hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ڡ / page 6 (19)

phonetics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-11-13 Wed

#3852. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (1) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][language_planning][spelling][orthography]

ʸ嵭2021/04/29(Thu)ܵϡѤʵפ򰷤äΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ȤƤ褦Ǥ켫ΤϤȤƤ򤷤ȤǤܵϡֶʽŪʲפǤϤΤΡɮԤȤƤԽʬʲˤȤɤޤȹͤƤޤषβŦ³ԤܳŪ˵Ƥ椯Ĥܵ񤤤ȤаޤޤǤΤǡ³Ԥ3碌ɤǤФȻפޤ򶲤줺˸СܵΡֶʽŪʲפǤԽʬǤ

夲㤬ֿפɤ̤ˤƤ⡤֤פ޻ m ֤Ϥ褯ˤΤܤޤ
JRοؤα̾ɽϳΤ Shimbashi ȤʤäƤޤܸɽȤƤϡ֤ФפΤ褦ˡ֤פǤäƤ⡤ѸɽΤˤСJRѤƤȤܤإܥ󼰥޻ɽ˶ᤤɽˤˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ȤʤޤϤäʤǤ礦ϡ¤ϱѸˤδ뤳ȤΤǤ˥ǥפʤΤǤ϶ʽŪʲܤƤޤ礦
ޤŪǤإܥ󼰥޻ɽǤϡ֤פȯȸƤФ벻ˤϡb, m, p ֤ˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ɽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäơȡסʤʤСˤ Nambaܴ֡סʤۤޡˤ Hommaֻӡסʤڤˤ Sampei ȤʤꡤƱͤ˿ʤФˤ Shimbashi Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤȤȤǤ
b, m, p ֤ˤ m ɽͳ򤹤뤿ˤϡؤμɬפǤܸ֤פü첻ǤȸƤФ졤ܸ첻Ǥ /ɴ/ ɽޤ1ĤβǤꡤܸüԤˤȤäʶʤ1ĤβȤǧƤޤºݾϿΰۤʤȯǼ¸ޤ֤פϤɤΤ褦ʲĶ˸뤫ˤäơۤʤȯȤƼ¸ΤǤ
ȡסܴ֡סֻӡפ3ñȯƤߤȡ֤פʬϤξĤȯȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ뤫Ȼפޤϥ޹ԻҲ m θˤۤʤޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ֤פȤ n ȯƤĤǤ⡤ξˤϼ¤ m ȯƤΤǤϸ³ m, b, p ƱξǤ뤿ˡľ֤פԲ n ǤϤʤξ m ˶ŤƤۤΤȤƥࡼȯǤ뤫Ǥȯ䤹褦äƸ̡ǥեȤ n 顤ȯꥹࡼ m ؤĴƤȤ櫓Ǥ
̯ѲȤгΤˤǤΤǡܸɽǤϡäȯĴϢưˡ֤פɽΤޤޤǤꤹƤޤϢưʤСȤƤϡ֤դɽȤʤǤ礦ˡΤ褦ȯΰ㤤̵ǤϤʤѸɽʤӡ˶ᤤإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤˤäƤϡ嵭βĶˤƤϡn 夨ơ긷̩ʲɽǤ m Ѥ櫓Ǥ
ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡֿɡסʤ󤸤夯ˤֿסʤФˤƱ֤ײޤΤ顤Ʊ֤ = n ɽѤФ褤ǤϤʤȤǤѸʤإܥ󼰥޻ˤǤ2ĤΡ֤פ¤ƱȯǤʤȤ¤Ż뤷ơԤˤ n ʸ򡤸Ԥˤ m ʸơ̤ɽʤ路ȤȤǤ
޻ǽ񤯤ȤϤɼԤȤܸüԤǰƬˤΤǤ n ɽۤʬ䤹ΤϤޤǤ⤢ޤ󡥤¸ƤΤἰ޻Ǥˤȡֿפ Sinbasi Ȥʤޤ餯JRʤޤŴƻƼҡˤϡɼԤȤüԡʤ餯ѸɽǤǤȻפ¿γ͡ˤꤷἰǤϤʤإܥ󼰡ʤ˥޻ɽѤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤShimbashi ϡܸȱѸˤޤĤ벻ءֻˤȤɤޤ餺ݲ줿ܤθȤؤΤʤΤǤ

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2019-11-09 Sat

#3848. 󥭥󥰤 "Optimality Theory" [ot][generative_grammar][phonology][phonetics][history_of_linguistics][fetishism]

ʸˡ (generative_grammar) ˤơʣε§ȤƤꡤ̤Хåƥ󥰤硤֤ɤε§ͥס֤ɤ餬ŬѤΤפȤ꤬뤳ȤԲǤ롥Υ󥭥󥰤ȤȯۤФȴ֤ʤֺŬפ "Optimality Theory" ʺŬˤΤɬȤäƤ褤⤷ʤꤽˤⲿ餫ε§ꤹʬǤСˤ餺󥭥󥰤ȤȯۤޤΤϼΤ褦˻פ롥伫ȡ˴ؿϤȤϤ褷ɸؼԤǤϤʤ󥭥󥰤Ȥȯۤˤ϶Ф롥
Crystal (342--43) ˤȡŬ (= Optimality Theory = ot) Ȥϼ̤ꡥ

optimality theory (OT) In phonology a theory developed in the early 1990s concerning the relationship between proposed underlying and output representations. In this approach, an input representation is associated with a class of candidate output representations, and various kinds of filter are used to evaluate these outputs and select the one which is 'optimal' (i.e. most well-formed). The selection takes place through the use of a set of well-formedness constraints, ranked in a hierarchy of relevance on a language-particular basis, so that a lower-ranked constraint may be violated in order to satisfy a higher-ranked one. The candidate representation which best satisfies the ranked constraint hierarchy is the output form. For example, in English the negative prefix in- (e.g. insufficient) has two output forms, im- before bilabials (as in impossible, immodest), and in- elsewhere (inarticulate, involuntary, etc.). The coexistence of these forms means that there is conflict between the class of faithfulness constraints (which require identity between input and output) and the class of constraints which impose restrictions on possible sequences have identical place of articulation --- which needs to be resolved by an appropriate ranking of the relevant constraints. Optimality theory thus aims to account for a wide range of phenomena by specifying the interaction of a small number of universal constraints, which apply variously across languages in producing phonological representations. A particular constraint may achieve high ranking in one language (i.e. its output accounts for many surface forms) and low ranking in another (i.e. its output accounts for only a small class of forms). Although initially developed in relation to phonology, during the later 1990s optimality theory came to be extended to morphology and syntax.


