#1962. ǰء ([2014-09-10-1]) #1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1]) Ǥߤǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ˤƤϡ㤨СֲȶפȤ̸ (hypernym) ۲ˡִפȤ̸ (hyponym) ꡤˤΡִפ̸ȤʤäơβˡٶפֺȴפȤ̸줬֤Ť롥ǤϡݤȤط˴ŤơΤع¤ʤƤΤħŪǤ롥
Τ褦 hyponymy Ƥ뤬̤٤ŪطȤơmeronymy ʬΤδطˤȸƤФΤ롥㤨Сּءפȡּž֡פʬΤδطˤꡤּءפϡּž֡פ meronym ʬˡּž֡פϡּءפ holonym θˤȾΤ롥meronymy ˤƤ hyponymy ξƱͤˡδطŪʤΤǤꡤ㤨Сּءפϡּž֡פˤȤäƤ meronym ؤաʥݡˡפˤȤäƤ holonym Ǥ롥Cruse (105--06) meronymy
meronymy This is the 'part-whole' relation, exemplified by finger: hand, nose: face, spoke: wheel, blade: knife, harddisk: computer, page: book, and so on. The word referring to the part is called the 'meronym' and the word referring to the whole is called the 'holonym'. The names of sister parts of the same whole is called 'co-meronyms'. Notice that this is a relational notion: a word may be a meronym in relation to a second word, but a holonym in relation to a third. Thus finger is a meronym of hand, but a holonym of knuckle and fingernail. (Meronymy must not be confused with by hyponymy, although some of their properties are similar: for instance, both involve a type of 'inclusion', co-meronyms and co-taxonyms have a mutually exclusive relation, and both are important in lexical hierarchies. However, they are distinct: a dog is a kind of animal, but not a part of an animal; a finger is a part of a hand, but not a kind of hand.
meronymy hyponymy ϡݡפȡֳع¤פǶ̤Ƥ뤬κǸˤ褦ˡԤ partԤ kind бΤǤȤۤǧ롥ޤmeronymy ǤϡʬΤߤˤɤΤ餤ɬܤǤ뤫ˤĤơhyponymy ξबΤǤʤȤ¿ִפȡܡפδطϤۤɬܤȹͤ뤬֥ġפȡֶߡסֲȡפȡϲפϤɤ
ˡhyponymy meronymy ϰܹ (transitivity) Ǥۤʤ뿶hyponymy ǤϰܹݤƤ뤬meronymy Ǥɬ⤽ǤϤʤ㤨Сּפȡֻءפȡޡפϸߤ meronymy δطˤꡤּˤϻؤפȸǤʤּˤޤפȤΤǡδط transitive Ȥߤʤ롥פȡפȡ륬饹פϸߤ meronymy δطˤ뤬뤬פȤϸƤ륬饹פȤϸʤΤǡtransitive ǤϤʤ
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
#924. ʣʬ ([2011-11-07-1]) ʣ (compound) ʬʣ̾˸¤ꡤỊ̇δʬहȡ(1) endocentric, (2) exocentric, (3) appositional, (4) dvandva 4ʬ롥Bauer (30--31) ˰͵ơ⤷褦
(1) endocentric compound nouns: beehive, armchair Τ褦ˡʣ̾줬ʸˡŪʼ (hive, chair) β̸ (hyponym) ȤʤäƤ㡥beehive hive ΰǤꡤarmchair chair ΰǤ롥
(2) exocentric compound nouns: redskin, highbrow Τ褦㡥(1) 褦ʣ̾줬ʸˡŪʼβ̸ˤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤredskin skin ΰǤϤʤhighbrow brow ΰǤϤʤषɽƤʤ̣ŪʼʤǤ "person" ۤɡˤβ̸ȤʤäƤΤħǤ롥äơmetaphor metonymy ͿΤ̤Ǥ롥ΥפϡSanskrit ʸˡѸȤäơbahuvrihi compound ȤƤФ롥
(3) appositional compound nouns: maidservant तʣ̾ϡ1Ǥβ̸Ǥ⤢ꡤ2Ǥβ̸Ǥ⤢롥maidservant maid ΰǤꡤservant ΰǤ⤢롥
