괧ˤ괧ˤ衤첻֤ˤäƤϡ̾ [ə], [ðə] ǤϤʤ [ən], [ði] ȯΤŪȤ롥ºݤˤϡ#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɬ̤ȯԤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤŪʷȤǧ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ϢŪаޤŪ¦̤ϡʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])
#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])
#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])
#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1])
#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1])
Ȥ櫓Ǹε#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1]) ܤƤ餤ε#4430. cockney θߡ ([2021-06-13-1]) ǰѡȤ Fox cockney ȯħ1ĤȤơִ + ĺ + 첻ǻϤޤפ夲Ƥ롥첻Ϣ³뤿ĺȤ㤬cockney ˤäȤˤʤ롥⡤ŪǶγȤΤǡޤޤ⤷
cockney μԤ¿ϡ⤽嵭δȯ˴ؤ뵬Ūʶ̤Ƥ餺첻Ǥ [ə], [ðə] ѤȤ첻Ǥ첻Ϣ³ (hiatus) 褦ˡĺ [ʔ] ߹ߤȤFox (2025) Ѥ롥
In an investigation of young speakers of Bangladeshi and white British origin, Fox . . . found high frequency of the use of a [ə] and the [ðə] before vowel-initial words among Bangladeshi male adolescents in Tower Hamlets, London, and to a lesser extent in the speech of their white Anglo male peers. All speakers used glottal stop to resolve hiatus in the V#V context. Multi-ethnic friendship networks were shown to play a key role in the diffusion of these features.
Ū˽ʬ⤷˼ҲŪˤͻǤȤȤǥƥ
Fox, Sue. "Varieties of English: Cockney." Chapter 128 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2013--31.
ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) ɤжǤϤޤưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ
ֱѸƳ2021˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤOh My Word!?ʤ Word ʤΤήͻ?Ǥ롥
Oh my God! ϥ֡ (taboo) ȤۤɶʶŪˤϻѤ롥նɽ (euphemism) Ȥơ(Oh my) Gosh!, (Oh my) goodness!, Oh my! ʤɤ褯ΤƤ뤬פ˲Ū˻ˤִάʤɤʤƥꥸʥɽ碌ȤˡΤäƤΤǤ롥
ƥȯɽԤϡɸ My word! Ȥ Oh my God! նɽ1ĤǤϤʤȡּήͻפߤƤ롥οϡGod [g] word [w] ¤ϲŪ˶ᤤȤ¤Ǥ롥ΤĴŪˤСξԤ (labiovelar) ˤġϢܥ֥εȤơ#1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1])#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1])#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume ([2019-12-02-1])#3409. ܸˤٹξü ([2018-08-27-1])#3410. Ѹˤֹٹס ([2018-08-28-1]) Ƥ
Ūʴ God Word ӤĤƤߤߤϤ⤷
ŪˤϤɤOED word, n. and int. ȤȼΤ褦ˤ롥
P3. e. my word (esp. as an exclamation) = upon my word at Phrases 1g(b)(ii).
1722 A. Philips Briton ii. iii. 14 He loves thee, Gwendolen:---My word, he does.
1821 London Mag. June 658/2 When the New Town Christeners had exhausted their Georges and Charlottes and Fredericks and Hanovers, (and, my word, they did extend the royalty).
1841 E. C. Gaskell Lett. (1966) 44 My word! authorship brings them in a pretty penny.
1857 F. Locker London Lyrics 72 Half London was there, and, my word, there were few..But envied Lord Nigel's felicity.
1874 A. Trollope Harry Heathcote ii. 49 'You dropped the match by accident?' 'My word, no. Did it o' purpose to see.'
1932 P. Hamilton Siege of Pleasure ii. 62 in Twenty Thousand Streets under Sky (1935) 'My word!' said Violet. 'You didn't half give me a turn.'
1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 My word, how we did dress up in those days!
2004 G. Woodward I'll go to Bed at Noon xiii. 237 'That's an old Vincent,' said Janus Brian, 'my word. Haven't seen one of those for years'.
