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phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-08-15 Fri

#1936. ʹΤѲ [phonetics][consonant][function_of_language][language_change][causation][h][sonority][reduplication][japanese][grimms_law][functionalism]

4֤εǡưˤʹ꤬äƱ餤뤤Ϥʾ˱ƶϤĤȤ򸫤Ƥʡ#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])ޤεǽ˴ؤ뤽¾ε (function_of_language) Ǹ褦ˡʹϸưԲķǤ1ĤǤ뤫顤ͤƤߤΤȤǤ롥 (139) Τ褦ˡθѲθˤơʹˤ줬ɤΤ褦ʹ뤫Ȥ˷ƤפȤϤ褽ǧʤФʤʤ³ơäŪϡ򤵤뤿ᡤ򤵤뤿Ǥ뤫顤äȤڤʤΤϡäΰտޤȤʹ򤵤뤳ȤǤ롥ϡʹ꤬Τʹ褦äȤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ʹΤθѲ¸ߤ̵뤵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѲΤʤˤϡʬ (metanalysis) ˤꤦޤΤ⤢СƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) ⤢뤳ȤϻŦƤ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ǤϡʹδͿ̣Ѳˤ⿨줿ʹδͿϤ褽׻뤵ƤȤϤ
(118--38) ϡܸΥϹԻҲηϤ԰ꤵŪʥϹԻҲʹΰ˵Ƥ롥ΥϹԻҲϡ11 [ɸ] [w] Ѳʡ#1271. ܸȤθ ([2012-10-19-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ㤨СβѲ˽äơ [ɸawa] [ɸiwi]ˤ [ɸowo] ȤʤäΤޤ޼ȯã뤲ƤʤСƬ [ɸ] [h] Ȥʤꡤϡ֥ϥסϡ֥ҥסˤϡ֥ۥסʼºݤˡ֥ۥۡפ¤ǡ֥ۥפ⤢ˤȤʤäƤΥϹԻҲμ夵䶯٤ޤҲνƱˤꡤĻŵŪƱ˽ʣ (reduplication) ޤä2ܤΥϹԻҲ褷ߤϡ֥ϥϡס֥ҥҡס֥ۥۡפȤʤäƤ롥ϹԻҲĴϢѲ뤲ƤȤϡľܤˤäˤ˰㤤ʤŪˤŪϹԻҲʹΰŪʼ夵˵ȹͤ롥­ʹΰȤʹΩΩäɸǤ롥ҤλҲˤĤ [h] > [ç] ȤѲΤ⡤[h] ʹΰ䶯ȤƤ롥
ܸΥϹԻҲȴϢơѸ [h] Ȥμդβ˴ؤˤʣˡ§ (grimms_law)#214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) h γƵ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ʤɤ꤬ط롥 (132) ܸȱѸˤݤŦƤꡤ<gh> ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ġıѸ light, tight ʤɤ gh ɤޤʤ«ˤʤäƤ뤬 h ϡʹæڥ󥰤ˤ줬ĤäΤǤ뤷rough, tough ʤɤ gh [f] ˤʤäƤΤϡʹΰ [h] [f] ֤줿̤Ǥ롥[ɸ] [f] Ȥΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ܸΤ뿰ಽȵäƤ뤳Ȥܤ


ȤСrough tough [f] ϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) Ǽ褦äΤβѲη ([x] > [xw] > f) ȤƤǤϤʤ[x] 뤤 [h] ʹΰˤʤʤʹΤΡ [f] ǤִȤȤˤʤ롥󡤤줬˵äȤ¾ڤ뤳Ȥ񤷤

ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١޴ֽ񱡡2001ǯ

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2014-08-12 Tue

#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) [communication][linguistics][language_change][phonetics][speech_perception][causation][speed_of_change][usage-based_model][monitoring]

ε ([2014-08-11-1]) ǰѤ monitoring ˴ؤ Smith ʸϤǡLyons ȤƤLyons (111) äƤߤȡ첻λФˤĤƤսǡüԤİԤθߤ monitoring ѤȤ뤳ȤפȤݤεˤơfeedback 뤤 monitoring ȤɽƤ롥

In the case of speech, we are not dealing with a system of sound-production and sound-reception in which the 'transmitter' (the speaker) and the 'receiver' (the hearer) are completely separate mechanisms. Every normal speaker of a language is alternately a producer and a receiver. When he is speaking, he is not only producing sound; he is also 'monitoring' what he is saying and modulating his speech, unconsciously correlating his various articulatory movements with what he hears and making continual adjustments (like a thermostat, which controls the source of heat as a result of 'feedback' from the temperature readings). And when he is listening to someone else speaking, he is not merely a passive receiver of sounds emitted by the speaker: he is registering the sounds he hears (interpreting the acoustic 'signal') in the light of his own experience as a speaker, with a 'built-in' set of contextual cues and expectancies.


ѼԤĴŪȲŪȤƤФǤʤ첻λФˤϢưƤ롤Ȥ⤬ǾƤ롥Ϣơ#1656. γФΤγФΤ ([2013-11-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Lyons ϡȤƸ첻λФˤ monitoring κѤĴƤ뤬monitoring κѤϲʳ¾θˤƱͤ˸ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

It may be pointed out here that the principle of 'feedback' is not restricted to the production and reception of physical distinctions in the substance, or medium, in which language is manifest. It operates also in the determination of phonological and grammatical structure. Intrinsically ambiguous utterances will be interpreted in one way, rather than another, because certain expectancies have been established by the general context in which the utterance is made or by the previous discourse . . . . (111)


monitoring ȴϢƴ (established)ʸ̮ (context)塼 (cue) ȤɤФƤСˤ϶ (collocation) (frequency) ʤɤȤѸ줬ФƤƤ⤪ʤѲδϡUsage-Based Grammar #1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) Ǥߤ "clusters of bumpy change" ιͤȤط򺣤ϡüԼΤǤϤʤİԼΤθѲ¿ʹ褦ˤʤäƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤơüԡİԡפǤ뤳ȤǧƤ륭ɤȤ뤫⤷ʤϢơʹδͿ̣ѲˤĤơ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 1968.

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2014-07-10 Thu

#1900. ˽β [gender_difference][gender][phonology][phonetics][sociolinguistics][palatalisation]

(gender) äʸˡȿǤ뤳ȤϹΤƤ뤬ȿǤϿȶʸˤϸʤƱǤⱤΧ (prosody) ޤǴޤƹͤС㤨ܸΥȥ͡ʤɤˤ˽ꤽ˻פ뤬ˤĤƤϤɤ
Trudgill (64, 67) ϡθ줫顤ˤߤ˽򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥ƹä轻̱θ Gros Ventre ʥȥˤǤϡüԤθĺ󤬡üԤθĺбȤ㤨Сѥɽ魯Τ /djatsa/ ȯ /kjatsa/ ȯ롥
쥢ä Yukaghir ǤϡüԤ /tj/, /dj/ ϽüԤ /ts/, /dz/ ˤ줾б롥ʬۤñȿǤƤǤʤǯȤѥ᡼ˤбƤ롥Ҷ̤ˤ餺 /ts/, /dz/ Ѥ뤬Ĺ /tj/, /dj/ ڤؤ롥ޤǯۤˤʤ˽鷺 /cj/, /jj/ Ѥ褦ˤʤ롥äơ2󡤽1󡤸 (palatalisation) زڤؤи뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϡ#1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ age_grading 1Ǥ롥
ƹ Louisiana ä轻̱θ Koasati ˤĤ1930ǯ˹Ԥ줿ĴˤСǤ˾äƤݤǤϤ뤬ưη֤ˡʲΤ褦˽줿Ȥ

 malefelame
'He is saying'/kɑːs//kɑ̃/
'Don't lift it'/lɑkɑučiːs//lɑkɑučin/
'He is peeling it'/mols//mol/
'You are building a fire'/oːsc//oːst/


