hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 2 (4)

world_languages - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2017-11-15 Wed

#3124. ܸ෿ (1) [word_order][syntax][typology][indo-european][world_languages]

ɸϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1]) ǿ줿ƹͤƤߤβ̤礭ϸˤäưۤʤȤϤȤʤޤäѤʤ¸ߤʤȤϡãηкѤȤߤɬŪʸ֤Ǥ롥
Greenberg ϸȴϢƸ෿ (word order typology) 󵯤ˤȡθʿʸˤ졤Ū졤ưθϡŪ (1) SVO, (2) SOV, (3) VSO, (4) VOS, (5) OSV, (6) OVS 6बǽǤ롥ʣθ⾯ʤʤ¿θˤŪͥʸϷޤäƤ롥ĤޤܸȤΤ¸ߤ롥ܸĸΤۤȤɤ줬ŪԤѥ󡤤ʤ (1), (2), (3) Τ줫롥ۤ (4) θϤٳǧ뤬(5), (6) ˾ʤȤʬäƤ롥
꡼¾ (19) ꡤ줾δܸ򼨤󤲤褦

ܸ
(1) SVOѸ졤եɸ졤졤ҥ
(2) SOVҥǥ졿ɥ졤ȥ륳졤ܸ졤ī
(3) VSOŵָ졤륺졤⥢
(4) VOSޥ졤ĥĥꥫΥޥ
(5) OSVХɸ̥θˡ
(6) OVSҥ奫ʸʥ֥饸Υָ


줬ŪԤ3Ĥ (1), (2), (3) ˴ؤƤСư V ΰ֤˴ؤ (2) SOV (3) VSO жˤˤꡤ(1) SVO ϤŪʰ֤Ťˤ롥ºݡ¾μθˤĤƤ⡤(2) (3) θȿиħ򼨤(1) ŪǤȤ顤෿δް (typological implication) ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹ衼åѤμפʸϤŵꥷŵƥǤ VO ܤȤ뤿ᡤĸǤ VO 򼨤Ƥ줽ҥåȸξڵˤСȤȤ OV äǽ⤤ȤСѸ SVO ĹˤβѲƤȤȤˤʤ
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ

꡼Сʡɡƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ
Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.

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2017-07-23 Sun

#3009. üԿˤȥå252017ǯǡ [statistics][world_languages][demography][japanese]

#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1]) 񤤤Ƥ7ǯǯФäEthnologue (20th ed) κǿǤФΤǡSummary by language size ɽ3ˤꡤüԿˤȥå23κǿ󥭥󥰤򼨤

RankLanguagePrimary CountryCountriesSpeakers (20th ed, 2017)Speakers (16th ed, 2009)(13th ed, 1996)
1ChineseChina371,284 million1,2131,123
2SpanishSpain31437329266
3EnglishUnited Kingdom106372328322
4ArabicSaudi Arabia57295221202
5HindiIndia5260182 (242.6 with Urdu)(236 with Urdu)
6BengaliBangladesh4242181189
7PortuguesePortugal13219178170
8RussianRussian Federation19154144288
9JapaneseJapan2128122125
10LahndaPakistan611978.3 
11JavaneseIndonesia384.484.6 
12KoreanKorea777.266.3 
13GermanGermany2776.890.398
14FrenchFrance5376.167.872
15TeluguIndia274.269.8 
16MarathiIndia171.868.1 
17TurkishTurkey871.150.8 
18UrduPakistan669.160.6 
19VietnameseViet Nam368.168.6 
20TamilIndia768.065.7 
21ItalianItaly1363.461.763
22PersianIran3061.9  
23MalayMalaysia1660.839.147


2009ǯ16ǤפǤ2̥ڥ3̱ѸκϤ鷺ǻ¾ΥäΥǡˤС2̤Υڥ줬ѸǰΥˤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥3̤αѸϡष4̤Υӥ˵ͤ뤳Ȥˤʤꤽ
³󥭥󥰤ǡ9̤ˤĤƤܸޤǤϡǯǽ̤ѤäƤʤΤΡ10̤äɥĸ줬13̤ޤǽ̤ȤƤΤŪǤ롥ե󥹸ϡष16̤14̤ؼ㴳̤夲Ƥ롥
ᤤ衤9̤ˤĤƤܸ줬˥󥭥󥰤򲼤ƤȤɬǤ롥ܰʳȤƻѤ񤬤ʤȡޤܤο͸η礿װǤ롥٥ȥʥʤɤΤ֤
#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1]) Ǽ褦ˡΥȥå׸줬͸¿ôäƤȤ֤ѤäƤʤɤ®Ƥ롥㤨Сɽ15̤ޤǤθüԤιפ40ͤȤʤꡤ͸6᤯롥6ϹϢθѸǤꡤ148򥫥С롥βƬ֤ۤ餫

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2017-03-02 Thu

#2866. ſؤˤߤŻ᤿결ʬ결 [world_languages][typology][family_tree][anthropology][homo_sapiens][timeline][chronology]

ϢСʡɡåɤΡؿοʲ٤򻲾Ȥ¾ΰ褫ҥȤƸοʲˤĤƹͻƤ³ƥåɤ򻲾ȤʬܤƤȺ٤ˤĤƤƶƤߤ
ˤοˤĤƤϡԤˤäƿΰ㤤ꡤ롥ΰ㤤ˤä뤫Ȥϡ#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1]) #1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1]) ʤɤΤǷ֤ʤ1Ĥˡָפȡפζ̤ҴŪˤĤʤȤ𤬤롥ߤ˶ᤤطˤ뤤ĤθѼ1ΤȤˤª뤫뤤ϳơΩª뤫ϡФиŪʴΤߤǷꤹ뤳ȤǤʤԤªϡŻ᤿결 (lumper) θԤΩǡԤϡʬ결 (splitter) θԤΩǤ롥
"lumper" "splitter" ȤƾΤϡſؤʬǾѤƤΤΤ褦̤ˤϿˤϡֱ͡סָ͡סֵ͡סֿ͡פ4ʳǿʤǤ򤵤Ƥ뤬ϿؼԤˤȤäƤƤʬΤ褦ǡŪˤϤäȺ٤ʬवƤȤ֤äȺ٤פˤ٥뤬ꡤȤδ֤Ǥ⡤礭ޤȤᤢ lumper ȡȤȤʬ splitter Ȥǡפʬ餷ŪˤϿؼԤ10ͤ10̤ʬबȤ⤤ξϸˤƤƱȤȤ⤷
ͤޤǤˡŻ᤿결ʬ결ˤ롤ſμ̾оɽ򡤥å (99) Ƹ褦

