֥ꥫˡפɽ魯 Americanism ȤѤΤϡΥץȥؤγĹ John Witherspoon (1723--94) Ǥ롥Witherspoon ϥåȥɽпȤǡꥫˤԡԤȤƳǤʤΩν̾Ԥ1ͤǤ⤢롥
θ줬¤줿аޤˤĤ Baugh and Cable (380--81) ˾ܤWitherspoon 1781ǯ Pennsylvania Journal 9 May 1/2 ˤ Americanism ȤѤȤबɽͿ "an use of phrases or terms, or a construction of sentences, even among persons of rank and education, different from the use of the same terms or phrases, or the construction of similar sentences in Great-Britain." Ǥ롥³ơWitherspoon ϡ"The word Americanism, which I have coined for the purpose, is exactly similar in its formation and signification to the word Scotticism." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ºݡScotticism ȤϡOED ˤȻŪˤ1Ⱦ̤ä1648ǯ Mercurius Censorius No. 1. 4 ˡ"It seemes you are resolved to..entertain those things which..ye have all this while fought against, the Scotticismes, of the Presbyteriall government and the Covenant." ȤƽФƤ롥
Witherspoon Americanism ȤǽѤȤ˷ӤĤ줬ʡܤꥫˡפȤްդƤϤʤä۩"It does not follow, from a man's using these, that he is ignorant, or his discourse upon the whole inelegant; nay, it does not follow in every case, that the terms or phrases used are worse in themselves, but merely that they are of American and not of English growth." ˤϡꥹʱѸˤФƷ褷ܲʤΩν̾Ԥ餷Ωɤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ȥ Americanism θ줳ޤޤƤʤäǽΥꥫˡ蘆줿Τϡ¤줫35ǯ1816ǯΤȤǤ롥John Pickering ˤ A Vocabulary, or Collection of Words and Phrases which have been supposed to be Peculiar to the United States of America Ǥ롥μϤषꥹʱѸ˴ΩäƤꡤꥫˡʥꥹѸ줫æƤ뤳ȤѰդ줿ȤפΤǤ롥ƱꥫͤǤϤ뤬Ԥä Noah Webster Pickering ٤˶ȤѤ䤷ȤϤޤǤʤ Pickering Webster Ωΰ㤤ϡ³ Americanism ΩͽΤäȤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1]) 2ơεǽҤ٤褦ˡRudiments of English Grammar νǤ1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿1 Lowth A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ졤1762ǯˤ James Buchanan The British Grammar 1763ǯˤ John Ash Grammatical Institutes 줾Ω³˽ǤƤ롥ޤ¿λ֤Фơ1784ǯˤ Noah Webster A Grammatical Institute of the English Language ˽ФƤ롥Τ褦ˡ18ȾϼפʵʸˡνǹλǤäʤʤΩ1755ǯˤ Johnson Dictionary of the English Language ǤƤˡ
Priestley Rudiments ϡνǹ˯ȤʤäǽפʸˡˤĤƤʾ˸ħϡִѤμפʴȤŪѤǤǤФפˤʻp. 279ˡPriestley δѽŻλϡθδѼϤȤơۤʤϤȤƻȵȤˤʤä
(287) ɾˤȡʲ̤Ǥ롥
Rudiments Ҥȷ٤ A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ Robert Lowth 䡤ʸˡůŪǤä Hermes (1751) James Harris ʸˡȽؤɤ°ȤʤСJoseph Priestley 18ˤʳɤɽؼԤǤäPriestley ϶ϱʸˡƥʸˡΤ勞ĶæΤޤޤαѸ¤˴ѻơ§٤ϤФؤΤᡤѸ֤˿ͰŪäơ¦鵬ꤷ褦ȤεؤǤػα (Academy) ΩˤȿФƤ롥Τ褦ʼͳǿŪ٤ϡ§ȤƤʸˡǤΧڤʤδ (Usage) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥդ٤ˤĤʤäƤ롥Priestley ˤȤäƤϡPreface ǽҤ٤ƤդڤƤʤСäդδ (the custom of speaking)פθܸŪͣʤΤǤ롥¤ˡPriestley 18ˤƽƱѸδѤǧؼԤǤȤ뤬 Priestley βʳؼŪܤȤ˴ŤȽϤ˵ΤǤäPriestley δѤŻ뤹٤ϡΤ1776ǯ The Philosophy of Rhetoric 路 George Campbell ˰Ѥ졤ˤä usage Ť줿 Campbell ⡤good usage ǧ줿ɽ⡤ϰ̤ݻ뤿˰͵ʤФʤʤ (canons) ꤷƤꡤusage Ф븫˰礯Ȥäǯᤤ Priestley Τۤ٤ӤƤꡤPriestley ǤŪ츦ƻƳߤ⤽ԤǤȤ롥Priestley Υƥ켰ʸˡ§ˤ餺줿Ȥˤ˾Ȥ餷ƴܤʿʲƤ뤳ȤϡRudiments Ǥ⡤Ȥ 'Notes and Observations' ΩħǤ롥ϸߤ˻ޤǸԤĤоݤȤʤꡤʹ2֤ˤʸˡͻüȤʤäƤ뤳ȤɼԤ˵Ť褦
ΥꥹȷӤĤ륳ȤǰϡѽŻλȤ⤤롥Priestley ϡѸػ˾̾ȤƤ Lowth Murray ٤бƤ⤷ʤ̣ǥꥹǤ褯ɽʸˡȤäȤ롥
Priestley, Joseph. The Rudiments of English Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa and A Course of lectures on the Theory of Language, and Universal Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa. Reprint. Tokyo: Naun'un-Do, 1971.