̩ˤϷ˽Ȥ٤⤷ʤŪˤϤְܴۤ㤤ʤΩäμ˽ϡҤ Gros Ventre ۤYana Sioux ʤɤ轻̱θ䡤Baffin Island Inuit ˤ⸫롥
ǸˡDarkhat Mongolian 󤲤褦 (Trudgill 68--69) ʲοޤ˼褦ˡѤ忧ɽ蘆4Ĥ첻ǤϤ줾ʳȤʤꡤ֤ɽ蘆4Ĥ첻б롥2Ĥ첻˽ȤѤΤΡηϾΰ֤Ť˽֤ǰۤʤȤ̣ݤ롥

Gender Difference in Vowels in Darkhat Mongolian

ʾ塤äʸˡ˸¤餺ˤƤߤ󤲤

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-07-15-1]

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2014-05-29 Thu

#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) [verb][conjugation][degemination][inflection][phonetics][analogy][sobokunagimon]

#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) ε­äεǤϡѲưθ촴 rhyme ιִˤ첻û첻ˡܻ /d, t/ פǤ {-ed} դȡűѸ줫Ѹˤη̡߷ʬ٤ƱȤʤäƤޤä
ºݤΤȤ嵭βˤˤϼ㴳οʤĤ롥ꤵƤ벻ΤæŻҲ (degemination) ѸǤβȤȤ館ˤƤ⡤ΩϢ첻æŻҲȤϸűѸʳΤȹͤʤФʤʤȤε󤷤Ѹˤ̵ѲѤư췲Τ٤ƤεűѸˤޤ̤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 hit (< OE hyttan), knit (< OE cnyttan), shut (< OE scyttan), set (< OE settan), wed (< OE weddian) ʤɤϸűѸ̤뤳ȤǤƤ⡤cast, cost, cut, fit, hurt, put, split, spread ʤɤϽФѸʹߤμѸ줢뤤¤Ǥ롥ޤ bid, burst, let, shed, slit ʤɤ϶ѲưǤ˼ѲΤΥߥ󥰤Ⱦ嵭ꤵ벻Υߥ󥰤ȤɤΤ褦˴ؤäƤ뤫ʬʤűѸμѲư˳μ¤ˤ̤뤳ȤΤǤʤưˤĤƤ⡤set shut ξƱͤˡˤŬѤ뤳ȤϤǤΤ
षΤ褦ưϡ촴 rhyme ̤ƤȤǡŪˡʡ̵ѲѤư set shut ȶŪ˴ϢŤ졤 (analogy) ˤä̵ѲѤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤѸˤˤƶѲư ѲưȤήʶܹԡˤϰŪǤꡤѤκǤȤƤФиڤ뤬̤μѲư ̵ѲưȤѤή⡤ŪǤϤ졤Τ褦¸ߤȹͤΤǤϤʤ̵ѲѤưξʤȤϡʲѲη̤ȤƤǤϤʤŪѤη̤Ȥªɬפ褦˻פ롥Τ褦˹ͤƤȤˡJespersen (28) ƱݤεҤ򸫤Ĥ "this group" ȤϸűѸ˵̵ѲѤư췲ؤ

Even verbs originally strong or reduplicative, or of foreign origin, have been drawn into this group: bid, burst, slit; let, shed; cost.


ưζܹԤˤĤƤϡ#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1]) #527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? ([2010-10-06-1]) #528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1])#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])#1287. ưζܹԤ١ ([2012-11-04-1]) γƵ򻲾ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2014-05-25 Sun

#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. [verb][conjugation][degemination][inflection][phonetics][sobokunagimon]

Ѹˤϡset -- set -- set, put -- put -- put, let -- let -- let ʤ̵ѲѤư줬Ĥ¸ߤ롥ޤ Quirk et al. (3.17) ˵󤲤Ƥ̵ѲѤưΰߤƤߤ褦ɽ "R" "regular" ɽ魯

V/V-edCOMMENTS
betBrE also R: betted
bid'make an offer (to by)' etc. (But in the sense of 'say a greeting' or 'give an order', the forms bid ? bad(e) ? bidden may also be used in rather archaic style: 'Do as you are bid(den).') Also OUTBID, UNDERBID.
burstAlso nonstandard BUST, with alternative R V-ed form busted
castAlso BROADCAST, FORECAST, MISCAST, OVERCAST, RECAST, TELECAST (sometimes also R)
costCOST = 'estimate the cost of' is R
cut 
fitR <in BrE>
hit 
hurt 
knitUsually R: knitted
let 
put /ʊ/But PUT(T) /pʌt/ in golf is R: putted
quitAlso R: quitted
ridAlso R: ridded
setAlso BESET, RESET, UPSET, OFFSET, INSET
shedAlso R <rare> = 'put in a shed'
shit<Not in polite use>; V-ed1 sometimes shat
shredUsually R: shreaded
shut 
slit 
split 
spread /e/ 
sweat /e/Also R: sweated
thrust 
wedAlso R: wedded
wetAlso R: wetted


嵭ưθ촴˶̤Τϡˤ첻 /d, t/ ǽ뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ줪ѸǤϡΤ褦ʲƤưϡѲβʬ {-ed} ղäȤϢ첻æ촴ȹ蘆äƽŻҲ /-dd-, -tt-/ 򼨤ȤѸޤǤæŻҲ (degemination) Ȳʬθ촴⡤ȸߤθ촴Ʊ /d, t/ ǽ֤ؤȼ̤̤Ȥơ̵ѲѤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäknitted, quitted, wedded ʤɤΤ褦ˡ˵§߽Ф줿Τ⤢Τǡ嵭βư줬̵ѲѤǤ뤳Ȥɬ׾ǤϤäƤ⽽ʬǤϤʤʹڡ켣p. 204--05ˡ
ʤ촴ĥ첻ưˤĤƤϡ̤βͿdream / dreamt, leap / leapt, read / read, speed / sped ʤɤγѤ줿 Ϣơ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ

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2014-05-02 Fri

#1831. ե٥åȤλҲʸ̾ [alphabet][consonant][latin][etruscan][phonetics][gvs]

εǡޥ󡦥ե٥åȤΤĤʸ̾ΤˤĤˤʺε#1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1]) ȡˤ򻲾ȡˡġʸˤĤƸ٤ȤϤ뤬ϻҲ˴ؤ濴äʤ᤿ʲ (83--85) ˰͵򤹤롥
ѸΥե٥å26ʸΤ첻 <a, e, i, o, u> 21ҲǤ롥Ҳ̾ΤϤĤ㳰λҲβ [iː] ³륰롼 (Class I) ȡ[ɛ] Ԥ륰롼 (Class II) Ȥʬ롥