ˤޤ꿨줿ȤʤСǤŪȴ˰㤤ʤפڤäƴάƤޤȡѸܸʤɤθ̸줬ɤޤǤε§ȿϵ뤬ɤϵʤȤääƤȤȤʤΤ
OT ϼȤƲ˶ߤȯǤϤ뤬§Ŭѽ˴ؤǤǧʤС§ȤΤꤵ뤽¾ΤʤʬʷˤˤˤƤŬѤȹͤ롥
Ƹ줬줾ͭΥե (fetishism) äƤȤѤȤΤȤ롥

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2019-10-19 Sat

#3827. lexical set (2) [terminology][lexicology][vowel][sound_change][phonetics][dialectology][lexical_set]

ε ([2019-10-18-1]) ˰³lexical set ȤѸˤĤơSwann et al. Ѹ켭ŵˤȡ̤ꡥ

lexical set A means of enabling comparisons of the vowels of different dialects without having to use any particular dialect as a norm. A lexical set is a group of words whose vowels are uniformly pronounced within a given dialect. Thus bath, brass, ask, dance, sample, calf form a lexical set whose vowel is uniformly [ɑː] in the south of England and uniformly [æː] in most US dialects of English. The phonetician J. C. Wells specified standard lexical sets, each having a keyword intended to be unmistakable, irrespective of the dialect in which it occurs (see Wells, 1982). The above set is thus referred to as 'the BATH vowel'. Wells specified twenty-four such keywords, since modified slightly by Foulkes and Docherty (1999) on the basis of their study of urban British dialects.


1ʸˤ褦ˡlexical set ȤǰζߤϡŪ˼夲ơִפȤƿɬפʤˤ롥ñ췲򤢤ޤŪˤȤ館ҴŪ֤Ӥǽʤ餷ƤǤ줿ǰǤ롥ѸΤǡ'BATH' ŵȤ롤첻ޤñ췲פưפ˸褦ˤʤä

Swann, Joan, Ana Deumert, Theresa Lillis, and Rajend Mesthrie, eds. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2004.

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2019-10-18 Fri

#3826. lexical set (1) [terminology][lexicology][vowel][sound_change][phonetics][dialectology][lexical_set]

ءءʬˤפʳǰѸȤơlexical set ȤΤ롥#3505. THOUGHT-NORTH-FORCE Merger ([2018-12-01-1]) ʤɤǿƤȰäƤȤϤʤäΤǡƳ褦Trudgill Ѹ켭ŵѤ롥

lexical set A set of lexical items --- words --- which have something in common. In discussions of English accents, this 'something' will most usually be a vowel, or a vowel in a certain phonological context. We may therefore talk abut the English 'lexical set of bath', meaning words such as bath, path, pass, last, laugh, daft where an original short a occurs before a front voiceless fricative /f/, /θ/ or /s/. The point of talking about this lexical set, rather than a particular vowel, is that in different accents of English these words have different vowels: /æ/ in the north of England and most of North America, /aː/ in the south of England, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.


̻Ūˤϡ벻ѲФФ褦ˡꤵ줿ĶˤƤΤ䡤뤤Ϥ¾ͳñ췲Τߤˡ줬ñ췲򡤤¾ΤΤȶ̤ĤĤޤȤƸƤӤǤ롥ŪˤϡΤ褦ʲѲѼƤʤѼӡоȤݤˡܤ٤췲ȤƼ夲ȤǤ롥
פˡѲεˤϸä̤äΤȤ¤ǧ᤿ǡƱ褦˿äʤ뤤ϿäƤñ췲«ͤȤñ췲ñ̤ "lexical set" ȸƤ֤櫓ȤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΤ褦ñ̾Ĥǡ¼ŪʤΤȤ館줿褦ʵ뤫Ի׵ĤѸȤΤϤ֤ǤʤȤ˴ΤȤʤˡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-19-1]

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2019-10-17 Thu

#3825. quoth 첻 (2) [vowel][verb][preterite][old_norse][phonetics][sound_change][analogy][inflection][spelling_pronunciation]

[2019-10-07-1]εǼ夲ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤѸ줫Ѹˤơưʲˤ첻ʻˤˤ͡ʤΤǧ줿褦ä <a> <o> ֤줿ΤˤĤơûäΤĹäΤȤ꤬ʸɸŪ quoth /kwoʊθ/ ĹפǤˡ
ˤĤ Dobson (II 339) äƤߤ1򻲾ȡ

It is commonly assumed, as by Sweet, New English Grammar, §1473, that ME quod and quoth are both weak-stressed forms with rounding of ME ă; but they should be distinguished. Quod, which occurs as early as Ancrene Wisse and its group, undoubtedly has ME ŏ < ME ă rounded under weak stress (though its final d is more simply explained from the OE plural stem than, with Sweet, as a special weak-stressed development of OE þ. Quoth, on the other hand, is not a blend-form with a ModE spelling-pronunciation, as Sweet thinks; the various ModE forms (see §421 below) suggest strongly that the vowel descends from ME long_o_with_polish_hook.png, which is to be explained from ON á in the p.t.pl. kváðum. Significantly the ME quoþ form first appears in the plural quoðen in the East Anglian Genesis and Exodus (c. 1250), and next in Cursor Mundi.


