ū (orthoepy) ؤδؿϡ#571. orthoepy ([2010-11-19-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16鸫ΤŪˡȯפԤʤ٤ȤĬ͡δ֤Ǥˤ狼˹ޤäƤΤ18ȾԤʤФʤʤä礭ʹʤΤϡ#1456. John Walker A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (1791) ([2013-04-22-1]) Ǥ롥
ȯפμĥʤ褦ˤʤäΤ18ȾȤŪ٤äȤˤĤơBaugh and Cable (306) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The first century and a half of English lexicography including Johnson's Dictionary of 1755, paid little attention to pronunciation, Johnson marking only the main stress in words. However, during the second half of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, a tradition of pronouncing dictionaries flourished, with systems of diacritics indicating the length and quality of vowels and what were considered the proper consonants. Although the ostensible purpose of these guides was to eliminate linguistic bias by making the approved pronunciation available to all, the actual effect was the opposite: "good" and "bad" pronunciations were codified, and speakers of English who were not born into the right families or did not have access to elocutionary instruction suffered linguistic scorn all the more.
ǤϡḽѸɸಽȵϲλߤáֻޤˢʸˡȯȤǿʤǤäΤϤʤˤĤƤεǡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
[2016-10-01-1], [2016-10-11-1], [2016-10-31-1]³4ơޤǤεǡ15ޤǤˡChaucer ʤɤɽ볬λ¹äƤȹͤ첻η (System I)ɤǹԤʤƤη (System II)East Anglia ʤɤˤߤη (System III) 3बɥˤƺäƤSystem II System III üԤϡAlexander Gil ˤơ "Mopsae" "Easterners" ȸƤФƤ롥
ηϤ1650ǯޤǤȼȯŸ뤲ɤǤϤȤ櫓Ťΰҿ System I ȡΤ System II 2郎Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäƤ
System I:
ME /eː/ > EModE /iː/, e.g. meed
ME /ɛː/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead
ME /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /ɛː/, e.g. made, maid
System II:
ME /eː/ > EModE /i:/, e.g. meed
ME /ɛː/, /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead, made, maid
Ȥ18ˤʤȡޤ̤2ηϤ礹褦ˤʤäƤ1ĤϡSystem I ɤȴưҿΤ褦ʰ֤ŤȤ¸³Ƥ System II Ǥꡤ⤦1ĤϤϤŤǹԤʤƤ System III Ǥ롥System III ϡ[2016-10-31-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡɥǤ System I Ȥ̤ܿưʲΤ褦Ѳ뤲Ƥ
System III:
ME /eː/, /ɛː/ > ModE /iː/, e.g. meed, mead
ME /aː, aɪ/ > ModE /eː/, e.g. made, maid
System III ϸŤηϤǤϤ뤬18ޤǤưҿϤƤꡤ̣ǿηϤǤ⤢äơθ塤 System III ޤޤͥȤʤꡤˤޤ³Ū RP δפȤʤäƤäSystem III ͥȤʤäΤϡSystem II ٤Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) εʤޤȤŪʥåȤˤϤäSmith (110) ϡSystem III II ǻܿϥɥƤۤˤʤˤ⡤װȤƤ롥
. . . System III's success in London is not solely due to intralinguistic functional reasons but also to extralinguistic social factors peculiar to the capital. System II and System III could only come into contact in a major urban centre, such as London; in more rural areas, the opportunity for the two systems to compete would have been much rarer and thus it would have been (and is) possible for the older System II to have been retained longer. The coexistence of System II and System III in one place, London, meant that it was possible for Londoners to choose between them.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
ɽ2ĤνϡѸ˾礭ʱƶϤäѸǽ줿ʸǤ롥Ĥ䤫ѿۤǹϤĤΤǡơ1դΥͿƤʲåʸɤǡˡ
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| Book of Common Prayer (Of Matrimonie) | King James Bible (Title-page) |
15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
ΩμܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30ĶȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤάѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) #2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) εǻŦ褦ˡ16ȾޤǤϡԤܤΤ˱ѸѤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤ¿쾯ʤ apologetic ä줬˶ŤȱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤꡤ17ˤϼۤܲ褦ˤߤ롥
ȤϤĹˤȰҿΤƥ줬դ餹˶व뤳ȤϤʤäƥϡ䶵طθҤȤƳΤϰ̤ݻƤؽѤθȤƥ衼åѤιݸǤ⤢äαʸˡǤƥǽƤۤɤǤ롥ԤϡΤ褦ʬˤƤ̾˻ĤȻפСޤƥǽΤդ路ȴƤΤǤ롥ѸȤ16--17ԤƥǽĤƤߤ褦 (Görlach 39)
Literature: T. More, Utopia 1515ff.; Milton, early Latin poems
History: Boetius, Chronicles; W. Camden, Britannia
Sciences: W. Gilbert, De magnete . . . (1600); W. Harvey, Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Frankfurt, 1628); I. Newton, Principia (1689)
Philosophy: F. Bacon, De augmentis scientiarum (1623); T. Hobbes, De cive (1642)
Grammars, etc.: T. Smith, De recta et emendata linguae anglicae scriptione (1542, printed 1568); A. Gil, Logonomia Anglica (1619/21); J. Wallis, Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1685, English version 1687)
Τ褦ˡ줿ƥ줿ѸζϿˤ錄ä³ѸѤ17δ֤¤ƤꡤNewton Locke θOpticks (1704), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) ʤɡˤ˸褦ˡѤܤޤǤˤϤۤܥƥषȤäƤ褤¾Υ衼åѽǤϤä٤äȤ⤢ˡ17ΥƥͳˤĤơGörlach (39) 4Ƥ롥
1 The grammar schools increasingly adopted English-medium education; the use of Latin declined sharply as soon as it began to be learnt only for reading texts (Latin classics, etc.).