Class I: <b, c, d, g, p, t, v, z>
Class II<f, l, m, n, s, x>

ʬۤ򤹤ˤϡŪʲȤ櫓ҲˤĤƤϥƥʤʸˤ̤äƥȥꥢˤβռɬפ롥Class I κǽ6ϥƥ [b, k, d, g, p, t] б롥줾˸³Ĺ첻 [iː] ϡ[eː] 첻ܤˤꡤ夲Ф̤Ǥ롥Class II λҲϥƥη³뤤ʣҲ [f, l, m, n, s, ks] б롥Class I <v> <z> ǤϤʤ໤餯 [ɛv], [ɛz] ȸƤǤޤȡб̵Ҳ <f> [ɛf], <s> [ɛs] ȯ̤ĤˤʤȤͳäΤǤϤʤ
ĴŪ Class I II ʬۤ褦ȤȡΤ褦ˤʤ桤p. 84ˡ

ҲʸˤĤơ³ˤ e Ԥˤ e ³ݤϡIsaac Taylor 褦ˡŪį뤳ȤǤ褦㤨Сfe ef Ȥ䤵eb be Ȥ䤵Ϸ³ȯݤˤȯﴱϴˤĺ줺©ϳ졤äơҲʹ첻̵ռ˺롥ˤꡤfe ã˼ºݾ ef 롥ȿơξˤĺϴǤꡤƳԤʤռŪϤʤ첻롥ˤꡤb e Ԥ뤳Ȥ餫ϤɬפȤ뤬b ϡe ˸³뤳Ȥʤȯ뤳ȤϤǤʤСֺǾϤˡ§ ('law of least effort') 첻³Ԥ˸³뤳Ȥ׵᤹롥ơξ硤Ǥưפ첻Ū e Ǥ롥


̣ǤϤ롥Ϣơ#1141. ʤ mama papa ʤΤ (2) ([2012-06-11-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
<j> ̾ [ʤeɪ] ˤĤƤϡ#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɤʤ <k> ̾ [keɪ] ˤʤäΤȤ뤬[keɪ] ΤϤʤ첻ȼäƤΤϡ#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) Ǽ褦ˡȥꥢƥˤ [k] ɽ³첻˱ <c>, <k>, <qu> δ֤ѰۤƤȤƶƤ롥[i, e] ʤ첻³Ȥˤ <c> Ф졤[a] 첻³Ȥˤ <k> Ф졤[u, o] ʤɸ첻³Ȥˤ <q> Ф줿ηϱѸޤ᤿νˤ¿쾯ʤѤƤꡤѸγʸθƾΤˤŪȿǤƤ롥ʤ<c> = [siː] ϥƥ <c> = [keː] ȯŸ<k> = [keɪ] ϥƥ <k> = [kaː] ȯŸ<q> = [kjuː] ϥƥ <q> = [kuː] ȯŸ첻֤ˤ [k] > [s] βȯãˤĤƤϡƥ줫ťե󥹸ФƱѸ⤽αƶä[kj] > [tj] > [ʧ] > [ʦ] > [s] ηϩ򤿤ɤä
Ǹ <r> ̾ [ɑː] (AmE [ɑr]) ˤĤơ[r] Ϸ³Ȥ Class II °ƤꡤƥǤϾʤȤ4ʹߤ [ɛr] Τ褦ɤޤƤѸ [er] > [ar] Ѳ sterre > star, ferre > far ʤ¿θΤȼäơʸɤߤ [ar] ؤѲʴϢơ#179. person parson ([2009-10-23-1]) ȡ#186. clerk cleric ([2009-10-30-1]) 򻲾ȡˡθ塤18ޤǤ [ar] > [ær] > [æːr] > [ɑː] ȵ§Ѳơߤ˻桤pp. 157--58ˡ

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2014-04-29 Tue

#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ [phonetics][french][latin][italian][spelling][pronunciation][consonant][j][grapheme]

#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) εκǸǡ<j> (= <i>) = /ʤ/ бطޤ줿طʤˤĤƿ줿ƥ줫ťե󥹸ؤȯŸˡͭŸܶ᲻ [j] ͭ˻ [ʤ] ѲȤβѲȡ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) εƤ˴Ϣơ (138--39) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤäΤǡѤOED εҤۤƱơˡ

6ˡƥˤơҤ [j] ϤФȯ尵̤졤̤ [j] ΰ֤ꤵ˹뤳ȤˤäƤ d ȯ iūstus > d-iūstus, māior > mā-d-ior, [dj] Ф [ʤ] assibilate 줿 g θŤ첻Ǹ [ʤ] ѤäƤǡconsonantal i 'soft' g ϥޥ󥹽ǤƱβĤ褦ˤʤä
ꥢǤϡconsonantal i ȯŸ [ʤ] e, i ˤ g a, o, u ˤ gi- ˤäƽѤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơj ֤ϼΤƤ줿ά
ե󥹸Ǥ i ʸȯŸäƤΤޤ¸졤ä consonantal i 'soft' g ͵ǤꡤκۤϸεˤǤ롥
LOFIt.ModE
iūstusiustegiustojust
iūdic-cemiugegiudicejudge
IēsusIesuGesùJesus
māiormairemaggioremajor
gestagestegestogest (jest)

Norman Conquest 塤consonantal i Ϥθե󥹸β [ʤ] äƱѸ͢줿ե󥹸ǤϤθ [ʤ] ϤǤ򼺤ä [ʒ] ñ㲽줿ѸϺ˻ޤǥե󥹵θˤƤθ¸Ƥ롥


äơե٥å <J> θƾ /ʤeɪ/ ˤĤơ (141) εҤѤƤ

J ϸŤ jy [ʤai] ȸƤФƺɤʤƱ²ʸ I [ai] Ȳƥե̾ ji ȸƱθƤ̾ϺǤ⥹åȥɤ¾ˤ̤Ǥ롥奤ꥹ̾17ja 뤤 jay [ʤei] ϡ a [ei] 򱦤ɤʤ k 餦 (O. Jespersen, B. L. Ullman) ɥ̾ jot [jɔt] ϡ16 j i ʬ̾ yōd 줿


סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2014-04-28 Mon

#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> [final_e][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][spelling][grapheme][spelling_reform][webster][v]

ε#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) ǸڤѸˡˤĤƤ褯Τ줿§1Ĥˡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) 롥take, mete, side, rose, cube ʤ¿ <-VCe> ıñˤơ첻 V Ĺ첻뤤첻ɤޤ뤳ȤŪ˼ <e> ƤΤǤ롥ġ㳰ϤȤƤ⡤褽§ȾΤƺ٤ʤ
<-ve> ǽñ˴ؤơdove, glove, shove, ƻ -ive ĸ췲ʤɡ㳰¿ˤʤ롥⡤above, give, have, live (v.), love ʤɹٸ¿θǤϡ <ve> Ԥ첻û첻Ȥɤޤ롥gave, eve, drive, grove ʤɵ§ŪʤΤ¿ȤǧĤĤ⡤ΩԵ§ϤɤΤ褦
¤ϡ<-ve> ˤ magic <e> ε§ƤϤޤʤ¿Τϡ <e> ⤽ magic <e> ǤϤʤǤ롥 <e> ϡmagic <e> Ȥ̵ط̤ŪаޤˤȯŸƤΤطʤˤϡѸˤˤ /v/ βDz٤ä¡ڤ <v> ʸǤȤƤΩ٤ä¤ʤβǤʸǤȯŸξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡꤷƤС<v> ñȤǸˤ뤳ȤǤ<e> ΥݡȤ <-ve> ȤƤˤ뤳ȤǤʤäơ <e> ϥݡȤ <e> ˤԤ첻̤ɸ뵡ǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤʲˡ2ŪͿ桤pp. 166--70 ⻲ȡˡ