Noah Webster (1758--1843) ꥹֻȤϰۤʤΤȤơĤñǥꥫֻƤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ֻܤνǤ̤ơŪ˥ꥫѸȯˤƶͿǽȤȤϡޤܤʤBaugh and Cable (361) ϡ"Webster's Influence on American Pronunciation" ȤߤơˤĤƵƤ롥
Though the influence is more difficult to prove, there can be no doubt that to Webster are to be attributed some of the characteristics of American pronunciation, especially its uniformity and the disposition to give fuller value to the unaccented syllables of words. Certainly he was interested in the improvement of American pronunciation and intended that his books should serve that purpose. In the first part of his Grammatical Institute, which became the American Spelling Book, he says that the system "is designed to introduce uniformity and accuracy of pronunciation into common schools."
Webster ȯؤαƶȤϡŪˤϡΰʸˤ褦ˡ¿ˤ붯Τʤ첻ʲƤȯȤꥫȯη˴ؤΤǤ롥㤨 necessary, secretary ϥꥹѸǤŵŪ necess'ry, secret'ry Τ褦ȯƲ̤ޤ뤬ꥫѸǤ첻ʲͤƤȯ롥ϢơꥫѸ centénary, labóratory, advértisement ˤߤ붯֤ħŪǤ롥
Τ褦ʷϡñơβΤȯ٤Ǥ롤ȤꥫŪʶŪƳη̤ȹͤ졤ζθ礭Τ Webster The American Spelling Book (1783) äȤ櫓ʲϡ18ȤꥫγعǤߤ줿ϤμʤεҤǤ롥Baugh and Cable (362) Letter to Henry Barnard, December 10, 1860 ƤʸϤǤ롥
It was the custom for all such pupils [those who were sufficiently advanced to pronounce distinctly words of more than one syllable] to stand together as one class, and with one voice to read a column or two of the tables for spelling. The master gave the signal to begin, and all united to read, letter by letter, pronouncing each syllable by itself, and adding to it the preceding one till the word was complete. Thus a-d ad, m-i mi, admi, r-a ra, admira, t-i-o-n shun, admiration. This mode of reading was exceedingly exciting, and, in my humble judgment, exceedingly useful; as it required and taught deliberate and distinct articulation. . . . When the lesson had been thus read, the books were closed, and the words given out for spelling. If one was misspelt, it passed on to the next, and the next pupil in order, and so on till it was spelt correctly. Then the pupil who had spelt correctly went up in the class above the one who had misspelt. . . . Another of our customs was to choose sides to spell once or twice a week. . . . [The losing side] had to sweep the room and build the fires the next morning. These customs, prevalent sixty and seventy years ago, excited emulation, and emulation produced improvement.
ζʤˤĤƤϡ#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǤϢ˿ƤΤǡͤޤǤˡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Noah Webster ꥫѸϰ̤˿ʤôäȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ظDZƤäΤΡ1ͤζ̣оʪȤ˺ƤϤʤʤꥫ2 John Adams (1735--1826) Ǥ롥Adams ϡѸ٤ǥߡΩ뤳Ȥ˰ߤƤäȤ Jonathan Swift ΥꥫǤȤäȤο˽ä1780ǯ95˥ॹƥफIJĹ˰ƤơꥫˤѸȤνפ⤯Ƥ롥Baugh and Cable (355) ˰ѤƤʸϤƸ褦
The honor of forming the first public institution for refining, correcting, improving, and ascertaining the English language, I hope is reserved for congress; they have every motive that can possibly influence a public assembly to undertake it. It will have a happy effect upon the union of the States to have a public standard for all persons in every part of the continent to appeal to, both for the signification and pronunciation of the language. The constitutions of all the States in the Union are so democratical that eloquence will become the instrument for recommending men to their fellow-citizens, and the principal means of advancement through the various ranks and offices of society. . . .
. . . English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was in the last or French is in the present age. The reason of this is obvious, because the increasing population in America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will, aided by the influence of England in the world, whether great or small, force their language into general use, in spite of all the obstacles that may be thrown in their way, if any such there should be.
It is not necessary to enlarge further, to show the motives which the people of America have to turn their thoughts early to this subject; they will naturally occur to congress in a much greater detail than I have time to hint at. I would therefore submit to the consideration of congress the expediency and policy of erecting by their authority a society under the name of "the American Academy for refining, improving, and ascertaining the English language. . . ."
Ǹ "refining, improving, and ascertaining" ɽƤ뤬Ͽǯ˥ɤμͤͤƤ#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) ۵뤷äȤ Swift "Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining" ΤʤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡAdams μĥϤޤäΤǤϤʤषȤ⤤롥ޤΤ褦Ƥˤ⤫餺ɤϥꥫˤƤ⥢ǥߡΩʤäȤ⡤Adams μĥϤʤ
Adams ꥹˤƥꥹѸ˴ؤĥƤΤǤϤʤꥫˤƥꥫѸ˴ؤĥƤȤפǤ롥Adams ϡꥹǤΥǥߡΩεñʤ֤ȤǤϤʤꥫȤŷϤǤδ˾ߤȤơμĥƤꥫѸؤλΤȤäƤ褤Ʊͤ Webster ưǼꥫѸؤοAdams ʤˡǼȤȲǤ
ʤΰѤ2ˤ롤ѸϼʹߡθȤʤȤ Adams ͽϸäबƤסɤαƶϡꥫιݴط̤ͥʤɤͽκ⡤ŬڤȤۤʤФ˾ȼƤȤפȡǤϤ뤬Adams ηŴ㡤٤餺Ǥ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#872. -ick or -ic ([2011-09-16-1]) εǡ<public> <publick> ֻʬ̻ۤŪѲˤĤơGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Books: American English ѤƴʰĴ-ic -ick ˾ѰۤˤĤƤϡJohnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ǤԤޤƤWebster The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) ǤϸԤؤɤڤäƤȰҤ٤ΰϾɬפΤ褦
#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ѤơѸμ礿 -ic(k) ֻĴƤߤ1710--1920ǯδ֤3ʬơ줾ֻ٤Ȥä̤ʲ˷Ǥ褦
| Spelling pair | Period 1 (1710--1780) | Period 2 (1780--1850) | Period 3 (1850--1920) |
|---|---|---|---|
| angelick / angelic | 6 / 50 | 0 / 68 | 0 / 50 |
| antick / antic | 4 / 10 | 1 / 6 | 0 / 3 |
| apoplectick / apoplectic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 19 | 0 / 14 |
| aquatick / aquatic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 35 | 0 / 56 |
| arabick / arabic | 2 / 101 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 115 |
| archbishoprick / archbishopric | 4 / 7 | 2 / 2 | 0 / 8 |
| arctick / arctic | 1 / 5 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 93 |
| arithmetick / arithmetic | 9 / 32 | 0 / 77 | 0 / 98 |
| aromatick / aromatic | 4 / 14 | 0 / 29 | 0 / 36 |
| asiatick / asiatic | 1 / 101 | 0 / 48 | 0 / 76 |
| attick / attic | 1 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 71 |
| authentick / authentic | 4 / 160 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 68 |
| balsamick / balsamic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| baltick / baltic | 4 / 50 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 43 |
| bishoprick / bishopric | 3 / 28 | 2 / 9 | 0 / 19 |
| bombastick / bombastic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 4 |
| cathartick / cathartic | 0 / 1 | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| catholick / catholic | 7 / 291 | 0 / 342 | 0 / 296 |
| caustick / caustic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 20 |
| characteristick / characteristic | 8 / 92 | 0 / 354 | 0 / 687 |
| cholick / cholic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 2 | 0 / 1 |
| comick / comic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 67 | 0 / 165 |
| coptick / coptic | 1 / 11 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 35 |
| critick / critic | 12 / 153 | 0 / 168 | 0 / 155 |
| despotick / despotic | 9 / 66 | 0 / 51 | 0 / 65 |
| dialectick / dialectic | 1 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 6 |
| didactick / didactic | 0 / 10 | 1 / 20 | 0 / 23 |
| domestick / domestic | 46 / 733 | 0 / 736 | 0 / 488 |
| dominick / dominic | 4 / 11 | 0 / 14 | 1 / 3 |
| dramatick / dramatic | 8 / 214 | 0 / 206 | 0 / 216 |
| elliptick / elliptic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 2 |
| emetick / emetic | 4 / 5 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 5 |
| epick / epic | 1 / 68 | 0 / 83 | 1 / 38 |
| ethick / ethic | 1 / 6 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 3 |
| exotick / exotic | 2 / 7 | 0 / 20 | 0 / 38 |
| fabrick / fabric | 15 / 116 | 1 / 84 | 0 / 111 |
| fantastick / fantastic | 9 / 45 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 198 |
| frantick / frantic | 5 / 88 | 2 / 163 | 0 / 124 |
| frolick / frolic | 19 / 44 | 0 / 46 | 0 / 32 |
| gaelick / gaelic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 64 |
| gallick / gallic | 1 / 75 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 10 |
| gothick / gothic | 2 / 498 | 0 / 131 | 0 / 66 |
| heretick / heretic | 2 / 31 | 0 / 37 | 0 / 24 |
| heroick / heroic | 17 / 201 | 2 / 224 | 0 / 211 |
| hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic | 2 / 4 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 8 |
| hysterick / hysteric | 1 / 9 | 0 / 10 | 0 / 6 |
| laconick / laconic | 2 / 13 | 0 / 14 | 0 / 7 |
| lethargick / lethargic | 1 / 12 | 0 / 8 | 0 / 14 |
| logick / logic | 4 / 62 | 0 / 361 | 0 / 367 |
| lunatick / lunatic | 2 / 32 | 0 / 34 | 0 / 77 |
| lyrick / lyric | 3 / 15 | 0 / 26 | 0 / 37 |
| magick / magic | 9 / 110 | 0 / 296 | 0 / 292 |
| majestick / majestic | 4 / 73 | 0 / 149 | 1 / 115 |
| mechanick / mechanic | 6 / 79 | 0 / 47 | 0 / 58 |
| metallick / metallic | 1 / 9 | 0 / 79 | 0 / 137 |
| metaphysick / metaphysic | 1 / 2 | 0 / 11 | 0 / 9 |
| mimick / mimic | 2 / 25 | 1 / 46 | 0 / 23 |
| musick / music | 87 / 549 | 3 / 1220 | 3 / 1684 |
| mystick / mystic | 1 / 39 | 0 / 92 | 0 / 167 |
| obstetrick / obstetric | 1 / 2 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 0 |
| panegyrick / panegyric | 19 / 121 | 0 / 43 | 0 / 16 |
| panick / panic | 14 / 58 | 1 / 90 | 0 / 314 |
| paralytick / paralytic | 1 / 15 | 0 / 41 | 0 / 14 |
| pedantick / pedantic | 3 / 31 | 0 / 28 | 0 / 29 |
| philippick / philippic | 2 / 2 | 0 / 3 | 0 / 2 |
| philosophick / philosophic | 1 / 140 | 0 / 80 | 0 / 155 |
| physick / physic | 35 / 157 | 4 / 51 | 3 / 38 |
| plastick / plastic | 1 / 4 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 32 |
| platonick / platonic | 5 / 48 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 22 |
| politick / politic | 8 / 40 | 2 / 37 | 0 / 51 |
| prognostick / prognostic | 2 / 18 | 0 / 5 | 0 / 1 |
| publick / public | 767 / 3350 | 1 / 3171 | 2 / 2606 |
| relick / relic | 1 / 26 | 4 / 56 | 0 / 65 |
| republick / republic | 12 / 515 | 0 / 185 | 0 / 171 |
| rhetorick / rhetoric | 26 / 109 | 2 / 40 | 0 / 65 |
| rheumatick / rheumatic | 1 / 7 | 0 / 33 | 0 / 30 |
| romantick / romantic | 32 / 191 | 0 / 346 | 0 / 322 |
| rustick / rustic | 3 / 102 | 0 / 157 | 0 / 80 |
| sarcastick / sarcastic | 1 / 37 | 0 / 66 | 0 / 60 |
| sceptick / sceptic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 19 | 0 / 26 |
| scholastick / scholastic | 2 / 24 | 0 / 42 | 0 / 46 |
| sciatick / sciatic | 1 / 1 | 0 / 1 | 0 / 3 |
| scientifick / scientific | 2 / 16 | 0 / 451 | 0 / 814 |
| stoick / stoic | 5 / 34 | 1 / 15 | 0 / 26 |
| sympathetick / sympathetic | 3 / 26 | 0 / 70 | 0 / 248 |
| systematick / systematic | 1 / 13 | 0 / 64 | 0 / 104 |
| topick / topic | 12 / 128 | 0 / 177 | 0 / 176 |
| traffick / traffic | 80 / 67 | 1 / 164 | 0 / 203 |
| tragick / tragic | 4 / 65 | 0 / 65 | 0 / 209 |
| tropick / tropic | 12 / 37 | 0 / 7 | 0 / 23 |
ε#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) ǸڤѸˡˤĤƤ褯Τ줿§1Ĥˡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) 롥take, mete, side, rose, cube ʤ¿ <-VCe> ıñˤơ첻 V Ĺ첻뤤첻ɤޤ뤳ȤŪ˼ <e> ƤΤǤ롥ġ㳰ϤȤƤ⡤褽§ȾΤƺ٤ʤ
<-ve> ǽñ˴ؤơdove, glove, shove, ƻ -ive ĸ췲ʤɡ㳰¿ˤʤ롥⡤above, give, have, live (v.), love ʤɹٸ¿θǤϡ <ve> Ԥ첻û첻Ȥɤޤ롥gave, eve, drive, grove ʤɵ§ŪʤΤ¿ȤǧĤĤ⡤ΩԵ§ϤɤΤ褦
¤ϡ<-ve> ˤ magic <e> ε§ƤϤޤʤ¿Τϡ <e> ⤽ magic <e> ǤϤʤǤ롥 <e> ϡmagic <e> Ȥ̵ط̤ŪаޤˤȯŸƤΤطʤˤϡѸˤˤ /v/ βDz٤ä¡ڤ <v> ʸǤȤƤΩ٤ä¤ʤβǤʸǤȯŸξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) Ȥ줿ˡꤷƤС<v> ñȤǸˤ뤳ȤǤ<e> ΥݡȤ <-ve> ȤƤˤ뤳ȤǤʤäơ <e> ϥݡȤ <e> ˤԤ첻̤ɸ뵡ǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤʲˡ2ŪͿ桤pp. 166--70 ⻲ȡˡ
(1) űѸǤϡ[v] ϤޤΩǤǤϤʤ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäŵŪˤ ofer (over) ʤ첻˶ޤ줿Ķ [v] 줿ľ첻ϼ岽뷹äȤ⤢ꡤѸˤƤ <e> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤ褦ˤơ[v] β <ve> ֻ̩ܤ˴ϢŤ褦ˤʤä<e> ΤΤ̵ǤꡤޤǴǤ롥
(2) ҤΤ褦ˡѸȽѸ̤ơ<u> <v> ʸȤƤʬƤǤϤʤä첻ȤƤ <u>ҲȤƤ <v> ȤʬôΤˤǤƤʤäǤ⡤ؤϤä褦Ǥ롥㤨С̤ʬξǤСlove low ϤȤ <lou> Ȥֻ˹줷ƤޤǡȤꤢˡȤơҲ [v] Τˡ̵ <e> ź <-ue> Ȥ3Ĥ첻³ȤϾʤᡤ<loue> ֤С֤ <u> ϻҲɽ魯ϤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ <e> ΤΤ̵Ǥꡤľ <u> ҲǤ뤳ȤôäƤˤʤ䤬ơҲȤƤ <v> ̲ȡΰ֤ <u> Τޤ <v> ؤž줿<v> ҲȤƳΩΤǤ <e> ΥݡȤȤƤפȤʤ뤬 <e> ˤ긽ߤޤǻĤäƤ롥
ơ [v] <-ve> Ȥ֤뽬Ω<-v> ñΤǽϡAsimov, eruv, guv, lav, Slav ʤɡ¯졦ά졤ʤɤμѸ˸ꤵ졤ŪʱѸˡˤƤ⤤Ƥ롥
Noah Webster 䡤Cut Speling μ羧 Christopher Upward ʤɤϡgive <giv> Ȥ֤뤳ȤƤ϶ŪˤϹŪǡ嵭Τ褦Ūطʤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
2֤ε ([2011-10-11-1], [2011-10-12-1]) ǡƹαѸ켭 Web3 ħƤɾɽ碌СαѸ켭˾塤Ǥ descriptive ǡǤ permissive ʼäȤȤˤʤ
ȯҤ˴ؤƤϡεǵ̤Ѽܤɸʻ30Ķ⤢ˡͥȯɬפǤꡤǤ⤢Ȥݤ롥ºݤˡǶᡤΤΥȰ֤ʣμˤäĴ٤ȤȤԤʤäƤΤWeb3 variation ˭٤ϷȴƤWeb3 ŪȯΤȤŪ˸ƤʤȤڤ˴
Ū˽Ҥ٤ȡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΡ̾ưײˤĤ (see diatone) 1δ֤ζѲˤäɤȤξѼäꥫѸ줫ϰʲ4ĤμǶεҤӤ
Web1913 = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Ed. Noah Porter. Online version published on 9 January 1997 at http://machaut.uchicago.edu/websters . Merriam, 1913.
PDAE = Kenyon, John Samuel and Thomas Albert Knott, eds. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam, 1951.
Web3 = Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961. (In this survey I used the CD-ROM version [2000] based on the 1961 unabridged edition.)
AHD4 = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. \ Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
ʲϡ̾ư岽η14ˤĤơȤ˶εҤޤȤΤǤ롥"o" "oxytone"ʸβ˶ˡ"p" "paroxytone" β˶ˤWeb3 Ǥϡ"p, o" "o, p" ¿ɤ˶ƤĤȸФǤ롥ĴλȤƤϡȤ櫓ŪȯŻ뤹Ȥˤä櫓ǤϤʤΤľʤȤޤ permissive ʵҤȲ˺٤ȡäǤ롥ɡʸ (forthcoming) ǤϼεϼȵҼˤĤưҤ٤ˤϤʤä
| WORD | POS | Web1913 | PDAE | Web3 | AHD4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| decline | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| decline | verb | o | o | o | o |
| dismount | noun | -- | o | o | p |
| dismount | verb | o | o | o | o |
| dispute | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| dispute | verb | o | o | o | o |
| employ | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| employ | verb | o | o | o | o |
| entail | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| entail | verb | o | o | o | o |
| rebuff | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| rebuff | verb | o | o | o | o |
| replay | noun | -- | o | p, o | p |
| replay | verb | -- | o | o | o |
| report | noun | o | o | o, p | o |
| report | verb | o | o | o | o |
| retort | noun | o | o | o | o, p |
| retort | verb | o | o | o | o |
| retouch | noun | o | o | p, o | o, p |
| retouch | verb | o | o | o | o |
| revise | noun | o | o | o | p, o |
| revise | verb | o | o | o | o |
| romance | noun | o | o, p | o, p | o, p |
| romance | verb | o | o | o, p | o |
| surmise | noun | o | o, p | o, p | o |
| surmise | verb | o | o | o | o |
| traject | noun | o | p | p | -- |
| traject | verb | o | o | o | o |
ε#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯ ([2011-10-11-1]) ǡꥫαѸ켭κǹǤ Web3 ɾȽˤĤƸڤꥹˤαѸ켭 OED2 ӤȤɤΤ褦ħħΰƱˤƤȻפäΤǡ߷ (44--45) ˷ǺܤƤоɽʲ˷Ǻܤ롥Τ褦˰ȡ㤤褯Ƥ롥
| OED2 | Web3 | |
|---|---|---|
| ǯʴ | 1928112+1ˡNew Suppl. 1986, 4ˡ1989220 | 19091, 19342, 19613 |
| ǿ | 22,000 | 2,662ǡ2002ǯǤǤ2,806ǡ |
| Ƿ | 3022.5cm | 32.524.0cm |
| Ͽ | 464ʤ縫Ф35 | 462002ǯǤǤ476ˡWeb2: 55?66 |
| 240 | 20 | |
| Խ | Ū (prescriptive) λŪؤαƶϡǯθǯȤ | ŪҴŪҼι¤ؤαƶϡʰǯθǯ |
| Ф | 1150ǯʸθ줹٤ƼϿȾΤ | 1755ǯʸθϿʤŸ졦Ѹ2ޤ)Web2: 1500ǯʹߡ Chaucer ޤˡʳصѸŻISV٥ˡưΩ |
| ƻʸɡʶϡ˼ | 800̾400?500̾1001928ǯǡˡ100̾1986ǯǡ | ʤ |
| ѡ | ʸغʽŻ(240)Shakes. 33,303Bible 5,725Milton 12,485 | ̣餫ˤΤΩʸ |
| ˡ٥ (register) | ܺٻؼ | Ť˾öŪcolloq, informal, illit., erron. ʤɤѤˡޤԱѡաԹաԥʥդʤɤФƤȤˡơդѤʤ |
| 츻 | ԽϤ뤬ܺ٤ʾͿ | ʷ鵭 |
| ȯ | ɸѲʹݲɸʸˤɽ | Ѽܤɸʻ30Ķ⤢ˡͥȯɬ |
| Ѳ | ΰ֤Ѥθ | ɸʻ |
| ܺ٤ʰ̣ʬset (v.) 20ǡ154ʬ | ɴʻŵŪä (cf. hotel) set (v.) 1̤ | |
| | ʤ | 3Web2 Ǥ12ˡޤ |
| ̾̾ | ʤ | gazetteer 36顨biographical 13 |
Web3 ȤΤ롤ɤⰭŪʥꥫθؤμϡǯǽ50ǯޤ50ǯζڤˡ20αѸ켭ŪʼˤĤơʥӥ塼 New York Times ˴Ƥ줿Geoffrey Numberg ˤ뤽εϡ When a Dictionary Could Outrage ǥ饤ˤƱɤǤ롥
Web3 ᤰϡϼŪ (prescriptive) ʼȤɾι⤫äǤ١ҼŪ (descriptive) ʼؤѤꤷžäƤθʸäŪ˥ꥫǤϼ˵ϤĬäWeb3 Խ Gove ϡεŪ¤ؤĬή˾뤳ȤΤˡWeb3 εҤˤϹ¤ؤηΤʤ̩ʼˡȿǤƤꡤؼԤɾϸߤ˻ޤǹ⤤ꥫˤˤƽƤΡ֤ȤФμפȤɾʹ롥ꥫѸħ븢ҤȵϤΤ뼭οǤ˾Ǥΰ̤ξԤˤȤäƤϡGove ο֤ڤ٤ȱǤäꥫѸüԤ¿Ƥϡдְ㤤ʤˡ롤ѽȤƤμäWeb3 ѤѤ⺮碌Τ褦ʡɸŪʸˡˤޤ˴Ƥʡޤ˵ŪʼȤƸ줿ΤǤ롥
ξΩΤǷ㤷깭줿ǤΩɾȽ⤫äȤβмȤˤʤäǤǯ1962ǯˤ62Ԥɾȯɽ줿Ȥ顤ȿ礭Τ롥ФмԺȤΥåƥŽ졤Web3 ˤȤäƤ϶λλϤޤȤʤäȵϤȤǺ߿硹ŪȼΤꥫˤ Webster ΰҿʪäƤ褦˻פ롥
Web3 ŪյˤĤơNumberg ϼ2ä礷Ƥ롥
It introduced the words "prescriptivist" and "descriptivist" into the cultural conversation, and fixed the battle lines for the ritualized squabble over standards that persists across media old and new.
[T]he furor over Webster's Third also marked the end of an era. It's a safe bet that no new dictionary will ever incite a similar uproar, whatever it contains. . . . [N]ow all is legitimated under the rubric of pop culture.
Web3 ˤäơҼꥫαѸ켭Τߤʤ餺ꥫŤˤΤϤ뤳ȤˤʤäѸ켭˸ꤷƤ⡤ϼव줿櫓ǤϤʤȤƼεŪҤ礭Ȥ¤ѤäƤʤҤȵ --- ˤưθʸ50ǯܲ Web4 ԻϤޤäƤȤǤ롥
饤ǡ2009ǯ Ain't That the Truth: Webster's Third: The Most Controversial Dictionary in the English Language ʤӥ塼⸫ĤΤǡȤ줿
Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ43--45ǡ
Ѹư panic picnic ϡղäȡpanicking, panicky, picnicked, picnicker ʤɤ <k> 롥ޤbrick, kick, stick ʤɤǤϤʤ캬ΰȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˤ <k> 롥̤ȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˸硤бֻ -ick ǤϤʤ -ic Ǥ (ex. public, music, specific, basic, domestic, traffic, democratic, scientific, characteristic, academic)
Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Ǥϡ-ic Ϥ٤ơޤ -ick Ȥ֤Ƥ -ic ؤȲΤϥꥫμԻ Noah Webster äब The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) θפˤ public ֻ夷Τۤ¿ -ic ֻ夷ơ줬ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸؤ礷ƤäΤǤ (Potter 41)
äȤ⡤Webster -ic ֻʤä櫓ǤϤʤष٤λ̱Ƥ餳Webster ΰ첡Ȥ¦̤롥[2010-12-25-1]εǾҲ𤷤 Google Books Ngram Viewer ˤ public publick ٤СξİǤ롥AmE BrE ǧ줿Ʊǡ Mark Davies ˤ Google Books: American English ͳ10ǯߤ˸ȡpublick 1810--29ǯޤǤ100դ20ʾ帽Ƥ1830ǯˤ4.15ط㸺ƤΤʬ롥

-ic ˴ϢȤƤϡε⻲ȡ
[2009-08-02-1]: #97. ֥å
[2009-08-03-1]: #98. ֥åפ֥˥åפǤϤʤ֥åפڤФͳ
[2009-08-10-1]: #105. ܸä֥å
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
ѸαƺˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ˤƤ ( see ame_bre ) äֻκˤĤƤȯκƱͤܤˤĤ䤹ΤȤƼ夲뤳Ȥ¿ܥ֥Ǥ[2009-12-23-1]ˤ
ameba, center, color, defense, program, traveler ʤɡꥹ֤ȤϰۤʤȼΥꥫֻƤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) Ǥ롥Webster ȤС1828ǯ˽Ǥ줿 The American Dictionary of the English Language ޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥μȤλ¹ϸߤ˻ޤǼ̤Ȥ˥ꥫѸ켭κǹȤƤꡤǤ Webster ΰŪʱƶϤΤ褦Webster βפֻμˤȿǤƤꡤȤȤ˥ꥫ˹ΤϤ뤳ȤȤʤä
ǤϡWebster ϤʤֻפϤ褦ȻפΩäΤͤˡꥹǤֻξѤƤѸ Caxton ˤǰѤƳѸ첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʤɡ⳰ѲФơѸֻȯЪΥȤƬˤ뤳ȤȤʤäꥹǤ16ؼ ( orthoepist ) ϤᡤֻװƤƤ礭ˤϤʤä Mulcaster βפˤĤƤ[2010-07-12-1]ȡˡɡꥹǤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language äƸֻܸۤꤷȤäƤ褤
Τۤο̱ϡꥫǤֻˤĤƤϥꥹĴ碌ƤȤ18ȾΩ夫饢ꥫ٤ѤäƤ롥ˤ¿㤬Ƥ̤ꡤŪΩλָȸŪΩλָɽΤǤ롥ꥫŪΩλˤϡʰǤ줿ꥫѸ쿮Ԥ줿Webster ⤽1ͤǤꡤꥹѸΥꥫǤǤϤʤΩ֥ꥫ( the American language ) ǤƤ褦ȹͤƤΤǤ롥ʲ Webster θդǤ롥
The question now occurs; ought the Americans to retain these faults which produce innumerable inconveniences in the acquisition and use of the language, or ought they at once to reform these abuses, and introduce order and regularity into the orthography of the American tongue? . . . . a capital advantage of this reform . . . would be, that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American. . . . a national language is a band of national union. . . . Let us seize the present moment, and establish a national language as well as a national government. (Webster, 1789 quoted in Graddol, p. 6)
ɽŪˤϡѸֻȯЪΥ˹ŪʲͿ褦ȤǤʤ顤¤ΤȤϡꥫιȤȤƤΩꥹФȼΥǥƥƥȤäŪʰտޤǻǤäȤη̤Ȥ˶ջ֤ Webster Τߤʤ餺¿Υꥫ̱˲Ƥ餳̾븫ߤΤʤֻפդΤ
դˤС˥ݥƥ֤ʾ郎·ʤֻפˤȤ褯Ƥ롥ȤΤϡWebster Ǥ顤ƤŪֻװƤùʤФʤʤäǤ롥ΰƤʤǤ뤳ȤƼꡤ嵭 center color ʤɤηֻѹΤߤʤ벺ϩڤؤΤä
ֻˤƺΩаޤˤϡWebster ȤƱΥꥫͤ夲֥ꥫפؤۤäΤǤ롥
Webster, Noah. "An Essay on the Necessity, Advantages and Practicability of Reforming the Mode of Spelling, and of Rendering the Orthography of Words Correspondent to the Pronunciation." Appendix to Dissertations on the English Language. 1789. Extracts reprinted in Proper English?: Readings in Language, History and Cultural Identity. Ed. Tony Crowley. London: Routledge, 1991.
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ѸαƺȤֻαƺϡȤǼͳݡȤʤɤݤȿ͵ΤǤ롥ʲΤ褦оɽ뤳Ȥ¿
| ꥫѸ | ꥹѸ |
|---|---|
| color, humor | colour, humour |
| center, liter | centre, litre |
| defense, offense | defence, offence |
| traveler, traveled | traveller, travelled |
| ameba, anesthetic | amoeba, anaesthetic |
On the whole, Americans, like the British, have been conservative in their treatment of spelling, and the notion that American spelling is radical and revolutionary seems indeed to be mainly a survival from eighteenth and early nineteenth century political feeling. (Vol. 1, 328)
Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.
Ѹ֤ȯЪΥӤȤϤĤȤΤƤ뤬̤˸ƶ˰ݤŤ㤬 "ghoti" Ǥ롥Ρ֤Ĥפϡ
<gh> reads /f/ as in "tou gh "
<o> reads /ɪ/ as in "w o men"
<ti> reads /ʃ/ as in "na ti on"
ϡɽпȤκȡɾȡ֤ԤǤ George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) ΤȤƹΤƤƽǰѤ뤬Shaw äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥Shaw Holroyd ˤȡǮ֤Ԥ "ghoti" 夲ȤˡݼŪʿ͡Ф줿ΤǡShaw βԤʸȤȤ餷
But when an enthusiastic convert suggested that 'ghoti' would be a reasonable way to spell 'fish' under the old system ( gh as in 'tough', o as in 'women' and ti as in 'nation'), the subject seemed about to be engulfed in the ridicule from which Shaw was determined to save it. (Holroyd, Michael. 1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy . Vol. 3 of Bernard Shaw . London: Chatto & Windus, 1991. 501.)
줬¤ȤȡShaw "ghoti" ȯƼԤǤϤʤޤǤʸͤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ⡤Ѹ֤κ֤Τ餷ӤϡϤ Shaw ˵Ƥ褤
֤ȯϰаδطĤޤ֤ȯפŪǤ롥֤Ǹ줬ѲΤǤ뤳ȤȤȡŪʾ֤ϼΤ褦ʿޤɽ롥֤ "written mode" ȯ "spoken mode" ȤƤ롥
spoken mode
written mode
time
spoken mode ¨
written mode
time
What did he want to do? Simply to get rid of the past, to give a part of mankind a fresh start by isolating it from its own history and from the ancestral bad habits of the other nations . . . (qtd in Holroyd 504)
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