ΰѤʤ˲᤹ȡ̤Ȥʤ롥Ѹ衤ñ˴ؤûĹξ¸Ƥ줬ͳ褹ȤϡԤˤĤƤϸűѸ1û첻 (cf. cwæþ) ǤꡤԤˤĤƤϸťΥɸ kváðum Ǥ롥Ҳʻˤ th d ȤˤĤƤ⡤Dobson ͡ʰ۷֤κ硦ƱϡŪʷ³ԤϸűѸ1ͳ褷Ԥ2ͳ褹ˤȤƲᤷȤΩΤ褦

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

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2019-10-14 Mon

#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤ [rensai][notice][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][me_dialect][sound_change][phonetics][standardisation][sobokunagimon][link]

1012ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ11ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ8Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤפǤ
Ѹϥڥ󥰤ȯδطȥ졼ȤǤϤʤȤޤϤȤ櫓첻ˤĤƤϤޤޤȤСmat mate ǤƱ <a> Υڥ󥰤ѤƤʤ顤Ԥ /æ/Ԥ /eɪ/ ȯ褦ˡ1ĤΥڥ󥰤Ф2ĤȯбƤϤˤޤդƱȯǤۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤֤뤳Ȥϡmeat, meet, mete ʤɤƱָפФ狼ޤ
εǤ <u> 첻ܤ줬ɤ첻б뤫ͤƤߤޤŪˤ bus /bʌs/, bull /bʊl/, busy /ˈbɪzi/, bury /ˈbɛri/ ȤñˤȤꡤˤƤΤ褦ʡԿԤʡץڥ󥰤ȯбƤƤޤäΤ򡤱Ѹˤδ⤷ޤˤ񤤤褦ˡָߤΥڥ󥰤ϡۤʤ˰ۤʤװѤ³ŪƤ̤λѡפǤطʤˤϡäȶäͳޤ򤭤򤪳ڤߤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ11



ϢܵȴϢơܥ֥ΰʲε⤴

#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])
#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ8󡡤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻Ϥ줾ۤʤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ11桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ101262--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-03-1]

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2019-10-07 Mon

#3815. quoth [vowel][verb][preterite][verners_law][phonetics][sound_change][analogy][inflection][old_norse]

#2130. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." ([2015-02-25-1])#2158. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." (2) ([2015-03-25-1]) Ǿ줿quoth /kwoʊθ/ ϡ?ȸäפ̣ʸǤ롥1;ñ3;ñľˡΤߤǡʤɤʳη֤¸ߤʤ̯ưǤ롥űѸѸǤϤŪĹ٤ưǤꡤűѸ쥦ȥǤ϶Ѳ5ưȤơ4׷ cweðan -- cwæþ -- cwǣdon -- cweden äʡ#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ȥ cweðan θ촴첻ȤȡθβѲˤ queath ʤɤȤʤϤǤꡤºݤˤη֤16ޤѤƤθѤȤʤäʤ bequeath ʰǾˤ򻲾ȡˡäơߤ quoth θ촴첻 cweðan μβѲη̤ȤϹͤʤ
OED quoth, v. queath, v. 򻲾ȤƤߤȡo 첻ϡNorthumbrian ʤ󥦥ȥˤ߿첻򼨤Ʊΰ۷ͳ褹ȤΤȤطʤˤʣʲѲѤƯƤ褦OED ϡquoth, v. βǼ3Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

(i) levelling of the rounded vowel resulting from combinative back mutation in Northumbrian Old English (see discussion at queath v.); (ii) rounding of Middle English short a (of the 1st and 3rd singular past indicative) after w; (iii) borrowing of the vowel (represented by Middle English long open ō) of the early Scandinavian plural past indicative forms (compare Old Icelandic kváðum (1st plural past indicative)); both short and long realizations are recorded by 17th-cent. orthoepists (see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §§339, 421).


Ѹˤ۷ˤĤƤ MED quēthen v. ⻲ȡڥ󥰤Ȥ hwat ʤ̯ʤΡMED "reverse spelling" ȤƤˤ⸫Ĥꡤ̣Ԥʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-17-1] [2019-10-08-1]

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2019-08-29 Thu

#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) [phonetics][lexicology][syntax]

#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǽˤñǶȼäƤΤ¿ơɤΤ褦ʾѤ뤫ϡȤƤŪ˱Ʒꤵ롥ŪˤСñΤѤȤʸ˵Ȥˤ϶ʳξˤϼѤΤ§Ǥ롥顤٤ȤưŪ˾äƤ뤳Ȥ狼ŵŪ (121) 󤲤褦

 ñʸʸ
am[æm]Indeed I am [æm].I am [əm/m] leaving today.
is[ɪz]I think she is [ɪz].The grass is [əz/z] wet.
do[duː]You earn more than I do [duː].What do [də] they know?
will[wɪl]No more than you will [wɪl].That will [wəl/wl̩/əl/l̩] do.
can[kæn]But you can [kæn].George can [kən/kn̩] go.
at[æt]Who're you looking at [æt]?Look at [ət] that.
for[fɔr]What did you do it for [fɔr]?They did it for [fər/fr̩] fun.
to[tuː]The one we are talking to [tuː].They're going to [tə] Spain.
of[ɑːv]What are you thinking of [ɑːv]?a lot of [əv/ə] apples


ʸȤΤŪˤϸ̩ǤϤʤΤˤСľ˶ (empty category) Ǥ롥äơ"Readyi I am ___i [æm] to help you." "I left the meetingi she stayed at [æt] ___i till then." ˤƤ϶뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

ҡ3ϡ٥β׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ106--32ǡ

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2019-08-28 Wed

#3775. ѸϳܻؤƲѲ򵯤Ƥ [sound_change][phonetics][phonology][r][l][consonant][syllable][vowel][stress][rhythm][prosody]

#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ෿Ūˤͭɸβ᥿פǤIJ¿ĸǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤѸβѲĬήįƤߤȡѸ̵ɸγָƤȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
ƣ߷ĤϸѸˤߤ r Ʋ (flapping; city, data ʤɤ t [ɾ] Ȥʤ븽)l ΰƬ (pharyngealization; feel, help ʤɤ l Ť [ɫ] Ȥʤ븽)Ҳæattem(p)t, exac(t)ly, mos(t) people ʤɡˤȤä夲ⲻλҲؤäƤꡤβ򳫲˶ŤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ʲβѤ褦 (70)

Ʋϡ˳ /t/ 򡤤첻ŪʶIJѤ븽ݤǤꡤϰ (vocalization) ȹͤ롥ᤤäǤϡbetter [bɛ́r] Τ褦ˡƲ줿 /t/ æ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤ/l/ ΰƬǤϡΤ˰ưä뤬ܼŪ첻ŪưǤꡤ/l/ ܸΡ֥פΤ褦첻˶Ťºݡfeel [fíːjo] Τ褦ˡ/l/ 첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥äơ/l/ ΰƬ⡤IJ /l/ 򤵤첻˶Ť첻ȹͤ롥Ҳæϡ첻ǤϤʤIJˤ벻λҲϢñ㲽븽ݤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡĤθݤϡ⡤λҲ첻ꡤæ뤳ȤˤäơǸ夬첻ǽ볫˶Ť褦ȤƤ븽ݤǤꡤǽŪˤ϶̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥άܼŪ˳ָѸϡޤޤʲݤʤ顤IJ򳫲˶Ť褦ȤƤȹͤ롥