(1) űѸǤϡ[v] ϤޤΩǤǤϤʤ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäŵŪˤ ofer (over) ʤ첻˶ޤ줿Ķ [v] 줿ľ첻ϼ岽뷹äȤ⤢ꡤѸˤƤ <e> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤ褦ˤơ[v] β <ve> ֻ̩ܤ˴ϢŤ褦ˤʤä<e> ΤΤ̵ǤꡤޤǴǤ롥

(2) ҤΤ褦ˡѸȽѸ̤ơ<u> <v> ʸȤƤʬƤǤϤʤä첻ȤƤ <u>ҲȤƤ <v> ȤʬôΤˤǤƤʤäǤ⡤ؤϤä褦Ǥ롥㤨С̤ʬξǤСlove low ϤȤ <lou> Ȥֻ˹줷ƤޤǡȤꤢˡȤơҲ [v] 򼨤Τˡ̵ <e> ź <-ue> Ȥ3Ĥ첻³ȤϾʤᡤ<loue> ֤С֤ <u> ϻҲɽ魯ϤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ <e> ΤΤ̵Ǥꡤľ <u> ҲǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ôäƤˤʤ䤬ơҲȤƤ <v> ̲ȡΰ֤ <u> Τޤ <v> ؤž줿<v> ҲȤƳΩΤǤ <e> ΥݡȤȤƤפȤʤ뤬 <e> ˤ긽ߤޤǻĤäƤ롥

ơ [v] <-ve> Ȥ֤뽬Ω<-v> ñΤǽϡAsimov, eruv, guv, lav, Slav ʤɡ¯졦ά졤ʤɤμѸ˸ꤵ졤ŪʱѸˡˤƤ⤤Ƥ롥
Noah Webster 䡤Cut Speling μ羧 Christopher Upward ʤɤϡgive <giv> Ȥ֤뤳ȤƤ϶ŪˤϹŪǡ嵭Τ褦Ūطʤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2014-04-19 Sat

#1818. ܸ /r/ [phonetics][consonant][japanese][phoneme][r][l]

#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) Ӻε#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ˰³/r/ ꡥܸ /r/ βŪ¸ˤĤƤǤ롥
ܸΥԤλҲ /r/ ϡŵŪˤϡͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸롥äˡ֤פΤ褦ˡ첻˶ޤ줿ĶǤϤ줬̤Ǥ롥βϡBrE merry AmE letter 2ҲȤŵŪ˸벻Ǥ⤢롥ĴŪˤϡβͭĺ /d/ ˤʤᤤ[ɾ] ǤȻԤˤĺ夯λ֤ûȤħ롥֥饤פʤɤθƬ֥å顼פʤɤ¥θǤܿʤꡤ/d/ ˤ˶ŤĺγϼǤ롥
ճΤƤʤȤܸüԤθĿͤˤäƤϡͭ¦ܶ᲻ [l] ˶ᤤҲԻҲȤѤƤ롥ƬθǸ뤳Ȥ¿첻֤Ǥ¦˶᤯ʤͤ⤤롥ԤäβɸϤʤͭ [ɖ] ͭ¦̤Ϥ [ɺ] ܿĹΡˤͭ¦ܶ᲻ [l̺] ˤᤤΤǡѤˡ⤢롥ͭ¦̤Ϥ [ɺ] ϡ [l] ϤΤ󥶥˥Υ㥬ʤɤʹҲǤ롥
ۤˤ֤٤ᤨĴפŵŪȤͭԤդ뤨 [r] ܸ /r/ μͳ۲ȤƸ뤳Ȥ롥
ʾ塤ƣ (91) Ⱥƣ (43) 򻲾Ȥ

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-29-1] [2015-05-04-1]

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2014-04-18 Fri

#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) [phonetics][consonant][rp][dialect][phoneme][r][l]

Ѹ /l/ /r/ ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) ʤɤǰäƤȤ櫓ĴˤĤơ#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) dzפ򵭤ϰʣΤΡ­Ƥε Crystal (245) ˰͵򤷤ƽ񤯡
εǤ⸫褦ˡѸβ /l/ ϡ͡ʲȤƼ¸롥[l] δŪĴϡԤܤ¦̤ƵȴΤΤȤ˱礭2ब̤롥줾 "clear l" "dark l" ȸƤФ롥 [l] ϡ夬Ÿ˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP Ǥ첻 [j] ֤ǵ (ex. leap) [ɫ] ϡ夬˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP ǤϤʳΰ֤ǵ (ex. pool) clear l dark l ʬۤϡѼˤ͡Ǥꡤ㤨СIrish ΰǤ֤ clear l ʹ줿ꡤScots AmE ¿Ǥ֤ dark l ʹ롥ޤplease, sleep Τ褦̵Ҳθ֤Ǥ̵ [l] Ѥ롥Τۤbottle Τ褦˲粻Ū l ǤϡԤ [t] ¦ȼCockney RP Ǥ顤peel ʤɤ dark l 첻[piːo] ʤɤȤʤ롥
Ѹβ /r/ ϡ餯Ѽˤ뺹ĿͺǤ¿ҲǤ̤ˤͭܶ᲻ [ɹ] ȤƼ¸롥d ˸³ˤϡ褬Ԥ˸¤ʤܶᤷ໤ (ex. drive) 첻˶ޤ줿֤䤤ĤλҲθ֤ǡܸŵŪʥԤλҲƱ褦ͭԤϤ [ɾ] Ȥʤ (ex. very, sorry, three) ©ȼ [ph, th, kh] θ֤Ǥ̵໤Ȥʤ (ex. pry, try, cry)
Ѽˤ۲ȤƤϡǤͭ̾ʤΤͭܶ᲻ [ɻ] ǡԤ첻βӤӤ롥General American ŵŪۤˤ⥤󥰥ѼǤʹ롥ͭԤդ뤨 [r] ϡScots Welsh ΰʹ뤬¾ѼǤĴ⤤ȯˤƸ뤳Ȥ롥Τۤե󥹸ɥĸǰŪʹͭ໤ [ʁ] 뤤ͭդ뤨 [ʀ] 󥰥åȥǤʹ졤"Northumbrian burr" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥʡ#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1]) 򻲾ȡˡǸˡ19ȾΥ󥰥ɤǡred [wed] ȯ褦 /r/ [w] Ѥ뤳ȤϤäȤդäƤ
ʤǤȤƤ /r/ ǤϤʤAmE matter t ͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿party t ͭϤ [ɽ] ȯ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2014-04-14 Mon

#1813. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ [phonetics][consonant][ipa][chart][link]

ɸƤˡϢεإ󥯤ĥäƤ

#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1])
#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])
#1376. ﴱοޡ ([2013-02-01-1])
#31. ѸλҲβǡ ([2009-05-29-1])