2 Bacon and the 'New Science' looked more critically at classical and humanist concepts and their rhetorical forms; their demand for plain language strengthened the vernacular.
3 The influence of Puritanism increased, and Puritans tended to equate Latin with Roman Catholicism.
4 The upheavals of the Civil War disrupted the old traditions of the schools.
ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
ɸˤĤƤϡ#1149. The Aldbrough Sundial ([2012-06-19-1]) ǿ줿 Page ʸΤۤĤͤ롥μˤΤʷФʤȤ¿ƤԤˤäưոϤޤޤǤ롥ǤϡBaugh and Cable (92--93) θ
Although in some places the Scandinavians gave up their language early, there were certainly communities in which Danish or Norse remained for some time the usual language. Up until the time of the Norman Conquest the Scandinavian language in England was constantly being renewed by the steady stream of trade and conquest. In some parts of Scotland, Norse was still spoken as late as the seventeenth century. In other districts in which the prevailing speech was English, there were doubtless many of the newcomers who continued to speak their own language at least as late as 1100 and a considerable number who were to a greater or lesser degree bilingual. The last-named circumstance is rendered more likely by the frequent intermarriage between the two peoples and by the similarity between the two tongues. The Anglian dialect resembled the language of the Northmen in a number of particulars in which West Saxon showed divergence. The two may even have been mutually intelligible to a limited extent. Contemporary statements on the subject are conflicting, and it is difficult to arrive at a conviction. But wherever the truth lies in this debatable question, there can be no doubt that the basis existed for an extensive interaction of the two languages upon each other, and this conclusion is amply borne out by the large number of Scandinavian elements subsequently found in English.
Danelaw ϰˤƤ1100ǯ餤ޤǸťΥɸ줬äƤȿ¬Ƥ뤬θˤĤƤϸڤʤҲŪХˤĿŪХˤ衤٤κä٤䤷̤褦ľܡܤʸʤȤʤȡ٤Ƥϲ¬ΰФʤȤˤʤ롥
ΰѤˤϥåȥɤΰˤťΥɸλѤˤĤ17ޤǷ³ƤȤθڤ뤬Ϣơ#828. Shetland ([2011-08-03-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿Shetland ǤϡťΥɸ줫1Ѽ錄 Norn λѤ18ޤ³Ƥ褦Ǥ롥
Page, R. I. "How Long Did the Scandinavian Language Survive in England? The Epigraphical Evidence." England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock. Ed. P. Clemoes and K. Hughes. Cambridge: CUP, 1971. 165--81.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) ȴϢơ (68--69) ֶƬˤФǧʳפ4ĤƤ롥Ƥ褦
1ʳϹФλǤꡤ1561ǯޤ³ѸθäϼڤǤꡤѸǤΤȤϤޤѤȤǤȤߤʤƤGouernour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot Toxophilus (1545) ԤǤ Roger Ascham ⤳Υ롼פ°롥
2ʳ1561--86ǯλȾ֤ǤꡤƳޤ͡ʼʤǤθ̤ơѸ줬ܤ쿷Ǥ롥ˤƱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤäŵ Sir Philip Sidney An Apology for Poetrie (c. 1583) ˸졤ǤϱѸ줬¾θӤƤҤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
3ʳ1585ǯ1650ǯޤǤǡѸ줬äǤϡ˭١פơ˼ˡʸˡˤƤϤޤäƤȹͤƤMulcaster Bullokar Υ롼פ°Ϲ챿ưʤǤꥢեռƤܻؤƤʸˡϥƥʸˡ˱褦ΤǤꡤƥθҤڤ뤳ȤˤäƱѸ⤯褦ȴޤƤ
4ʳ1650ǯʹߤǡʸˡƥʸˡΩ褦ȤɽФWallis ʹߡषƥΥռΩʸˡܻؤ褦ˤʤ롥
夲 Bullokar ˤѸ˾αʸˡϡ3ʳɽΤäȤ
ѸϡѸ줬ȤƤμƥ줫鼫ͳˤʤäƤǤ뤬϶볫˷깭줿ȤȸͻӤζȸΤäΤǤ롥Ϣơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ȡ
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
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