̾Ż᤿결μ̾ǯǯʬ결ʬ˴ޤޤ̾
ǥԥƥߥʹ700--450ǥԥƥåѡǥԥƥߥإȥץǥ󥷥󡦥ȥͥ󥷥
ͤȥۥ⡦ϥӥꥹȥԥƥե󥷥ʹ420--300ȥԥƥե󥷥ȥԥƥʥ󥷥ȥԥƥС륨륬ꡤ˥ȥץץƥץ
ȥԥƥեꥫ̥300--240ȥԥƥեꥫ̥
ѥȥץܥʹ250--130ѥȥץܥѥȥץԥȥԥƥ
ѥȥץ֥ȥ200--150ѥȥץ֥ȥ
ͤȵۥ⡦ϥӥꥹʹ240--160ۥ⡦ϥӥꥹۥ⡦ɥե󥷥
ۥ⡦쥯ȥʹ198--1.8ۥ⡦쥯ȥۥ⡦륬ۥ⡦ե󥷥󥷥
ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡ʹ70--ۥ⡦ƥå롤ۥ⡦ϥǥ٥륲󥷥ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥ۥ⡦ԥ


Ż᤿결ѤƤ֥ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡פˤϡʬ결ˤȤäƤζǤο֥͡ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡פΤߤʤ餺ֵ̾͡פȤƤ֥ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥פޤޤ뤳ȤˤʤʤɡǿͤˤȤäƤϼ¤ˤ䤳DNA ȤʪŪڵפˤ⤫餺ҴŪ񤷤ȤΤϡ˼ŪǤ롥¤ˤ񤷤ϡʬ˺ݤƤۤܤΤޤƤϤޤΤǤ롥  *

СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ

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2017-02-28 Tue

#2864. ʬؤˤʳ [family_tree][anthropology][homo_sapiens][diachrony][terminology][linguistic_area][typology][methodology][world_languages][evolution]

θʬहݤ2ĤδǤַפȡֱƶפϡɤδطλŤǤ⤢롥ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεϤȤơ餳Ƥ (see #369. ˤƶ ([2010-05-01-1])#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1])#371. ƶɬ̤Ǥʤ ([2010-05-03-1])#1136. ۤʤδ֤줬 ([2012-06-06-1])#1236. ڤȡ ([2012-09-14-1])#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1]))
ȱƶϡ줾̻֤ȶ֤δطˤ̤Ȥ롥Ȥϻּ˱äˤνļؤƶȤϼŪܴطˤ벣ؤˤַפȡֱƶפȤΩϡʪʬؤǤȤΡַפȡʳפΩ롥
ʬʬ (cladistics) Ǥϡּ˱äʬˤפȤַפλ顤ɤδطŤʤ롥ȤƤδطߤ˶ᤱСħ⤽ƤΤϼħƤ¨طᤤȤСɬ⤽ʤʤȤƤϰۤʤ뤬Ķʤɤ˱ƻ褦ʷ֤ȯã뤳ȡʼ̿ʲˤ롥Τ褦ʷȤ̵طŪƱ (homoplasy) ȤŪʶᤵǤϤʤŪƱ˴ŤƽĤ򤯤ʬλϡʳ (grade) ˤʬȸƤФ롥
å (70) 򻲹ͤˤơĹʬहˡ夲褦ַפλˤСʲΤ褦ʬव롥

ҥ²ѥ󥸡²²󥦡²















ʳפλˤСʲΤ褦ˡ֥ҥȲʡפȡ֥󥦡ʡפ2Ĥʬव롥

                           
ҥȲʡ󥦡


                            
ҥ²ѥ󥸡²²󥦡²

ʳפζʬˡϡؤǤС෿ (typology) (linguistic_area) ˴ŤʬȻƤȤ롥ʪˤƤˤƤʳפȤѸȤδްդˤϽʬ˵ĤƤɬפꤽȤΤϡϸˤŪȯãΡʳפˤäƶʬȤͤ򴭵䤹Ĥޤꡤʳפξ岼ͥȤǰ߽Ф䤹ʳפζʬˡϡޤǶŪ뤤ŪƱ˴ŤʬǤ롤ȤαդƤ

СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ

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2017-02-20 Mon

#2856. νˤ봧ʬ (2) [article][typology][indo-european][linguistic_area][world_languages][grammaticalisation][information_structure][demonstrative][contact][geolinguistics][definiteness]

εǡĸϤۤ¿ʤȤ򸫤̣ΤϡŪʬۤФ򼨤ȤǤ롥衼åѡեꥫʿΤ˴ĸ줬¿εǤϡܤʸ򻲾ȤĤġŪкߤ˾Ƥ
Ѹˤ봧ȯãϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡؼ줫θŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) η̤Ƥ롥¾θǤƱͤŪȯãȤƤȤ뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥ҤΤ褦ŪʤޤȤޤ꤬뤳Ȥ顤 (139) ϡŪ˸Ϣȯã䤹Ȥ¦̤褦˻פפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤĹˤ錄ܿˤ (linguistic_area) ιͤطʤˤ롥
Ƕͭβǽϡȯͼ칽¤˻ޤܸ͡⤽βǽ1ĤǤ롥εǤ⿨줿褦ˡưƬĸˤФи뤬θνΤʤǤ1ۤɤߤ줺ʬۤϤФäƤΤǤ롥㤨С٥ȸɡإ֥졤ӥ졤ȥͥʤɤưƬĴĸ췲Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ2ĤθŪħ˲餫ϤΤ (139) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

ֽŵŪ˸褦ˡ̤ˡʸƬȤΤϡФܤʤξᡤ󼨤ˤƺǤŪʰ֤ȹͤ롥ưƬξϡΰ֤̾ŪǤǤʤư줬ơ̾ꡦɽΤʸƬ֤Ѥ񤤤ˡ̾ŪǤ˴դꡦζ򼨤ɬŪ⤯ʤäƤȹͤ롥


ȴϢơưƬĸʤ餺Ȥ⡤礬ޤäƤǤϰŪ̾ŪǤ֤ѤꡦɸΤ񤷤ˡȤʤѤ䤹Ȥ𤬤뤫⤷ʤ
ˡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡܡɾ׷Ρ۷פȡ־ݤɡĹפΤ褦ʡּ졽׷Ρּ۷פȤ෿Ūʶ̤ͤʤСԤǤξܤˤɽ蘆ΤǡΤ褦ʡʳ̤ɸμʤפǤ뤬ԤǤϴΤ褦Ūʼʤ׵ᤵ䤹Ȥ⤢ꤽɾȡѸϳΤ (1) ۷Ǥꡤ(2) ĸǤ뤫顤ȤȤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡĸŪưŤǤ⤢ꡤĸȤͤ˴Ť쳰ŪưŤǤ⤢롥ʬۤϡ餯θ⳰װߤ߹äơ٤Ф򼨤Τ