Ǥϡءʲ IPA 2005ǯ (PDF; 58KB) ٵήʡ#1672. ή ([2013-11-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˤˤҲɽǡԤϤ줾첿ɽ路Ƥ

IPA Pulmonic Consonants

ޤĴ (place of articulation) ɽ路üο鱦üޤǡƻγƴﴱб롥βȤȤ館Ф褤
ԤĴͼ (manner of articulation) ɽ路夫鲼ء褽ƵФ˸٤ι⤤Τ¤Ǥ롥˸μ8Ĥ˶ʬƤ뤬ˤ¤ϰ롥ϡƣ (21) ˤޤߤаʬ᲻μ˱ѸĤĤġοޤƸ褦

                                                θϲ (plosive)
                                ˡ
                                              ɡ (nasal)
                                
ĺĤΡդ뤨դ뤨 (trill)
                                
                                ϤϤ (tap or flap)


                                                Ū໤ (fricative)
                                ࡡ
                                              ¦̡Ū໤ (lateral fricative)
˷֤ĤΡ                          
                                              Ūܶ᲻ (approximant)
                                ܡᡡ
                                                ¦̡Ūܶ᲻ (lateral approximant)

礭2ʬ롥˴ĺơήߤΤȡĺԴǷ֤ĤꡤήߤʤΤȤǤ롥ԤϹ̣Ǥɽ路ĺη³3ʳʤ롥äꤷ³1ϤΡȸƤ褤ήγΤߤθϲ (plosive) ɡǤСɡ (nasal) Ȥʤ롥³ζˤûĺʣ󷫤֤ȡ㤨д岻Τ褦ʡդ뤨 (trill) Ȥʤ롥ޤˤûĺ٤ˤϡܸΥԤλҲ˸褦ʡϤ (tap or flap) Ȥʤ롥̩˸Сtap flap ϰۤʤꡤtap ưŪĴﴱˤ켫ΤαưŪȤƾԤʤɡŪĴﴱˤܿƤɤΡflap 夬Ȥΰ֤ˤɤ뱿ưǾԤʤɤ1󿨤Τ򤵤סƣp. 40ˡ
⤦1Ĥη󡤤ʤ˷֤Ĥ벻ˤϡĴﴱΤ̤뵤ή໤ζΤȡΤ褦໤ۤȤɤʤĴﴱ֤ܶᤷƤˤʤΤȤ̤롥ޤ줾ˤĤơήο̤뤫Ƥ̤뤫˱ơŪ¦Ūʲ̤롥̤ȤơŪ໤ (fricative) ¦̡Ū໤ (lateral fricative) Ūܶ᲻ (approximant) ¦̡Ūܶ᲻ (lateral approximant) 4बʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
IPA λҲʬϡäơĴؤδ餭ŪˤʤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤơٵήˤҲʬϡʲ5ĤδʤƤȤƣp. 25ˡ

(1) ξ֡Ӥοư̵ͭ
(2) ĴξʤɤʬǶή˸뤫
(3) ήϩʵήϸο̤뤫Ƥ̤뤫
(4) ܶٹ礤ʤɡʵήФƤɤΤ褦˸뤫
(5) ΰ֡ʵήɡФȴ뤫ȴʤ

IPA 䲻ؤγؽˤϡİȤǤʲΥڡɤ

ؤˤ IPA ⥸塼
Department of Language and Communication Studies, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet ˤ A Sound Reference to the IPA: active, sound-enabled version of the International Phonetic Alphabet
Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London ˤ IPA: Alphabet
The UCLA Phonetics Lab
Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam ˤ Phonetic Sciences, Amsterdam
ؤθƣƶˤ Υ󥯽

ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ

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2014-03-15 Sat

#1783. whole <w> [spelling][phonetics][etymology][emode][h][hc][hypercorrection][etymological_respelling][ormulum][w]

whole ϡűѸ (ġe)hāl (healthy, sound. hale) ̤ꡤ켫Ȥϥޥĸ *(ȝa)xailaz˰ĸ * kailo- (whole, uninjured, of good omen) ̤롥heal, holy ȤƱǤꡤhale, hail Ȥ3Ÿʤäơ<whole> <w> 츻ŪѸˤʸƬ줿
MED hōl(e (adj.(2)) ǤϡֻȤ wholle 󤲤Ƥꡤʲ15 <wh>- Ǥ˸줿Ȥ狼롥

a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3) 3368: When he was take vp of þe vrthe, he was as wholle And as freysshe as he was ony tyme þat day byfore.


15μȤΥƥȤ˸ǽ <wh>- ϡwhole ƬҲ /h/ æȯ (h-dropping) 򼨺 diacritical ̤Ƥ褦Ȥ̤θǡ16ˤ /h/ æ򼨤ΤǤϤʤñֻθɤΤߤ˴ؤ <w> Ԥ褦ˤʤäɽŪ츻Ū <w> ϡѸ whore (< OE hōre) ˤǧǤwhore ˤ <w> 16ǡMED hōr(e (n.(2)) Ǥ <wh>- ϳǧʤˡ16ˤϡۤˤ whom (home), wholy (holy), whoord (hoard), whote (hot)) whood (hood) ʤɤ졤<o> ֤Ǥ츻Ū <wh>- 䤫ĬήƤȤ狼롥whole whore ΤߤɸѸޤʤ館ͳˤĤƤϡHorobin (62) ϡ줾Ʊ۵ hole hoar Ȥζ̤񵭾Τˤ뤹뤳ȤǤ뤫ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Helsinki Corpus Ǥä whole ΰֻ򸡺ƤߤȤʡַפ hole ʤɤϼȤǽѤߡˡѸޤǤ <wh>- 1⸡ФʤäѸˤʤȰʲΤ褦˰쵤˿ƩȤʬä

 <whole><hole>
E1 (1500--1569)7132
E2 (1570--1639)682
E3 (1640--1710)840


Ǥϡwhole Τ褦ˡ츻Ū <w> Ѹ˸Ƭ줿ΤϤʤˤϸƬ [hw] [h] æ [w] ȤʤäѲؤäƤ롥űѸˤ <hw>- ֻɽ蘆줿ȯ [hw] 뤤 [ʍ] äȯϽѸ줫ʸΰ֤εž <wh>- Ȥɽ褦ˤʤ<wh>- ε§ŪʻѤϡ1200ǯ Ormulum ˡƱˤϡǤȯȤ [h] βħ졤[w] ؤѲĤĤäħǧ롥㤨С<h> ֻ礤 wat, wænne, wilc ʤɤʸڤ롥[hw] [h] Τ԰ꤵ椨ˡбֻ <wh>- <h>- ԰äΤȯֻ԰ꤵѸˡؤδؿȡɬ⺬Τʤʤ˸岡ơ<whole> <whore> Τ褦츻Ūֻ߽ФΤȹͤ롥
ʤwhole ˤϡƬ /w/ /woːl/, /wʊl/ ʤɤֻȯƼʹ롥EDD Online WHOLE, adj., sb. v. 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2014-03-05 Wed

#1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä [me][corpus][hc][phonetics][personal_pronoun][consonant][-ly]