(asseveration) ȤƤֻ upon my word ƱǽδȤơ18Ⱦ˽Ф褦ֻ upon my word of my word ʤɤȤȤ1600ǯ夫ѤƤ롥餯ֻ礬ñȤǴȤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ䤬Ƥֻ줬æάǤѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ
ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƺ줿줿ΤMAZDA Zoom-Zoom Zoom äƲȤ˿ȶ˴ꡥ䥪Υޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ˴ؿˤϡ֤ؤʤۤɡפɤ륳ƥĤȻפޤ
ƥǾܽҤƤȤꡤ֤ᤫƼ벻ܸǤϡ֥֡դ꤬ŪǤѸǤ zoom ʤɤȤʤ櫓Ǥ͡/z/ /b/ ϻҲȤĴĴͼۤʤäƤꡤ̤ϷӤĤʤ2ȻפޤѸ켪ܸ켪ȤǤϤʤκȤȤǤ礦̤γꡤzip ʥӥáˤäƤޤ
ǻפФΤ䤬#4196. ʤѸǤӤ zzz ʤΤǤ ([2020-10-22-1]) ǤܸΤӤβ֥פФơѸǤ zzz ȯɽ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤzzz ϤӤβȤαɽ魯ȤƥȤޤܸαȤС֥֡פ֥֥֥פŵȻפޤǤѸ /z/ ܸ /b/ бƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ͡Ѹ켪ܸ켪Ϥ˰äƤǤΰ㤤ˤϥѥΤ⤷ޤ
̤˸ؤǤϡΥޥȥڤϸ (arbitrariness) ȿȤޤϡ줬ۤʤäƤ⤽ƤΤȤȤްդƤޤ嵭ξбߤƤȡ֤㤦ʤȤݤޤ͡#3850. ѸưʪĤ ([2019-11-11-1]) ʤɤѸ٤ƤߤȡȯȻפޤ
ۤˡ#4340. NHKδñѸ in English٤οϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפȤޤ ([2021-03-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤǯ٤˸Ƴ֤줿ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפΥƥȤΤʤǡѸΥܥʵ˴ؤϢܤϤƤޤˡ֥ߥƥΩƤפȤդǼɮƤꡤѸˤĶȤ٤ΤȤʤäƤޤΤǡؿΤɤ5ΥƥȤȯޤΤǡ⤷ޤ

5Ϣ2Ǽ夲ϡԵ§ʣɽȤ feet ˤĤƤǤʤ *foots ǤϤʤ feet ˤʤΤǤ礦
ܥ֥Ǥ#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1])#4304. ʤ foot ʣ feet ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2021-02-07-1])#4320. űѸˤϤäȤä foot -- feet פʣ ([2021-02-23-1]) ǰäƤǤθ줬ŪˤɤäƤʣѲּСפȤѤơޤǰʾʬ䤹⤷ޤɤɤ
γڤβλޤѸλɤǤȡʬ -ing -in' 뤳Ȥ롥Ū¯Ūȯɽݤˤ⡤Ф -in' ˽вݥȥե (apostrophe) ѤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤľŪˤХեޥȯ -ing g æξάΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤȤ館2ĤǸǤ롥
1ˡȯæάⵯäƤʤǤ롥-ing ȯ /-ɪŋ/ ǡ-in' ȯ /-ɪn/ Ǥ롥ǸλҲ٤Ƥߤ餫ʤ褦ˡԤͭɡ /ŋ/ ǡԤͭɡ /n/ Ǥ롥ξԤæάδطǤϤʤ夢뤤ִδطǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Ԥɽݤ˥ݥȥեѤΤ㤤ΤȤʤ櫓ˤˡʤ𤬤롥ͭɡ /ŋ/ 1ǤʤŵŪ <ng> 2ʸ֤ͭɡ /n/ ñ <n> 1ʸ֤Τξֻ٤С-ing <g> æά -in' 褦ˤߤ롥פȯǤϸΰΡæפ䤹ȤľƯ-in' άȤƲᤵ䤹ΤɽϳΤæάäƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ȯϤΤ褦ʤȤϵäƤʤ
2ˡŪˤäƤ -in' -ing Ȥϡ餯ʬΰ۷֤Ǥ -inde θޤäΩȹͤۤǤ롥äȤ⡤դβŪϹäƤꡤñ˷ŤʤȤϵƤ
ʬ -ing ˤϼ¤ʣǤ롥űѸ줫Ѹ̤ơʬŪ -inde, -ende, -ande ʤɤη֤ȤäƤΰ۷֤ʬۤϡ#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ǼȤꡤ褽ʬϢưƤѸˡ̾ư̾ؤȯãƤ -ing -inde ʤɤθʬȤӤĤ褦ˤʤäcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])ˡˡ -en ⲻƤ˻äκƱ֤ʣcf. #2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡ
ˤ衤-in' -inde ξάǤפȤŪ˵Ƥ뤫⤷ʤ-in' -ing ξάǤפȤϸˤ
Ϣơ#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
(phoneme) ϡؤǤɬ夲δŪñ̤ǤȤʤ顤¤͡ˤꡤؾäȤޤߤγǰѸ1ĤǤ롥ػ˾褬䤨ڡΩ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤ롥ؤǤϡˤƤΤ褦ޤߤε롥㤨С (word) ȤŪñ̤顤ؤǤϤޤФͿƤʤ (cf. ָʤפεå)
ǤȤΤäԤʤʤˤʤ櫓ˤ⤤ʤΤǡޤѸ켭ŵεҤäƤߤ褦ĤäƤߤΤΤ䤳ȿǤƤɤҤȥ졼ȤǤʤΤʤǤʬ䤹äΤ Crystal Ѹ켭ŵäΤǡóݤȤĹȰѤȤŪʬ䤹Ȥе䡥줯餤鿴Ԥˤϡʼ¤Ȥˤ˼äĤˤѸ졦ǰ
phoneme (n.) The minimal unit in the sound SYSTEM of a LANGUAGE, according to traditional PHONOLOGICAL theories. The original motivation for the concept stemmed from the concern to establish patterns of organization within the indefinitely large range of sounds heard in languages. The PHONETIC specifications of the sounds (or PHONES) heard in speech, it was realized, contain far more detail than is needed to identify the way languages make CONTRASTS in MEANINGS. The notion of the phoneme allowed linguists to group together sets of phonetically similar phones as VARIANTS, or 'members', of the same underlying unit. The phones were said to be REALIZATIONS of the phonemes, and the variants were referred to as allophones of the phonemes . . . . Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes; some languages have as few as fifteen phonemes; othes as many as eighty. An analysis in these terms will display a language's phonemic inventory/structure/system. No two languages have the same phonemic system.
