ɸˤĤƤϡǤľܡܤ˴ط뵭Ƥ
#3225. īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard ([2018-02-24-1])
#3241. 1422ǯɥ¤ȹαѸ첽 ([2018-03-12-1])
#3242. īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard (2) ([2018-03-13-1])
Fisher et al. (xv--xvi) ꡤ⤦1ĤδϢҲ𤷤
The earliest group of official documents in English in uniform style and language are the English Signet letters of Henry V. Until his second invasion of France in August 1417, Henry's correspondence had been in French, but from August 1417 until his death in August 1422 nearly all of it is in English. The reasons for the change can only be inferred. No document has come to light expressing his views or prescribing the use of English, but there is evidence of his sensitivity to linguistic nationalism. One of the first acts of his reign was an assent, in English, to a petition by the Commons that statutes be made without altering the words of the petitions on which they were based. In treating with the French and Burgundians, his ambassadors insisted on using Latin rather than French. At the Council of Constance, Henry's ambassadors demanded to know "whether nation be understood as a people marked off from others by blood relationships and habit of unity or by peculiarities of language (the most sure and positive sign and essence of a nation in divine and human law)." Hence, it may be inferred that upon his invasion of France in 1417, he found it expedient to adopt English to secure popular support for his military expedition.
ȤŪʴޤߤäˤ衤Henry V Ȥ뤤̱²ȤϷˤäƤǤϤʤˤäƷӤĤĤǤȤͤФȤƤȤܤͤ롥ɤˤŪʹȴѤ̱²ѤȤ٤
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
#5036. 3Ĥ --- ظδä롡ǡ٤ ([2023-02-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Gunter Senft ˡк ͡Ϥ ҡظδä롡ǡʳҡ2022ǯˤνϤǤϡ (pragmatics) غŪʬǤ뤳ȤĴƤ (4--5)
ΤȤϡּҲؤ䲿ءפǤʤؤΤ¾ŪʲʬˤȤäơᥪ顦ȥޥ (Jan-Ola Östman) (1988: 28) ȤΡŪʡǽ̤Ƥ뤳ȤŤ˰̣롥Mey (1994: 3268) Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡָθϤäѤ̣ʬ˸ꤵȤ櫓ǤϤʤϡĸ̩˶ڤƤ븦ΰȤϡߤ˴طνޤסϡξưʸҲʸ̮ޤ줿ѼԤλ顤θؿ˱͡ʼˡغŪʥץȤȤ̣ͭʻѤˤĤƸ椹Ǥ롥
غˤ桹ϡ1970ǯ夬ؤˤơָŪžפʤ줿10ǯ֤ǤäȤĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥άͤγʬγˤȤʤΰͤƤߤȡůءءưʪưءΥեҲءؤʤɤ¾γʬȴϢĤȤȤˤγʬˤŪ֤뤳Ȥ˵Ť
ܽǤϡؤˤܼŪ˳غŪʬǤǤʤҲŪưؤδŪʴؿͭʸʳؤˤ뤫ʤ깭ϰϤ͡ʬӤĤߤ˱ƶ礦ʬŪʳפǤ뤳ȤǤδؿָκϼҲŪưȤƤθεҤǤ (Clift et al. 2009: 509) ȤοäȤܽΥ饤ȥդ1Ĥ롥
6Ĥʬ֤̾Ƥ뤬ºݤΤȤʬܽξΩƤȿǤƤ롥
1ϡů --- ϸѤȤԤºݤ˲̣ΤʸȲäδޤߤ ---
2ϡȿ --- ľؼȥ㡼 ---
3ϡȿʹֹư --- ߥ˥ưʪŪ ---
4ϡȥΥե --- 졤ʸǧΤΥե ---
5ϡȼҲ --- ˤҲŪ߹ ---
6ϡ --- 졤Ҳ顤ͼȶ顤쥤ǥ ---
Ūäȶªɤ⤢뤬 Senft ܻؤμܤäƤޤۤɤ˹
Senft, Gunter ˡк ͡Ϥ ҡˡظδä롡ǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
[2018-02-24-1]ε˰³Ƥꡥε#3241. 1422ǯɥ¤ȹαѸ첽 ([2018-03-12-1]) ǰѤ Fisher ϡī15ȤƱѸι첽 Chancery Standard γΩڤ˴ͿǽˤĤơѶŪʵŸƤ롥Τ˥īβȤڵϤʤHoccleve Lydgate ˤ⤽λݤľŪʸڤϤʤʬϤľڵϤ Fisher 롥ξڵȤϡ褽 Chancery Standard ĹƤߥ˴ؤΤǤ롥
Hoccleve, no more than Lydgate, ever articulated for the Lancastrian rulers a policy of encouraging the development of English as a national language or of citing Chaucer as the exemplar for such a policy. But we have the documentary and literary evidence of what happened. The linkage of praise for Prince Henry as a model ruler concerned about the use of English and for master Chaucer as the "firste fyndere of our faire langage"; the sudden appearance of manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales, Troylus and Criseyde, and other English writings composed earlier but never before published; the conversion to English of the Signet clerks of Henry V, the Chancery clerks, and eventually the guild clerks; and the burgeoning of composition in English and the patronage of literature in English by the Lancastrian court circle are all concurrent historical events. The only question is whether their concurrence was coincidental or deliberate. (34)