#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1]) εǡűѸ줫ѸˤѤ줿1;ñ̾μ ich λҲüƶѸ I ؤȯŸаޤˤĤǤϡʲѲȤϡǽ˸붯ȼζ礬ؤäƤΤǤϤʤƤ
Ūװ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤSchlüter ˤС³Ƭβ˼ˤäơĹ ich Ūû i Τ줫Ф䤹Ȥ¤Τˤ롥
Schlüter ϡHelsinki Corpus ѤѸǻ头ȤˡƸ³μ̤ˡich, everich, -lich 줾Ѱ۷ʬۤĴʲˡSchlüter (224, 227, 226) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ơʬɽ򼨤

I1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before Vich169100121954300
I006513597253100
before <h>ich171100105973200
I003315698316100
before Cich51394363420000
I3364945811061002043100
EVERY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before Veverich- 686764939
everiche- 1140000
every- 004361461
before <h>everich- 00120- 
everiche- 1100120- 
every- 00360- 
before Ceverich- 6292200
everiche- 10482200
every- 52410596138100
-LY1150--1250 (ME I)1250--1350 (ME II)1350--1420 (ME III)1420--1500 (ME IV)
tokens%tokens%tokens%tokens%
before V-lich231281212410
-liche162875177238215
-ly117112518842195
before <h>-lich13187211200
-liche5982247381400
-ly0026498476100
before C-lich7013181518220
-liche468859377395232
-ly1121087889394797


3ĤɽǡȤ櫓Ҳ (before C) ch æûΥѡơ̻ŪɤäƤ餤ûγ®٤¿ΰ㤤Ϥ뤬ME II ME III ζǤ1350ǯǡ餫ʳ礬ѻ롥14ȾФˡich I, everich every, -lich -ly ѲȤɤ߼롥
⤦٤С3ܤ٤¤ꡤich, everich, -lich νǡ ch Ȥ櫓Ҳ֤ˤæƤäȤ狼롥Ѳ˴ؤƽפʤΤϡᶭˤ벻ŪװϳΤ˺ѤƤΤΡ˸Ūװ֤褦˺ѤƤ餷ȤǤ롥Schlüter (228) ĴΤޤȤʬѤ褦

. . . the affricate [ʧ] in final position has turned out to constitute another weak segment whose disappearance is codetermined by syllable structure constraints militating against the adjacency of two Cs or Vs across word boundaries. . . . [T]he three studies have shown that the demise of final [ʧ] proceeds at different speeds depending on the item concerned: it is given up fastest in the personal pronoun, not much later in the quantifier, and most hesitantly in the suffix. In other words, the phonetic erosion is overshadowed by lexical distinctions. Relics of the obsolescent long variants are typically found in high-frequency collocations like ich am or everichone, where the affricate is protected from erosion by the ideal phonotactic constellation it ensures.


Ϣơ#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) ڤӡ#832. every each ([2011-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

Schlüter, Julia. "Weak Segments and Syllable Structure in ME." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 199--236.

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2014-02-11 Tue

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû [phonetics][word_formation][compound][derivation][vowel][trish]

ε#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡʣ1ǤŪˤĤŤޤȤϡѸˤǤ⤷ФƤ롥
Skeat (490) ε󤲤Ƥ벻§ˤС"When a word (commonly a monosyllable) containing a medial long accented vowel is in any way lengthened, whether by the addition of a termination, or, what is perhaps more common, by the adjunction of a second word (which may be of one or two syllables), then the long vowel (provided it still retains the accent, as is usually the case) is very apt to become shortened." ȤĤޤꡤΤդ̤μͳǤ³ʣˤơ1ǤȤʤȤδΤĹ첻첻ûʤȤȤ졤ʣ졤¾ξʬơSkeat (492--94) ꡤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦
ޤϡ㡥Ҳ³ȡΤĹ첻첻û䤹

heather < heath
rummage < room
throttle < throat
harrier < hare
children < child (cf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1]))
breadth < broad (cf. #16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡ ([2009-05-14-1]))
width < wide (cf. #1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]))
bliss < blithe
gosling < goose
led (pa., pp.) < lead (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
fed (pa., pp.) < feed
read (pa., pp.) < read (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
hid (pa., pp.) < hide
heard (pa., pp.) < hear

ˡʣ㡥2Ҳ³ȡȤ櫓Τ첻û

bonfire < bone (cf. #1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]))
breakfast < break (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
cranberry < crane
futtocks < foot (+ hooks)
husband, hustings, hussif, hussy < house (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
Lammas < loaf (+ mass)
leman < lief (+ man)
mermaid < mere (cf. #115. ˤο͵ϤʤΤ ([2009-08-20-1]))
nostril < nose
sheriff < shire (+ reeve)
starboard < steer
Whitby, Whitchurch, whitster, whitleather, Whitsunday < white
Essex < East
Sussex, Suffolk < South

¾ΥȤơ³ҲˤΤǤϤʤ˵Ȥߤ㤬롥

cushat < cow (+ shot)
forehead < fore (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
halyard < hale
heifer < high
knowledge < know
shepherd < sheep
stirrup < sty (+ rope)
tuppence < two (+ pence)
thrippence < three (+ pence)
fippence < five (+ pence)
holiday, halibut, hollihock < holy (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))

Skeat, Walter W. Principles of English Etymology. 1st ser. 2nd Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1] [2015-05-31-1]

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2014-02-10 Mon

#1750. bonfire [etymology][semantic_change][phonetics][folk_etymology][johnson][history][trish]

ε#1749. οʲŤΥԡɡ ([2014-02-09-1]) ǡAitchison "language bonfire" βҲ𤷤 bonfire ʲСˤȤθ郎̣ΤǿƤ̣ȷ֤ξˤơѲ뤲ƤǤ롥
θνФ15̤ꡤbonnefyre, banefyre ʤɤֻǸ롥츻ȤƤŪñǡbone + fire ʣǤ롥ʸ̤򽸤DzФʲ餯ꥹȶ̤ԻؤƤ褦ǡֽŪ׻ŵޤʤɤΤŷʲ礫Сפ̣ ¤εԤι򻳤Τ褦Ѥdz䤹ФΤȤǤ⤢ꡤФ֤ηʲѤФΤȤǤ⤢äOnians (268fn) ˤȡ̿μȹͤƤꡤdz䤹Ȥ˭¿ȿƤȤ⤤ƥ ignis ossiumե󥹸 feu d'os ʤɤб礬롥ϡMED bōn-fīr 򻲾ȡ
161᤬ĤŤޤä bonfire ֻڤˤĤ bone θ˺褦ˤʤꡤ̲ʲСס֥ʲפƤ롥åȥɤǤϡOED bonfire, n. θ츻ˤ褦ˡֻȸ1800ǯޤݤƤ褦 ("In Scotland with the form bane-fire, the memory of the original sense was retained longer; for the annual midsummer 'banefire' or 'bonfire' in the burgh of Hawick, old bones were regularly collected and stored up, down to c1800.") ۤˤǤĹ첻򼨤ֻĤäƤ (see "bonefire" in EDD Online)
bon ɽΤˤʤäƤȡָ̱츻β᤬Ԥ褦ˤʤꡤ1755ǯˤ Johnson μǤ鼡Τ褦ʲ򼨤

BO'NFIRE. n. s. [from bon, good, Fr. and fire.] A fire made for some publick cause of triumph or exultation.