ָˤȤäƴȤϲסءظ٥쥯1ظԽԡˡ罤۽Ź2012ǯ136--41ǡ2003ǯ10Ͽ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-23-1]

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2017-02-19 Sun

#2855. νˤ봧ʬ (1) [article][typology][indo-european][linguistic_area][world_languages][word_order]

Ѹؽˤƴۤɽ񤷤ܤϤʤȸ롥ΤˡɤΤ褦ʾ˴줬ɬפ뤤פŪΤȽǤ뤳ȤϺǤ롥줿ܸ˴Ȥबʤˡ䤬ʤȤ⤢롥ȤϲʤΤȤϱѸؤ˹ͻƤȯãˤĤƤѸˤǤФƤޤϻĤäƤʡ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])#156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡˡ
(136--39) ˤСνϤȡȤϤۤɹ櫓Ǥʤޤϰ²Ƥߤ褦ȤȰĸˤϴϸ줺ΰˤ⡤ŵꥷ괧줬ȯãΤС¸ߤʤä5ʹߤˤʤȥ˥䥢ɸ˴줬졤˸˥ޥ󥹸ɡޥɡ٥ȸɡХ륫ϢǤⴧ줬ȯãʥХ륫ϢǤϸ괧줬ȯãȤˤĤƤϡ#1314. ([2012-12-01-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΰǤϡ٥󥬥졤å졤졤ϥʤɤ줬٤Ǥ롥
²γϤȡ桼饷ΦˤơϤΥإ֥졤ӥ졤䡤¾ϥ󥬥꡼졤ɥӥ졤Х졤Υˤߤ뤬ŪˤϸꤵƤ롥եꥫΦǤϡ괧ĸȤ⤿ʤ줬򤸤äƤ뤬ΤȤƤϴ줬褯ϰȤ롥˥ϰǤϡȥꥢѥץˤϴ줬ʤȥͥˤϡĸ췲ȤưƬ礬ŪϰˤƳǧ롥ѡեԥ󡤥ߥͥ硤˥塼ɥ˥硤ե硤ݥͥʤɤθۤˡϤưƬĥޥΥޥ饬ˤⴧ줬롥ꥫΦܤȡĸŪʤʿαߤΥå졤ƤΥ顦ݥݥ륫졤ޥ䥪ȥ߽ΰʤɤ˸롥
ʾΤ褦˸̾󤲤Ƥȡĸ줬¿褦˺Ф뤫⤷ʤ餢ΤʤǤϾʬʤˤʤѸפʥ衼åѽˤ뤫Ȥäơ褷ŪʸǤϤʤȤõƤ

ָˤȤäƴȤϲסءظ٥쥯1ظԽԡˡ罤۽Ź2012ǯ136--41ǡ2003ǯ10Ͽ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-23-1]

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2017-02-08 Wed

#2844. εȸεδط (2) [language_family][world_languages][anthropology][family_tree][evolution][altaic][japanese][indo-european][origin_of_language]

#2841. εȸεδط ([2017-02-05-1]) ڤӡ#2843. Ruhlen ˤθ² ([2017-02-07-1]) ˰³θ²ʬˤĤơRuhlen ȤΤΤǤϤʤΤʤˤ˻ȡѤƻٻƤ Cavalli-Sforza et al. ء͸ųءؤθ礷ƺ夲طޤ롥Ruhlen (33) "Comparison of the Genetic Tree with the Linguistic Phyla" ȤƷǤƤޤϡCavalli-Sforza ˤޥåԥ󥰤龯ѤƤ褦ˤä٤ϡŪʬȸŪʬबȤϸʤޤǤ٤Ŭ礷Ƥ뤳Ȥ  *
ؼԤ¿ϡε ([2017-02-07-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡؤȸؤ̤ľܷӤĤ뤳ȤФ礭񹳤򴶤Ƥ롥ξԤΤΤ褦Ŭϡˤ狼ˤϿʤäʬ礭ȤʤäƤ륢ꥫ轻̱νΰ֤ŤˤĤơοޤˤСؤȸؤ۸Ʊ3ʬˡٻƤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤȤХ󥻡ʥʷ̤Ȥʤ롥
ʤߤˡǤܸīȤȤ˥륿²˽°Ƥꡤ˥󥴥졤٥åȸ졤̸ʤɤȤƱ륿²ǴطäƤ롥ޤ²ϡͲ Nostratic Eurasiatic ˽ʣ°²Ȥ֤ŤǤ롥νʣ°ˤĤƤϡθؼԤ Greenberg 褫󵯤ƤʬफƳʲιޤ۵ (Ruhlen 20)

            ?????? Afro-Asiatic
            ?????? Kartvelian
            ?????? Elamo-Dravidian
NOSTRATIC  Indo-European      
             Uralic-Yukaghir    
             Altaic             
             Korean             
                 Japanese            EURASIATIC
                 Ainu               
                 Gilyak             
                 Chukchi-Kamchatkan 
                 Eskimo-Aleut       

Cavalli-Sforza et al. Ruhlen ˤȤäơؤȸؤ̤˰פʤȤǤϤʤˤϸ (language_shift) ΤαƶϽʬ˷ǤꡤΤΥޥåԥ󥰤ˤ礭ƶʤȤ
ľ˶ä٤ûŪɾ٤

Ruhlen, Merritt. The Origin of Language. New York: Wiley, 1994.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L, Alberto Piazza, Paolo Menozzi, and Joanna Mountain. "Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing Together Genetic, Archaeological and Linguistic Data." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85 (1988): 6002--06.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-03-1]

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2017-02-07 Tue

#2843. Ruhlen ˤθ² [language_family][indo-european][nostratic][eurasian][world_languages][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics]

#2841. εȸεδط ([2017-02-05-1]) εǿ줿 Ruhlen ϡñ쵯ĥʬƤäΤȤ12ͲꤷƤ롥ޤǤ⡤ŪʸؼԤ#1115. Nostratic ² ([2012-05-16-1]) #1116. Nostratic Ķ Eurasian ء ([2012-05-17-1]) ƤƤRuhlen ŪˤήǤ롥
Ruhlen (29) ǤϡޤΤΤͿƤ餺12ͲʲΤ褦󤵤Ƥ롥