Sounds are considered to be members of the same phoneme if they are phonetically similar, and do not occur in the same ENVIRONMENT (i.e. they are in COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION) --- or, if they do, the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change in meaning (i.e. they are in FREE VARIATION). A sound is considered 'phonemic', on the other hand, if its substitution in a word does cause a change in meaning. In a phonemic transcription, only the phonemes are given symbols (compared with phonetic TRANSCRIPTIONS, where different degrees of allophonic detail are introduced, depending on one's purpose). Phonemic symbols are written between oblique brackets, compared with square brackets used for phonetic transcriptions; e.g. the phoneme /d/ has the allophones [d] (i.e. an ALVEOLAR VOICED variant), [d̥] (i.e. an alveolar devoiced variant), [d̪] (i.e. a DENTAL variant) in various complementary positions in English words. Putting this another way, it is not possible to find a pair of words in English which contrast in meaning solely on account of the difference between these features (though such contrasts may exist in other languages). The emphasis on transcription found in early phonemic studies is summarized in the subtitle of one book on the subject: 'a technique for reducing languages to writing'. The extent to which the relationship between the phonemes and the GRAPHEMES of a language is regular is called the 'phoneme-grapheme correspondence'.
On this general basis, several approaches to phonemic analysis, or phonemics, have developed. The PRAGUE SCHOOL defined the phoneme as a BUNDLE of abstract DISTINCTIVE FEATURES, or OPPOSITIONS between sounds (such as VOICING, NASALITY), and approach which was developed later by Jakobson and Halle . . . , and GENERATIVE phonology. The approach of the British phonetician Daniel Jones (1881--1967) viewed the phoneme as a 'family' of related sounds, and not as oppositions. American linguists in the 1940s also emphasized the phonetic reality of phonemes, in their concern to devise PROCEDURES of analysis, paying particular attention to the DISTRIBUTION of sounds in an UTTERANCE. Apart from the question of definition, if the view is taken that all aspects of the sound system of a language can be analysed in terms of phonemes --- that is, the SUPRASEGMENTAL as well as the SEGMENTAL features --- then phonemics becomes equivalent to phonology (= phonemic phonology). This view was particularly common in later developments of the American STRUCTURALIST tradition of linguistic analysis, where linguists adopting this 'phonemic principle' were called phonemicists. Many phonologists, however (particularly in the British tradition), prefer not to analyse suprasegmental features in terms of phonemes, and have developed approaches which do without the phoneme altogether ('non-phonemic phonology', as in PROSODIC and DISTINCTIVE FEATURE theories).