ʣ1ǤΤ褦ṳ̂ΤȤǤϤʤȤȤĹ첻ʣˤΤĹʤ뤳ȤؤȤơû첻Ȥϡgospell (< God + spell), holiday (< holy + day), knowledge (< know + -ledge), Monday (< moon + day) ʤɤ̤˸롥
bonfire ȤСꥹǤ115˹Ԥֹ̱Ի Bonfire Night 뤤 Guy Fawkes Night ͭ̾Ǥ롥1605ǯ115ȥå̤IJˤ James I Ż⤯Ż (Gunpowder Plot) ¹Ԥͽäײ褬Ϫ¹ԼԤȤ Guy Fawkes (1570--1606) ᤵ줿衤ŤϪȹ񲦤̵ˤ٤Ƭ礭ʤФdz䤷Guy Fawkes 򤫤ɤäͷdz䤷ֲФ򤢤뽬¯ԤƤ

Onians, Richard Broxton. The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1954.

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2014-01-18 Sat

#1727. /ju:/ ε [phonetics][diphthong][vowel][french][yod-dropping]

#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) ڤӡ#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping ([2013-08-06-1]) εǡ/juː/ /uː/ ѲƤ벻ߤβϤǤ /juː/ ϤĤɤΤ褦ȯΤ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡȤƤϽѸΤȤ餷/juː/ ϡΩ /ɪʊ/ ܤ򵯤ƾ徺2첻 (rising diphthong) ȤʤäΤȹͤ뤬 /ɪʊ/ ΤϡѸˤ (1) /ɛʊ/ 1Ǥξ夲ͳ褹Τȡ(2) ե󥹸 /yː/ ִΤޤ /ɪʊ/ η³ˤΤȤ˶̤롥 (171, 291) ꡤñ򼨤

(1) beauty, dew, deuce, ewe, ewer, few, fewter (the rest for a lance), feud, hew, lewd, mew, neuter, newt, Newton, pew, pewter, sewer, shew, strew, spew, sleuth, shrew, sew (juice), shrewd, thew (custom)
(2) allude, accuse, ague, adieu, allusion, brew, blue, blew (pt.), bruise, brute, clew, chew, cube, conclude, confuse, cruel, confusion, crew, due, drew, duke, excuse, eschew, fruit, flute, fume, funeral, fluid, fuel, grew, glue, humor, hue, humility, issue, Jew, jewel, juice, June, July, jute, knew, lunatic, lute, leeward, lieu, luminous, minute, Mathew, mutilate, new, newel, pseudonym, puny, prune, prudent, plume, rude, rule, refute, refuse, ruin, rumour, refuse (n.), rue, ruth, resolution, ModE shugar (sugar), ModE shue (sue), ModE shure (sure), sinew, ModE shute (suit), salute, solution, tulip, truce, threw, true, truth, Tuesday, tunic, tune, u, use, union, usage, usuary, usurer, view, yew, youth; ModE aventure, aventurous, creature, measure, nature, virtue, fortune, rescue, nephew, multitude, Hebrew, eschew, deluge, curfew, Andrew, absolute, ambiguous, Bartholomew

/ɪʊ/ /juː/ ؤѲϡָƬǤ1560ǯϤޤ1640ǯˤϤʤ̤Ȥʤסp. 290ˡθɤ³18ˤϳΩ褦
ʤ/r/ ³ /juːr/ ϡƱͤѸ /ɪʊr/, /ɛʊr/ ͳ褷Τ褦ʸޤࡥcure, curate, curio, curious, curiosity, conjure, dure, endure, Europe, ewer, fury, figure, immure, jury, lure, luxurious, mature, measure, nature, natural, obscure, pure, purity, procure, plural, premature, secure, sure, surety sewer, your.
Ϣơ#199. <U> Ϥʤ /ju:/ ȯ뤫 ([2009-11-12-1]) ε⻲ȡȤ櫓 shew βֻȯãˤĤƤϡ#1415. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1]) 򻲾ȡ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2013-12-15 Sun

#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ [entropy][phonetics][analogy][morphology][i-mutation]

ǰʤ顤ɤʸɤϼǰֲѲϵ§Ū뤬Ե§⤿餷ѲԵ§뤬˵§⤿餹פȤ⤤롥ѲȷѲŵŪˤѡˤħ򤦤ޤɽΤǤ롥#838. ηϤȥȥԡ ([2011-08-13-1]) εǤϡƱȤַˤơ§ŪʲѲϥȥԡ礵Ե§ŪѤϥȥԡ򸺾פȴʴϢơ#1674. Ѳȶ޸οʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
1ĵ󤲤褦#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡfoot (sg.) vs feet (pl.) ϸѸǤϷŪԵ§ȤȤ館Ƥ롥ʬ̾줬޷ {s} ղäȤ§ʣ뤳Ȥ˾Ȥ餻СΤԵ§Ȥä٤Ǥ롥Ե§ͳõȡi-mutation ȸƤФ뵬§ŪʲѲ˹Ԥ夯§ŪʲǤСη̤⵬§ŪˤʤϤǤϤʤȵ뤫⤷ʤѲǤ§Ȥ¿ξĤ§ǤȤΤߥǤ롥foot -- feet ξˤϡ³첻 /i/ ޤޤ뤳ȤǤ롥⡤ /i/ ˾üƤޤȤʤ벻ѲѤ̡ʣͽԲǽʷ֤Ĥ˻äƤޤäʾޤȤСѲε§ȤϤޤǾĤε§Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿ˤΤ褦ʲѲʣŤʤ뤳Ȥˤꡤºݾͽ¬Բǽʷ֤˻äƤޤΤʤΤǤ롥ǡ嵭ΰ⤤ȾʬֲѲϵ§Ū뤬Ե§⤿餹פ롥
ˡȾʬַѲԵ§뤬˵§⤿餹פ˰ܤfoot -- feet ƱͤˡűѸǤϡܡפɽ魯 bōc ʣʼʡгʡ˷ i-mutation θ̤ bēc Ȥ֤äΤޤ޸ѸäƤС*beech ʤɤȤʤäƤϤθ˴ؤƤ (analogy) κѤˤꡤ¿ -s ʣݤ߹ޤ졤Ѹʹߤ books ȡֵ§פǤȤŵŪʷѲβ̤ȤƵ§⤿餷Ȥˤʤ뤬bōc ˤƯfōt ˤƯʤäȤ̣ǡñȯŪǤ롥ɤθƯΤͽ¬ԲǽʤΤǤ뤫顤ǤԵ§Ǥ롥
§ŪʲѲԵ§⤿餷Ե§ʬŪ˽뤫Τ褦ˡѲԵ§˺Ѥ롥ѲϤʤ鼫ŪŪ̵ռŪǤꡤѲϤʤͰŪŪռŪǤ롤Ǥ褦Τ褦ȿ뵡Τ褦˷֤ưѲưƤΤ
ѲȷѲˤĤơ (56) 褦ʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȻŪĹȤˤƤ⡤2ĤѲδ֤Τ椬ȤŦϽפ

Ǥϡ§Ūʲˡ§ˤäѲ뤬ˡ§ϤΤŬѤΤǤ롥ǤԵ§ѲѲϻŪĹˤäƸꤵʤ


졼̡ ءοǡϰ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ2013ǯ

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2013-11-24 Sun

#1672. ή [phonetics]