1. Khoisan
2. Niger-Kordofanian:
    a. Kordofanian
    b. Niger-Congo
3. Nilo-Saharan
4. Australian
5. Indo-Pacific
6. Austric:
    a. Austroasiatic
    b. Miao-Yao
    c. Daic
    d. Austronesian
7. Dene-Caucasian:
    a. Basque
    b. (North) Caucasian
    c. Burushaski
    d. Nahali
    e. Sino-Tibetan
    f. Yeniseian
    g. Na-Dene
8. Afro-Asiatic
9. Kartvelian
10. Dravidian
11. Eurasiatic:
    a. Indo-European
    b. Uralic-Yukaghir
    c. Altaic
    d. Korean-Japanese-Ainu
    e. Gilyak
    f. Chukchi-Kamchatkan
    g. Eskimo-Aleut
12. Amerind


ʤ嵭Ǥϡꥫ轻̱νʬहˤäơGreenberg Ƥ褦ˡAmerind, Na-Dene, Eskimo-Aleut 3Ĥθ²˽äƤ롥ޤᡤʬ¿βսˤĤ褬뤳ȤαդĤġ嵭ʬबRuhlen ˤΤǤ뤳ȤĴƤ
Na-Dene դ֥ǥ͡ (the Dene-Caucasian hypothesis) ˤĤƤϡ#652. ([2011-02-08-1]) 򻲾ȡޤ²ȤüԿˤĤơ#1949. ²ȤθüԿ ([2014-08-28-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ruhlen, Merritt. The Origin of Language. New York: Wiley, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-08-1]

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2016-12-09 Fri

#2783. ǺǤ "popular" ʸϡ [world_languages][demography][statistics]

ߡˤ7ۤɤθ줬ԤʤƤȤ뤬ΤǤ "popular" ʸϲۤȤɤο͡ϡֱѸפ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤ "popular" ΤˤƤʤ¤ꡤμΤΤ񤷤餯¿ܿͤˤȤäơ"popular" ʸȤϡǹäƤפΤȤꤵ뤬ǤϡֹפȤϲΤȤѤƤο뤤ϡΤ褦ʹѤѤ­Ƥ͡ο̸ȤƺѤƤݵؤο2Ȥƶ餷ƤοδᤵС"popular" ޤꡤǤ "popular" ʸ줬Ȥ䤤ФȤǤɤδ "popular" ȤʤΤˤĤơפϤʤ褦˻פ롥"popular" "top" "significant" ֤Ȥǡϲ褷ʤ
㤨СüԤοȤȤǤСѸ졤ڥˤĤ3̤Ȥʤ롥2Ȥä͸äСѸ1̤Ф롥ǤϡֱѸפϰϤˤʤꡤ㤨СѸפȤԥ䥯쥪üԤϱѸüԤ˴ޤΤȤä䤬롥뤤ϡɤΥԥ䥯쥪ޤᡤɤޤʤΤ
ޤθ׸ȤηкϤ䵻Ϥʤɤ⡤θɬפΤǤϤʤι񤬹Ū˳ƤФۤɡθŪѤ䤹Ū "popular" Ȥʤꤦ뤫Τ褦ʡֹפϲˤäƷפФ褤ΤкѳưϤʸϤ̱γ礫餫νŤߤŤ򤹤ˤƤ⡤δ̵¤Ǥ롥
ͤ "popular" λɸ򤹤٤Ʒ׻˴ޤФȤˡϤȤʤͤŪʤ褦ʻɸ¿ɤΤȤüԤ2üԤο͸ʤɡǽʴ¸Υǡ濴ˤʤ顤Ūʡְפ̣ơǤ "popular" ʸФȤȤˤʤʤ餶ʤְפˤϡԼǡĿŪʹޤޤ뤫⤷ʤŪǥŪʹޤ뤫⤷ʤ
󥭥󥰤ȤȤϡ츫ñǼ¤񤷤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡGooden (8--9) 򻲾Ȥ줿ܥ֥Ǥϡ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1])#2263. μ׸üԿӡ ([2015-07-08-1])#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο͸ ([2013-09-04-1])#1592. ѸüԤο͸פ뤳Ȥ񤷤ͳ ([2013-09-05-1]) ʤɤϢ롥

Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.

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2016-11-14 Mon

#2758. Ferguson ˤֹȤμҲŪسԡ [sociolinguistics][methodology][typology][world_languages][world_languages][demography]

ε#2757. Ferguson ˤҲŪʡȯŸפٹ礤 ([2016-11-13-1]) ˰³Ferguson ʸ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤ʶƱΡˤ෿ˡˤĤƹͤ롥Ferguson (25) ϡؼԤŪ˹ȤȤñ̤򤢤ƹθʤȤ٤äƤҲؤΩ줫ϡȤȤƹͤ뤳Ȥɬפȼĥ롥

From many points of view . . . it is desirable to use the nation as the basis for general sociolinguistic descriptions: communication networks, educational systems, and language "planning" are generally on a national basis and national boundaries play at least as important a role in the delimitation of linguistic areas as any other single social barrier.


Ferguson ϡȤȤƸλѾ򵭽ҤȤԲķǤꡤ٤ƤιȤˤĤưӤǵҤ뤳ȤˤꡤӤǤ褦ˤʤ뤷෿Ǥ褦ˤʤȼĥ롥Τ褦ʹ̤εҤ"national sociolinguistic profile" (26) Ǥ롥ΰӤˤĤƤϡͽŪʤΤȤʤ顤ιܤ󤲤Ƥ (26)

. . . how many major languages are spoken; what is the pattern of language dominance; are there national uses of a LWC [= language of wider communication]; for each major language spoken in the country, what is the extent of written uses of the language (W0. --- W2.) and what is the extent of standardization (St0. --- St2.) and its nature (multimodal? range of variation from the norm?).


ޤǤˡ褽 Ferguson Ƥ̤ˡֹȤμҲŪسԡפεҤʤƤEthnologue Τ褦ʥǡ١褦ˤʤä

Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." Anthropological Linguistics 4 (1962): 23--27.

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2016-11-14 Mon

#2758. Ferguson ˤֹȤμҲŪسԡ [sociolinguistics][methodology][typology][world_languages][world_languages][demography]

ε#2757. Ferguson ˤҲŪʡȯŸפٹ礤 ([2016-11-13-1]) ˰³Ferguson ʸ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤ʶƱΡˤ෿ˡˤĤƹͤ롥Ferguson (25) ϡؼԤŪ˹ȤȤñ̤򤢤ƹθʤȤ٤äƤҲؤΩ줫ϡȤȤƹͤ뤳Ȥɬפȼĥ롥

From many points of view . . . it is desirable to use the nation as the basis for general sociolinguistic descriptions: communication networks, educational systems, and language "planning" are generally on a national basis and national boundaries play at least as important a role in the delimitation of linguistic areas as any other single social barrier.