(4) dvandva: Alsace-Lorraine, Rank-Hovis त줬ʸˡŪʼ줬ȽȤ2Ĥ蘆äΤؼΡʣ̾ϡǤβ̸ǤȤ⤤ʤdvandva Ȥ̾Τ Sanskrit ʸˡѸ줫Ƥ뤬ѸǤ 'copulative compound ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
̣ۣ (semantic vagueness) ϡ̣Ѳˤƽפʰ̣ġۣ椵ȤϡȤϤäꤷʤפȤǡŪʸǤŪ˰ƤWittgenstein (1889--1951) äỌ̇̄ˤեǥʥʲ²Ū (family resemblance) Ŧư衤षˤפͭѤǤǤȹͤ褦ˤʤä (cf. #1964. ץȥ ([2014-09-12-1])) ۣȤäƤ⤤Ĥμब롥Waldron (146--48) ˽ä4Ĥʬष褦
(1) ambiguity. ̣2İʾ褬ꡤΤ줬տޤƤ뤫Ǥʤ硥ϡबɬŪˤ¿ (polysemy) η̤Ȥ롥He gave me a ring. ˤ ring ʤɸŪ ambiguity ⤢СFlying planes can be dangerous. Τ褦Ū ambiguity ⤢롥
(2) generality. Ū뤤Ūʸ줬ѤȤºݤˤɤ٤ΰ뤤տޤƤΤʾ礬롥㤨Сsome, often, likely, soon, huge Ȥä硤Ūˤϳơɤۤɤ٤ʤΤޤthing, act, case, fact, way, matter ʤɤŪʸǤϡºݤ˲ؼƤΤȽǤǤʤȤ롥ΰ̣Ǥۣϡ#1962. ǰ ([2014-09-10-1]) Ǥߤǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ξ岼طȴϢ롥
(3) variation. θ̩üԤδ֤ɤƤ硥㤨Сhonour Ȥϲjustice, wicked, fair, culture, education, conservative, democratic ȤϲǤ뤫ˤĤƤϡĿͤˤäưոۤʤ롥ݸ˹븽ݡ
(4) indeterminacy. ؼоݤζܤϤäꤷʤ硥㤨Сshoulder, neck, lip ʤΤ̤ϰϤϳơɤɤޤǤʤΤmorning, afternoon, evening Τζ̤ϲʤΤؼоݼΤʪŪϰϤΤƤʤ뤤Τɬפä˴ʤǤ롥
(1) ϰ̣Ѳη̤ȤƤ¿˴Ť(2), (3), (4) ¿߽Ф̣ѲμȤʤꤦ뤳Ȥդۣ椵¿̣ѲߴطʣǤ롥
Waldron, R. A. Sense and Sense Development. New York: OUP, 1967.
Grice ζĴθ (cooperative_principle) ȲŪް (implicature) ˤĤơ#1122. Ĵθ ([2012-05-23-1])#1133. Ĵθι ([2012-06-03-1])#1134. ĴθˤȤ ([2012-06-04-1])#1976. ŪްդȤ¾͡ʴްա ([2014-09-24-1])#1984. ŪްդỌ̇̄Ѳ ([2014-10-02-1]) ʤɤεˤƤGrice ϸ˳̿⤿餷θθοŸˤ礭ʱƶڤܤʤǤ⿷饤 (Neo-Gricean) ˤȯŸܤͤ롥
饤ɤ Laurence R. Horn ϡGrice ε4Ĥθ (Quality, Quantity, Relation, Manner) 2ĤθؤȺQ[uantity]-principle R[elation]-principle ȤǤ롥ξ꼰ϡʲ̤Ǥ (Huang 38 )
Horn's Q- and R-principles
a. The Q-principle
Make your contribution sufficient;
Say as much as you can (given the R-principle)
b. The R-principle
Make your contribution necessary;
Say no more than you must (given the Q-principle)
Q-principle Ϥ¿ξ褦Ȥ븶ǤꡤR-principle Ϥ꾯ʤǺѤޤ褦Ȥ븶Ǥ롥δϡäθȤξΤ礤ˤۤʤʤˤϸѤˤ "most effective, least effort" λۤȿǤƤꡤѤηкŪʸǤ른åפˡ§Zipf's Lawcf. #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])ˤȤط롥Huang (39--40) ۩
Viewing the Q- and R-principles as mere instantiations of Zipfian economy . . ., Horn explicitly identified the Q-principle ('a hearer-oriented economy for the maximization of informational content') with Zipf's Auditor's Economy (the Force of Diversification) and the R-principle ('a speaker-oriented economy for the minimization of linguistic form') with Zipf's Speaker's Economy (the Force of Unification).