Ǹ˽ɤθάҤƤ뤬䡤¤
(phone) Ȳ (phoneme) Ȥΰ㤤ˤĤơޤǤ˼Τ褦ʵƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1])
#4232. ؤȲϡ֤ι¤ȥ ([2020-11-27-1])
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ư say /seɪ/ Ķ٤θǡؼԤ⤹˳Ф뤳ȤˤʤܸǤưβ said ⤭ƹ٤ʤ櫓ǤֻȤԵ§ǤФ꤫¤ȯˤƤԵ§Ǥͽۤ2첻 /seɪd/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛd/ ȤʤΤǤƱ褦Ե§3ñ -s դˤĤƤ⤤ޤֻ says ȵ§Ū˸ޤȯϤϤ2첻 /seɪz/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛz/ ȤʤäƤޤޤʤ said, says ϤΤ褦ȯʤΤǤ礦ˤŪʷаޤޤɤ
¤ϡѸüԤȯĴƤߤޤȡ˥ФϤΤΡͽ̤ۤ2첻ȯ /seɪd/, /seɪz/ ԤʤƤΤǤޤɸŪǥޥʡȯȤƤǤΤǡ䤿ȤƤԵ§ʤϤû첻 /sɛd/, /sɛz/ μ¤˽ƤΤ̵Ǥ礦
ŪʲѲηаޤмΤ褦ˤʤޤȤư say ϡѸޤǤϡֻ̤ /saɪ/ Ǥ˽äơ /saɪ(ə)d/3ñ /saɪ(ə)z/ ȵ§ŪȯƤޤȤ17ޤǤ2첻 /aɪ/ Ĺ첻 /ɛː/ ؤѲΤǤ礦ܸΡ֥Хפᤤȯǡ֥١פȤʤΤ˻ɤθˤ褯벻ѲǤ̤Ѳ餺褽ʳˤȤɤޤäޤ˻äƤΤǤСǤ§Ū say /seɪ/, said /seɪd/, says /seɪz/ ȤʤäƤǤ礦ʼ¤ΤȤ2ĤޥʡȯȤƤ뤳ȤϾҤޤˡ
Ȥ3ñˤĤƤϡθ⤦1̤βѲޤĹ첻 /ɛː/ ûû첻 /ɛ/ ȤʤäΤǤ say /seɪ/ ФԵ§ˤߤ /sɛd/, /sɛz/ ƤޤäΤǤƱѲ˴ޤ줿̤ñȤơagain against Ƥޤ礦û첻 /əˈgɛn(st)/ ͥǤ2첻 /əˈgeɪn(st)/ ¹ԤʹȤˤʤäƤޤ
ʤ3ñǤΤ첻ûΤȤΤϡɬƤʤǤsaid ˈhe, says ˈshe Τ褦Ѥ¿̾ФŪư줬夯ȯΤûȤƤƤޤ1Ĥβˤޤ
ϢȵˤĤơ##541,543,2130εå⤪ɤߤ
ưȤƤưȤƤĶٸǤ have ĶٸǤԵ§ʤȤ䤹ȤȤϡ褯ΤäƤ뤳ȤȻפޤǤhave μդˤϤޤԵ§ʤȤ¿Ǥ͡
ޤ<have> ֤ä /hæv/ ɤळȤ餷̯Ǥgave /geɪv/, save /seɪv/, cave /keɪv/ Ȼ褦ֻǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤϤʤޤhave ֤Ƭ be- Ĥ behave ͽ̤ /biˈheɪv/ Ȥʤ뤳ȤͤȡޤޤԻĤǤ
ˡ3ñ *haves ǤϤʤ has ȤʤΤ̯Ǥˡʬ˷ *haved ǤϤʤ had ȤʤΤ⡤ƱͤǤޤʤ̤ *haves *haved ȤʤäƤʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ3ĤεˤĤơѸˤΩ줫Ƥߤޤ礦ɤ
Ǥ¤Ѹˤ /hɑːvə/ ʤĹ첻 have ȯ̤ˤäΤǤ줬³ƤС첻 (gvs) ͳƸޤǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤäƤϤǤޤ٤⤤Ǥ뤿ˡû첻ƤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ
Ʊͤˡ3ñʬ˷ȤƤ⡤ѸˤϺǤϥ haves haved ѤƤޤ13ʹߤ˸ /v/ Ͼü뷹Ȥ櫓ĶٸȤȤ⤢äƤηɽ졤̤Ȥ has had ˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ/v/ ξüϡhead, lord, lady, lark, poor θˤؤäƤޤʵդˤСθˤ /v/ ޤޤƤ櫓Ǥˡ