Ferguson ϡȤȤƸλѾ򵭽ҤȤԲķǤꡤ٤ƤιȤˤĤưӤǵҤ뤳ȤˤꡤӤǤ褦ˤʤ뤷෿Ǥ褦ˤʤȼĥ롥Τ褦ʹ̤εҤ"national sociolinguistic profile" (26) Ǥ롥ΰӤˤĤƤϡͽŪʤΤȤʤ顤ιܤ󤲤Ƥ (26)

. . . how many major languages are spoken; what is the pattern of language dominance; are there national uses of a LWC [= language of wider communication]; for each major language spoken in the country, what is the extent of written uses of the language (W0. --- W2.) and what is the extent of standardization (St0. --- St2.) and its nature (multimodal? range of variation from the norm?).


ޤǤˡ褽 Ferguson Ƥ̤ˡֹȤμҲŪسԡפεҤʤƤEthnologue Τ褦ʥǡ١褦ˤʤä

Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." Anthropological Linguistics 4 (1962): 23--27.

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2016-11-13 Sun

#2757. Ferguson ˤҲŪʡȯŸפٹ礤 [standardisation][writing][sociolinguistics][methodology][typology][world_languages]

Ferguson ϡ "language 'development'" ¬ˡƤƤ롥'development' Ȱ䤬뤳Ȥ鼨褦ˡϿʲŪʸѤ˴ŤƤ櫓ǤϤʤҲŪȯŸٹ礤¬ȤߤǤ롥Ferguson (23) Ū˵󤲤ƤΤϡֽ񤭸դλѤٹ礤 ("the degree of use of written language") ȡɸಽ١ ("the nature and extent of standardization") 2Ǥ롥
1ܤλɸǤֽ񤭸դλѤٹ礤פˤĤƤϡ绨Ĥ W0, W1, W2, W3 4ʳǧȤ (23--24) ʳߤʬ̤ꡤ̤صŪʻɸȤäƤ褤

W0. --- not used for normal written purposes
W1. --- used for normal written purposes
W2. --- original research in physical sciences regularly published
W3. --- languages in which translations and resumés of scientific work in other languages are regularly published

2ܤλɸǤɸಽ١פϡäȹäƤ롥λɸˤ2Ĥ¦̤ꡤ1ΤΤ "the degree of difference between the standard form or forms of a language and all other varieties of it" (24) Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤѼ֤κٹ礤˴ؤ¦̤ǤʴϢơ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡ
2¦̤ "the nature of the standardization and the degree to which a standard form is accepted as such throughout the community" (24) Ǥ롥Ferguson (24--25) 3ʳꤷ

St0. --- "a language in which there is no important amount of standardization" (ex. Kurdish) (24)
St1. --- a language which "requires considerable sub-classification to be of any use. Whatever scheme of classification is developed, it will have to take account in the first instance of whether the standardization is unimodal or bi- or multimodal, and in the case of more than one norm, the nature of the norms must be treated" (ex. bimodal Armenian, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Norwegian; multimodal Hindi-Urdu) (25)
St2. --- "a language which has a single, widely-accepted norm which is felt to be appropriate with only minor modifications or variations for all purposes for which the language is used" (24)

¬ΤλɸȤƹӺǤϤ뤬ʬ䤹ǤͥƤ롥
Τ褦¬ͤ˴ŤơʶƱΡˤҲŪ෿褦Ȥߤϡۤˤ⤢롥#1519. ҲŪ෿ؤƻ ([2013-06-24-1]) #1547. μҲŪ°7 ([2013-07-22-1]) ׻ȡ

Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." Anthropological Linguistics 4 (1962): 23--27.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-10-1] [2016-11-14-1]

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2016-06-27 Mon

#2618. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ (2) [world_languages][writing][statistics][language_planning][language_myth][medium]

#1277. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ ([2012-10-25-1]) ǡμפ뤳Ȥ񤷤˿줿ϡ̱²ɴʻŵ٤ˡ̵ʸפȤ򸫤ĤΤǡƤ󤷤
̵ʸ (unwritten language) Ȥϡ֤ʸ˽񤫤뤳ȤʤȤȤǤϤʤԤʤɤˤäƽ񤫤뤳ȤȤƤҲ夷Ƥ餺줬̿䵭ϿΤȤƵǽƤʤפǤ롥̵ʸοˤĤƤϡܹ񤤤Ƥ (186) ΤʤȤϸʤ褦ǡEthnologue ˤθοפ򻲾Ȥʤ顤ȡʸ줿ϡˤ餯%ʤΤǤϤʤºŪΤۤȤɤʸ̵ʸʤΤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
εǤ⿨줿̵ʸüԤʸΤʤȤɬ⤤ʤȤդǶʸƤǽϤ뤫ºݤˡ¿ο͡Τ褦ʾˤƤ롥դ˸Сǡʤ뤤ǡ˶ȤΤϡʤΤǤ롥
ȥꥢ̵ʸä̱²ʸ̵ʸȤݸ褦Ȥ뱿ưʤɡΤĤϰǾݻλߤʤƤϤ롥Τ褦ʸ (language_planning) ϤޤŪȤϤ¿θ줬ϰζʸ줫ΰϤ亹̤ˤ餵ƤΤ֤
(187) ϡ̵ʸ˴ؤο (language_myth) ˸ڤĤġ̵ʸҲˤߤƬ礭ŦƤ롥

ʸʤɽ̡ˤʤΤǤϤʤȹͤ⤢뤬ϤषդǤ뤳Ȥ¿ʸʤ餳ɽ˰ηͿߥ˥ΤʤΤˤ褦ȤռƯʤ䥢եꥫθ̱äȤꡤޤ2,0003,000⤢ΤͤƤߤ褦㤨иȤΤϡҲαΤ򥳥ѥȤɽΤǤ뤬ˤϱƧжѤȤޤޤʷƳƤ롥
άʸϡޤޤʤΤʸѤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨С̾̾ϽεϿΤȤƵǽ뤳Ȥ¿ϰǤߤ롥㤨СեꥫʤɤǤϡ򼰡פȤ̾ϡ²ӤƤȤޤ줿Ҷפ襤äȤλҶƻפƤʤ˵ޤΤ֤˹鷺ƻǻҶȤäǤ롥̾ϸĿͤ¾θĿͤȶ̤ǤʤƱ̿̾ԡʤϼȤƻҶοơˤˤȤäƽפʽ򡤻Ҷ̾˵ϿƤΤǤ롥ޤٿͤФơ񤯤褦˥åҶ̾Τ¿
Τ褦ˡ̵ʸ줽̵ʸҲˤƤϡʸʤ餳˭ʸʸݤȯãƤΤǤ롥ʸ䤬礭ʤФʤۤɡʸݤषƤȤϺ桹ܤˤƤȤǤ롥