̾첻ȯΤˤϡ٤ФƵѤ롥ȤƤ٤ή۵ѤƲФȤǤ뤷٤Ȥ鷺̤βﴱˤ߽Ф줿ˤ굤ήꡤѤƲФȤǤ롥ή (airstream mechanism) ʤήκȵήοʤܤƸ첻ȡʲΤ褦ɽȤʤ롥

Airstream Mechanism


첻ǤϤäƤ⡤餫θˤƲŪΩ򼨤ʤΤˤĤƤä̾ĤƤ餺ɽǤ¿ȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сbuccal airstream ϥɥʥɥåΤ褦ˤѤƵήˡ̾εήȤѤ뤳ȤϤʤoesophageal ϿƻζήѤΤǡäפΤȤ˳ǧ뵤ήǤ롥̾ѤʤѤʤɤӤͤ첻ΤѤ뤳Ȥ뤿ᡤɽ˷ǤƤ롥
velaric airstream ĺƵᡤή߽Фᥫ˥ǡclick ȸƤФ岻Ǥˤ褯ΤƤ롥Ūˤϵή򳰤ظȯǽظΤ̤Ǥ롥եꥫäƤ Sotho, Zulu, Xhosa ʤɤ Bantu 䡤Bushman, Khoikhoi ʤɤ Khoisan dzƼε岻ŪΩ򼨤 (#1314. פε[2012-12-01-1]򻲾ȡˡ岻ǤϡĴˤξ¦岻ʤɤ̤롥䤤ɽ魯ΤˡѸǤ tut Ȥ줬ȯ뤬ϵ岻Ǥ롥ܸΡ֥áפ岻˻Ǥ롥
glottalic airstream ĺơ岼뤳Ȥˤäơή߽Фᥫ˥Ǥ롥εήˤʤ ejective вˤȸƤФ졤ѸǤ⥤󥰥ʤɤ up, get, pick ʤɤκǸλҲȯȤƸ뤳Ȥ롥դˡεήˤʤ implosive ˲ˤȤʤꡤäƤήӤưȡͭ˲Ȥʤ롥˲ϡIbo ʤɥեꥫθ䥢ꥫ轻̱θǤ褯ʹ롥
٤ε۵ϡ㤷ưľʤ©ڤƤȤȯä˸뤬ŪѤ뤳ȤϤʤ
ʾ塤Crystal (20--23) 򻲾Ȥ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-03-08-1] [2014-04-14-1]

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2013-11-08 Fri

#1656. γФΤγФΤ [speech_perception][phonetics]

İγ (auditory perception) 1ʬǤβγ (speech perception) Ǥϡͤ첻ɤΤ褦ˤǧ򤹤뤫椵Ƥ롥İԤϲγФˤäơǽưŪʲɤ˴ؤäƤΤ뤤ϼưŪ˲åƤʤΤΡ#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1]) ȴطƤŪȤơγФΤγФΤȤCrystal (48--50) ˵ʤҲ𤹤롥
ޤİԤåγФȤˤϡ餬ȯݤˤɤΤ褦ȯ뤫Ȥμ򻲾ȤʤɺȤԤäƤ롤Ȥ⤬롥㤨С1960ǯ󵯤줿 motor theory ʱưˤˤСİԤüԤĴưŪ˻ȤƤȤ롥İԤϼⲻﴱưƤ뤫Τ褦ˤİȤäƤȤ
ƱͤİԤǽưŪǧ analysis by synthesis ʹˤʬϡˤ롥ˤСİԤäƤ벻ŪħؤʬϤ뿴Ū§äƤȤ롥ƱŪ§ȯäκݤˤѤ졤ǤħƲФΤ˴Ϳ롥ƱŪ§γФȻФȤǵǤϤ뤬Ȥ󤵤ȤǤ롥ΩǤϡγСʼˤȻСʸˤԲʬȤȤˤʤ롥
İԤϲγФˤäƤۤǽưṲ̄ƤʤȤΩ⤢롥İԤñ˲åȷε§ŪħǧɤȤγвưŪ˷иˤʤȹͤ롥㤨Сtemplate matching ʥƥץ졼ȾȹˤȤˤСäƤİХѥŪȯåѥ㤨첻䲻ʤɤñ̡ˤؾȹ礵뵡Ǿ˳ǼƤȤ̤ feature detector theory ħдˤǤϡΥեޥȤʤɡɷħȿддﴱ (feature detectors) ¸ߤѤƲγФƤΤȤ
嵭νˤϤ줾Ĺû롥ָγФϡİԤɤΤ褦üԤ¤ꡤä®٤ʤɤΰ㤤˽бǤΤΤԹ礬褤ɡ󥰤ˤİԤüԤۤȯƤޤϡȸϢưǽưŪİƤڵȤʤ롥ּγФϡŪͳȯäϤǤʤγФϤǤȤɴԤ¸ߤˤäƻٻ롥ޤİԤɲɤüԡ2ؽԡĻʤɤĴޤͤ뤳Ȥ񤷤üԤβåǤ⽽ʬ˲ɤǤȤ¤⡤ּγФͭǤ롥⡤ξȤ߹碌γФθ¤Ǥ褯ΤǤϤʤ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-08-12-1]

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2013-10-26 Sat

#1643. Ƭ [reconstruction][indo-european][laryngeal_theory][etymology][phonetics][saussure][hittite]

#1640. Ѹ name ȥꥷ onoma (2) ([2013-10-23-1]) ˤƬ (laryngeal theory) ˤĤơ⤦⤹롥
󾧼ԤϡFerdinand de Saussure (1857--1913) Ǥ롥Saussure ϡ1879ǯΰĸư첻ؤ˴ؤ븦 (Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes. Leipzig: 1879) ǡŪƷμˡˤꡤĸ (IE) Ĺ첻ϡ첻 e/o ȤIJ ("coéfficients sonantiques") ȤηˤäΤǤȲꤷIJϥǥޡΥޥؼ H. Mó ˤꡤ ə ɽ빢Ƭ (laryngeal) Ӥ줿βϤФ餯δ֤ܤʤä20Ƭ Hittite ȯȲɤˤȤʤʡ#101. ӸؤΥޥ --- Tocharian Anatolian ([2009-08-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ˸ ḫ ιƬǤϤʤȵ褦ˤʤä
ƬˤСIE Ĺ첻 ē, ā, ō ϡschwa indogermanicum ȾΤ뤳 ə ³û첻ȷӤĤȤˤäΤȤιƬϡHittite ޤྯ Anatolia ɤθ˺פΤߤ¾ΰǤϼ줿ˤ첻βѲ (coloring) ǤȤƤꡤθ¤ˤƴŪ˴ѻ뤳ȤǤȤ롥
ƬDzꤵƤ빢ƬοȲˤĤƤ͡ʵ뤬ͭϤˤȡh1 (neutral, e-coloring), h2 (a-coloring), h3 (o-coloring) 3बꤵƤ롥줾βϡ̵ĺ̵Ƭ໤ͭƬ໤ǤȤ⤬ (Fortson 58)
Ƭϰ첻β˹׸ƤHittite θ椬ʤˤĤ졤Τ٤ƤŷǤϤʤȡ ḫ ҲŪ (schwa consonanticum) ĤȤʬäƤơƬ뤹äƤߤ˻ޤǡƱϰӸؤˤǽפ1ĤȤʤäƤ롥

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-02-15-1]

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