츫Ե§ˤߤطʤˤϡٸǤ뤳ȡƲѲȤ¸ߤΤǤŪͳ櫓Ǥ͡˴ؿäϡ##4065,2200,1348εåˤƾܤɤߤ
ε#4331. ѸˤΤβء ([2020-11-26-1]) ǡ (phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) ξʬŪʸҲ𤷤Ʊ첻ʬʤξԤ˰ۤʤΤȤˤĤơƹͤФˤĤƤϡ奢ʤ#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1]) εǾҲ𤷤ξԤζ̤ˤĤơäŪΩ줫ʸϤѤ粬ۤԡˤŪʸƬ (5) θǤ롥
(phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) Ϥɤⲻ椹Ǥ뤬θˡϼŪ˰ۤʤäƤ롥ʤؤϡΤʴѻȤεҤӲ䵡βͤ餤ȤƤΤФϡηϤ벻ΰ֤ŤӤ䵡ǽ뤳Ȥͤ餤ȤƤ롥
ؤȲγƸϼ֤ι¤ȥˤȤ뤳ȤǤ褦Ĥޤꡤɤʤ˥ä褯Ƥ֤ι¤˷٤Фμ֤ϰȤϤʤ֤ι¤ˤΤؤǡˤȤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ؤϲ¼ (phonetic substance) ȡΤʲҤϤξηϤŤʤФʤʤξԤޤ߹礦ȤǡȤƤοŸߤȹͤ롥ΤȤϲʳذ̤ˤĤƤ⤤뤳ȤǤ뤬ѻ (observation)--- (description)--- (comparison)--- (explanation) γ̤ӤطԲķǤ
طʤȤʤȤɬפȤʤΤϡоݤȤ֤٤ƴѻǤȤϤʤǤ롥κݤǥꤷ˽äƹͻʤᡤǽŪ˵Ҿ夹Ƥ뤫ݤȽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ؤϡоݤȤ벻¼ꡤɬɬפǤϤʤˤĤƤ硤̣Ȥδطǥǥɬȹͤ롥
ǤäѤȤۤ⽽ʬˤꤽ줯餤첻˴ؤ븦ǾҲ𤹤ΤϺǤ롥ءʻˡˤؤ٤гؤ֤ۤɡϸܼ˺ǤᤤȤȤⴶ롥첻ȤΤ¦μΤ˰Ĥƹͤ뤫ʹ¦ǧ˰Ĥƹͤ뤫ȤϡɤΤȤȤΤϲʤΤȤ˹Ԥ夫ʤΤ
粬 ֡ ԡˡزء١ҡ1999ǯ
Ȼפʤ顤ʤʤ줺ˤֱѸˤΤβءפϤޤĿŪʱѸ˴Ѥ˴ŤǤѸˤ뤿ˤϲءѲ˴ؤŪμ礫ޤѸˤΤ⤷ǽˤϡ첻ФȤɬפǤѸˤ̥ϤȾʬϲˤȸäƤޤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
ʤʤΤϲءȤΤϡ٤ŪʬȤȤǤѸؤγŵŪˤʸȩοʹ֤ȻפޤءȤʬˤŪǤ¿ʬ˴ޤޤƤޤռΤ̵̤Ȥ⤷ޤʤΤǡषѸˤ˴ؿäϡδؿ١ȤơɬפȤβءμؤ֤ȤϤΤ褤Ȼפޤ˲ؤؤӡ˲ؿʤΤˡǤ
ޤϡѸˤؤδؿȤ½νޤءνʲ˼ޤѸܸβӤȤؤܤˤȤ褤ȻפޤʤʤΤܸ첻ؤܤ⺮äƤޤˡǤиǤ դޤܤˤäƤϡɬǿǤǤϤʤ⤷ޤޤνҰȤȤǤ餺
ܸ첻١դ1977ǯ
ĤرѸβʳؤ١罤ۡ2007ǯ
סزء١ǡ1989ǯ
ס± رѸȯȱѻαΧ١ʱѸֺ7ˡĬҡ1991ǯ
ˡⶶ ͺ ͵롦± ز١αʸˡ3ҡ1985ǯ
ݡز١ؽӡ2003ǯ
ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ
ҡԡˡز١īоȸإ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ
رѸ첻ء١ҡ1996ǯ
ƣ ҡرѸ첻١罤ۡ2008ǯ
ԡˡزء١īоȸإ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ
ԡˡ˸ء١īоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ
塡ز١αѸإ3ҡ1994ǯ
رѸ첻ء١Ӥ˼1976ǯ
ҥرѸ첻١Ѹ졦ʸ祷ҡ1986
Abercrombie, David. Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1967.