Ϣơ#1685. ƬΤĵϤȰҿ ([2013-12-07-1]) 򻲾ȡ

м̵ʸס̱²ɴʻŵ١Ω̱²ʪۡԡˡǡ2014ǯ186--87ǡ

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2016-02-04 Thu

#2474. ˤθ [numeral][world_languages]

ε#2473. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-03-1]) Ǥϡե󥹸οηϤΰˤߤ20ˡθˤĤƼ夲ե顼Ρؿˡ٤ˤȤäƥѥѥįƤȡˤϼ¤͡ʿΤȻפΤ餵롥οηϤظˤ10ˡ5ˡ20ˡ60ˡʤɤιͤϡθפȸƤФ뤬ʤΤ褦¿ͤ줬ޤƤΤ
ʹ֤ݲݤˤϡθ§Ƚθ§Ȥ2Ĥθ§ꤦ롥θ§Ȥϡñ1ɽ魯ΡʤȤˤɬפʿñ¤٤ƤȤȯۤǤ롥ñˡɽ魯礭ʤʤñ㤵ؤäƤ롥Фơθ§Ȥϡ1ƤФƸߤΩ̸Ĥε򤢤ƤˡǤ롥㤨С䤿ξѤƤ륢ӥϡ<1>, <2>, <3> ʤɤδ֤˸ߤ˼ʷŪϢʤᡤθ§˴ŤƤȤ롥θ§ϸΨϤ褵ȿбطŵʤФʤʤȤû꤬롥
Τ褦ξ§ˤϰĹû뤿ᡤºݤˤξԤĹ꤬¤˳褫褦ʷǿηϤƤĤۤɤοФƸߤΩ򤢤Ƥ礭Ϥεν󤵤ַפγǰƳ櫓Ūθơʹ֤Ƭ˰ŵ򶯤뤳ȤΤǤΤϡĤĤδ֤ˤȤɤޤꡤ줬10ˡ20ˡʤɤ߽ФΤ
äơοηϤ¿ȤϤäƤ⡤¿θ˴ѻפϡ˵󤲤褦ʿ˸¤Τ¤Ǥ롥3ˡ7ˡ18ˡʤɤޤʤΤФơ10ˡ5ˡ20ˡ60ˡʤɤŪ褯ΤϤʤ
10ˡϤȤ櫓ŪǤ롥ϡְ㤤ʤʹ֤λؤοȴط롥̾ξλؤѤƿ10ˡȯãΤϼҼ5ܻؤǿȤȤǤϤʤäơ5ˡưפǤ롥פʤΤϡ10ˡˤ5ˡˤʹ֤ζβ˶Ūħ˰¸ƤˤŪäǧʤȤȤŪ˹ͤʤС¿12ǿ7ʤɤΤۤͥƤ뤳ȤǤΤؤϤʤˤʹ֤ΤˤĤƤȶ¸ߤǤꡤθ§ȼŵôθȡ10ȤϤʤ˥Х󥹤ȤƤȤ롥ơ10ϤŪȤʤäƤȹͤ롥
­ؤޤƹͤȡ20ˡȤȯۤⰭʤ褦˻פ롥εǤ⿨줿褦ˡºݤ˥ȸ졤ƥ졤ޥʤɤǤ˾ᤤ20ˡΥǥäƤҤΰŵôϤ礭ʤ롥äơ20ˡΤˤ衤θˤƤʬŪ10ˡʤɤȤƤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨СεDz⤷褦ˡƥ viginti (20) ϸ츻Ūˤ210ɽ魯ʬ򤵤롥
Ǹˡ᡼ʤɤˤߤ60ˡͤ褦60ǤϰŵôҾǤʤȤưפ˻뤷ºݤˤŪʤ꾮ƳƤΤ60ˡˤŷʸؤؤʤɤγؽŪͭפ¦̤褦ե顼͡Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥60ϡֺǤ¿ޤǤϺǤ⾮Ǥⰷ䤹ΤǤ (42) Ȥ1ǯ֤ϡüȤ360Ǥꡤ餯ˤäƱߤ360ʬ䤬Ԥʤ줿ΤǤޤߤ6ʬ1θȾ¤Ȥ¤顤οˤäƱߤ6ʬ䤹뤳ȤԤʤ졤η60ȤͥˤʤäΤ (42) ȤѷŤѤ10ʬ뤳Ȥˤäʿ̤60ʬԤʤ줿 (42) Ȥ60ȤФ줿ΤĤ̱²η礫Ȥǡ̱²ˡ¾ؤȤüʤǤ6˴Ť⤿餷 (43) ʤɡΤ⡤ΤˡŪͿƤȤϤߤʤ60ˡͳˤĤϤʤȤ٤Ǥ롥
ե顼ϾܤäƤʤΤʤˤ12ˡȯۤĤΤ⤢ (cf. dozen) Ͼ嵭60ˡȴϢΤǤϤʤʥե顼p. 42ˡ

ե顼른ˡ 졦׽ ȡˡؿˡϿɤΤ褦ˤƤ١ʿ޼ҡ1988ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-19-1] [2016-02-21-1]

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2016-01-08 Fri

#2447. οʸηϤο [statistics][world_languages][grammatology][writing][medium]