ợѲɽŪʼȤơ̲ (generalization) ü첽 (specialization) 롥줾ζϡ#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1])#2060. ̣Ѹ콸ˤߤ̣Ѳʬ ([2014-12-17-1])#2102. Ѹˤˤ̣γȽ̾ ([2015-01-28-1]) ǵ̤Ǥꡤ֤ʤǤϡ̣ΰ̲ü첽饤ɤθΩ줫顤줾 R-principle Q-principle бΤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤܤ
줬̣ΰ̲Фȡ줬Ѥʸ̮¿ʤ뤬Ūˤθξ̤Ͼʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̣ΰ̲ȤϾ̤ʤ뤳ȤǤ롥ȡβϡɬǾ¤ξͿФ褤Ȥ R-principleʤä¦ηкѤˤäưŤƤ˰㤤ʤ
ǡ줬̣ü첽Фȡ줬Ѥʸ̮Ͼʤʤ뤬Ūˤθξ̤礭ʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̣ü첽ȤϾ̤礭ʤ뤳ȤǤ롥ȡβϡǤ¿ξͿ褦Ȥ Q-principleʤʹ¦ηкѤˤäưŤƤ˰㤤ʤ (Luján 293--95)
Τ褦ʤȤ館ϡ̣ѲˤĤƸΩ줫ǤǽƤ롥
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Luján, Eugenio R. "Semantic Change." Chapter 16 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum International, 2010. 286--310.
#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1]) ǰ̣ΰ̲ (generalization) ü첽 (specialization) ˤĤƿ줿̤θС̣γ (widening) Ƚ̾ (narrowing) Ǥ롥Ѹˤΰ̣ο̤㤬ǤȻפäƤȤWilliams ˤȵƤΤǷǺܤ褦
ޤ̾㤫 (Williams 171--73) ä˵̣ʤοܡˤϡ̾ʳΤ깭̣Ǥ롥ߤμפʸӤ줿
accident (an event)
accost (come alongside in a boat > to approach anyone)
addict (someone who devotes himself to anything)
admonish (advise)
affection (the act of being affected > any affection of the mind)
argue (make clear)
arrest (stop)
artillery (any large implement of war)
carp (talk)
censure (judge)
condemn (pass sentence)
corn (any grain)
cunning (knowledge, skill)
damn (pass sentence)
deer (any animal)
denizen (a citizen of a country or city)
deserts (whatever one deserves, good or bad)
disease (discomfort)
doom (judge)
ecstasy (beside oneself with any strong emotion: fear, joy, pain)
effigy (any likeness)
erotic (relating to love)
esteem (put a value on, good or bad)
fame (report, rumor)
fiend (the enemy)
filth (dirt)
fortune (chance)
fowl (any bird)
ghost (spirit)
grumble (murmur, make low sounds)
hound (any dog)
immoral (not customary)
leer (look obliquely out of the side of the eye)
liquor (liquid)
lust (desire in general)
manure (v., hold land > to cultivate land)
meat (food)
molest (trouble or annoy)
odor (anything perceptible to the sense of smell)
orgy (secret observances)
peculiar (belonging to or characteristic of an individual)
pill (any medicinal ball)
praise (from (ap)praise: set a value on, good or bad)
predicament (any situation)
proposition (a statement set forth for discussion)
reek (smoke from burning matter > produce any vapor)
retaliate (repay for anything)
sanctimonious (holy, sacred)
scheme (horoscope > diagram > plan)
seduce (persuade someone to desert his duty)
shroud (an article of clothing)
smirk (smile)
smug (trim neat)
starve (die)
stink (any odor)
stool (a chair)
success (any outcome)
suggestive (that which suggests something)
syndicate (a group of civil authorities > any group of businessmen pursuing a common commercial activity)
thank (from the general word for think)
vice (a flaw)
ˡ (Williams 175--77) 롥
allude (mock)
aroma (the smell of spices)
aunt (father's sister)
barn (a store for barley)