Carr, Philip and Jean-Pierre Montreuil. Phonology. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
Davenport, Mike and S. J. Hannahs. Introducing English Phonetics and Phonology. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
Hayes, Bruce. Introducing Phonology. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
International Phonetic Association. Handobook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the Internatonal Phoneti Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.
Jones, Daniel. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 18th ed. Ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011.
Ladefoged, P. A Course in Phonetics. 3rd ed Orlando: Harcourt Brace, 1993.
Laver, John Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.
Roach, Peter. English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ɸο²̾ (relationship_noun) ϡѸؤӻϤƺǽ˳ؤñɽʤǤäŵƽƤޤȡ֤ΤפȤªˤʤꡤȤ餷ޤѸؤӻϤФ̤λϰۤʤޤɸΤ褦ʥɥäȤ䤬ΤǤfather, mother, brother, sister Ȥ²̾δ4ñįȡλҲˤĤƳΤ sister ⤤Ƥޤ͡Ϥɤ櫓Ǥ礦βİ
ǯθűѸ嵭4ñ fæder, mōdor, brōþor, sweostor Ȥ֤Ǥ<þ> <th> űѸʸǤˡĤޤꡤ<th> ΤäƤΤϡ¤ brother äΤǤ5ο²̾ΤǤ daughter (OE dohtor) 碌ƹθȡ2ñ d Ѥ졤̤2ñ t Ѥ졤1ñǤΤ th Ѥ줿ȤȤˤʤޤĤޤꡤ brōþor þ (= th) ⤤ƤȤȤǽʤΤǤϡͤߤȶä٤¤Ǥ͡
ǵȤʤΤϡʤűѸ d äƤ fæder mōdor ޤǤλҲ th ѲȤȤǤѸʹߤβѲʤΤǤ첻˶ޤ줿 d ϤĤñ (fricativisation) ФޤȤ furder > further, gader > gather, hider > hither, togeder > together, weder > weather, wheder > whether, whider > whither Ƥޤ礦
ޤȤޤѸδߤȳΤ sister ⤤Ƥ褦ˤߤޤ²̾Τη֤ˤҤȤƤȡ¤ brother ⤤ƤȷŤ뤳ȤǤΤǤѸˤǤϤФнФ魯ֵžȯۡפιǤ
β٤ȤŪˤʤޤѲξܺ٤˴ؿΤϡ##698,699,480,481,703εåε⤪ɤߤ
ܸˤƵ֥פɽŵŪʡֹ⤤ӤפϡĴŪˤϡ̵ͭססưסʸƵȵ۵ˤξդǤ礦ϻ³ΰǤ֥פɽ鼨³ [ɡ] ĴͼδϤդ路ʤ⤷ޤĴδϡʤۤ [ɡ] ϡŬȤ⤤ޤ
Ť̲Ǥϡ֥©ΩƤȤ⤷ޤξˤϡ̵סֻʷԡˡספ [s] ꤵƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ嵭ξüβδ֤餤̤ΤӤǤ礦
ȡѸ <z> ɽ [z] βϡܸˤ⤤Ӥ֥פ [ɡ] Ťʿ©֥פ [s] ȤŪħ褦˸Ƥޤ緶ˤ뤵ɽ魯ͭס©ֻԲס³θפ碌 [z] ȤǤʢդȤФ⤷ޤˡ
ŪˤߤȡȤƤ <z> <zzz> ɽ19ȾаʸδǤOED ǽƤޤ礦
1852 H. D. Thoreau Jrnl. 15 June (1997) V. 96 The dry z-ing of the locust is heard.
1884 R. W. Buchanan New Abelard i The bats were seen flitting with thin z-like cry high up over the waterside.
1893 R. Kipling Many Inventions 103 The oars rip out and go z-zzp all along the line.
1902 S. E. White Blazed Trail ii. 11 The rhythmical z-z-z! z-z-z! [of the saw].
1909 H. G. Wells Tono-Bungay (U.K. ed.) i. ii. 67 He had a way of drawing air in at times through his teeth that gave a whispering zest to his speech. It's a sound I can only represent as a soft Zzzz.