ˤοˤĤơ뤤ϸοȤˤĤơ#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1])#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1])#1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1])#1949. ²ȤθüԿ ([2014-08-28-1]) ˤƤοȤȤˤϡ̡Ƭ줬ǰƬ֤Ƥ뤬񵭸ȤȤǤФɤĤޤꡤʸηϤμˤĤΤϢϡ#1277. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ ([2012-10-25-1]) ǰä󡤲ƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
餫ʤȤϡʸηϤοϡʸƬ˸οⰵŪ˾ʤȤȤǤ롥ŪʸοˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬ǹԤƤ˸¤äơȤꤢ7000ꤷ褦ʸηϤοˤĤƤ⡤ͻˤä¿ΤФĤϤ뤬 (7--8) ˤС400य餤ǧȤ롥οϡ˹ԤƤʸηϤμȤ⡤ʸȯ鸽ߤ˻ޤǤθź˹ԤƤʸηϤȲ᤹٤Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤοˤϡǤѤȤʤäץʸܸʸʤɤޤޤ뤷̤ʸ (#2427. ̤ʸ ([2015-12-19-1])) ޤޤ롥
ǤϡʤʸηϤμϸƬμⰵŪ˾ʤΤǤñʤС٤ƤθƬ줬б񵭸äƤ櫓ǤϤʤ顤ȤȤˤʤ롥#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1]) ʤɤǼ褦ˡ񵭸ȯϸƬȯ⤺ä٤Ƥ롥˾塤Ƭ礯ҲϤʤä񵭸礯Ҳ¿¸ߤƤ
ºݡŪ٤ʸäƤʤ顤ʸ⤿ʤäҲ⤢롥ꥫΦ˱ɤ󥫤Ϲ٤ʸŸʤȤ⺣ΤȤʸȸƤ٤褦ΤȯƤʤޤ̤ο͡⡤Ĺˤ錄Ѥʤ϶ʸ桼Τ褦ĹԽߤʤ⡤ɽʸ⤿ʤäʰԡp. 8ˡ
бʸηϤ礯ƬüԽĤʤҲ񤬡ɬ̵ʸҲȤϸ¤ʤȤդ⤷μҲ¿ҲǤꡤ2ȤʸηϤĸȤʤθˤɤ߽񤭶ƤС餫ͭʸҲǤ (cf. #1494. multilingualism ξ֤Ǥ ([2013-05-30-1])#1608. multilingualism ξ֤Ǥ (2) ([2013-09-21-1]))
⤦1Ĥͳϡ񵭸ϡζۤơ˻ۤơȻ䤹ȤȤ롥ܸʸޥ󡦥ե٥åȡʸʤɤŪʳȻʬۤͤƤߤʬȤꡤμפʸηϤϡ䤹ۤʤرѤ졤ĶŪѤƤĤޤꡤ1ĤʸʣθɽΤѤΤ̤ʤΤǤ롥ƬʸǤϤ뤬񵭸ϰؤΤʸŪʿȯǤꡤۤɽפʲͤӤӤΤϰعŤʤϤʤ
ܥ֥ǤϡäդȽ񤭸դγơˤĤơ#2339. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1]) βĥäεʤɤǡ͡˵Ƥ񤭸դ뤤Ͻ񵭸Τ⤦1ĤħȤơΤʸηϤƬζۤŤ䤹ԡ䤹Ȥ뤳Ȥ򡤤ǻŦƤ

ůذμŵʸ١Ʋ1998ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-30-1] [2017-11-09-1]

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2015-07-08 Wed

#2263. μ׸üԿ [demography][statistics][world_languages]

üԿ͸ˤĤơƼפʲεǰäƤ

#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1])
#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1])
#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1])
#398. ²͸Ⱦʬ᤯ ([2010-05-30-1])
#1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1])
#1949. ²ȤθüԿ ([2014-08-28-1])
#1375. 󥿡ͥåȤλѸȥå10 ([2013-01-31-1])

ϡ־ INFOGRAPHIC: A world of languages - and how many speak them ꤹ뵭ȰʲΤ褦ʿޤ򸫤ĤΤǡҲ𤷤Ƥ

Top Languages in Infographics

޼ƤüԿ˴ؤ͸פϡEthnologue ˴ŤƤ褦Ǥ롥ǹԤʤƤ7102θΤ5ͰʾüԤʤƤΤ23ΤߤǤꡤ2341ͤ򥫥СȤ
绨ĤʿޤʤΤǿŤɤޤʤФʤʤˤĤνζʬɽƤʤɡ褯פƤ롥ˤϳؽƤΥ󥭥󥰤⤢ꡤΤѸϷȴƤΥȥåפ15ͤγؽԤʤȸޤƤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2016-12-09-1]

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2014-10-24 Fri

#2006. ḽ衼åѤǼΧƤ [world_languages][sociolinguistics][dialect][variety]

ؤǤϡΤ˶̤뤳ȤϤۤԲǽǤ롥θŤˤĤƤϡ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) #1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) ΤۤϰˤĤơ#1499. 󥸥ʥӥ "semicommunication" ([2013-06-04-1])#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1])#1658. 륯֥륯μҲء ([2013-11-10-1])#1659. ޥɥ˥μҲء ([2013-11-11-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
衼åѤ˸¤äƤ⡤ˤ򿶤֤СΧŪä줬¾ΧŪϰ̤žꡤդ¾ΧŪäΧŪʸϰ̤ؾʤȤȤ֤Ƥ㤨СԤˤǤϼΧƤ Provençal Low German ˤ줾 French German 1ؤž㤬롥ޤԤˤ϶ḽο¿㤬󤲤롥Trudgill (128) ˤС϶ˤƥ衼åѤǹȤοäȤεǤ롥

The rapid increase in the number of independent European nation-states in the past hundred years or so has therefore been paralleled by a rapid growth in the number of autonomous, national and official languages. During the nineteenth century the number rose from sixteen to thirty, and since that time has risen to fifty.


Trudgill (127--28) ꡤ衼åѤ1800ǯޤǤɸಽ줿졦Ѹ졦񤭸դȤǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤŪ˵󤲤СIcelandic, Swedish, Danish, German, Dutch, English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, Hungarian, Greek, Turkish ʤɤǤ롥ˡ1900ǯޤǤˤϰ̤ƤΤϡNorwegian, Finnish, Welsh, Rumanian, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Serbo-Croat, Bulgarian ʤɤǸˡ20δ֤˼ΧƤȤƤ Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic, Breton, Catalan, Romansch, Macedonian, Albanian, Basque, Luxemburgish ʤɤ롥
ѼθŪϡΧȤʤȸȤ礭ѤȤʤޤǼҲŪϰ̤ѤäȤȤˤʤĤޤꡤŪǤϤʤҲŪǤ롥ȴϢơ#1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1]) Ǽֹȡʳءˡפΰ̣ƴ̣Ʊ椫2ĤΰѤϽפǤ롥

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-22-1] [2017-12-22-1]

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2014-08-28 Thu

#1949. ²ȤθüԿ [statistics][world_languages][language_family][demography]

#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1])#1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1])#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1])#398. ²͸Ⱦʬ᤯ ([2010-05-30-1]) ʤɤεǡθο䤽줾üԿˤƤμפ񤷤ϺƻŦƤǧ᤿ǡϸ² (language_family) ȤθȤüԿפ򼨤ȤϤäƤ⡤W. Bright Ԥθɴʻŵ (International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. New York and Oxford: OUP, 1992.) ˵äƤ Crystal (289) ͤμˤʤ1980ǯȾߤοפǤ롥

