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phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-07-21 Tue

#2276. 13ʹߤ v (2) [phonetics][etymology][consonant][assimilation][v]

#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸˤ¸ߤ [v] 줿줬ʤʤäˡ (156) Ŧ褦ˡ첻Ԥ [v] ƱФƼפϱѸˤǤʤĤ󤲤褦

OE hlāford > lord
OE hlǣfdiġe > lady (cf. #23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]))
OE heafod > head
OE havoc > hawk
OE lāferce > lark
OE wīfmann > woman (cf. #223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1]))
OE hæfde > had (cf. #2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1]))

ۤ never > ne'er, ever > e'er, over > o'er of clock > oclock > o'clock ä뤫⤷ʤ
[v] ໤ޤäơ[w] ؤȾ첻䤹줬 [u] ؤ첻䤹Τơ첻ݤ߹ޤƾüƤ椯Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥

סOE byrðen "burden vs. fæder "fath''er"Ѹˤ˻ȯŪ˸ [d] [ð] θؤˤĤơסظդΤ󤽤ʿءˡ˶࿦ǰʸ١ҡ2015ǯ155--66ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-21-1]

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2015-07-20 Mon

#2275. ѸβηϤ The General Prologue [chaucer][pronunciation][phonology][phoneme][phonetics][lme][popular_passage]

Chaucer ɽѸβηϤ Cruttenden (65--66) ˵äƼηϤȤΤϡˤƤŪƤΤǤ뤫顤ʣβ⤬롥ޤƤ䡤٥Ǿܺ٤ʬäƤʤȤ¿ŸβηϤȤΤϡʤ鲾ŪȤ٤Ǥ롥äơʲ˼Τ⡤ޤ1ĤβŪʲηϤǤ롥

[ Vowels ]

iː, ɪuː, ʊ
ɛː, ɛɔː, ɔ
aː, aɑː
ə in unaccented syllables


[ Diphthongs ]

ɛɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, ɪʊ, ɛʊ, ɔʊ, ɑʊ


[ Consonants ]

p, b, t, d, k, g, ʧ, ʤ
m, n ([ŋ] before velars)
l, r (tapped or trilled)
f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, h ([x, ç])
j, w ([ʍ] after /h/)


ʲˡChaucer The General Prologue Ƭʸ (cf. #534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1])) ǺȤơŪ IPA ȯ򵭤 (Cruttenden 66)

Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote
hʍan θat aːprɪl, wiθ hɪs ʃuːrəs soːtə

The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
θə drʊxt ɔf marʧ haθ pɛrsəd toː ðe roːtə,

And bathed every veyne in swich licour
and baːðəd ɛːvrɪ vaɪn ɪn swɪʧ lɪkuːr

Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
ɔf hʍɪʧ vɛrtɪʊ ɛnʤɛndərd ɪs θə flurː,

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
hʍan zɛfɪrʊs ɛːk wɪθ hɪs sweːtə brɛːθ

Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
ɪnspiːrəd haθ ɪn ɛːvrɪ hɔlt and hɛːθ

The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
θə tɛndər krɔppəs, and ðə jʊŋgə sʊnnə

Hath in the Ram his halve cours yronne,
haθ ɪn ðə ram hɪs halvə kʊrs ɪrʊnnə,

And smale foweles maken melodye,
and smɑːlə fuːləs maːkən mɛlɔdiːə

That slepen al the nyght with open ye
θat sleːpən ɑːl ðə nɪçt wiθ ɔːpən iːə

(So priketh hem nature in hir corages),
sɔː prɪkəθ hɛm naːtɪur ɪn hɪr kʊraːʤəs

Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
θan lɔːŋgən fɔlk toː gɔːn ɔn pɪlgrɪmaːʤəs.


Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

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2015-07-13 Mon

#2268. ֤ʤޤפΰۤʤ˴ؤ붦Ū෿ [pronunciation][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][variation][ame_bre][rhotic][phonotactics][rp][merger]

Ѽ֤ȯΰۤʤϡܸǡ֤ʤޤסѸ "accents" ȸƤФ롥2ĤѼȯӤȡۤʤˤ͡ʼब뤳Ȥ狼롥㤨С#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥹѸȥꥫѸȯ٤Ȥbath class 첻ƴ֤ѰۤȤȤΰۤʤȡstar four ˤƸ <r> ȯ뤫ݤȤۤʤȤϸߤ˰ۼΤΤΤ褦˴롥Ѽ֤ˤ͡ʥפȯκۤꤦȹͤ졤ΰۤʤ˴ؤ붦Ū෿ȤΤͤ뤳ȤǤǤ롥
Trubetzkoy 1931ǯȤᤤʳ "différences dialectales phonologiques, phonétiques et étymologiques" Ȥ3ĤΰۤʤƤƤ롥Wells (73--80) Ϥ Trubetzkoy ʬΩӤ1Ĥäơ4פʤ෿򼨤Wells ѸǤȡ"systemic differences", "realizational differences", "lexical-incidental differences", "phonotactic (structural) differences" 4ĤǤ롥Ѥ뤬ʲȤȤä褦

(1) realizational differences. 2Ѽ֤ǡͭ벻ǤβŪ¸ۤʤȤ硥goat, nose ʤɤȯˤơRP (Received Pronunciation) Ǥ [əʊ] ΤȤ󥰥Ǥ [ʌʊ] ȼ¸줿ꡤåȥǤ [oː] ȼ¸ʤɤΰ㤤롥ҲȤƤϡRP ζκǽ˸ /p, t, k/ [ph, th, kh] ӵȤƼ¸ΤФơåȥǤ [p, t, k] ̵Ǽ¸ʤɤ󤲤롥ޤ/l/ RP ǤϴĶˤäƤ dark l ȤʤΤФǤϾ clear l Ǥʤɤΰ㤤⤢롥[r] μ¸Ѱۤ褯ΤƤ롥

(2) phonotactic (structural) differences. 벻Ǥʤäꤹ벻ĶۤʤȤ硥non-prevocalic /r/ μ¸̵ͭŵ1ĤǤ롥GA (General American) ǤϤδĶ /r/ ¸뤬б RP Ǥ̵Ȥʤ (cf. rhotic) Ū¸Ūʥ٥ˤ벻˴ؤۤʤȤ롥

(3) systemic differences. ηϤۤʤäƤ뤬椨ˡġβǤб㤦褦ʾ硥RP Ǥ GA Ǥ /u/ /uː/ ϰۤʤ2ĤβǤǤ뤬åȥǤξԤϤζ̤Ϥʤ /u/ Ȥ1Ĥ礵Ƥ롥첻˴ؤ⤦1Ĥ󤲤Сstock stalk Ȥ RP Ǥϲǥ٥Ƕ̤뤬ꥫѸ䥫ʥѸΤʤˤϲǤȤͻ礷ƤΤ⤢ (cf. #484. ǿΥꥫѸ첻ͻȿǤ MWALED ȯɽ ([2010-08-24-1])#2242. ʥѸβŪħ ([2015-06-17-1])) ҲǤСloch θҲˤĤơRP Ǥ [k] ȯ뤬åȥǤ [x] ȯ롥ϡԤѼǤ /k/ Ȥ϶̤벻ǤȤ /x/ ¸ߤ뤫Ǥ롥

(4) lexical-incidental differences. ηϤ䲻Ū¸ˡ켫ΤѰۤʤθǤˤơۤʤ벻ǡФ礬롥Ѽ֤ǰۤʤ뷹Ȥ⤢СüԸĿͤˤäưۤʤȤ⤢롥㤨Сeither 1첻ǤϡѼˤäơ뤤ϸĿͤˤä /iː/ /aɪ/ Ȥȯ롥ѼĿͤϡξ첻ǤηϤȤƤäƤ뤬either ȤФƤΤ줬ŬѤ뤫Ȥ򤬰ۤʤäƤΡĤޤꡤ٥롤٥ΰ㤤ǤϤʤå٥ΰ㤤ȤäƤ褤
̤ˡȯεϤˤ֤θȤʤΤϡΥ٥Ǥΰ㤤Ǥ롥㤨Сaccomplish Ȥ2ζ첻 strut 첻Ǥ٤lot 첻Ǥ٤Nazi 2Ҳ /z/ /ʦ/

Wells, J. C. Accents of English. Vol. 1. An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1982.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-07-1] [2015-07-26-1]

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2015-06-22 Mon

#2247. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ (3) [phonetics][consonant][me_dialect][old_norse]

##2219,2220,2226,2238,2247 εǰäƤ "Southern Voicing" ˴ؤꡥ

#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1])
#2220. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1])
#2226. ѸǸƬ໤ͭäͳ ([2015-06-01-1])
#2238. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ (2) ([2015-06-13-1])

[2015-05-26-1]εǿ줿 Poussa ʸɤǤߤ Danelaw ϰ˸Ƭ [f] ͭʤä뤤Ϥθ̤ŤʤäͳǤϡƱϰ餫 [v] Ժߤäȡ뤤ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäȤȤ롥Poussa (298) Ϥ¤ȤƤϼƤ餺ޤǿȤ󼨤ƤˤʤդɬפǤ롥

According to Skautrup (1944: 124), the sound system of Runic Danish had labial fricatives, voiced and unvoiced, and did not yet contain the labio-dental [f] and [v], but he believes that /f/ appeared in the following period. The development of the English dialects of the north midlands may have followed a similar time-table. The Runic Danish period corresponds to the period of Viking settlement in England, which was strongest in the north midlands. In the Eastern Division Viking Period settlement mainly affected East Anglia (particularly Norfolk) and part of Essex, which fell within the Danelaw in the late 9th. century. Southern Voicing of OE /f/ in initial position would have been unlikely in East Anglia, therefore, though during the OE/ME period initial [v] should have occurred in the Kentish dialect through the application of the Southern Voicing rule. [Skautrup = Skautrup, P. Det Danske Sprogs Historie I. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1944.]


Ƭ໤ͭ򼨤ŪʬۤȤŪʳ硦̾ƼҲŪطʤ˾Ȥ餻С Poussa ̥ŪǤϤ뤬ǽפȤʤϤβŪʻ¤ΤƤʤȤΤԹ礬̤ϡ1ĤβȤƤȤɤƤۤʤ

Poussa, P. "Ellis's 'Land of Wee': A Historico-Structural Revaluation." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 1 (1995): 295--307.

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2015-06-17 Wed

#2242. ʥѸβŪħ [vowel][diphthong][consonant][rhotic][yod-dropping][merger][phonetics][phonology][canadian_english][ame][variety]

ε#2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles ([2015-06-16-1]) ˰³UBC Ǥ SHEL-9/DSNA-20 Conference ä;äơʥѸꡥ
ʥѸϡ#313. Canadian English ([2010-03-06-1]) ǤŦ褦ˡŪ American English British English ˵ϤĤǤǯ AmE ؤλָ褦μФ˰ĥ뤫ϡȯʸˡáˡʤɤˤäƤۤʤ뤬ȯˤĤƤϡʥѸϥꥫѸȶ̤Τ񤷤ۤɤƤȸ롥ΤʤǡBrinton and Fee (426--30) ɸ५ʥѸ (Standard Canadian English; ʲ SCE ɽ) βŪħȤưʲ8˸ڤƤ롥

(1) Canadian Raising: ̵Ҳ [aʊ] -> [ʌu], [aɪ] -> [ʌɪ] Ȥʤ롥äơout and about ϡoat and a boat ˶᤯ʤ롥ͭҲǤϾ夲ʤᡤγƥڥǤϰۤʤ2첻ʹ롥lout/loud, bout/bowed, house/houses, mouth (n.)/mouth (v.), spouse/espouse; bite/bide, fife/five, site/side, tripe/tribe, knife/knives. åȥѼ󥰥ѼMartha's Vineyard Ѽ (cf. [2015-02-22-1]) ʤɤˤƤ⡤褦ʾ夲ϴѻ뤬Canadian Raising ϤȤϴطʤΩѲȹͤƤ롥

(2) Merger of [ɑ] and [ɔ]: 85%ΥʥѸüԤˤߤ븽ݡ19ȾФѲȤ졤General American ǤƱݤѻ롥βѲˤʲΥڥϤƱȤʤäƤ롥offal/awful, Don/dawn, hock/hawk, cot/caught, lager/logger, Otto/auto, holly/Hawley, tot/taught. GA Ȱۤʤꡤ[ɹ] Ǥ [ɔ] ݤäƤȤħ (ex. sorry, tomorrow, orange, porridge, Dorothy) ͻˤĤƤϡ#484. ǿΥꥫѸ첻ͻȿǤ MWALED ȯɽ ([2010-08-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(3) Voicing of intervocalic [t]: 첻˶ޤ줿 [t] ͭ [d] 뤤 [ɾ] Ȥʤ븽ݡ̤ȤơʲΥڥϤ줾ƱȤʤ롥metal/medal, latter/ladder, hearty/hardy, flutter/flooder, bitter/bidder, litre/leader, atom/Adam, waiting/wading. SCE Ǥϡβ¾δĶؤڤǤꡤfilter, shelter, after, sister, washed out, picture ʤɤǤ뤳Ȥ롥

(4) Yod dropping: SCE ǤϡҲθΤ錄겻 [j] κ (glide deletion) GA Ʊͤ s θǤ뤬GA Ȱۤʤ [t, d, n] θǤݻȤȤŪ˼ĥƤºݤˤϡGA αƶǡԤδĶˤƤ yod-dropping ƤƤȤ (cf. #841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1])#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping ([2013-08-06-1]))

(5) Retention of [r]: SCE ϰŪ rhotic Ǥ롥Ūˤ New England β (Loyalists) ˤäƤ⤿餵줿 non-rhotic Ѽαƶ⶯äϤrhotic ʥꥹ̱ȤȤľܤ⤿餵줿аޤ⤢ꡤԤͥȤʤäΤ

(6) Marry/merry/Mary: ɸ।ꥹѸǤ3첻̤뤬ʥѸȥꥫѸΤĤѼǤϡMary merry [ɛr] ͻ礷marry [ær] Ȥƶ̤2ʬˡǤ롥ˡʥѸǤϱƽѼȰۤʤꡤBarry, guarantee, caramel ʤɤ [æ] 㤯Ĵ롥

(7) Secondary stress: -ory, -ary, -ery ǽ (ex. laboratory, secretary, monastery ) ǡGA Ʊͤˡ2ݤġ