bend (bring a bow into tension with a bow string)
bird (young of the family avis)
box (a small container made of boxwood)
butcher (one who slaughters goats)
carry (transport by cart)
chicken (a young hen or rooster)
deplore (weep for)
detest (condemn, curse)
dirt (excrement)
divest (remove one's clothes)
elope (run away from one's husband)
fact (a thing done)
frantic (madness)
frenzy (wild delirium)
gang (a set of tools laid out for use > a group of workmen/slaves)
go (walk)
harvest (reap ripened grain)
holiday (a holy day)
journey (a day > a day's trip or day's work)
magic (the knowledge and skill of the Magi)
manner (the mode of handling something by hand)
mess (a meal set out for a group of four)
mind (memory > thought, purpose, intention)
mystery (divine revealed knowledge)
oil (olive oil)
ordeal (trial by torture)
pen (a feather for writing)
picture (a painted likeness)
picture (a painting or drawing)
plant (a young slip or cutting)
sail (cross water propelled by the wind)
sail (travel on water)
sanctuary (a holy place)
scent (animal odor for tracking)
silly (deserving of pity > frail > simple, ignorant > feeble minded)
slogan (the battle cry of Scottish clans)
start (move suddenly)
stop (fill or plug up > prevent passage by stopping up > prevent the movement of a person)
surly (sir-ly, that behavior which characterizes a "Sir")
uncle (mother's brother)
˵¬褦ˡ̣γȽ̾Ӥȡ̾ΤۤŪ¿ΤΤ褦ͳ꤫ǤϤʤȤȤˤΤʬƤ®٤ΤۤҤ礷褦Ȥʹ֤αİ٤⾡äƤ뤫餫⤷ʤǰ (cf. #1962. ǰ ([2014-09-10-1])) δߤС̸ (hyponyms) ФޤزؿФƤȤȾмưŪ˿ʤबʾ̸ (hypernyms) ФκȤˤϫϤפ롥⡤ҤʬƤ졤εϾʤWilliams (177) ϡΤ褦ʸҤ٤Ƥ롥
It is harder to find a pattern for widening than it is for narrowing. It is not entirely certain, but meanings seem to widen somewhat less frequently than they narrow. As a culture becomes more diversified and more complex with more areas of knowledge and activity, those areas require a vocabulary. Because every language has a finite number of words and because speakers are not inclined to coin completely new forms for new concepts, the simplest way to deal with new areas of knowledge is to use the current vocabulary. Borrowing, derivation, compounding, and so on operate here. But perhaps even more frequent is narrowing.
But on the other hand it can also be difficult to talk about the most ordinary activities of daily life as they diversify. Once it becomes possible to drive (drive originally meaning to force an animal along), or ride (ride originally meaning to go on horseback), or walk (originally meaning to travel about in public), then talking about getting some place without specifying how becomes difficult. The word go, originally meaning to walk, generalized so that an English speaker can now say I am going to town this morning without having to specify how he gets there. Carry generalized from transporting specifically in a conveyance of some sort to transporting by bearing up in general: The wind carried the seed, and so on.