Language FamilyLanguagesSpeakers
Indo-European3862,500,000,000
Sino-Tibetan2721,088,000,000
Austronesian1212269,000,000
Afro-Asiatic338250,000,000
Niger-Congo1354206,000,000
Dravidian70165,000,000
Japanese12126,000,000
Altaic60115,000,000
Austro-Asiatic17375,000,000
Tai6175,000,000
Korean160,000,000
Nilo-Saharan18628,000,000
Uralic3324,000,000
Amerindian (North, Central, South America)98522,400,000
Caucasian387,800,000
Miao-Yao155,600,000
Indo-Pacific7343,500,000
Khoisan37300,000
Australian aborigine26230,000
Palaeosiberian818,000
Isolates2962,000,000
Total6,5335,022,648,000


οפˤϡ310λǤ졤71 pidgin/creole75μøޤޤƤ롥绨ĤʿפǤ뤳ȤмषĤĤ⡤²üԤϡΡ͸Ⱦʬô²Ǥ뤳ȤΤ롥ʲϡͤޤǤˡοޤ򼨤ӥդˤΤǤ롥

Numbers of Languages and Speakers by the Language Family

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.

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2013-12-02 Mon

#1680. The West Indies θ [geography][creole][world_languages][diglossia][sociolinguistics][language_shift][caribbean]

ε#1679. The West Indies αѸ ([2013-12-01-1]) Ǽ褦ˡɽθϡŪʻʣǤ롥ˤ󶯤ʬˤꡤ礴Ȥ˻Ūʸ줬ۤʤȤٴ֤ϰŪϢȤȤʤäƤ롥ΩȤȱʩμΤȤߤƤ뤳Ȥ⡤ϰΰݤˤװȤʤäƤ롥ΤȤơϰǤϵ콡θ줬ŪΤۤ˼ȤƱѸե󥹸١Ȥ쥪ʡ#1531. pidgin creole ʬۡ ([2013-07-06-1])ˡ̱θԤƤꡤϹäƤ롥ʲEncylopædia Britannica 1997 ε򻲾ȤƤޤȤ롥
쥪ˤĤƤСJamaica ˤѸ١Υ쥪줬褯ΤƤ롥Jamaica Ǥϡ饸⡤ʤɤǥ쥪줬ѤƤꡤФɸѸԺߤǤ롥ʷϵˤꡤ쥪ɸѸȤΤϤޤڤؤ뤳Ȥ̾ǤJamaican creole ζˤĤƤϡJamaican Creole Texts 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡJamaica ˸¤餺æ̱ϲФ the Commonwealth Caribbean Ǥ⡤̤˱Ѹ١Υ쥪줬Ƥ롥
ե󥹸١Υ쥪ѤˤĤƤϡHaiti ŵȤƵ󤲤롥Jamaica ξƱͤˡHaiti Ǥ⥯쥪줬Ϥ˻ѤƤꡤºݤ¿ι̱ɸե󥹸򤷤ʤ#1486. diglossia ˤä Chaucer ([2013-05-22-1]) Haiti ˤ diglossia ˤĤƿ줿褦ˡ쥪ϡѼɸե󥹸ФƲѼȤư֤ŤΤΡٹ礤ǤФषͥǤ롥Guadeloupe Martinique ʩΥƥǤϡեܹȤ߹ޤƤ뤿ˡɸե󥹸λѤŪǤ롥
ڥ١Υ쥪ϡCuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic ʤɤμפʥڥϰˤƤȯãʤäAruba, Curaçao, Bonaire ʤΥƥǤ Papiamento ȸƤФ򡦱Ѹκ쥪줬äƤ롥Puerto Rico Ǥϡ̱ˤꡤꥫѸαƶڥ줬äƤ롥
̱θȤƤ Hindi, Urdu, Chinese ԤƤ롥ѻ߸ˡ̱Ȥƥɤ񤫤餳ϰˤäƤ͡θǤ롥üԤ¿ϡ줾ϰˤŪʸؤȽƱƤäƤ롥㤨СTrinidad and Tobago ǤϹ̱4䤬ɷϰ̱δ֤ Hindi Urdu λѤϾʤʤäƤƤȤؤʹȤȤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-03-1] [2014-01-02-1]

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2013-09-21 Sat

#1608. multilingualism ξ֤Ǥ (2) [bilingualism][japanese][world_languages][sign_language][language_or_dialect]

[2013-05-30-1]ε³ԡ¿Ѥξ֤ǤȤ¤ˤĤơCrystal (409--10) ˸ڤ򸫤ĤΤǡɲä

[M]ultilingualism is the normal human condition. It is a principle which often takes people by surprise. If you have lived your whole life in a monolingual environment, you could easily come to believe that this is the regular way of life around the world, and that people who speak more than one language are the exceptions. Exactly the reverse is the case.
   Speaking two or more languages is the natural way of life for three-quarters of the human race. There are no official statistics, but with over 6,000 languages co-existing in fewer than 200 countries . . . it is obvious that an enormous amount of language contact must be taking place; and the inevitable result of languages in contact is multilingualism, which is most commonly found in an individual speaker as bilingualism.
      There is no such thing as a totally monolingual country. Even in countries that have a single language used by the majority of the population, such as Britain, the USA, France, and Japan, there exist sizeable groups that use other languages. In the USA, around 10% of the population regularly speak a language other than English. In Britain, over 350 minority languages are in routine use. In Japan, one of the most monolingual of countries, there are substantial groups of Chinese and Korean speakers. In Ghana, Nigeria, and many other African countries that have a single official language, as many as 90% of the population may be regularly using more than one language. (409--10)


Ѥˤ⤢ȤꡤܤǤǤŵŪñȤȤߤʤ뤬Ȥƥ̸䡤īڹ줽¾ΰ̱졤ܼäʤɤμøԤƤ롥ޤΰʤΤΰʤΤȤ䤤ˤäƤϡüԤΤ٤Ƥɸܸ򤹤Ȥ̣ˤơ2ѼԤȸƤӤ롥ޤӥͥʤɤDZѸʤɤѤ¿ܸüԤܿͤ⡤ܹ⳰¿Ѥ˹׸Ƥ͡ǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥٤κ졤ܤ¾ϰƱͤ¿ϰǤȤǧϽפ
ܤ¿ѾˤĤƤϡEthnologue Japan 򻲾Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-01-08-1] [2014-11-12-1]

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