(8) [hw] versus [w]: GA ηƱͤˡwhich/witch, where/wear, whale/wale, whet/wet θƬҲΩ򼺤ƱȤʤ롥

Τ褦˸ƤȡSCE ͭβŪħȤϡGA ȶ̤Τ¿Ȥ狼롥Ͷ̤ƤȤǡʬŪ˿ޤ㤦夲ơʥѸȼФȤȤBrinton and Fee (526) Bailey (161)) Ƹ褦ˡ"What is distinctly Canadian about Canadian English is not its unique linguistic features (of which there are a handful) but its combination of tendencies that are uniquely distributed" ȤȤ
ꥫѸȥꥹѸκˤĤƤ⡤٤ƱȤȻפäƤ롥#2186. Webޥε֥ѥõѸαƺԡס ([2015-04-22-1]) ǾҲ𤷤WEBޥ Lingua شƤǤҤ٤褦ˡŪˤꡤꥫѸȥꥹѸκۤϡñɽλѡԻѤȤƸΤǤϤʤλ٤ΰ㤤ȤƸۤˤפǤ롥Ѥ̵ͭǤϤʤʬۤΰ㤤Ѽ¾Ѽ狼̤ͭʻɸʤΤȻפҲŪʳǰǤѼפˡŪʴ⤦ȤΤǤСΤ褦̯ʺۤդʧȤɬפ

ʸ嵭2015/06/19(Fri) Bailey (162) ϡ٤ΰ㤤Ȥ򤵤˥ʥѸνѼ֤δطˤŬѤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥"The most useful perspective, then, is one in which Canadian English is viewed as a cluster of features that combine in varying proportions in differing communitites within Canada." (Bailey, Richard W. "The English Language in Canada." English as a World Language. Ed. Richard W. Bailey and Manfred Görlach. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1983. 134--76.)

Brinton, Laurel J. and Margery Fee. "Canadian English." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 422--40 .
Bailey, Richard W. "The English Language in Canada." English as a World Language. Ed. Richard W. Bailey and Manfred Görlach. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1982. 134--76.

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2015-06-13 Sat

#2238. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ (2) [wave_theory][phonetics][consonant][me_dialect][old_norse][language_change][geolinguistics][geography]

ˤĤƤϡǶᡤʲεƤ (##2219,2220,2226,2238)

#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1])
#2220. ѸǸƬ໤ͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1])
#2226. ѸǸƬ໤ͭäͳ ([2015-06-01-1])

ѸˤƬ໤ͭ ("Southern Voicing") 򼨤ʬۤϡߤʬۤ⤺äΰ褬ˤޤdzȤäƤؤ򸫤ºݤޤʬۤεڤ⤢äˤζؤȲᤵ줿Ȥаޤ롥ؤβᤷޤơǤʤ "Southern Voicing" ʤäΤ
βᤷʬۤ˴ؤ Danelaw ΰȴϢŤΤε ([2015-05-26-1]) Ǥ̾󤲤 Poussa Ǥ롥Poussa ϡ#1249. Ѹϥ쥪줫 (2) ([2012-09-27-1])#1254. ѸäդθѲϽ񤭸դߤäƤ뤫 ([2012-10-02-1]) Ǥ夲Ѹ᥯쥪첾μĥԤǤ롥Poussa (249) ηϡ

In sum, I submit that, whereas the original advance of the initial fricative voicing innovation through the OE dialects is a natural and not unusual phonetic process (it has its parallels in other Germanic dialects on the continent), the halting and then the reversing of such an innovation in ME is an unexpected development, requiring explanation. It can only be explained by some kind of intervention in the dialect continuum. The Scandinavian settlement of the north and east Midlands in the late OE period seems to supply the right kind of intervention at the right place and time to explain this remarkable linguistic U-turn.


Poussa ζŪʵ2롥1ĤϡťΥɸȤܿˤԥ󲽤뤤ϥ쥪벽桦αѸѼˤƤϡȤ෿ŪͭɸǤƬͭ໤ϺѤʤäȤ (Poussa 238) ⤦1ĤϡѸ East-Midland μҲŪʱƶϤɥɸѼη礭׸褦ˤʤˤĤơƬ໤⤿ʤƱΰҿޤäˡζ˲줿ΤȤҲŪǤ롥פˡθƬͭ໤Ͽˤդ路ʤȯȤɾȽEast-Midland üԤ濴˳ȤäȤȤǤ롥
Poussa (247) ѤƤ˼ҲؤʹͻȤƶ̣

   It seems to me that the voicing of initial /f-/, /s-/, /θ-/ and /ʃ-/ in OE and ME, which Fisiak convincingly argues are caused by one and the same lenition process, is precisely the type of rule which is typically jettisoned when a language is pidginized or creolized, and acquired only partially by learners of a new dialect. Furthermore, why should the speaker of a Danelaw dialect of English want to sound like a southerner, whether he lives in his home district, or has been transplanted to London? It would depend on what pronunciation he (or she), consciously or unconsciously, regarded as prestigious.
   If this explanation is accepted as the reason why such an expansive lenition innovation stopped at approximately the Danelaw boundary during the late OE or early ME period, then the reason why the area of voicing subsequently receded southwards is presumably related: migration of population and the rise in the social prestige of the East Midland dialect meant that the phonologically simpler variety became the standard to be imitated.


Poussa, Patricia. "A Note on the Voicing of Initial Fricatives in Middle English" Papers from the 4th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Eaton, R., O. Fischer, W. Koopman, and F. van der Leeke. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1985. 235--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-06-22-1]

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2015-06-07 Sun

#2232. High Vowel Deletion [high_vowel_deletion][phonetics][vowel][syllable][inflection][morphology][sound_change]

ɸβˤĤơ#1674. Ѳȶ޸οʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1])#2225. hear -- heard -- heard ([2015-05-31-1]) ǿƤϤ⤦ܤβϡi-mutation ˡ餯űѸ (pre-OE) θȤ벻ѲǤꡤűѸβ礭ʱƶڤܤLass (98) üŪˤСHVD (High Vowel Deletion) ϰʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥

The fates of short high */i, u/ in weak positions are largely determined by the weight of the preceding strong syllable. In outline, they deleted after a heavy syllable, but remained after a light one, in the case of */i/ usually lowering to /e/ at a later stage.


촴᤬Ťrhyme 3⡼ʾ夫ʤ˾ˡ³夤ι첻 (/i/, /u/) üȤǤ롥Ԥ촴᤬ŤˤϡǤΤȤƽŤΤ顤˹첻³;פ˽Ť櫓ˤϤʤȲᤷƤ褤ơ촴ηڽŤˤꡤ³첻̵ͭڤؤ륱뤳ȤȤʤäLass (99--100) 򻲹ͤˡűѸ줫󤲤褦HVD Ѥ֤ǼƤ롥

Syllable weightpre-OEOE
heavy*ðα:ð-idǣd 'deed'
heavy*wurm-iwyrm 'worm'
light*win-iwin-e 'friend'
heavy*flo:ð-uflōd 'flood'
heavy*xαnð-uhand 'hand'
light*sun-usun-u 'son'
heavy*xæur-i-ðæhīer-de 'heard'
light*nær-i-ðæner-e-de 'saved'


űѸηǤϡʲζޤˤ HVD θ̤ѻ (Lass 100)

(i) a-stem neuter nom/acc sg: light scip-u 'ships' vs. heavy word 'word(s)', bān 'bone(s)'.
(ii) ō-stem feminine nom sg: light gief-u 'gift' vs. heavy lār 'learning'.
(iii) i-stem nom sg: light win-e 'friend' vs. heavy cwēn 'queen'
(iv) u-stem nom sg: light sun-u 'son' vs. heavy hand 'hand'.
(v) Neuter/feminine strong adjective declension: light sum 'a certain', fem nom sg, neut nom/acc sg sum-u vs. heavy gōd 'good', fem nom sg gōd.
(vi) Thematic weak verb preterites . . . .


ΤѸˤޤ HVD θ̤³¸ƤϤ鷺Ǥ롥ʬ heard ʣ sheep ˲餫Ե§򴶤ȤǤϤĤƤ HVD αƶŪˤΤäƤΤǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2015-06-06 Sat

#2231. ưβ˸ -st- [preterite-present_verb][phonetics][conjugation][inflection][-st][dental_suffix]

ư (preterite-present_verb) ˤĤƤϡ#58. ưθ߷Ȳ ([2009-06-25-1]) ȡ#66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]) ǤߤƤθűѸˤǤ wāt (to know) mōt ΥѥįƤȡˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ưβϡѲưǤ뤫Τ褦˻ (dental suffix) դΤǡ줾 *witte, *mōtte ʤɤȤʤꤽʤΤºݤ˸űѸʸڤ֤ wiste/wisse, mōste ʤɤǤʰʲɽǤϡϢβս֤ǼƤˡ-st- Τ褦 s ΤϤɤ櫓

Present Indicative
Sg. 1wātmōt
2wāstmōst
3wātmōt
Pl.witonmōton
Present Subjunctive
Sg.witemōte
Imperative
Sg.wite 
Pl.witað 
Preterite Indicative
Sg. 3wiste, wissemōste
Pl.wiston, wissonmōston
Preterite Subjunctive
Sg.wiste, wissemōste
Infinitivewitan 
Infl.inf.to witanne 
Pres.part.witende 
Pa.part.witen 


wiste ΰ۷Ȥơwisse Ȥ֤ߤΤǤ롥Hogg and Fulk (301) ˤȡ

In the pret. of wāt, forms with -st- are more frequent than those with -ss- already in EWS, except in Bo, although -ss- is the older form, reflecting PGmc *-tt- . . . . Wiste was created analogically by the re-addition of a dental preterite suffix at a later date; such forms are found in the (sic) all the WGmc languages. Pa.part. witen is formed by analogy to strong verbs . . . .


ޥĸǤϡꤷ褦 *witte, *mōtte ƷƤ뤬 -tt- -ss- ؤѲ褦ԤűѸʸڤ wisse ϢʤäȤȤƤθ˻ t դƲǤ뤳ȤΤűѸǰŪ˸ wiste Ȥ櫓Ǥ롥ơmōste ϲư֤ȤƤ wiste äΤȤ (Hogg and Fulk 306)
̤˲ưβϡ츻ŪˤϡŲפȾΤ뤳ȤǤ뤬wiste, mōste ˴ؤƤϡηаޤ˴դߤơֻŲפȸƤ٤ΤǤϤʤ

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-26-1]

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2015-05-29 Fri

#2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ [phonetics][oe][consonant][analogy][diatone][derivation][word_formation][conversion][homonymic_clash]

̾ (53--54) Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡطˤǡҲͭ¾̵ʤСͭưΤۤǤפȤ§롥ʲ໤ͿƤꡤۤȤɤư̾ФǤ롥

[f] <f> vs [v] <v>: life--live, proof--prove, safe--save, belief--believe, relief-relieve, thief--thieve, grief--grieve, half--halve, calf--calve, shelf--shelve
[s] <s> vs [z] <s>: close--close, use--use, excuse--excuse, house--house, mouse--mouse, loss--lose
[s] <s> vs [z] <z>: grass--graze, glass--glaze, brass--braze
[c] <s> vs [z] <s>: advice--advise, device--devise, choice--choose
[θ] <th> vs [ð] <th>: bath--bathe, breath--breathe, cloth--clothe, kith--kithe, loath--loathe, mouth--mouth, sheath-sheathe, sooth--soothe, tooth--teethe, wreath--wreathe

close--close Τ褦λҲֻƱΤ⤢Сadvice--advise Τ褦˰ۤʤΤ⤢ (cf. #1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1])) ޤưϸ e ĤΤ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])) <th> ˴ؤΤˤĤƤϡԤ첻βۤʤΤ¿
ФθҲ (voicing) Ωˤϡ¿ξ硤ŪʲͿƤ롥١̵̾ưͭפΥѥ󤬳Ωȡ줬פȤʤä (analogy) ˤ㤬ȤȤ⤢줾ФΩǯʤɤĴɬפ롥
ߤطˤ̾ưΤβ֤ˤƤˡƱ (homonymic_clash) 򤱤뤿ΩѤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ƱưŤϡ֤㤨 récord vs recórd Τ褦ʡ̾ưפΥڥ (diatone) ˤѻ褦˻פ롥

̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-30-1] [2015-08-05-1]

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2015-05-25 Mon

#2219. vane, vat, vixen [phonetics][phonemicisation][consonant][me_dialect][cornish][map][etymology]

ɸ3ϡŪ˵ʷϩ̤ɸѸꡤ夷Ǥ롥vane סˡvat ʾ¤Ѥʤɤβˡvixen ʻ󥮥ĥ͡ˤϡƬͭ໤ v äƤ롥Ƭ v ǤϵǤⲿǤʤΤͺ˥ĥͤɽ魯 fox Фƻ󥮥ĥ vixen ٤Ƥߤ褦ˡ3ˤƤϸ츻Ū̵໤ f ͽۤȤͭ໤ðۤʤΤǤ (cf. OE fana, fæt, fyxen) ŪˤϡѸǤΤ߸Ƭ̵໤ΧͭʬۤŪ˸¤Ƥ3ˤĤƤϤɤ櫓ɸѸؤȯŸѼ˼ޤ졤̲ΤǤ롥ȤʤäƤϤۤȤɵŤʤ3ϻҲΡ¤äȯͳ褹ΤǤ (cf. vixen ˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary ˤ vixen ⻲ȡˡ
Ρ¤פϡΥ󥰥ɤǤ¸³Ƥ롥ǤϸƬ [f] Τ٤Ȥ [v] Τߤʤ餺[s], [ʃ], [θ] Τ٤Ȥdzơ [z], [ʒ], [ð] Ȥä褦ˡ໤Τбߤ롥Upton and Widdowson (52) Ͽޤꡤfinger θƬˤĤʬۤ򼨤

Map of

󥰥ɤκüCornwall üǤɸŪ [f] ԤƤ뤬 Cornwall αѸήΤǤϤʤ˽Υȷϸ Cornish ֤ɸѸ˥롼ĤĤΤǤ (cf. #779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1])#2025. 󥰥ɤϾ¿ä ([2014-11-12-1]
ơߤǤϸƬ [f] [v] ʬۤ˸¤Ƥ뤬Ѹˤϥ󥰥˹äƤιϰϤǡ餯Ǥ˸űѸƬ໤ͭϤޤäƤΤȻפ롥ѸǤ fader vader ʬۤ Plan and Bibliography (9) ˴Ť (101) ϿޤǤߤƤߤ褦

Map of

űѸǤϡǷѲޤǤϡˤ餺 [v] [z] ϸƬ뤳ȤϤʤäȤѸǤϡѲΤߤʤ餺̤ξƬ뤳ȤǽȤʤäLass (58--59) ϡθƬȤƤ [v], [z] ΰŪʵƤͳ1Ĥϡޤ໤ͭˤȤߤƤ (cf. #1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]))

A third factor, perhaps the most likely, was the existence in Middle English of varieties that had in Old English times undergone voicing of initial fricatives. Many southern dialects had voiced at least initial /f s/ --- a development whose relics survive still in the rural West Country ('Zummerzet'). This parallels, and may well stem from, the same process in continental West Germanic: the <v> in G Vater 'father', now pronounced with /f/, and Du. initial <v> and <z> in vader and zon 'sun' (/f s/ in more innovating dialects, still /v z/ in conservative ones) reflect this. While the voicing in England was mainly southern, it did extend well up into the midlands in Early Middle English, and the standard still has a number of forms with voiced initials like vat, vixen, vane (OE fæt, fyxen, fana). Contact between speakers of these dialects and others without voicing may have facilitated borrowing of French /v z/, making them less 'outlandish'.


Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Kurath, Hans, Margaret S. Ogden, Charles E. Palmer, and Richard L. McKelvery. Plan and Bibliography. U of Michigan P, 1954.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ38ǡ

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2015-05-17 Sun

#2211. űѸ engel ˤ g λҲ [oe][phonetics][consonant][pronunciation][g][j]

Ѹ angel ϡűѸ engel ̤ꡤ켫Τϸƥ angelus μѸǤ롥ˡangelus ϥꥷ ággelos (one that announces) μѤǤ롥ѸǤȯ [eɪnʤəl] Ǥꡤ<g> 2κǽλҲ˻Ȥʤ뤬űѸǤϤɤΤ褦ȯ줿ΤűѸΤΤǤϡ<g> ͿƤꡤ¾ΤΤǤ <ġ> ͿƤ롥ԤǤ [g] ǤꡤԤǤϤ줬餫λҲʤФܶ᲻ [j] ˤǤꤵ롥ޤHogg (37) ˤС<n> ˸³ <g> ѸƱ褦˻ [ʤ] ȤƼ¸줿 (ex. OE singe (> PDE singe [sɪnʤ])) Ĥ󤲤ƤΤǡȯ˰ [ʤ] Ĵʤ롥˻⡤ʤȤȤΤ1ǤϤ
ŪŵäƤߤ褦رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤСOE /-g-/ 13CޤǻĤ뤬ME OF angele, angel (F ange) (▭ LL) αƶ /ʤ/ ȤʤäפȤ롥ޤűѸ첻 Lass and Anderson (136) ˤСűѸ ġimm (gem; < L. gemma) 椷ƸűѸ engel ͿƤȤ顤[g] ꤷƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
⤦1ĤθűѸ첻 Hogg (223) ϡenġel ɽƤꡤꤷƤ롥μ¸ܶ᲻ [j] ʤΤ [ɟ] ʤΤϤޤ˻ [ʤ] ʤΤȽȤʤ
ΡرѸ I (100) ˤСűѸǤ en- yn- θ֤ [ɟ] 줬űѸ˻ [ʤ] ѲȤȤơޤ enġel (angel) lenġr (longer), hynġran (be hungry) ȤȤ˵󤲤Ƥ롥
̤˸űѸβŪ¸ˤĤƤ͡ʵꡤ狼ʤȤ¿ΤηˤĤƤϡˤ⿨줿 Lass and Anderson (136) ڤ줬褤ΤǰѤƤűѸ <g> βˤĤƸѸΤȤϢŤʤ⤷ƤսǡűѸ engel λҲ˻ [ʤ] äϤϤʤȤ򼨺Ƥֻʬ򻲾ȡˡ

. . . the 'normal' developments:

   (a) [j] before original front vowels: ġeolu 'yellow', ġieldan 'yield'.
   (b) [g] before original back vowels: gōs 'goose', gāst 'ghost'.
   (c) [g] before umlauted back vowels: gēs 'geese', gyrdels 'girdle'.

Some of the major anomalies are these:

   (a) [g] before original front vowels: give, get, gate, gallows, OE ġ(i)efan, ġ(i)etan, ġeat, ġealga. The simplest answer here is the traditional one of 'Scandinavian influence'---however that may have operated. The most likely way would seem to be by direct borrowing of forms, i.e. ON gefa, geta, gata, galgi. Since Old Norse did not at that time have a palatal softening rule, these foms, if they were borrowed as is, would be 'synchronically foreign' in OE dialects that had palatal softening: an OE form beginning with the 'impermissible' sequence [ge] would then be the equivalent of a form like Dvořak, or Vladimir in Modern English. That the OE forms did indeed have [j] is borne out by survivals like yett in place names from OE ġeat, and by the Middle English spelling distributions: basically non-northern forms like yeve, yive, as against northern ones like gyve, give, gyff.
   (b) [ʤ] before original front vowels: gem, OE ġimm < L. gemma. The answer here, as in angel (OE engel) is undoubtedly reborrowing from French after the Conquest.
   (c) [j] before original back vowels. We know of only one clear case of this type, which is yawn. The vowel suggests OE gānian 'gape, yawn', rather than the apparently synonomous (sic) verb ginian (gynian, gionian). The consonantism, however, suggests the latter. The OED (s.v. yawn) proposes, perhaps correctly, a sort of 'conflation': [j]-forms 'influenced by' (whatever that means) the vowel of now obsolete [g]-forms.


Τ褦ˤĤŵäƤϤߤɤΤȤʶȤƤꡤʤҲäꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤
Ϣơ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1])#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Hogg, Richard M. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 1. 1992. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Lass, Roger and John M. Anderson. Old English Phonology. Cambridge: CUP, 1975.
С סرѸ I١Ѹ8罤۽Ź1980ǯ

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2015-05-16 Sat

#2210. think -- thought -- thought γ [verb][inflection][i-mutation][oe][morphology][phonetics][compensatory_lengthening][sobokunagimon]

ɸ think γѤΤߤʤ餺bring, buy, seek, teach ʤɤγѤǤϡʬ˷˸Ȥϰۤʤ첻롥ۤʤ첻˲äơֻξ ght ʤҲϢ³졤Ե§פȤΰݤϷŪǤ롥Ūˤϵ§ŪưǤꡤ-ed դƲʬ˷¿ư֤Ǥ롥¿ΤΤ¿βѲŪ˷иƤˡ̤ȤơԵ§ޤʤɤΤѤ򼨤ȤˤʤäƤ롥
Mitchell and Robinson (48--49) ˽äơŪаޤ⤷褦ޤthink ưθűѸǤηɽ˼ߤޤǤѸȤʤäΡʵ§ѲؤȰܹԤΤޤޤƤ롥