ϲѲṽ¤ΤȴϢƤȤβṽ¤Τ켫ȤϡꥺȤäΧˤäƷꤵƤȤ⤤롥ϲѲ˴ؤʲǤ롥#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

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2019-07-14 Sun

#3730. Ūʣ [terminology][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone]

ˤơ̾Ωʬۤ򼨤ä2Ĥΰۤʤ벻ǤǧꤵƤ2ĤββĶˤƤϡΩ򼺤ȤȤꤦ롥ϲ (neutralisation)뤤Ūʣ (phonemic overlap) ȸƤФ롥ë (15--17) 򻲾ȤܸˤäƤβݤˤĤ򤷤Ƥ
ܸΥԻҲȥԻҲͤ롥[s] [ʃ] ˤϡֲ [onsɑ] vs ָҡ [onʃɑ]֥ [kɑsɯ] vs ֲμ [kɑʃɯ]١ [seːdo] vs ֥ɡ [ʃeːdo]֤ [soɾi] vs ֽ [ʃoɾi] ʤɤκǾ (minimal_pair) 򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤΩʬۤǧǤΤǡ̡β /s/ /ʃ/ ǧꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥
ԤȥԤγƲɽǽ񤭽ФƤߤ褦Բ [ʃɑ], [ʃi], [ʃɯ], [ʃe], [ʃo] ľ˽ɽ碌뤬Բ [sɑ], [ʃi], [sɯ], [se], [so] Ȥʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ첻 [i] ³ˤϡԤȥԤβϹ줷ƤޤºݤȯȤƤ [ʃi] Ǥ [si] Ǥ졤ܸȤƤ϶̤ʤ֥פȤƲᤵΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̾ /s/ /ʃ/ ϰۤʤ2ĤΩ벻ǤȤȤ館Ƥ褤 [i] ³˸¤äƤϡΩ̵̣Ȥʤ롤ʤȹͤ櫓[ʃ] Ω줫ߤСΤ褦ʴĶˤƤϥԲ⥷Բô뤳ȤˤʤΤǡŪʣäƤɽǤ롥

ë ɿ͡1ϡηϤʬ׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ1--29ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-07-13 Sat

#3729. ҲΡVPM ٥פ첻ΡBOR ٥ [phonetics][phonology][terminology]

Ҳ첻Ū˵ҡȤˡȤơŪ "voiceless bilabial plosive" ̵ξ (= [p]) "central open-mid unrounded" Ⱦ߿첻ˡ (= [ʌ]) ʤɤȳ̾ΤȤ߹碌ѤƤ뤬ˡΤ̾ĤƤ롥Ҳξ "the voice-place manner label" ȤǸƤФΤǡVPM ٥פȤ첻ξ "the backness-openness-(lip-)rounding label" ȤʤΤǡBOR ٥פȤʻp. 54--55ˡĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

[ŋ] = voiced velar nasal ͭɡ
[ç] = voicless palatal fricative ̵Ÿ໤
[ɹ] = voiced postalveolar approximant ͭܶ᲻
[l] = voiced alveolar lateral approximant ͭ¦ܶ᲻
[i] = front close unrounded 嶹߿첻
[ɯ] = back close unrounded ʸ嶹߿첻
[ɛ] = front open-mid unrounded Ⱦ߿첻
[ɒ] = back open rounded ʸ幭߿첻

VPM ٥ BOR ٥⡤ŪˤŪʸƾΤǤꡤŪˤϤ˺ʬ줿򻲾ȤŪʸƾΤ뤳ȤդҲ첻β䲻ɽˤĤƤϡ#19. 첻շ ([2009-05-17-1])#1813. IPA ٵήˤҲʬ ([2014-04-14-1])#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1])#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

3ϡҲ ԡˡزءīоȸإ꡼ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ46--63ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-07-04 Thu

#3720. ʤѸ make ܸ˼Ѥȸ첻 /u/ ΤĤ meiku /meiku/ ȤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][japanese][syllable][phonetics][phoneme][sonority][loan_word][sonority]

ε#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ᥿פȤߤȡܸȱѸоŪʸǤѸϻҲǽIJ (closed syllable) 򼨤줬¿ޤܸǤϵǤΤᡤIJıñܸ˼ƤäơIJ˲餫ĴäƳ (open syllable) ؤѴΤԹǤȤ櫓ϳѴȤǤΤ褦ĴΤǤñˡ1ĤϡҲ첻ä뤳ȤǤǸIJϡƤܸμʲ᥿פȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤ
ɸǹͤƤߤޤ礦Ѹ make /meɪk/ ϻҲ /k/ ǽIJθǤܸȤˤϡ /k/ ΤȤ첻1źƤФ褤ΤǤŪˤ /u/ äơ֥ᥤ /meiku/ Ȥޤ̤Ȥ /mei.ku/ 23⡼ˤȤʤޤ̵˳Ȥʤޤ
ϡʤ첻 /u/ Ǥ뤫ȤǤmap ʥޥåס, lobe ʥ֡, dog ʥɥå, tough ʥա, love ʥ֡, rice ʥ饤, rose ʥ, dish ʥǥå, cool ʥ, game ʥ, sing ʥ󥰡 ʤɤǤ⡤б륫ʸͤƤߤȡ٤Ƹ /u/ ղäƤޤ
ŪŤμѸǤ cake ʥˤ brush ʥ֥饷ˤΤ褦 /i/ ղäߤޤwatch ʥå, badge ʥХåˡgarage ʥ졼ˤʤɤƱͤǤĴŪˤϡȯ˴ޤޤƤŸ /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/ 첻 /i/ ȤϿ⤤뤳ȤϤǤȤϻפޤ
/u/ /i/ ȤϻĤޤʤ¾첻ǤϤʤ2ĤΤƤΤǤ礦ϡξԤȤ첻Ȥʹ (sonority) Ǥ㤯û첻ȹͤƤޤۡpp. 55--56ˡˤϤʤ첻ΤǤ顤ƤäѷäȤϤʤ٤ΩʤѹˤȤɤƤȤǤDzŪ˱Ƥ /u/ /i/ 򤵤ȤȤΤ褦Ǥ
פ㳰ޤñβ˸ /t/ /d/ ˤĤƤϡܸ첽 /i/, /u/ ǤϤʤ /o/ äΤŪǤcat ʥåȡˡbed ʥ٥åɡˤतǤϡ⤷ /u/ /i/ ղäȡܸβȤƵƤʤ [tu, ti, du, di] Ƥޤᡤ/u/ μ˹⤤ /o/ ѤΤȤޤܸ첽 [tsu, tʃi, dzu, dʒi] ȤƻȤƤϤ⤷ޤ󤬡ˡϺΤޤǤ
֥ᥤפ֥פ֥åȡפ⡤ܸ첻˰Ĥ̤βȤȤä櫓Ǥ

Ĥ2ϡȥ⡼׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ30--57ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-10-1]

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2019-07-01 Mon

#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ [phonetics][phonology][sobokunagimon][romaji]

첻򸦵椹ؤʬȤơ (phonetics) Ȳ (phonology) 롥ؤäƽƳؤΰΤϤʤΤǡξʬΰ㤤ΤǧƤͤϾʤ⤷ʤξԤƱ򰷤äƤ̩ܤʴطˤ뤳ȤϳΤʤΤ첻Ф180ٰۤʤäƤ롥ΤȤ˽פǤ롥
ۤɰۤʤȸäƤʤ顤㤤üŪΤϰƳऺؤʪŪŪȤäȤǡۤϤʤǻ䤬ΤˤФлФΤϡ޻Υإܥ󼰤ȷἰΰ㤤Ǥ롥֥פϥإܥ󼰤Ǥ shi ɽἰǤ si ɽ롥ޤ֥ġפϥإܥ󼰤Ǥ tsuἰǤ tu ɽ롥ǥإܥ󼰤Ϥ겻ŪǤꡤܼϤ겻ŪȤ롥ἰ si, tu ϡΤޤޤǤϡ֥ס֥ġפȯǤϤʤޤǡ֥ס֥ȥפȯΤ褦ǤϤʤȤ뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ʸϤǤ˱Ѹ̤ܰȯֲۡءŪȯۤˤɤäפ꿻äƤǤ롥ἰ si = ֥סtu = ֥ġפϡܸüԤˤȤäƤϤƼɽǤ롥ԲӤ s ǡԲӤ t ɽ뤳ȤϡܸüԤľȿǤơֲŪȯۤǤ롥ºݡϤʸϤPCǽ񤭤ʤ顤ۤȤɤξ֤פ shi ǤϤʤ si ȡ֤ġפ tsu ǤϤʤ tu ȥפƤ롥3ʸǤϤʤ2ʸΥԥ󥰤ǺѤΤǡΨŪĹŪˡޤˡֲŪȯۤǤ롥
ؤȲ㤤ˤϡθ­餺β⡤Ȥˤ뵭ҤΤۤŬڤë (1) ֲŪҤȲŪҡפꤹ륻Ѥ롥

ʬ᲻ (segment) 뤤 (speech soundˤˤĤƵҤݤˤϡ礭ʬŪ (phonetic) ˡŪ (phonological) ˡĤ롥Ūʵˡϡʬ᲻ħʪŪ¦̤ѻҤΤǤ롥Ūʵˡϡʬ᲻¾ʬ᲻Ȱۤʤ뤫ɤĤޤ겻ΰ㤤θüԤˤȤäựΰ㤤⤿餹ݤȤʬ᲻εǽ̤ܤ롥
seat [siːt] set [sɛt] Ȥñ˴ޤޤ [iː] [ɛ] ˤȤäƹͤƤߤ褦Ĥ첻ϡ[iː] ϸ夬Ū˰֤ޤγŪ˾֤Ĵ롥[ɛ] [iː] Ʊͤΰ֤Ǥ뤬γ [iː] 礭ʤ롥Τ褦ˡʬ᲻ˤĤʪŪħҤ٤ΤŪʵҤǤ롥
ФƲŪҤǤϡ[iː] [ɛ] ѸüԤˤȤäưۤʤ첻Ǥǧ뤫ɤȤʤ롥[iː] [ɛ] ʪŪ˰ۤʤΤϤǤ뤬seat [siːt] set [sɛt] ˤߤ褦ˡ[iː] [ɛ] ΰ㤤ѸȤǤϽפʰ㤤Ǥ뤳Ȥ̣롥㤦첻ȤưʤХߥ˥˾㳲뤫Ǥ롥Τ褦˰̣ΰ㤤⤿餹ʬ᲻ɤΩ (contrast) ȤΤ褦ˡʬ᲻򤽤εǽ---äȤСѼԤƬDzɤ򤷤Ƥ뤫ȤŪ¦---ܤƽҤ٤ΤŪʵҤǤ롥


إܥ󼰤 shi tsu ȷἰ si tu ȤɽϡäƤɤ餬äƤȤतǤϤʤϡ겻ŪʻΩäƤ뤫겻ŪʻΩäƤ뤫ΰ㤤Ǥ롥±ǤϤʤΩΰ㤤ˤʤ֥פȽ񤯤֥ХפȽ񤯤ΰ㤤⡤ǤϤʤФ2ĤΥץʤΤǤ (cf. #3325. ֥פܸǤθ츻ŪֻȤ뤫⡩ ([2018-06-04-1])#3667. ä椯֥ס ([2019-05-12-1])#3628. ̾ɽ֥׾ä ([2019-04-03-1])#3690. ֥פκ͵ ([2019-06-04-1])
ʤŪɽ [ ] ǰϤߡŪɽ / / ǰϤΤǤ롥Ϣơ#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]) ⻲ȡ

ë ɿ͡1ϡηϤʬ׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ1--29ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-06-29 Sat

#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 [syllable][phonetics][phonology][terminology]

#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1]) 褦ˡŪˤϱѸβṽ¤Ȥơֱʬ칽¤ (right-branching structure) ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿޼ŪɽСʲΤ褦ˤޤ (syllable = ) ƬҲ (onset) ȱ (rhyme) ʬ졤Ԥ˳ (nucleus) Ҳ (coda) ʬ빽¤Ǥ롥

Right-Branching Structure of Syllable

ȤǡʤΤ褦ʹ¤ꤹΤŪ˹ԹʤΤεǤ¿ (66) ˽äơءδ⤦Ū˺򼨤
Ѹ첻ˤϡǽʳ첻Բǽ޻첻2ब̤롥§Ȥơ¾ξ郎ƱǤС޻첻Ⳬ첻ΤۤĹȯ롥ޤ첻˴ؤƤϡҲ³ʤ˺ǤĹͭҲ³Ȥ̵Ҳ³ȤȤ첻ĹûʤäƤŪñǼС첻û bit < bid, beet < bead < bee ¤٤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
λ¤ҲμܤƸС̵ҲͭҲĹȯȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̵ҲŪĹȯäƤ뤫顤Ԥ첻Ϥʬûȯ졤դͭҲŪûȯäƤ뤫顤Ԥ첻ϤʬĹȯȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Τ褦˹ͤȡˤ첻ҲĹ˴ؤŪŪʴطˤȤ롥ƱͤδطƬҲȳˤδ֤ˤϳǧʤȤ顤Τ褦ʹ¤ꤹΤȤ˻ΤǤ롥
ȤƱѸαʸˤŪʵȤƵӱ (rhyme) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥϡ켫ΤǤϾι¤ꤹ붯ϤʺȤϤʤʤƱ¤Ǥ뤳Ȥ˵ڤˤϤʤ

4ϡᡦϢϢ³ ԡˡزءīоȸإ꡼ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ64--83ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2020-02-12-1]

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2019-06-27 Thu

#3713. ǽζȼ岻 [phonetics][lexicology]

Ѹθä졦̣֡Ѥʤ͡¦̤θ2ʬˡˡƸ (content word) ȵǽ (function word) ؤʬब롥̣ŪʴˤȤŤ绨ĤˤСƸϰ̣Ƥ̤ʬʸǤꡤǽϤ줬ԽʬʸǤ롥ʻȤδؤǤС줾켡Τ褦ʬۤȤʤʡ硤p. 92ˡ

Ƹ졧̾졤ư졤ƻ졤졤ؼ̾졤ò졤
ǽ졧졤ư졤be ư졤ֻ졤;̾졤³졤ط̾졿

ǽβŪħ1ĵ󤲤Ƥϡä1εǽ˴ؤơʸǤβŪ˱ơȼ2Ĥβǧ뤳ȤǤ롥ʲʡ (93--94) ɽ󤲤褦

ǽ
a/eɪ//ə/
an/æn//ən, n/
the/ðiː//ði, ðə/
ư
can/kæn//kən/
could/kʊd//kəd/
must/mʌst//məst/
shall/ʃæl//ʃəl, ʃl/
should/ʃʊd//ʃəd/
will/wɪl//wəl, əl/
would/wʊd//wəd, əd/
be ư
am/æm//əm, m/
are/ɑːr//ər/
is/ɪz//z, s/
was/wɑːz//wəz/
were/wɜːr//wər/
been/biːn//bɪn/
ֻ
at/æt//ət/
for/fɔːr//fər/
from/frʌm, frɑːm//frəm/
to/tuː//tə/
upon/əˈpɑːn, əˈpɔːn//əpən/
;̾
my/maɪ//mi, mə/
me/miː//mi, mɪ/
you/juː//jʊ, ju/
your/jʊər//jər/
he/hiː//hi, hɪ, i, ɪ/
his/hɪz//ɪz/
him/hɪm//ɪm/
she/ʃiː//ʃi/
her/hɜːr//hər, əːr/
we/wiː//wi/
our/ˈaʊər//ɑːr/
us/ʌs//əs/
they/ðeɪ//ðe/
their/ðeər//ðer/
them/ðem//ðəm, əm, m/
³
and/ænd//ənd, nd, ən, n/
as/æz//əz/
but/bʌt//bət/
or/ɔːr//ər/
than/ðæn//ðən, ðn/
that/ðæt//ðət/
ط̾졿
who/huː//hu, u/
whose/huːz//huz, uz/
whom/huːm//hum, um/
that/ðæt//ðət/


εǽˤϾ嵭Τ褦˼ȶ2ѥ󤬤뤬Ū٤ι⤤ΤϼǤ뤳ȤդäƤ

ʡ 5ϡȡꥺ ԡˡزءīоȸإ꡼ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ84--103ǡ

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2019-06-24 Mon

#3710. ĸӵͭĺϥƥǤϤ褽 f Ȥʤ [indo-european][latin][sound_change][consonant][grimms_law][labiovelar][italic][greek][phonetics]

ѸΥܥӥΤˡ֥ˡ§ (grimms_law) ؤǤȤΩĤȤȤ֤ʤ֥ˡ§פѸ˾פʤΤʤɤƤȴϢƻ޼䤵ˤĤƲ⤷ƤĸӵͭĺϡѸȥƥ졦ե󥹸ǤϳơɤΤ褦ʲȯŸȤǤ롥
ĸӵͭĺ *bh, *dh, *gh, *gwh ϡޥɤ°ѸˤƤϡ֥ˡ§פθ̤ˤꡤơ§Ȥ b, d, g, g/w б롥
åɤ°ƥϡӵͭĺϡơ f, f, h, f бcf. #1147. βбɽ ([2012-06-17-1])ˡ츫̯бפ˥åɤǤϸ§ȤӵͭĺĴˤ餺 f ˶ᤤҲؤȼ̤ƤޤäȹͤФ褤
¤ϥåɤΤʤǤƥϡŪˤ䥤쥮顼б򼨤Ƭʳΰ֤ǤϾб򼨤ष֥ˡ§פβѲ򤯤ä褦 *bh > b, *dh > d, *gh > g 򼨤ΤǤ롥ʤߤ˥ꥷɤΥꥷǤϡơ̵ ph, th, kh Ȥʤ뤳Ȥա
̤Ȥơĸ졤ꥷ졤ʥޥĸˡѸˤӵͭĺ3βбϼΤ褦ˤʤʻ߷p. 1660--61ˡ

IEGkLGmcE
bhphāgósfāgusƀ, bbook
dhthúrāforēs (pl.)ð, ddoor
ghkhḗnanser (< *hanser)ʒ, ggoose


˴ؤƥåɤΤʤǥƥ줬ðۤʤȤϡFortson Ǥ⿨ƤΤǡ2ѤƤ

The characteristic look of the Italic languages is due partly to the widespread presence of the voiceless fricative f, which developed from the voiced aspirate[ stops]. Broadly speaking, f is the outcome of all the voiced aspirated except in Latin; there, f is just the word-initial outcome, and several other reflexes are found word-internally. (248)


The main hallmark of Latin consonantism that sets it apart from its sister Italic languages, including the closely related Faliscan, is the outcome of the PIE voiced aspirated in word-internal position. In the other Italic dialects, these simply show up written as f. In Latin, that is the usually outcome word-initially, but word-internally the outcome is typically a voiced stop, as in nebula 'cloud' < *nebh-oleh2, medius 'middle' < *medh(i)i̯o-, angustus 'narrow' < *anĝhos, and ninguit < *sni-n-gwh-eti)


߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-05-29 Wed

#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ [phonetics][phonology][dissimilation][l][r][japanese]

ܸüԤϱѸ줽¾θǶ̤벻 /l/ /r/ ζ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰۤʤ벻ǤǤϤʤޤǥԻҲ /r/ 2Ĥΰ۲Ȥ֤ŤǤ뤫顤̵ʤѸؤְʾ塤ȯʬİʬɬפ뤳Ȥǧ뤬̤ζꤽΤΤ̵ȤСϿǤ롥ŪʶȤϤ鷺ȤŪʶǤ롥ɤ褦ʤܸüԤξζ̤ʤΤϡŪʱѸ켪ǤƤʤȤ⡤ޤDzŪʱѸ켪ǤƤʤȤ٤ǤꡤǽϤȤϹ¤Ȥ򤹤ɬפ롥
DzŪʴ餤äƤ⡤l r ϡϤᤤǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ΤȤϤäȶĴ٤Ȥή (liquid) ȾΤ졤İŪˤ첻˶ᤤή褦ʻҲȰ֤Ť롥ĴŪˤ l r ۤʤΤϳΤä r Ǥ벻ǤμºŪĴϼ¤͡Ǥʡ#2198. 衼åѽ͡ r ([2015-05-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΤʤˤ [l] ȻŤȤ٤ r Ĵ⤢ºݡܸüԤǤ⡤ԻҲŪʻƤ [ɾ] ȤƤǤʤ¦ [l] ȤȯüԤ⤤롥l r ϡĴŪˤİŪˤϤʤΤǤ롥
¤ϡ/l/ /r/ ̤٤ۤʤ벻Ǥɸ֤ƤѸˤƤ⡤ŪˤξؤƤ褦ʸݡ뤤ξԤѥȯãƤ褦ʸݤߤ롥褯ΤƤȤƤϡƱ̤ pilgrim ʽԡˤ peregrine ʳΡˤ l r ΩǤ롥츻ŪˤϸԤ r ǤꡤԤ l ϡñ2 r 뤳ȤäƤΰ۲ (dissimilation) Ȥ롥Ʊͤˡե󥹸 marbre Ѹ줬Ѥ marble ȤΤ۲κѤȤ롥۲ȤϡñˤСƱȯϢ³äơȯڤؤȤȤǤ롥
äơ嵭Τ褦ʥڥ顤ѸǤ l r ϳΤˡƱײǤϤʤʤȤײǤ뤳Ȥڤ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥ顤l r ŪˤϤᤫäǤᤤ
Ϣơʲε⻲ȡ

#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])
#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1])
#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1])
#1818. ܸ /r/ ([2014-04-19-1])
#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-09-1] [2020-01-04-1]

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2019-05-20 Mon

#3675. kn k æ벻Ѳβ [pronunciation][phonetics][sound_change][consonant][phonotactics][assimilation][dissimilation][silent_letter]

knead, knee, knell, knife, knight, knob, knock, knot, know ʤɤ˸ <kn> Υڥ󥰤ϡȯȤƤ [n] б롥ϡ1718ˤ [kn] [n] βѲǤ롥ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεǰäƤ

#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1])
#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])
#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])
#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])
#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1])

βѲϡλ֤򤫤 [kn] [xn] [hn] [n] ȤʳФʤʹԤȹͤƤ롥Dobson (Vol. 2, 417) ꡤսѤ롥

In OE and ME [k] in the initial group kn- in, for example, knife had the same pronunciation as before the other consonants (e.g. [l] in cliff), and is retained as [k] by all sixteenth- and most seventeenth-century orthoepists. The process of loss was that, in order to facilitate transition to the [n] (which is articulated with the point of the tongue, not the back as for [k]), the stop was imperfectly made, so that [k] became the fricative [χ], which in turn passed into [h]; the resulting group [hn] then, by assimilation, became voiceless [n̥], which was finally re-voiced under the influence of the following vowel.


βѲλˤĤƤϡDobson ϼΤ褦˹ͤƤ롥

[T]he entry of this pronunciation into educated StE clearly belongs to the eighteenth century. The normal seventeenth-century pronunciation was still [kn], but the intermediate stages [hn] and/or [n̥] were also in (perhaps rare) use.


βѲΥߥ󥰤ϡ#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1]) ǼȤˤäᤤ٤κäΤǡˤä򤹤ɬפ롥
Ϣơgnarr, gnash, gnat, gnaw, gnome ˤ [gn] [n] βѲˤĤƤߤƤ츫ξѲϥѥΤǤϤʤȵȤºݤˤϡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1]) ǵ褦ξԤΥߥ󥰤ϰۤʤ롥[gn] [n] ΤۤᤤΤǤ롥
Dobson (Vol. 2, 418) ̯ʲѲβꤷơξѲϤϤʬŪˤϴϢƤȹͤƤ褦

Initial [gn] had two developments which affected educated speech in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the first the [g] was lost by a direct process of assimilation to [n]; too early opening of the nasal passage would tend to produce [ŋn], which would forthwith become [n]. In the second [gn] by dissimilation becomes [kn], the vibration of the vocal chords being delayed fractionally and coinciding, not with the making of the stop, but with the opening of the nasal passage; thereafter it develops with original kn- through [χn] and [hn] to [n̥] and [n].


Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-09-15-1] [2021-09-06-1]

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2019-04-09 Tue

#3634. ̾ˤѸ첻ɽ [ipa][phonetics][elt][hiragana]

رѸ춵4ˡˤֶŪʱѸ첻ɽȤƤβ̾βǽˤؤӸߤ˳褫פꤹ뵭ǺܤƤꡤ̣ɤܤǽǤƤѸμñ콸ʽʤɤǡIPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) ɽ䤽˽सե٥åȻѤɽѤˡʿ̾Ҳ̾ѤΤ뤬ζṲ̄ϤɤʤΤʤΤȻפäƤ
̾ɽϡΤ餢ä褦IPA ƳˤϱѸؽ˺ݤƲ̾ɽԤʤƤä IPA ƳȲ̾ɽʬŪ˰ʤäʳŪסΡסּ«ɬספȤ᡼դ줿
IPA ʤɤˤ벻ɽؤ򤬿ޤäƤȡȿưäƤơͳϺԲϻȤʪ̾ɽʸ˾ФIPA Ⲿ̾ɽ⤢ޤɽˤξԤƤΰ㤤٤ȤäƤΤǤ롥ҤϡIPA ϽؼԤˤȤä̤οؤܤȤƤѸʸȤ̤οǤȤˡ̤̤οäƳؤФʤФʤʤȤΤϤäȻˤޤȤʵŸԲϤ⡤ؽŪǤϤʤŪΩƤС̾ɽŪǤϤʤɾ
ɤΤȤIPA ˤ貾̾ɽˤ衤ʤŪDZѸ첻ɽ褦ȤƤ뤫ȤǤפʤΤǤꡤ˱ơ֡˲ʳŪס֡ԡΡסּ«ʤסˡפɾѤäƤ#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]) Ǥ褦ˡnarrow transcription broad transcription ȤΤϡɤ餫ŪɤȤǤϤʤŪ˰¸ŪǤ롥äơ̾ɽŪäƤȤͥƤȤˤϤʤʤ
ʥ٥ˤ˱Ѹ춵塤ºݤ˲̾ɽɤŪʤΤ˴ؤ¾ŪʸϡۤȤɤʤƤʤ褦ȯƳ˴ؤĴˤȡѷȯǤ夷ؽԤǧŪ٤Ǥ㤯ʤä (69) Ȥ롥ȤСȡפΤ褦ɽ顤ؽԤϲˤĤƽפľȤϡֶŪɽˤȤäƽפʤΤϡɤΤɽΤǤϤʤˤƳؽԤ˳ؽʳȯ뤫Ǥ롥Ȥ⤹СؽԤ˻äƤĹФ­줬ˤ뤿˲̾ɽѤƤɤΤǤϤʤ (69) ᤯äƤ롥
ϢơIPA ȤˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) ([2018-07-11-1])#3363. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ([2018-07-12-1])#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) ǽ񤤤ƤΤǻȤ줿

ֶ͡ŪʱѸ첻ɽȤƤβ̾βǽˤؤӸߤ˳褫סرѸ춵2019ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31468--69ǡ

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2019-02-10 Sun

#3576. ͱѸ (= AAVE) θŪħ --- ȯ [aave][variation][variety][rhotic][pronunciation][phonetics][phonotactics]

ܸǡֹͱѸפȸ蘆ƤѸѼϡҲؤǤ AAVE (= African American Vernacular English) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿¾ˤ Black English Vernacular, African-American English, Afro-American (English), (American) Black English, black English ʤ͡ʸƤԤʤƤ뤬ʲ AAVE ̤
ܥ֥Ǥϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ޤ aave γƵ AAVE θŪħ䵯ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤǯΤ褦 AAVE ˴ؿΤߤʤɤ˸뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤˤ錄ꡤ⤦ηŪ AAVE θŪħҲ𤷤ƤMcArthur αѸŵ BLACK ENGLISH VERNACULAR ι (133--35) ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤ȯʸˡáѤʤɤ̤˾Ҳ𤷤ƤͽǤ롥
ϥȥȤ AAVE ΤΤǤϤʤѰ (variation) ħŤѼǤ뤳ȤޤĴǡȯħؤȿʤߤAAVE ϡƹιͤ¿ȤѸѼǤ롥ˤϼβѼ郎ꡤҲؤˤäƤۤʤ뤷Իԡļˤ̤ˤäƤۤʤ롥ŪɸŪʡפΤ顤Ƥ餺ޤäĶ鳰˽ФʤϤͤˤää¤ΤĤפΤޤɸŪ AAVE ȤäƤ⡤ɸѸƱͤϰˤ뺹ۤ¸ߤ롥 AAVE ϡͤäѸθˡǤ뤷 AAVE ƱͤǤ롥ĿͤˤäƤ⡤¤ζ AAVE ѼɸѸ˶ᤤѼȤθ (style-shifting) Фи졤ʼҲ˸ŪΤʵҤϺˤ롥
ǤϡŵŪ AAVE ȯħ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

(1) ŪʥꥫƱͤˡnon-rhotic Ǥ롥car "ca" Τ褦ˡparty "pahty" Τ褦ȯ롥ޤҲ˵ /l/ æhelp "hep" ˡself "sef" ˤʤ롥r l ϡWe're coming We'll be here ʤɤˤƤæ"We comin" "We be here" Τ褦ˤʤ롥

(2) -ing ˤơ/ŋ/ /n/ ִ롥coming, running ϡä "comin", "runnin" Ȥʤ롥

(3) λҲϽ̸롥desk, test, cold Ϥ줾 "des", "tes", "col" Ȥʤ롥

(4) /d/ Ҳˤæ롥looked, talked ϡ"look", "talk" ȤʤäƤޤ

(5) Ƭ /ð/ ϤФ /d/ ȯ졤that day, this house "dat day", "dis house" Ȥʤ롥

(6) /θ/ ϤФ /f/ ȯ졤booth, south "boof", "souf" Ȥʤ롥

(7) 2ˤơФ1˶롥ȤСɸѸȰۤʤ "pólice", "défine" ʤɤȯ롥

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-12-1] [2019-02-11-1]

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