1909 H. G. Wells Tono-Bungay (U.K. ed.) iii. ii. 326 He meditated for a time and Zzzzed softly.
1924 Dial. Notes 5 259 Z-z-z (buzzing, or snoring).
OED Ǥ "a buzzing sound" ȤꡤǽˤϳΤˤӤβȤΥ֥֥ΥҤʤɤѤƤΤ¿褦Ǥʤ buzz Ȥ줫餷 <z> ޤǤޤ͡ˡߤǤ z-z-z ӤɽȤƴ夷ޤŪˤϤۤɸŤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ͡ˤˤϡޥαƶ礭äΤǤϤʤǤ礦
hellog 饸 ([2020-09-23-1]) Ǥϡ#4167. ʤѸǤ l r ̤ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡפ夲ޤϢȤơѸ v b ζ̤ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ
Ūˤ [v] ͭ[b] ͭξȸƤФ졤Τ˶̤뤳ȤϳΤǤ¤褯ߤȡξȤӤ̤碌סֿѤפȤǤ϶̤Ƥޤ礭ۤʤΤϡ[v] Ȼη֤ƵȴƤΤФơ[b] Ͼ岼οääƸƵߤȤȤǤ⿰ȹͤС㤤ˤޤŪˤ [v] [b] ϡϤƤΤǤ
Ǥϡʲββİ
have live Τ褦ˡ [v] Ǥ顤űѸǤϳѷˤäƤ [b] ΤǤȤȤǷȤƤϡ[v] [b] ϱѸǤäѤƤȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹ [v] λҲܸɽǡ֥פȤ뤫֥֡פȤ뤫ϡޤ̤ζ̣Ȥʤޤ
˴ؿäϡ##74,1813,3325,3628,3690εåɤ
ɸˤ褯ѤʵǤѸˤ know, knife, knight, knee, knob ʤɡ<kn-> ֤Τ /k/ ȯʤñ줬Ĥ¸ߤޤۻ (silent_letter) k ǤƤΤɤޤʤԻĤŪäƤߤޤ礦ʲββİƤ
衤ñˤ k ϤäȯƤޤ300ǯۤ1718ˤƤλˡƬ kn- ˤ k 褦ˤȯäƤޤֻ kn- ΤۤϤοǯɸŪʤΤȤ夷ĤĤꡤȯѲϢư k ʸȤȤϤޤǤֻϡΤȯȰۤʤμҲ٤ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡäޤäƤޤȡñˤѲŬǤʤΤǤ͡
ꡤۻ̤ˤĤƤ##122,3675,1095,1902,1290,3386εåɤ
hellog 饸ǤǤϡ#4156. ʤѸˤ s ̯˰ۤʤ th Τ褦ȯˤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-09-12-1]) ȤѤʵ夲ޤ³ th-sound ˴ؤǤth ֻбȯˤϡ /θ/ ä /ð/ 2बޤʲؤǤϳơ̵ͭȸƤǤޤˡǤϡɤΤ褦ʤȤ̵ȤʤꡤͭȤʤΤǤ礦ñ줴Ȥ1ĤҤȤİŵʤФʤʤΤǤ礦
ǰʤ顤̵ͭʬۤͽ¬ֵ§פȤΤ¸ߤޤʤͭʡַפϻŦǤޤŪʴ2ĤηҲ𤷤ȻפޤǤϡʲβɤ
ʾ塤2ĤηҲ𤷤ޤñ˸ th ̵ͭϡΰֻ̣顤٤Ͽ䤷̤뤳ȤǤȤȤʬäǤ礦ơơηˤϿɴǯǯʾˤȤȤפʥݥȤǤΤȯΡ֥פȯΤʤ˻ĤäƤȻפԻĤʴޤ͡
ѤʵȤμդˤĤơ##842,858,3713,1365,702,3298,4069εåɤߤ
Ѹˤ th-sound ȸƤФѤȯޤܸˤϤʤȯʤΤǡ䤿ϤŪᤤ /s/ /z/ ʹꡤԲԲDz봷˽äƤޤѤȯפȤΤܸüԤˤȤäƤǤʤ¿ѸüԤˤȤäƤƱͤǡޤ괷ʤǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ̣ǡth-sound ȤƤαѸΡֶ̤פȤäƤ褤⤷ޤǤϡβİ