ä Chaucer νʤμܤƤΤ14ǤϤʤ15äƤȤ̣Chaucer 1400ǯפθˤ褦䤯ܤƤȤΤ϶ʤΤ뤤ϡֽƱѸǰʺʤȡפ夲뤳ȤˤäơгŪ˥ɤؼ褦ȤŪʤ⤯ߤη̤ȤƤνǤǤϤʤäʴϢơHoccleve ˤ Chaucer ɾ ("firste fyndere of our faire langage") ˤĤơ#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]) ȡ
Fisher ϡΤ褦ʸϸźդƤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ĥļ䶯Ƥ롥
All linguistic changes of this sort for which we have documentation---in Norway, India, Canada, Finland, Israel, or elsewhere---have been the result of planning and official policy. There is no reason to suppose that the situation was different in England.
Fisher, John H. "A Language Policy for Lancastrian England." Chapter 2 of The Emergence of Standard English. John H. Fisher. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996. 16--35.
#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1])#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ1422ǯ˥ɥ¤ȹ (Brewers' Guild of London) ĻϿȷʸˤƥ줫Ѹؤڤؤη꼫ΤϥƥǵϿƤ뤬ݤϰʲΤ褦ʤΤäFisher (22--23) ¹Chambers and Daunt αѤ롥
Whereas our mother-tongue, to wit the English tongue, hath in modern days begun to be honorably enlarged and adorned, for that our most excellent lord, King Henry V, hath in his letters missive and divers affairs touching his own person, more willingly chosen to declare the secrets of his will, for the better understanding of his people, hath with a diligent mind procured the common idiom (setting aside others) to be commended by the exercise of writing; and there are many of our craft of Brewers who have the knowledge of writing and reading in the said english idiom, but in others, to wit, the Latin and French, before these times used, they do not in any wise understand. For which causes with many others, it being considered how that the greater part of the Lords and trusty Commons have begun to make their matters to be noted down in our mother tongue, so we also in our craft, following in some manner their steps, have decreed to commit to memory the needful things which concern us [in English]. (Chambers and Daunt 139)
Henry V ˸ڤƤ뤳Ȥ¬̤ꡤκǤˡȥåץǽդαѸ첽ϩȤƤ餷ޤΤɨ Chancery ˤơ "Chancery Standard" ̾դ뤳ȤˤʤɸѸνդ˨Τ褦ʤΤиƤȻפ롥դαѸ첽äơˤȽ̱ȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤäΤ϶̣ˤ1422ǯϡ15ȾαѸ˾žˤƾħŪʰ̣ǯȤϢơ#3225. īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard ([2018-02-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
Fisher, John H. "A Language Policy for Lancastrian England." Chapter 2 of The Emergence of Standard English. John H. Fisher. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996. 16--35.
Chambers, R. W. and Marjorie Daunt, eds. A Book of London English. Oxford: Clarendon-Oxford UP, 1931.
ϢʤѸνդˤɸಽưϡ1400ǯ˻ϤޤȹͤƤ褤Ǥ14餽ʳȤ٤ư줿15äդ꤫顤餯ŪưŤääƸ߲ƤŪưŤȤϡʩɴǯ (hundred_years_war) κˤäơīֱѸᥤɤιפռȤǤ롥ȤʤСʤѰۤˤƤڥɸಽܻؤ٤ǡ夫μƤɸಽưˡ¦ΰ첡ä뤳Ȥˤʤäīγ Henry IV 鲦̤Ѥ Henry V ϡ1415ǯ襤ˤ뾡Ǥ˹ҤȯȤεªƱѸθҤ褦ȱưΤǤ롥Chancery Standard ϡΤ褦ʷаޤޤ줿Τȹͤ
ΰϢήˤĤơBlake (11) ϼΤ褦ˤߤƤ롥
Some scholars believe that the Lancastrians actively promoted the cause of English in order to increase their appeal to merchants and commoners against the aristocrats who were the leaders of the rebellions against them. Even if this is true, it is not likely that the kings would actively promote a standard as such. At best they would encourage the use of English as the national language, but this in turn would enhance the prospects of a standardised variety of London English being adopted as the variety to be used nationally. In order to follow this policy, the kings would have to rely on the forms of language most accessible to them, and that meant using one of the standardised forms of English used in the Chancery or some other government agency. From 1400 onwards the idea that there should be a single form of 'English' based upon the language of London and its environs became predominant.
ŸƤϡīϡѸɸಽ褦ؤȤϡޤǹȯȤȤŪŪΤ˱ѸȤ褦ؤˤʤȤȤ餯θ˱Ѹ줬ɸಽƤäΤϡ¦ŪǤϤʤष̤Ȥߤ٤
Ϣơ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1])#1207. Ѹνդ ([2012-08-16-1]) ⻲ȡ
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
ҲؤǤϡ줬ҲŪ¸ߤǤꡤФŪ¸ߤǤ⤢뤳ȤȤƤ롥äˡȤƤαѸ줬ȤΤʤŪǤޤäޤʤȤȤϤʤΤǤϤʤȤפ롥㤨С[2009-11-30-1], [2009-12-05-1]ǤߤѸüԤƱߥǥǤСInner Circle °Τֵϡ ( norma ) 濴ˤꡤ¦ Circles °͡ѤѸ˱ƶͿȤϡ켫ΤŪ ( political ) ޤߤäƤ롥
ҲؤǤʤߤΡָפȡפζ̤˴ؤ⡤줬Ū¸ߤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥ܤǴŪΩΩȤСο̱ϼʬθܸδפǤϤʤִפȾΤ뤫⤷ʤΩȰʸǸŪˤϲѲƤʤˤ⤫餺Ǥ롥
ޤɤʤɤ¿ҲˤƤϡ¾θ٤ŪΩΩˤ뤫ȤͳǡѸ줬⥳ߥ˥ŪѤƤ롥ξ硤ѸŪΩȸʤƤΤ顤Ū ( unpolitical ) ̤ƤȤǤ뤬⤽ʣʸŪȤƱѸ줬ФƤ櫓Ǥꡤλ֤ȴطʤȤϸʤ"political" Ūפˤ "unpolitical" Ūפˤ衤 politics פδޤߤ뤳ȤȤƻǤ롥
Τ褦ˡҲؤǤϡ줬ܼŪ鼫ͳǤϤʤȤ㤬¿롥ǤϤʤȻפҲؤؽԤϡָŪפȤơޤ櫓Ǥ롥ȤKachru μʸϤ˽Ф路ƶäȤƤαѸ˴ؤʤҲؤǰŪǤʤϤΤʤΤʤˡ"apolitical" Ȥƻ줬ФƤΤơμϡֱѸפʤΤǤ롥ĹѤ롥
As an aside, one might add here that all the countries where English is a primary language are functional democracies. The outer circle and the expanding circle do not show any such political preferences. The present diffusion of English seems to tolerate any political system, and the language itself has become rather apolitical. In South Asia, for example, it is used as a tool for propaganda by politically diverse groups: the Marxist Communists, the China-oriented Communists, and what are labelled as the Muslim fundamentalists and the Hindu rightists as well as various factions of the Congress party. Such varied groups seem to oppose the Western systems of education and Western values. In the present world, the use of English certainly has fewer political, cultural, and religious connotations than does the use of any other language of wider communication. (14)
"unpolitical" ŪפǤϤʤ "apolitical" ̵ŪȤ̵طΡפǤȤݥȤȤʤ롥"unpolitical" ϥޥʥ "political" ŪפǤȤ̣ǡɤΤȤ "political" ƱɶξˤѸǤ롥ռƤ뤫餳"political" "unpolitical" Ȥ̤פʤΤǤ롥Ȥ"apolitical" ϡ⤽ȤɶγˤꡤФ̵ط̵ؿǤ뤳ȤɽѸǤ롥ʤۤɡѸ줬س礷Ƥ椯ˤƤϡƹϰΤɤǤ뤫ȤꥫȤιݴطɤǤ뤫ʤɤȤȤϡȤϸʤޤǤ⤽ۤɴͿŪǤϤʤ
ָŪפȤҲؤǾƬˤϡȤƤαѸ줬 "apolitical" ǤꤦȤȯۤϿä
Kachru, B. B. "Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle." English in the World. Ed. R. Quirk and H. G. Widdowson. Cambridge: CUP, 1985. 11--30.
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