Ǥΰˤϡ̣ȶ̣˿ (shift) äФǤϤʤŤۤθ¸줬¸Ƥ pill sanctuary ʤɤ⾯ʤʤ
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
Ūʰ̣Ǥϡΰ̣̣ʬ뤤ϰ̣θ (semantic components or primitives) ؤʬʬʬ (componential_analysis) μˡΤƤϡˤֲǤ«ǤפȤͤΰ̣ˤѤΤǤ롥
̣ʬϡǤˤƱͤˡѳ̤ˤäɽʤФ + - դΩȤɽ蘆뤬ʲǤϤĤƤʤˡȤơȿ˻Ҥɽ魯 bachelor ʬʬϤ
bachelor [MALE] [ADULT] [HUMAN] [UNMARRIED]
Ǥϡbachelor γǰỤ̄4ĤʬȤ߹碌ȤƼƤ롥Ȥ߹碌ʤ bachelor ΤΤǤȲ᤹ΤפǤ롥षȤ߹碌ˤäƴϢ¾θȤθỤ̄ŪطΤˤʤȤǡʬʬϤͭѤʤΤǤ롥㤨СȿȽɽ魯 spinster ϡΤ褦ʬʬϤ
spinster [FEMALE] [ADULT] [HUMAN] [UNMARRIED]
4ĤʬȤ߹碌 spinster ΤΤǤȤϡbachelor ʬʬϤӤȤߴطΤˤʤȤ礭ʤbachelor spinster ϤȤ [ADULT] [HUMAN] [UNMARRIED] ȤǤ϶̤뤬[MALE] [FEMALE] 1ˤ㤤ˤäơΤȤеطȤʤ뤳ȤƤ롥spinster ȴϢơwoman wife ʬʬϤ⼨
woman [FEMALE] [ADULT] [HUMAN]
wife [FEMALE] [ADULT] [HUMAN] [MARRIED]
spinster woman ϡԤ [UNMARRIED] ȤʬͿʤȤ1ˤưۤʤäƤꡤΤȤԤԤξ̸ (hypernym) Ǥ뤳ȤȽ롥ޤspinster wife δطˤĤƤϡ[UNMARRIED] [MARRIED] Ȥ1ˤΩеȤȤˤʤ롥ˡ*The man is a wife. ΰ̣Ū̷⡤줬 [MALE] ʬޤǤΤˡҸƤʤ [FEMALE] ʬޤǤ뤳ȤˤǤ롥ʬʬϤκŦȡäˤȿдط (antonymy)ݴط (hyponymy)̷طʤɳƼδطŪɽǤ褦ˤʤäȤǤ롥ۤˤ⡤ʬʬϤϡŪŪ (selection restriction) εҤˤϤȯʤɡͭǧƤ롥
Katz Fodor ʤɤ̣ԤϡʬʬϤιͤȯŸơ㤨С#1801. homonymy polysemy ζ ([2014-04-02-1]) 褦ʬϤʤɤޤǤ⥢ꥹȥƥ쥹Ūʬˡǰ̣ȤʬʬϤμˡˤϡǰȽƤŪ꤬ŦƤ⤤뤬̣ʬϤͭϤˡ1ĤȤơޤ˱ƶϤäƤʤ
ʾ塤Saeed (259--66) ȤƼɮ
Saeed, John I. Semantics. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
ε#1961. ܥ٥ ([2014-09-09-1]) ǡǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ȤѸФԤݴطϸŪʴطǰƬˤǤꡤֲȶפȡ֤פǹͤСֲȶפϡ֤פξ̸ (hypernym) ǤȤ졤֤פϡֲȶפβ̸ (hyponym) ǤȤ롥Ԥǰϳǰ֤δطǰƬˤǤꡤ̤Ȳ̤δطŤˤꡤʥͥåȥŸƤȤȤ館롥
ǰؤϡŪˤ̣ (semantic_field) 夲طƤߤΤ褤ʪؤˤ볦 (kingdom) (phylum or division) (class) (order) (family)° (genus) (species) ʬޤϤ褯Τ줿ǰؤǤ뤷Ӹؤη (family_tree) ⤽ΰǤ롥ʲǤ (17) ˵Ƥֲܸȶפΰ̣ˤ복ǰؤȡѸ COOKưˤΰ̣ˤ복ǰؤ


ֲȶפˤĤơӡϤȡη¤ϤȤΡɤ뤬Ϥʲʬब˴ŤΤǤ뤳Ȥ̣˱ƤѤĿͤˤäƤۤʤǽΤǡοޤ1ĤΥǥȹͤ
˵Ť褦ˡǰؤϸóؽˤΩġ嵭 COOK ưFURNITURE, FRUIT, VEHICLE, WEAPON, VEGETABLE, TOOL, BIRD, SPORT, TOY, CLOTHING ʤɤ̾γǰؤƤߤٶˤʤꤽ