th-sound θΤʤǤŪޤʲȤȤǤޤΤ餳β³ƤѸǹͤȡȤ櫓ͭ /ð/ ϡthe, this, that, then, there, though, with ʤɡ٤ι⤤˸뤿ˡ¤ϥ㡼ʲȤäƤ褤ΤǤȤ /θ/, /ð/ /s/, /z/ ȶ̤ƽƤʤФʤʤʤǤ
ѤʵȴϢơ##842,1022,1329εå
hellog 饸22ϡ̤פؤ¿αѸؽԤϤѤʵǤư not ξά n't դϡƤȥ졼Ȥȯֻޤcan/can't, could/couldn't, should/shouldn't, is/isn't, are/aren't, have/haven't, does/doesn't, did/didn't ʤɡʤޤ̤衦ջ֤νưȤ٤ι⤤ will ˤĤƤϡʤ첻礭ۤʤ won't ȤʤäƤΤǤޤ l äƤޤäƤޤϤäʤʤΤǤ礦βɤ
hellog 饸ΥꥹʡǤС18ˤϤ#4135. ʤ one ϡ֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-22-1]) Dz⤷ΤƱͳʤȻפ뤫⤷ޤΤ褦ɸѸ줬ޤäƤʤäѸˤϡ¿ΩƤꡤƱñǤ͡ʡ¤פȯԤʤƤޤ¤פä첻˸뤳Ȥ¿νưˤĤƤ⡤ˤä will, well, wall, woll ʤ͡첻ʹޤθ塤ѸˤƱѸ줬ɸಽƤǡϤ will ̤ woll ˴Ť won't ɸȤФƤޤäȤ櫓ǤΥϥߤԹʥޥåθʤΤǤ
¤Ϻ夲Ѹͳ褹ȤΤۤˡŪʴΰ⤢ޤޤޤơ##89,1298εå
hellog 饸21ϡ֤ФСפ̣ܸ often ȯ˴ؤ뵿Ǥñϰ̤ˤϡ֥եפȯΤȽޤºݤαѸǤϡ֥եȥפȯʹޤäɤȯΤǤ礦ơʤΤ褦ȯɤ줬ߤΤǤ礦ʲβɤ
often /t/ ޤȯϡֻ <t> 뤫 /t/ ȯ褦ȤưŤˤֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ȸƤФ븽ݤȤȤˤʤޤˤֻȯΥȤѸüԤοѤƤޤ (cf. forehead, ate)
Ȥȡɸ䤤äȽפ䤤⤫ǤϤǤ⤽ʤŤ <t> ʸޤǤ often /t/ ʤȯ褦ˤʤäƤޤäΤȤ䤤Ǥطʤˤϡ3ҲϢ³治æȤѲޤ (cf. listen, castle, soften, Christmas)
ˤĤƤϡ##379,211,380,381εåɤߤ
hellog 饸19ϡΡ#4135. ʤ one ϡ֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-22-1]) ³ƿ (numeral) Ǥ one ֻΤɤˤ <w> ʤΤȯˤ /w/ 롤ȤݤǤϤԿŦȻפޤtwo ֻ <w> Τȯˤ /w/ ФƤʤΤǤѸ줬̯ʸǤ뤫褯狼뤫Ȼפޤ
ˤŪطʤޤǤϡβɤ

two δϢ /w/ θ첻³ twelve, twenty, twin, twain ǤϤä /w/ ȯΤǤޤ첻³ two ˤĤƤϡ첻 /w/ ȤβŪħƤ뤿ˡˤβ /w/ æƤޤäȤȤǤæѸˤϤǤ˻ϤޤäƤ褦Ǥ
Τ褦ȯϤɤɤѤäƤΤǤֻϤѲΥԡɤդƤŤȯɽ路֤˿֤뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤѸˤֻȯЪΥȾϡȯѤäɤ⡤ֻΤξ֤˼ĤƤײη̤ȤǤޤ
ˤĤơܤ##184,1324,51,3630εå
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow