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webster - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-12-28 Wed

#2802. John Witherspoon --- Americanism ߤο [ame][americanism][terminology][webster][lexicography][witherspoon]

֥ꥫˡפɽ魯 Americanism ȤѤΤϡΥץ󥹥ȥؤγĹ John Witherspoon (1723--94) Ǥ롥Witherspoon ϥåȥɽпȤǡꥫˤԡԤȤƳǤʤΩν̾Ԥ1ͤǤ⤢롥
θ줬¤줿аޤˤĤ Baugh and Cable (380--81) ˾ܤWitherspoon 1781ǯ Pennsylvania Journal 9 May 1/2 ˤ Americanism ȤѤȤबɽͿ "an use of phrases or terms, or a construction of sentences, even among persons of rank and education, different from the use of the same terms or phrases, or the construction of similar sentences in Great-Britain." Ǥ롥³ơWitherspoon ϡ"The word Americanism, which I have coined for the purpose, is exactly similar in its formation and signification to the word Scotticism." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ºݡScotticism ȤϡOED ˤȻŪˤ1Ⱦ᤯̤ä1648ǯ Mercurius Censorius No. 1. 4 ˡ"It seemes you are resolved to..entertain those things which..ye have all this while fought against, the Scotticismes, of the Presbyteriall government and the Covenant." ȤƽФƤ롥
Witherspoon Americanism ȤǽѤȤ˷ӤĤ줬ʡܤꥫˡפȤްդƤϤʤä۩"It does not follow, from a man's using these, that he is ignorant, or his discourse upon the whole inelegant; nay, it does not follow in every case, that the terms or phrases used are worse in themselves, but merely that they are of American and not of English growth." ˤϡꥹʱѸˤФƷ褷ܲʤΩν̾Ԥ餷Ωɤ߼뤳ȤǤ롥
ȥ Americanism θ줳ޤޤƤʤäǽΥꥫˡ蘆줿Τϡ¤줫35ǯ1816ǯΤȤǤ롥John Pickering ˤ A Vocabulary, or Collection of Words and Phrases which have been supposed to be Peculiar to the United States of America Ǥ롥μϤषꥹʱѸ˴ΩäƤꡤꥫˡʥꥹѸ줫æƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ѱդ줿ȤפΤǤ롥ƱꥫͤǤϤ뤬Ԥä Noah Webster Pickering ٤˶ȤѤ䤷ȤϤޤǤʤ Pickering Webster Ωΰ㤤ϡ³ Americanism ΩͽΤäȤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-10-1]

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2016-12-22 Thu

#2796. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡ (2) [lowth][priestley][webster][prescriptive_grammar][academy]

#2778. Joseph Priestley --- ѽŻӤʸˡȡ ([2016-12-04-1]) 2ơεǽҤ٤褦ˡRudiments of English Grammar νǤ1761ǯ˽Ǥ줿1 Lowth A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ졤1762ǯˤ James Buchanan The British Grammar 1763ǯˤ John Ash Grammatical Institutes 줾Ω³˽ǤƤ롥ޤ¿λ֤Фơ1784ǯˤ Noah Webster A Grammatical Institute of the English Language ˽ФƤ롥Τ褦ˡ18ȾϼפʵʸˡνǹλǤäʤʤΩ1755ǯˤ Johnson Dictionary of the English Language ǤƤˡ
Priestley Rudiments ϡνǹ˯ȤʤäǽפʸˡˤĤƤʾ˸ħϡִѤμפʴȤŪѤǤǤФפˤʻp. 279ˡPriestley δѽŻλϡθδѼϤȤơۤʤϤȤƻȵȤˤʤä
(287) ɾˤȡʲ̤Ǥ롥

Rudiments Ҥȷ٤ A Short Introduction to English Grammar Ǥ Robert Lowth 䡤ʸˡůŪǤä Hermes (1751) James Harris ʸˡȽؤɤ°ȤʤСJoseph Priestley 18ˤʳɤɽؼԤǤäPriestley ϶ϱʸˡƥʸˡΤ勞ĶæΤޤޤαѸ¤˴ѻơ§٤ϤФؤ᤿ΤᡤѸ֤˿ͰŪäơ򤽤¦鵬ꤷ褦ȤεؤǤػα (Academy) ΩˤȿФƤ롥Τ褦ʼͳǿŪ٤ϡ§ȤƤʸˡǤΧڤʤδ (Usage) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥդ٤ˤĤʤäƤ롥Priestley ˤȤäƤϡPreface ǽҤ٤ƤդڤƤʤСäդδ (the custom of speaking)פθܸŪͣʤΤǤ롥׼¤ˡPriestley 18ˤƽƱѸδѤǧؼԤǤȤ뤬 Priestley βʳؼŪܤȤ˴ŤȽϤ˵ΤǤäPriestley δѤŻ뤹٤ϡΤ1776ǯ The Philosophy of Rhetoric 路 George Campbell ˰Ѥ졤ˤä usage Ť줿 Campbell ⡤good usage ǧ줿ɽ⡤ϰ̤ݻ뤿˰͵򤷤ʤФʤʤ (canons) ꤷƤꡤusage Ф븫˰礯Ȥäǯᤤ Priestley Τۤ٤ӤƤꡤPriestley Ǥ᤯Ū츦ƻƳߤ⤽ԤǤȤ롥Priestley Υƥ켰ʸˡ§ˤ餺줿Ȥˤ˾Ȥ餷ƴܤʿʲ򲼤Ƥ뤳ȤϡRudiments Ǥ⡤Ȥ 'Notes and Observations' ΩħǤ롥ϸߤ˻ޤǸԤĤоݤȤʤꡤʹ2֤ˤʸˡͻüȤʤäƤ뤳ȤɼԤ˵Ť褦


ΥꥹȷӤĤ륳󡦥󥹤ȤǰϡѽŻλȤ⤤롥Priestley ϡѸػ˾̾ȤƤ Lowth Murray ٤бƤ⤷ʤ̣ǥꥹǤ褯ɽʸˡȤäȤ롥

Priestley, Joseph. The Rudiments of English Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa and A Course of lectures on the Theory of Language, and Universal Grammar with Explanatory Remarks by Kikuo Yamakawa. Reprint. Tokyo: Naun'un-Do, 1971.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-10-1]

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2016-12-18 Sun

#2792. Webster ȯؤαƶ [pronunciation][ame][webster]

Noah Webster (1758--1843) ꥹֻȤϰۤʤΤȤơĤñǥꥫֻƤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ֻܤνǤ̤ơŪ˥ꥫѸȯˤƶͿǽȤȤϡޤܤʤBaugh and Cable (361) ϡ"Webster's Influence on American Pronunciation" ȤߤơˤĤƵƤ롥

Though the influence is more difficult to prove, there can be no doubt that to Webster are to be attributed some of the characteristics of American pronunciation, especially its uniformity and the disposition to give fuller value to the unaccented syllables of words. Certainly he was interested in the improvement of American pronunciation and intended that his books should serve that purpose. In the first part of his Grammatical Institute, which became the American Spelling Book, he says that the system "is designed to introduce uniformity and accuracy of pronunciation into common schools."


Webster ȯؤαƶȤϡŪˤϡΰʸˤ褦ˡ¿ˤ붯Τʤ첻ʲƤȯȤꥫȯη˴ؤΤǤ롥㤨 necessary, secretary ϥꥹѸǤŵŪ necess'ry, secret'ry Τ褦ȯƲ᤬̤ޤ뤬ꥫѸǤ첻ʲͤƤȯ롥ϢơꥫѸ centénary, labóratory, advértisement ˤߤ붯֤ħŪǤ롥
Τ褦ʷϡñơβΤȯ٤Ǥ롤ȤꥫŪʶŪƳη̤ȹͤ졤ζθ礭׸Τ Webster The American Spelling Book (1783) äȤ櫓ʲϡ18ȤꥫγعǤߤ줿ϤμʤεҤǤ롥Baugh and Cable (362) Letter to Henry Barnard, December 10, 1860 ƤʸϤǤ롥

It was the custom for all such pupils [those who were sufficiently advanced to pronounce distinctly words of more than one syllable] to stand together as one class, and with one voice to read a column or two of the tables for spelling. The master gave the signal to begin, and all united to read, letter by letter, pronouncing each syllable by itself, and adding to it the preceding one till the word was complete. Thus a-d ad, m-i mi, admi, r-a ra, admira, t-i-o-n shun, admiration. This mode of reading was exceedingly exciting, and, in my humble judgment, exceedingly useful; as it required and taught deliberate and distinct articulation. . . . When the lesson had been thus read, the books were closed, and the words given out for spelling. If one was misspelt, it passed on to the next, and the next pupil in order, and so on till it was spelt correctly. Then the pupil who had spelt correctly went up in the class above the one who had misspelt. . . . Another of our customs was to choose sides to spell once or twice a week. . . . [The losing side] had to sweep the room and build the fires the next morning. These customs, prevalent sixty and seventy years ago, excited emulation, and emulation produced improvement.


ζʤˤĤƤϡ#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǤϢ˿ƤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-12-17 Sat

#2791. John Adams ΥꥫѸˤ¡ʤ̴ [ame][webster][standardisation][academy][prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][elf][popular_passage]

Noah Webster ꥫѸϰ̤˿ʤôäȤϱѸ˾褯ΤƤ뤬ظDZƤäΤΡ1ͤζ̣оʪȤ˺ƤϤʤʤꥫ2 John Adams (1735--1826) Ǥ롥Adams ϡѸ٤ǥߡΩ뤳Ȥ˰ߤ򼨤ƤäȤ Jonathan Swift ΥꥫǤȤäȤο˽ä1780ǯ95˥ॹƥफIJĹ˰ƤơꥫˤѸȤνפ⤯񤤤Ƥ롥Baugh and Cable (355) ˰ѤƤʸϤƸ褦

   The honor of forming the first public institution for refining, correcting, improving, and ascertaining the English language, I hope is reserved for congress; they have every motive that can possibly influence a public assembly to undertake it. It will have a happy effect upon the union of the States to have a public standard for all persons in every part of the continent to appeal to, both for the signification and pronunciation of the language. The constitutions of all the States in the Union are so democratical that eloquence will become the instrument for recommending men to their fellow-citizens, and the principal means of advancement through the various ranks and offices of society. . . .
   . . . English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the language of the world than Latin was in the last or French is in the present age. The reason of this is obvious, because the increasing population in America, and their universal connection and correspondence with all nations will, aided by the influence of England in the world, whether great or small, force their language into general use, in spite of all the obstacles that may be thrown in their way, if any such there should be.
   It is not necessary to enlarge further, to show the motives which the people of America have to turn their thoughts early to this subject; they will naturally occur to congress in a much greater detail than I have time to hint at. I would therefore submit to the consideration of congress the expediency and policy of erecting by their authority a society under the name of "the American Academy for refining, improving, and ascertaining the English language. . . ."


Ǹ "refining, improving, and ascertaining" ɽƤ뤬Ͽǯ˥󥰥ɤμͤͤƤ#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) 򤹤۵뤷äȤ Swift "Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining" ΤʤǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡAdams μĥϤޤäΤǤϤʤषȤ⤤롥ޤΤ褦Ƥˤ⤫餺ɤϥꥫˤƤ⥢ǥߡΩʤäȤ⡤Adams μĥϤʤ
Adams ꥹˤƥꥹѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤΤǤϤʤꥫˤƥꥫѸ˴ؤĥ򤷤ƤȤפǤ롥Adams ϡꥹǤΥǥߡΩεñʤ֤ȤǤϤʤꥫȤŷϤǤδ˾ߤȤơμĥ򤷤ƤꥫѸؤλΤȤäƤ褤Ʊͤ Webster ưǼꥫѸؤοAdams ʤˡǼȤȲǤ
ʤΰѤ2ˤ롤ѸϼʹߡθȤʤȤ Adams ͽϸäब󤲤Ƥ͸ס󥰥ɤαƶϡꥫιݴط̤ͥʤɤͽκ⡤ŬڤȤۤʤФ˾ȼƤȤפȡǤϤ뤬Adams ηŴ㡤٤餺Ǥ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-08-1]

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2014-09-30 Tue

#1982. -ick or -ic (2) [suffix][johnson][webster][corpus][spelling][clmet][lmode]

#872. -ick or -ic ([2011-09-16-1]) εǡ<public> <publick> ֻʬ̻ۤŪѲˤĤơGoogle Books Ngram Viewer Google Books: American English ѤƴʰĴ-ic -ick ˾ѰۤˤĤƤϡJohnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ǤԤޤƤWebster The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) ǤϸԤؤɤڤäƤȰҤ٤ΰϾɬפΤ褦
#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 CLMET3.0 ѤơѸμ礿 -ic(k) ֻĴƤߤ1710--1920ǯδ֤3ʬơ줾ֻ٤Ȥä̤ʲ˷Ǥ褦

Spelling pairPeriod 1 (1710--1780)Period 2 (1780--1850)Period 3 (1850--1920)
angelick / angelic6 / 500 / 680 / 50
antick / antic4 / 101 / 60 / 3
apoplectick / apoplectic0 / 101 / 190 / 14
aquatick / aquatic1 / 20 / 350 / 56
arabick / arabic2 / 1010 / 450 / 115
archbishoprick / archbishopric4 / 72 / 20 / 8
arctick / arctic1 / 50 / 200 / 93
arithmetick / arithmetic9 / 320 / 770 / 98
aromatick / aromatic4 / 140 / 290 / 36
asiatick / asiatic1 / 1010 / 480 / 76
attick / attic1 / 320 / 340 / 71
authentick / authentic4 / 1600 / 790 / 68
balsamick / balsamic1 / 10 / 50 / 1
baltick / baltic4 / 500 / 330 / 43
bishoprick / bishopric3 / 282 / 90 / 19
bombastick / bombastic1 / 20 / 30 / 4
cathartick / cathartic0 / 11 / 00 / 0
catholick / catholic7 / 2910 / 3420 / 296
caustick / caustic1 / 20 / 110 / 20
characteristick / characteristic8 / 920 / 3540 / 687
cholick / cholic1 / 130 / 20 / 1
comick / comic1 / 680 / 670 / 165
coptick / coptic1 / 110 / 30 / 35
critick / critic12 / 1530 / 1680 / 155
despotick / despotic9 / 660 / 510 / 65
dialectick / dialectic1 / 00 / 00 / 6
didactick / didactic0 / 101 / 200 / 23
domestick / domestic46 / 7330 / 7360 / 488
dominick / dominic4 / 110 / 141 / 3
dramatick / dramatic8 / 2140 / 2060 / 216
elliptick / elliptic1 / 10 / 80 / 2
emetick / emetic4 / 50 / 70 / 5
epick / epic1 / 680 / 831 / 38
ethick / ethic1 / 60 / 00 / 3
exotick / exotic2 / 70 / 200 / 38
fabrick / fabric15 / 1161 / 840 / 111
fantastick / fantastic9 / 450 / 1570 / 198
frantick / frantic5 / 882 / 1630 / 124
frolick / frolic19 / 440 / 460 / 32
gaelick / gaelic1 / 10 / 300 / 64
gallick / gallic1 / 750 / 110 / 10
gothick / gothic2 / 4980 / 1310 / 66
heretick / heretic2 / 310 / 370 / 24
heroick / heroic17 / 2012 / 2240 / 211
hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic2 / 40 / 70 / 8
hysterick / hysteric1 / 90 / 100 / 6
laconick / laconic2 / 130 / 140 / 7
lethargick / lethargic1 / 120 / 80 / 14
logick / logic4 / 620 / 3610 / 367
lunatick / lunatic2 / 320 / 340 / 77
lyrick / lyric3 / 150 / 260 / 37
magick / magic9 / 1100 / 2960 / 292
majestick / majestic4 / 730 / 1491 / 115
mechanick / mechanic6 / 790 / 470 / 58
metallick / metallic1 / 90 / 790 / 137
metaphysick / metaphysic1 / 20 / 110 / 9
mimick / mimic2 / 251 / 460 / 23
musick / music87 / 5493 / 12203 / 1684
mystick / mystic1 / 390 / 920 / 167
obstetrick / obstetric1 / 20 / 10 / 0
panegyrick / panegyric19 / 1210 / 430 / 16
panick / panic14 / 581 / 900 / 314
paralytick / paralytic1 / 150 / 410 / 14
pedantick / pedantic3 / 310 / 280 / 29
philippick / philippic2 / 20 / 30 / 2
philosophick / philosophic1 / 1400 / 800 / 155
physick / physic35 / 1574 / 513 / 38
plastick / plastic1 / 40 / 190 / 32
platonick / platonic5 / 480 / 300 / 22
politick / politic8 / 402 / 370 / 51
prognostick / prognostic2 / 180 / 50 / 1
publick / public767 / 33501 / 31712 / 2606
relick / relic1 / 264 / 560 / 65
republick / republic12 / 5150 / 1850 / 171
rhetorick / rhetoric26 / 1092 / 400 / 65
rheumatick / rheumatic1 / 70 / 330 / 30
romantick / romantic32 / 1910 / 3460 / 322
rustick / rustic3 / 1020 / 1570 / 80
sarcastick / sarcastic1 / 370 / 660 / 60
sceptick / sceptic3 / 260 / 190 / 26
scholastick / scholastic2 / 240 / 420 / 46
sciatick / sciatic1 / 10 / 10 / 3
scientifick / scientific2 / 160 / 4510 / 814
stoick / stoic5 / 341 / 150 / 26
sympathetick / sympathetic3 / 260 / 700 / 248
systematick / systematic1 / 130 / 640 / 104
topick / topic12 / 1280 / 1770 / 176
traffick / traffic80 / 671 / 1640 / 203
tragick / tragic4 / 650 / 650 / 209
tropick / tropic12 / 370 / 70 / 23


2ʹ (1780--1920) ϡ٤Ƥθˤƻ¾ -ic ΤߤȤʤäȤߤƤ褤18Ⱦޤ1 (1710--1780) ˤĤƤϡݼŪ -ick 롥ˤäƤ <critick>, <frolick>, <heroick>, <musick>, <panegyrick>, <panick>, <physick>, <publick>, <rhetorick>, <romantick>, <tropick> ʤ ٤򼨤Τ⤢뤷<traffick> ǤϤष -ic ͥʤʤ޸ȤƤ -ic(k) ǤϤʤgarlick/garlic ϡ1 17 / 7, 2 1 / 8, 3 0 / 11 ǽ -ick ͥä⤦1ĤǤˡΤȤ -ick ϻˤǤ18 -ic ƤȤ狼롥Ĥޤꡤ18ȾФ Johnson μǤϡǤ˱ƤʤäƤݼŪ -ic ȾаռŪ˺Ѥ줿Ȥ᤬ΩWebster λǤϤʤJohnson λˤǤ -ic ϻ¾λ̱Ƥȹͤ롥
CLMET 줿ѸοˤŬڤ˰֤ŤƲ᤹뤿ˤϡԤѸˤֻʬۡѲˤⲡƤɬפˤĤƤεǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-01-1]

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2014-04-28 Mon

#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> [final_e][orthography][pronunciation][phonetics][silent_letter][spelling][grapheme][spelling_reform][webster][v]

ε#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) ǸڤѸˡˤĤƤ褯Τ줿§1Ĥˡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) 롥take, mete, side, rose, cube ʤ¿ <-VCe> ıñˤơ첻 V Ĺ첻뤤첻ɤޤ뤳ȤŪ˼ <e> ƤΤǤ롥ġ㳰ϤȤƤ⡤褽§ȾΤƺ٤ʤ
<-ve> ǽñ˴ؤơdove, glove, shove, ƻ -ive ĸ췲ʤɡ㳰¿ˤʤ롥⡤above, give, have, live (v.), love ʤɹٸ¿θǤϡ <ve> Ԥ첻û첻Ȥɤޤ롥gave, eve, drive, grove ʤɵ§ŪʤΤ¿ȤǧĤĤ⡤ΩԵ§ϤɤΤ褦
¤ϡ<-ve> ˤ magic <e> ε§ƤϤޤʤ¿Τϡ <e> ⤽ magic <e> ǤϤʤǤ롥 <e> ϡmagic <e> Ȥ̵ط̤ŪаޤˤȯŸƤΤطʤˤϡѸˤˤ /v/ βDz٤ä¡ڤ <v> ʸǤȤƤΩ٤ä¤ʤβǤʸǤȯŸξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡꤷƤС<v> ñȤǸˤ뤳ȤǤ<e> ΥݡȤ <-ve> ȤƤˤ뤳ȤǤʤäơ <e> ϥݡȤ <e> ˤԤ첻̤ɸ뵡ǽôäƤ櫓ǤϤʤʲˡ2ŪͿ桤pp. 166--70 ⻲ȡˡ

(1) űѸǤϡ[v] ϤޤΩǤǤϤʤ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäŵŪˤ ofer (over) ʤ첻˶ޤ줿Ķ [v] 줿ľ첻ϼ岽뷹äȤ⤢ꡤѸˤƤ <e> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤ褦ˤơ[v] β <ve> ֻ̩ܤ˴ϢŤ褦ˤʤä<e> ΤΤ̵ǤꡤޤǴǤ롥

(2) ҤΤ褦ˡѸȽѸ̤ơ<u> <v> ʸȤƤʬƤǤϤʤä첻ȤƤ <u>ҲȤƤ <v> ȤʬôΤˤǤƤʤäǤ⡤ؤϤä褦Ǥ롥㤨С̤ʬξǤСlove low ϤȤ <lou> Ȥֻ˹줷ƤޤǡȤꤢˡȤơҲ [v] 򼨤Τˡ̵ <e> ź <-ue> Ȥ3Ĥ첻³ȤϾʤᡤ<loue> ֤С֤ <u> ϻҲɽ魯ϤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ <e> ΤΤ̵Ǥꡤľ <u> ҲǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ôäƤˤʤ䤬ơҲȤƤ <v> ̲ȡΰ֤ <u> Τޤ <v> ؤž줿<v> ҲȤƳΩΤǤ <e> ΥݡȤȤƤפȤʤ뤬 <e> ˤ긽ߤޤǻĤäƤ롥

ơ [v] <-ve> Ȥ֤뽬Ω<-v> ñΤǽϡAsimov, eruv, guv, lav, Slav ʤɡ¯졦ά졤ʤɤμѸ˸ꤵ졤ŪʱѸˡˤƤ⤤Ƥ롥
Noah Webster 䡤Cut Speling μ羧 Christopher Upward ʤɤϡgive <giv> Ȥ֤뤳ȤƤ϶ŪˤϹŪǡ嵭Τ褦Ūطʤܤ뤳ȤפǤ롥

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2011-10-13 Thu

#899. Web3 permissiveness [lexicography][webster][dictionary][variation][diatone]

2֤ε ([2011-10-11-1], [2011-10-12-1]) ǡƹαѸ켭 Web3 ħ򸫤Ƥɾɽ碌СαѸ켭˾塤Ǥ descriptive ǡǤ permissive ʼäȤȤˤʤ
ȯҤ˴ؤƤϡεǵ̤Ѽܤɸ಻ʻ30Ķ⤢ˡͥȯɬפǤꡤǤ⤢Ȥݤ롥ºݤˡǶᡤΤΥȰ֤ʣμˤäĴ٤ȤȤԤʤäƤΤWeb3 variation ˭٤ϷȴƤWeb3 ŪȯΤȤŪ˸ƤʤȤڤ˴
Ū˽Ҥ٤ȡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΡ̾ưײˤĤ (see diatone) 1δ֤ζѲ򼭽ˤäɤȤξѼ򰷤äꥫѸ줫ϰʲ4ĤμǶεҤӤ

Web1913 = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Ed. Noah Porter. Online version published on 9 January 1997 at http://machaut.uchicago.edu/websters . Merriam, 1913.
PDAE = Kenyon, John Samuel and Thomas Albert Knott, eds. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam, 1951.
Web3 = Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961. (In this survey I used the CD-ROM version [2000] based on the 1961 unabridged edition.)
AHD4 = The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. \ Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.

ʲϡ̾ư岽η򼨺14ˤĤơ񤴤Ȥ˶εҤޤȤ᤿ΤǤ롥"o" "oxytone"ʸβ˶ˡ"p" "paroxytone" β˶ˤ򼨤Web3 Ǥϡ"p, o" "o, p" ¿ɤ˶򤪤ƤĤȸФǤ롥ĴλȤƤϡȤ櫓ŪȯŻ뤹Ȥˤä櫓ǤϤʤΤľʤȤޤ permissive ʵҤ򼨤Ȳ˺٤ȡäǤ롥ɡʸ (forthcoming) ǤϼεϼȵҼˤĤưҤ٤ˤϤʤä

WORDPOSWeb1913PDAEWeb3AHD4
declinenounooo, po
declineverboooo
dismountnoun--oop
dismountverboooo
disputenounooo, po
disputeverboooo
employnounooo, po
employverboooo
entailnounooo, po
entailverboooo
rebuffnounooo, po
rebuffverboooo
replaynoun--op, op
replayverb--ooo
reportnounooo, po
reportverboooo
retortnounoooo, p
retortverboooo
retouchnounoop, oo, p
retouchverboooo
revisenounooop, o
reviseverboooo
romancenounoo, po, po, p
romanceverbooo, po
surmisenounoo, po, po
surmiseverboooo
trajectnounopp--
trajectverboooo

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2011-10-12 Wed

#898. OED2 Web3 оɽ [lexicography][webster][dictionary][oed]

ε#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯ ([2011-10-11-1]) ǡꥫαѸ켭κǹǤ Web3 ɾȽˤĤƸڤꥹˤαѸ켭 OED2 ӤȤɤΤ褦ħħΰƱˤƤȻפäΤǡ߷ (44--45) ˷ǺܤƤоɽʲ˷Ǻܤ롥Τ褦˰ȡ㤤褯Ƥ롥

 OED2Web3
ǯʴ1928112+1ˡNew Suppl. 1986, 4ˡ198922019091, 19342, 19613
ǿ22,0002,662ǡ2002ǯǤǤ2,806ǡ
Ƿ3022.5cm32.524.0cm
Ͽ464ʤ縫Ф35462002ǯǤǤ476ˡWeb2: 55?66
24020
ԽŪ (prescriptive) λŪؤαƶϡǯθ󡨽ǯȤŪҴŪҼι¤ؤαƶϡʰǯθ󡨽ǯ
Ф1150ǯʸθ줹٤ƼϿȾΤ1755ǯʸθϿʤŸ졦Ѹ2ޤ)Web2: 1500ǯʹߡ Chaucer ޤˡʳصѸŻISV٥ˡưΩ
ƻʸɡʶϡ˼800̾400?500̾1001928ǯǡˡ100̾1986ǯǡʤ
ѡʸغʽŻ(240)Shakes. 33,303Bible 5,725Milton 12,485̣餫ˤΤΩʸ
ˡ٥ (register)ܺٻؼŤ˾öŪcolloq, informal, illit., erron. ʤɤѤˡޤԱѡաԹաԥʥդʤɤФƤȤˡơդѤʤ
ԽϤ뤬ܺ٤ʾͿʷ鵭
ȯɸѲʹݲɸʸˤɽѼܤɸ಻ʻ30Ķ⤢ˡͥȯɬ
Ѳΰ֤򼨤Ѥθɸʻ
ܺ٤ʰ̣ʬset (v.) 20ǡ154ʬɴʻŵŪä (cf. hotel) set (v.) 1̤
޲ʤ3Web2 Ǥ12ˡ޲ޤ
̾̾ʤgazetteer 36顨biographical 13


߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ

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2011-10-11 Tue

#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯ [lexicography][webster][dictionary]

Web3 ȤΤ롤ɤⰭŪʥꥫθؤμϡǯǽ50ǯޤ50ǯζڤˡ20αѸ켭񳦤򴬤ŪʼˤĤơʥӥ塼 New York Times ˴Ƥ줿Geoffrey Numberg ˤ뤽εϡ When a Dictionary Could Outrage ǥ饤ˤƱɤǤ롥
Web3 ᤰϡϼŪ (prescriptive) ʼȤɾι⤫äǤ١ҼŪ (descriptive) ʼؤѤꤷžäƤθʸäŪ˥ꥫǤϼ˵ϤĬäWeb3 Խ Gove ϡεŪ¤ؤĬή˾뤳ȤΤˡWeb3 εҤˤϹ¤ؤηΤʤ̩ʼˡȿǤƤꡤؼԤɾϸߤ˻ޤǹ⤤ꥫˤˤƽƤΡ֤ȤФμפȤɾʹ롥ꥫѸħ븢ҤȵϤΤ뼭οǤ˾Ǥΰ̤ξԤˤȤäƤϡGove ο֤΢ڤ԰٤ȱǤäꥫѸüԤ¿Ƥϡдְ㤤ʤˡ򤹤롤ѽȤƤμäWeb3 ѤѤ⺮碌Τ褦ʡɸŪʸˡˤޤ˴Ƥʡޤ˵ŪʼȤƸ줿ΤǤ롥
ξΩΤǷ㤷깭줿ǤΩɾȽ⤫äȤβмȤˤʤäǤǯ1962ǯˤ62Ԥɾȯɽ줿Ȥ顤ȿ礭Τ롥ФмԺȤΥåƥŽ졤Web3 ˤȤäƤ϶λλϤޤȤʤäȵϤȤǺ߿硹Ū󵯤ȼΤꥫˤ Webster ΰҿʪäƤ褦˻פ롥
Web3 ŪյˤĤơNumberg ϼ2ä礷Ƥ롥

It introduced the words "prescriptivist" and "descriptivist" into the cultural conversation, and fixed the battle lines for the ritualized squabble over standards that persists across media old and new.


[T]he furor over Webster's Third also marked the end of an era. It's a safe bet that no new dictionary will ever incite a similar uproar, whatever it contains. . . . [N]ow all is legitimated under the rubric of pop culture.


Web3 ˤäơҼꥫαѸ켭񳦤Τߤʤ餺ꥫŤˤΤϤ뤳ȤˤʤäѸ켭˸ꤷƤ⡤ϼव줿櫓ǤϤʤȤƼεŪҤ礭Ȥ¤ѤäƤʤҤȵ --- ˤư񤷤θʸ󵯤50ǯܲ Web4 ԻϤޤäƤȤǤ롥
饤ǡ2009ǯ Ain't That the Truth: Webster's Third: The Most Controversial Dictionary in the English Language ʤӥ塼⸫ĤΤǡȤ줿

Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ43--45ǡ

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2011-09-16 Fri

#872. -ick or -ic [suffix][johnson][webster][corpus][google_books][spelling][n-gram]

Ѹư panic picnic ϡ޸ղäȡpanicking, panicky, picnicked, picnicker ʤɤ <k> 롥ޤbrick, kick, stick ʤɤǤϤʤ캬ΰȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˤ <k> 롥̤ȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˸硤бֻ -ick ǤϤʤ -ic Ǥ (ex. public, music, specific, basic, domestic, traffic, democratic, scientific, characteristic, academic)
Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Ǥϡ-ic Ϥ٤ơޤ -ick Ȥ֤Ƥ -ic ؤȲ᤿ΤϥꥫμԻ Noah Webster äब The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) θפˤ public ֻ夷Τۤ¿ -ic ֻ夷ơ줬ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸؤ礷ƤäΤǤ (Potter 41)
äȤ⡤Webster -ic ֻʤä櫓ǤϤʤष٤λ̱Ƥ餳Webster ΰ첡Ȥ¦̤롥[2010-12-25-1]εǾҲ𤷤 Google Books Ngram Viewer ˤ public publick ٤򸫤СξİǤ롥AmE BrE ǧ줿Ʊǡ Mark Davies ˤ Google Books: American English ͳ10ǯߤ˸ȡpublick 1810--29ǯޤǤ100դ20ʾ帽Ƥ1830ǯˤ4.15ط㸺ƤΤʬ롥

public or publick by Google Books BYU

-ic ˴ϢȤƤϡε⻲ȡ

[2009-08-02-1]: #97. ֥å
[2009-08-03-1]: #98. ֥åפ֥˥åפǤϤʤ֥åפڤФͳ
[2009-08-10-1]: #105. ܸä֥å׸

Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-09-30-1]

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2010-08-08 Sun

#468. ꥫȤ Webster [popular_passage][ame][ame_bre][webster][spelling_reform][johnson]

ѸαƺˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ˤƤ ( see ame_bre ) äֻκˤĤƤȯκƱͤܤˤĤ䤹ΤȤƼ夲뤳Ȥ¿ܥ֥Ǥ[2009-12-23-1]ˤ
ameba, center, color, defense, program, traveler ʤɡꥹ֤ȤϰۤʤȼΥꥫֻƤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) Ǥ롥Webster ȤС1828ǯ˽Ǥ줿 The American Dictionary of the English Language ޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥μȤλ¹ϸߤ˻ޤǼ̤Ȥ˥ꥫѸ켭κǹȤƤꡤǤ Webster ΰŪʱƶϤΤ褦Webster βפֻμˤȿǤƤꡤȤȤ˥ꥫ˹ΤϤ뤳ȤȤʤä
ǤϡWebster ϤʤֻפϤ褦ȻפΩäΤͤˡꥹǤֻξ򳵴ѤƤѸ Caxton ˤǰѤƳѸ ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʤɡ⳰ѲФơѸֻȯЪΥȤƬˤ뤳ȤȤʤäꥹǤ16ؼ ( orthoepist ) ϤᡤֻװƤƤ礭ˤϤʤä Mulcaster βפˤĤƤ[2010-07-12-1]򻲾ȡˡɡꥹǤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language äƸֻܸۤꤷȤäƤ褤
Τۤο̱ϡꥫǤֻˤĤƤϥꥹĴ碌ƤȤ18ȾΩ夫饢ꥫ٤ѤäƤ롥ˤ¿㤬Ƥ̤ꡤŪΩλָȸŪΩλָɽ΢ΤǤ롥ꥫŪΩλˤϡʰ񿴤΢Ǥ줿ꥫѸ쿮Ԥ줿Webster ⤽1ͤǤꡤꥹѸΥꥫǤǤϤʤΩ֥ꥫ( the American language ) ǤƤ褦ȹͤƤΤǤ롥ʲ Webster θդǤ롥

The question now occurs; ought the Americans to retain these faults which produce innumerable inconveniences in the acquisition and use of the language, or ought they at once to reform these abuses, and introduce order and regularity into the orthography of the American tongue? . . . . a capital advantage of this reform . . . would be, that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American. . . . a national language is a band of national union. . . . Let us seize the present moment, and establish a national language as well as a national government. (Webster, 1789 quoted in Graddol, p. 6)


ɽŪˤϡѸֻȯЪΥ˹ŪʲͿ褦ȤǤʤ顤¤ΤȤϡꥫιȤȤƤΩꥹФȼΥǥƥƥȤäŪʰտޤǻǤäȤη̤Ȥ˶ջ֤ Webster Τߤʤ餺¿Υꥫ̱˲Ƥ餳̾븫ߤΤʤֻפդΤ
դˤС˥ݥƥ֤ʾ郎·ʤֻפˤȤ褯Ƥ롥ȤΤϡWebster Ǥ顤Ƥ޿ŪֻװƤùʤФʤʤäǤ롥ΰƤʤǤ뤳Ȥ򸫤Ƽꡤ嵭 center color ʤɤηֻѹΤߤʤ벺ϩڤؤΤä
ֻˤƺΩаޤˤϡWebster ȤƱΥꥫͤ夲֥ꥫפؤۤäΤǤ롥

Webster, Noah. "An Essay on the Necessity, Advantages and Practicability of Reforming the Mode of Spelling, and of Rendering the Orthography of Words Correspondent to the Pronunciation." Appendix to Dissertations on the English Language. 1789. Extracts reprinted in Proper English?: Readings in Language, History and Cultural Identity. Ed. Tony Crowley. London: Routledge, 1991.
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm

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2009-12-23 Wed

#240. ֻαƺ礭 [ame_bre][spelling][webster][l]

ѸαƺȤֻαƺϡȤǼͳݡȤʤɤݤȿ͵ΤǤ롥ʲΤ褦оɽ뤳Ȥ¿

ꥫѸꥹѸ
color, humorcolour, humour
center, litercentre, litre
defense, offensedefence, offence
traveler, traveledtraveller, travelled
ameba, anestheticamoeba, anaesthetic


ơԻ Noah Webster (1758-1843) 礤˽ФƥꥫѸֻפä򤹤Τ֤Ǥ롥
ɽֻαƺΰ򼨤˲᤮ʤȤϤΤΡŪûɽηǤޤȤȤȤϡ⤽⺹ʤȤξڵǤ롥षŪˤ⤪ΥƤꡤʬ줷400ǯ᤯κзήƤˤ⤫餺ʤȤȤ϶äǤ롥
ƺϤȤĴ줬ºݤˤϺ϶ϾǤȤϡ[2009-12-21-1]ǿ줿 Krapp ˸Ǥ롥Krapp ϥꥫѸˤ򥤥ꥹѸˤΩƵҤ뤳Ȥ褷Ȥʤ٤ӤƤȤäƤ롥ֻκˤĤƤ֤ߤפȤոΤ褦Ǥ롥

On the whole, Americans, like the British, have been conservative in their treatment of spelling, and the notion that American spelling is radical and revolutionary seems indeed to be mainly a survival from eighteenth and early nineteenth century political feeling. (Vol. 1, 328)


Krapp, George Philip. English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century, 1925.

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2009-05-13 Wed

#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? [spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling_reform][webster][shaw][gh]

Ѹ֤ȯЪΥӤȤϤĤȤΤƤ뤬̤˸ƶ˰ݤŤ㤬 "ghoti" Ǥ롥Ρ֤Ĥפϡ

<gh> reads /f/ as in "tou gh "
<o> reads /ɪ/ as in "w o men"
<ti> reads /ʃ/ as in "na ti on"

ϡɽпȤκȡɾȡ֤׼ԤǤ George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 󤲤ΤȤƹΤƤƽǰѤ뤬Shaw äΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥Shaw Holroyd ˤȡǮ֤׼Ԥ "ghoti" 夲ȤˡݼŪʿ͡޾Ф줿ΤǡShaw β׼ԤʸȤȤ餷

But when an enthusiastic convert suggested that 'ghoti' would be a reasonable way to spell 'fish' under the old system ( gh as in 'tough', o as in 'women' and ti as in 'nation'), the subject seemed about to be engulfed in the ridicule from which Shaw was determined to save it. (Holroyd, Michael. 1918-1950: The Lure of Fantasy . Vol. 3 of Bernard Shaw . London: Chatto & Windus, 1991. 501.)

줬¤ȤȡShaw "ghoti" ȯƼԤǤϤʤޤǤʸͤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ⡤Ѹ֤κ֤򹭤Τ餷᤿ӤϡϤ Shaw ˵Ƥ褤
֤ȯϰаδطĤޤ֤ȯפŪǤ롥֤Ǹ줬ѲΤǤ뤳ȤȤȡŪʾ֤ϼΤ褦ʿޤɽ롥֤ "written mode" ȯ "spoken mode" ȤƤ롥

spoken mode  
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
written mode 

   time      

֤ȯѲФȼä֤¨¤Ŭ뤷դ֤ѲФȼäȯ¨¤Ŭ롤Τ褦Ūʾ֤οޤǤ롥¤ˤϤΤ褦ʴطϤۤȤɸʤȤäƤ褤ϡȯ֤ȤǤϡѲ륹ԡɤŬ륿ߥ󥰤ˤ줬뤫Ǥ롥ŵŪ˸طϡषοޤǼطǤ롥
spoken mode  ¨
                                                       
                                                       
                                 
                                 
                                 
written mode 

   time      

ŵŪˤϡȯѲ뤬֤ɤĤʤĤޤꡤȯϿʤäƤƤ⤽б֤ϸŤΤޤޤȤط롥Τ֤ͤ٤֤ȯȤޤäδطˤʤ褦˰տŪˡɤĤư֤פȤȤˤʤ롥Shaw 褦ȤȤϤޤǤ롥
Ūˤϡä֤ȯ˰쵤ɤĤ褦Ȥ֤פϼԤ˽뤳Ȥ¿Shaw ֤פλߤ⤽ΰǤ롥ͳȤƤϡ֤ϤޤݼŪǤ뤫ȤȤ褯뤬⤦Ƨ߹ͳͤɬפ롥
ݼŪʤΤϡ֤ƥऽΤΤǤϤʤޤǤФѼԤ٤ǤϤ֤פϡ٤ä֤⤿餷ͤط쵤˽Ȥݥƥ֤¦̤򲡤Ф櫓ǣ¤λˤơλݤƤĹ֤ȤѤäȷ̤ȤȤ̣롥֤ϲˤ򵭤ʤǤȤȡ춦ƱΤˤȤäŪ֤Ȥη̤ϡˤȤη̤̣롥ơˤĸ춦ƱΤˤȤäƤϡ̾ﶲΤǤ
֤סä˵޿ŪʤΡˤ̤ˤΤϡΤ褦طʤ뤫ǤϤʤդˤСޤ򸫤ȡˤϲȷ̤Ȥפָ롥Noah Websterˤ륢ꥫѸ֤ˤ륤ꥹѸȤκ̲Ǥ롥Shaw֤פˤĤƤ⡤ꥫͺ Jacques Barzun ϤҤ٤Ƥ롥

What did he want to do? Simply to get rid of the past, to give a part of mankind a fresh start by isolating it from its own history and from the ancestral bad habits of the other nations . . . (qtd in Holroyd 504)

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