ԡˡذ̣١īҽŹ2012ǯ
ε#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) κǸǡָóؤϡʸŪҿ㤵١̣ˡιȤäشطˤפȽҤ٤ؤǤϡФСִŪʸáפˤʤ뤬äƴŪȤ뤫ˤĤƤ͡Ω줬롥ľŪˤϡŪʸäȤϡŪѤ졤٤ǡҶˤ˽äǤȺѤޤ뤳ȤǤΤˤ礭ƤʤȻפɤޤǤܸäǧ뤫Ȥ䡤̸줴Ȥ˰ۤʤΤʤΤ뤤̸Ūˤ٤ŪʤΤʤΤȤ⤢ꡤפ褦ơޤǤ롥㤨СػŪˤϡ#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) Swadesh ֻøäФơȽä줿Ȥ⤢äŪŪǾ줿 Basic English (cf. #960. Basic English ([2011-12-13-1])#1705. Basic English ǽ줿ä ([2013-12-27-1])) ȤδܸäˤĤƤ⡤ǰܤ줿Ȥä
ŪʸäȤȤǤ⤦1۵Τϡǧΰ̣ǤФм夲ܥ٥ (Basic Level Category) Ǥ롥Ūʴط1Ĥˡǰ (conceptual hierarchy) 뤤ݴط (hyponymy) ȤΤ롥㤨СֲȶפȤ̣ (semantic_field) ͤƤߤ롥ֲȶפȤŪʥƥβˡ֤פִפΥƥꡤ줾βˡɪݤס֥ǥåפٶס֥ѥǥפʤɤ롥˾ˤⲼˤ⡤Ʋˤ⤳Τ褦ʸôطäƤꡤֲȶפΰ̣˵ʸåͥåȥŸƤȤΤ̣ιͤǡֲȶס֤סɪݤפȤ3ʳݴطˤĤܤȡǤ̤Υ٥ϿΡ֤פȹͤ롥֤ä줿顤˺¤ꤿʡפֲ̤ȶ˺¤ꤿʡפŪƤ뤷ɪݤ˺¤ꤿʡפ̾ʸ̮ǤԼ˺٤롥֤פȤ٥뤬ŪŪ礦ɤ褤٥ȤФ롥Ǥϡ֤פ Basic Level Category ƤȤ롥
Ǥϡ Basic Level Category ϲˤäƷޤΤTaylor (52) ϡץȥθ Rosch ˰͵ʤ顤Τ褦ʵǽŪٻƤ롥
Rosch argues that it is the basic level categories that most fully exploit the real-world correlation of attributes. Basic level terms cut up reality into maximally informative categories. The basic level, therefore, is the level in a categorization hierarchy at which the 'best' categories can emerge. More precisely, Rosch hypothesizes that basic level categories both
(a) maximize the number of attributes shared by members of the category;
and
(b) minimize the number of attributes shared with members of other categories.
֤פϡ۲͡ʼΤ㤨Сɪݤפ֥ǥåפ¿ζ̤ (a) ˤʤޤ֤פϡִפ͡ʼδ㤨Сٶפ֥ѥǥפȶͭϾʤΤǡ(b) ˤʤϡ֤פ濴ˤƹͤƱ褦ˡֲȶפ뤤ϡɪݤפ濴˹ͤ (a) (b) ˤʤɤƤߤȡ֤פۤɤˤξʤ
Basic Level Category θäϡǧŪ˽פȹͤƤ롥ޤŪ˺Ǥ褯Ȥ졤Ҷˤäƺǽ˽졤ͤǤ®ȿ뤳ȤΤƤ롥δäȤ
ܸä̤θˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿
Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
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