Inf.Pret. Sg.Past Ptc.
brenġan 'bring'brōhtebrōht
bycgan 'buy'bohteboht
cwellan 'kill'cwealdecweald
reċċan 'tell'rōhterōht
sēċan 'seek'sōhtesōht
sellan 'give'sealdeseald
streċċan 'stretch'strōhtestrōht
tǣċan 'teach'tǣhte, tāhtetǣt, tāht
þenċan 'think'þōhteþōht
þynċan 'seem'þūhteþūht
wyrċan 'work'worhteworht


ưϡűѸʬˤмѲ1°롥Υ饹ưħϡΩĥޥĸλˡ֤Ⱦ첻 j äƤȤǤ롥ˤ촴첻 i-mutation κѤꡤꤢ뤤Ϲ⤤첻ؤѲi-mutation j ϡθ塤üꡤ첻 i ȤưѤ줿ꤷ
Ѳ1ʬưˤƤϡ嵭 i-mutation κѤߡʬޤޥѥΤ˸줿촴 l 뤤ŪҲġ˰ưˤƤϸ߷ζޤˤΤߺѤΰưǤϡʬˤ i-mutation Ⱦ첻 j 礱ƤΤǤ롥̤ȤơűѸˤ븽ߴȲʬ˴ӤȡԤԤʸꤢ뤤㤤첻ʤȤ⤽κפ򼨤Ȥˤʤäɽ e vs o y vs u Ωǧ줿
cwellann, sellan ˤĤơߤȲʬˤǤ e vs ea Ω򼨤Ūˤ e vs æ ε§ŪΩȤߤƤ褤æ ʬ˷ˤΤҲ ld dz (breaking) 򵯤ea Ѳˤʤ
ޤþenċċan, þynċan, brenġan ˴ؤơʬ˷ ht λҲ򼨤 *nċt η礬§ŪȯãΤǤ롥˻Ū ċ th ؤѲn ϾüȤȤĹ (compensatory_lengthening) ˤԤ첻Ĺ
bycgan, wyrċan ˤĤƤϡͽۤ y vs u Ω򼨤y vs o ȤʤäƤ롥ʬ˷ o Τϡ u βĶˤƲФ i-mutation äˡ߷Ǥͽۤ y Ƥ뤬ʬ˷ˤƤϲη̤Ǥ u ߤȤ櫓
Τ褦ΩĻ͡ʲѲˡűѸζ֤ȤƤϡ⶯ѲưΤȤ첻 gradation (Ablaut) 򼨤褦ˤߤ뤬̤ȤƤΤ褦ˤߤƤˤ򤿤ɤл (dental suffix) դƲʬ˷̾μѲưˤʤȤ롥
ưξܤˤˤĤƤϡHogg and Fulk (273--75) ⻲ȡseek ˤĤƤϡ#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1]) Ǥ⿨줿

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2015-05-10 Sun

#2204. d th θءѲ [consonant][verners_law][phonetics][me]

ɸϡ#481. father ˵ä໤ ([2010-08-21-1]) ʬŪ˼夲ѸˤǤϡð > d 뤤Ϥεդ d > th Ф줬뤬 (157) ϴϢ22ƼƤ롥ͭפʥꥹȤʤΤǡʲ˵Ƥεǵ󤲤⻲ȡˡ

OE ð [ð]ModE. d [d]OE d [d]ModE. th [ð]
byrðenburdenderfather
ðecouldgad(e)riangather
ð(wi)nes dūnCuddesdonġeardgarth[θ] (? yard)
fiðelefiddlehiderhither
ġeforðianaffordhwiderwhither
morðormurderdormother
ðlneedlesweardswarth [θ] (? sward)
ðorrudderME tedertether
spīðraspidertōgæd(e)retogether
staðolstaddleþiderthither
swæðelswaddlewederweather


Skeat ˤ뽾ˤСΤ褦 d ð δ֤ɤϡĤƤ verners_law η̤ȤƤ⤿餵줿ŪǤȤ줿ϡ嵭ѲѸʹߤݤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ǯʾ Verner's Law ʤȤ;ȡˤͿƤȹͤ뤳Ȥˤ̵뤷⤷ Verner's Law ŪʴͿäȤʤС (PIE *t >) d/ð Τߤʤ餺(PIE *p >) [v]/[b], (PIE *k >) [x]/[ɣ], (PIE *s >) [z]/[r] ˤɤ줬ϤºݤˤϸʤȤŦơSkeat ϼ뤳ȤǤʤȤƤ롥ϡѸ d ð ϢξϡषβĶˤ벻ѲȤǤ롥βĶΤȤǤβѲǤȤͤϡJespersen Jordan ˤäƾƤϤ (161) εꤷĶΤ礤ƤȤβǤ󼨤ʸǤ롥Ūˤϡʲ̤ꡥ

12IJ [ð] [d] ž뷹򼨤
15ήɡԤ [d] [ð] ž뷹򼨤


嵭Τ褦˲ĶꤹȡۤȤɤ٤ƤδͿ㤬ޤǤȤ2ĤβϻۤʤäƤꡤߤ˴ͿʤΩѲǤ롤ȡ

סOE byrðen "burden" vs. fæder "father"Ѹˤ˻ȯŪ˸ [d] [ð] θؤˤĤơסظդΤ󤽤ʿءˡ˶࿦ǰʸ١ҡ2015ǯ155--66ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-04-1]

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2015-05-06 Wed

#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ [phonetics][consonant][assimilation][conjugation][inflection][3sp][verb][paradigm][oe][suffix][sobokunagimon][have][v]

ɸΤ褦ˡѸ have Ե§ѲưǤ롥has -s 뤷, had -d ⤢뤫顤Ե§Ȥϼ㴳Ե§Ȥ٤ʤ *haves *haved ǤϤʤΤ
ŪˤߤСߤǤϵƤʤ haves haved ¸ߤűѸ˾Ȥ餷ƤߤȡưϽ˵§Ūʶޤ򤹤ưǤϤʤä٤˵§ŪǤꡤ̤ϻ¾ε§ѲưȹͤƤƺ٤ʤűѸ䡤Ȥ櫓ѸǤϡhaves haved ֵ§Ūפʽ֤Τ˹ԤƤΤǤ롥
űѸ habban (have) ζɽϡ#74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1]) ǷǤʲ˰۷֤ޤ᤿ɽƷǤ褦

habban (have)Present IndicativePresent SubjunctivePreterite IndicativePreterite SubjunctiveImperative
1st sg.hæbbehæbbehæfdehæfde 
2nd sg.hæfst, hafasthafa
3rd sg.hæfþ, hafaþ 
pl.habbaþhæbbenhæfdonhæfdenhabbaþ


Pres. Ind. 3rd Sg. βսߤȡűѸ has ֤Ȥơhæfþ, hafaþ 2󤬤äȤ狼롥 Τ褦2ҲܤԤηǤϡѸ˺ǽλҲ f æhath ʤɤη֤ hath ϶Ѹޤ³
3ñθ -(e)th -(e)s ѲаޤˤĤơ#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1]) Ϥᡤ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ ([2015-03-23-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤܲδؿǤ븽Ѹ has Ȥ֤ľܤεϡhath ζ޸ִ˵ϡűѸ Northumbria ˳ǧ hæfis, haefes ʤɤ˵٤ -s ĸűѸν֤ϡѸˤϤ¿η֤ȯãf 첻˶ޤ줿Ķæꡤfs Τ褦2ҲܤĶæʤɤơŪ has Τ褦ʷ֤Ϥ줿hath has 鿰æϡΤ褦ˤۤʿŪǤ롥Ϣơhave of ˤĤơ³줬ҲǻϤޤȤ˿æ뤳ȤѸˤƤߤ줿ye ha seyn (you have seen) o þat light (of that light) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿 (p. 411ˡ
ʤ had ˤĤƤϡ#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ¿θ v νϤȤǤ롥#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]) 碌ƻȤ줿
MED hāven (v.) ԴѤʰֻꥹȤǡhas had ֤ΤƤ餤

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2015-05-04 Mon

#2198. 衼åѽ͡ r [phonetics][consonant][rhotic][rhotacism][wave_theory]

źȾΰˤơr μ¸ϡԤդ뤨 (alveolar trill) [r] ȤƤʤ롥褯ΤƤ褦 r ѰۤȤ櫓פʰˤɸŪʼ¸ [r] ǤϤʤȤܤͤ롥ѸǤϻܶ᲻ (alveolar approximant) [ɹ] 䤽ܶ᲻ (retroflex approximant) [ɻ] ŵŪʼ¸Ǥꡤե󥹸Ǥϸ໤ (uvular fricative) [ʁ]ɥĸǤϸդ뤨 (uvular trill) [ʀ] ɸŪǤ롥ѰŪ r ⡤ȤȤ [r] ŪȯŸΤȹͤƤꡤŪˤϼΤ褦ʲȤƼƤʿp. 34 )

(1) Ѹˤơ첻³ʤ r [r] 17ޤǤ˻ܶ᲻ [ɹ] ˼ޤꡤθ塤Ԥ˰̲ơ첻Ԥ r ޤǤ⤬ [ɹ] ȯ˻ä
(2) ե󥹤ˤƤϡ17դ˥ѥʸإ˽ήԤüˤäֺͽ (les précieuses) ˸դ碌롤 r [ʀ] ήԤήԤ˥ե󥹸˹ޤꡤǥɥĸȥǥޡʬŪ˥ǥʥȾꥢȵڤ
(3) (2) β塤r դ뤨 [ʀ] ˸໤ [ʁ] ˴Dz̵ܤˤƤϡ̵ΰ۲ [χ] Ѥ˻ä


(2) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1]) ǿ줿ޤѸˤ r ˤĤƤϡ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
嵭Ǥϡ(2) (3) ϻŪϢ³ƤΤΡ(1) ϤȤΩѲȤ󼨤Ƥ롥Τ褦ˡ r ΰ۲ʬۤŪȯŸϡޤʬŪ˴ϢŤ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ΤȤƷӤĤ褦ȤߤϤʤäϤ餹٤Ƥ1Ĥ r ȯŸήΤʤ˰֤Ť褦ȤƤ롥ꤹС (60) ϼΤ褦ȯŸꤷƤ롥ʸǤϡȯŸĴŪ˲ǽǤ뤳ȤƤ롥

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
[r]>[z̺]>[ɹ]>[ɻ]>[ʁ̙]>[ʁ]>[ʀ]/[χ]


βˤСѸɸŪ r 3?4ȯŸʳˤꡤꥫѸħŪ r βӤӤ첻5ؤȯŸȤδϢǤȤ館Ȥޤɥĸ6ʳե󥹸7ʳãƤȤơΤŪǤȤ
r ˤĤƤĴŪȤơ#1818. ܸ /r/ ([2014-04-19-1]) ȡ#36. rhotacism ([2009-06-03-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ʸ嵭2015/05/11(Mon)510դǡʸɮԤˡη˼ŪȯãλŦ襤ڥ륻ΤΤǤȤŦĺޤΤˤϡϡͤ p. 48ʹߤǥڥ륻ƸƤɾƤȤȤǤ­餺ξҲǤߤޤǤʲȤǤΤȤ⤴Ȥ

ס֥衼åѽˤ͡ r ˤĤơȰؤؤμסԷѡ48ʸưӡ2014ǯ33--71ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-29-1] [2015-08-08-1]

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2015-04-17 Fri

#2181. űѸ첻η [oe][vowel][diphthong][phonetics][phoneme]

űѸ첻ˤϡû첻 (short vowel)Ĺ첻 (long vowel)첻 (diphthong) 3ब̤롥첻ˤûΤĹΤ롥ʲޤûĹ첻򡤱ޤûĹ첻ɽ魯

OE Vowels

ޤûĹ첻ߤƤȡѸ٤С̤첻ʬ᲻μʲǡˤϾʤ (cf. #1601. Ѹܸ첻ΰӡ ([2013-09-14-1])ˡĹ첻бû첻̤򤽤Τޤ䤷ΤǤꡤΰ㤤ϤʤΤȹͤƤ롥첻ˤʿ i(ː) ȱ߿ y(ː) ̤뤬߿ y(ː) ϸȥ (Late West-Saxon) Ǥʿ i(ː) Ȥʤä
˱ޤ첻ߤȡ̤̤ˤС3첻뤳Ȥ狼롥i(ː)e, e(ː)o, æ(ː)a ϡ夫鲼뤤ȤäƤꡤ1Ǥ2Ǥ⶯첻 (falling diphthong) ȹͤ롥i(ː)e ˤĤƤϡ첻ǤϤʤ i e Ū첻ɽ路ƤȤ븫⤢롥Mitchell and Robinson (15) ˤȡ

The original pronunciation of ie and īe is not known with any certainty. It is simplest and most convenient for our purposes to assume that they represented diphthongs as explained above. But by King Alfred's time ie was pronounced as a simple vowel (monophthong), probably a vowel somewhere between i and e; ie is often replaced by i or y, and unstressed i is often replaced by ie, as in hiene for hine. Probably īe had a similar sound.


űѸβѲθȤĤâ񤭤ɬפȤʤ뤬οޤ˽С7ñûĹ2ˡܡ3첻ûĹ2ˤȤȤǷ20ۤɤ첻̤ƤȤˤʤ롥#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸɸѼǤ20첻Ǥ̤Ƥ뤫顤餤иűѸ첻ηϤ⤪褽ƱϤäȤˤʤ롥

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-10-1]

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2015-04-15 Wed

#2179. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ (2) [phonetics][consonant][ipa][chart][hel_education][cgi][web_service]

#1813. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ ([2014-04-14-1]) ˰³Ĵؤ˴ؤɽˤĤơCarr (xx--xxi) βؤζʽˡĴﴱοޤIPAʬ᲻ɽڡ˰ƤΤ򸫤ĤΤǡ󤷤ʲ򥯥åPDFˡ

The Organs of Speech and IPA Charts by Carr (xx--xxi)

ä˱ˤٵήˤҲʬɽˤĤơؽΰˤʤ褦ˤȡɽηġʲ˺äƤߤĴؤγؽΰˤɤ

Choose how many questions to make out of the total of 78. (0 questions will give the original table.)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 78

    


Carr, Philip. English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

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2015-04-09 Thu

#2173. gospel d æ [phonetics][consonant][etymology][loan_translation][folk_etymology][laeme]

ʡʽˤ̣ gospel θ츻Ϥ褯ΤƤ롥θϡƥ evangelium ʤ켫Τϥꥷ euaggélion "good news" ͳ褹ˤ (loan_translation) ǤꡤűѸ˼줿űѸ godspel (good news) 1Ǥ gōd (good) Ĺ첻äƤgod (God) Ȥ䤫û첻᤯ԤƤ褦ϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ȤäƤ褤OED Jespersen (126) ⤳ָ̱츻ٻƤ롥⤦1ĤȤơ#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡû첻3ҲûȤη̤ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (142) ϡβǤ˽űѸ줫ϤޤäƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
첻̤ˤĤƤϾΤ褦ͿƤ뤬űѸ godspel d æˤĤƤϤɤ (405) ˤС13ˡҲθ³ d κβĤθˤƴѻȤ󤲤ȡan (and), handeselle > hanselle (handsel), wenesday (Wednesday), godspell > gospel, andswerian > answerie (answer) Ǥcf. #1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1]
d æȤ˴ؿäΤϡWordorigins.org gospel ˴ؤ뵭ˡ13 godspel d ǡȤƾäȤεҤäǤ롥ǡȤƤȤȤǤСܤͤ롥LAEME ǴñĴ٤Ƥߤ
̤ϡμΰ۷ޤ213Τ18ˤ (¿ d ˲ä t 1Ĥäˤæ줿æΨ8.45%ˡ6ƥȤ˽椷Ƥꡤ North, South-West Midland, Southwestern ȤФФŪˤ13Ⱦ1Ƥ٤13Ⱦ14ȾˤĤơĤޤ1300ǯ򶴤Ǥ롥1300ǯʹߤˤ d 򼨤Τۤ¿ɤǤϤ뤷d ˴ؤɤ򼨤ƥȤ⤢롥ΤȤơWordorigins.org ξεǽҤ٤Ƥ褦13 d æȤפϤʤäæǡȤȤ櫓Ǥʤ餯θڤˤ⤢̤ꡤ13 d κϤޤäκǡȤƵä櫓ǤϤʤ14ʹߤ˸ƽ˿ʹԤȹͤΤMED gospel (n) ⻲Ȥ줿

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-03-28-1] [2015-04-10-1]

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2015-03-17 Tue

#2150. Ѳˤʹ [phonetics][phonology][language_change][causation][teleology][hypercorrection][assimilation][dissimilation]

#2140. ѲΥ饤ե ([2015-03-07-1]) εǡǯβѲʤӸѲ̡ˤθˤơäʹ䤬׻뤵褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿Τ褦Ԥ1ͤ Ohala 롥Ohala (676) ϡäδͿꤷ§ȤƲѲʹˤäƼƳȤΩäƤ롥줾ϢʬȴФ

. . . variation in the production domain does not by itself constitute sound change since there is no change in the pronunciation norm; the listener is able (somehow) to reconstruct the speaker's intended pronunciation.

Misperceptions are potential sound changes because they may result in a changed pronunciation norm on the part of listeners if their misperceptions are guides to their own pronunciation.


ȯε ("pronunciation norm") ѲΤȤѲȸƤ֤ΤǤС줬夹ʹΤʤǤꤻʤʹϼνִ֤äˤʤȤ̣ˤƤϡβѲŪ˼¸ΤäȤƤȯù԰٤ˤƤǤϤѲΤϡʹȤƤôäƤȤǤ롥ʹϡ̾äˤ뵬ϤæѰŪȯŬڤˡֽפ뤳ȤǤ뤿ᡤϤΤΤݻΤ˹׸롥Ȥʹ꤬Ŭڤˡֽפ뤳Ȥ˼ԤȡʹεϤΤΤѲǽ롥ΩˤСѲŵǤƱ (assimilation) ʹˤ뽤Τʤ (hypocorrection) Ȥơޤ۲ (dissimilation) ʹˤ뽤Τ (hypercorrection) Ȥª뤳ȤǤ (Ohala 678)
Ohala (683) ϡνΤۤǡѲ̵Ūä̵ͿʹνŻ3碌ƶĥƤ롥βѲˤŪŪʸȡäʻС˽Ż˿øȿФɷŪǤ롥

. . . sound change, at least at its very initiation, is not teleological. It does not serve any purpose at all. It does not improve speech in any way. It does not make speech easier to pronounce, easier to hear, or easier to process or store in the speaker's brain. It is simply the result of an inadvertent error on the part of the listener. Sound change thus is similar to manuscript copyists' errors and presumably entirely unintended.


̻μ̤ȤϤ⤷Ȥʸ̤˼äƤõ򤹤Ȥ̣Τ褯ʤȤ򤢤ƤСФ̻ˤ̤ΤΤȼ㤨夷Ȥ񤭸վθѲϡ̵ǤϤʤ⤷ʤʤȤⲻѲ椷¿ˤʤȤϽҤ٤Ƥ褤Ȥˤϡ"at its very initiation" ʤˤƤϡˤâ񤭤Ż뤷
Ohala μĥʹƤȡѲ̤ˤʹƹͤɬפΤǤʤȻפƤΤϳΤ

Ohala, John J. "Phonetics and Historical Phonology." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 669--86.

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2015-03-07 Sat

#2140. ѲΥ饤ե [phonetics][phonology][morphology][language_change][neogrammarian]

ѲΰǤϡĤƤǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ˤ "Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze" 㳰ʤѲפȤơľ褦ˤʤäƵפºݤβѲɬ⵬§˽äƤ줤˿ʹԤȤϸ¤餺षʣʽװκΤ̤Ǥ롥ֲѲΥ饤եפǯǤϤ뤬ǯƹͤ褦ˤʤäƤ͡ʹͤ뤬Salmons (103) ϶ǯƤ줹븫򼡤Τ褦ˤޤȤɾƤ롥

   1. Coarticulation and other articulatory factors . . . introduce new synchronic variants into the pool of speech . . . .
   2. As learners . . . and listeners . . ., we build generalizations based on those variants, constrained by our cognitive abilities. This often turns phonetic patterns into phonological ones.
   3. Phonological patterns feed morphological alternations, and as 'active' phonological processes fade, they may be adjusted to fit paradigms, in analogical or other realignments . . . .

   In a sense underlying the life cycle is the notion that phonetic and phonological patterns are constantly reinterpreted, negotiated and generalized by each generation of learners, speakers and listeners.


üŪˤСѰۤϲѲ⤿餷ѲϷѲˤ⤿餷ʤ鸺हȤ饤եѲȷѲΤ褦ʴطˤ뤳Ȥϡ#1674. Ѳȶ޸οʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ ([2013-12-15-1]) Ǥ⼨Ƥ̤Ǥ롥ޤ#838. ηϤȥȥԡ ([2011-08-13-1]) ƳȥԡδߤȡΥ饤եϡȥԡ硤ڤӤ³ȤƵҤǤ롥
ΰѤ2ˤ褦ˡǯʹŻ뤷ѲˤʤäƤƤ롥ԤˤäƤϡ٤ƤβѲˤʹ꤬򰮤äƤȼĥԤ⤤롥ܥ֥Ǥ#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˡ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ̤ꡤѲʤ餺ȤѲˤʹϤäɾƤ褤

Salmons, Joseph. "Segmental Phonological Change." Chapter 18 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 89--105.

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