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2022-10-23 Sun

#4927. ؾ͡ʶʬˡζʬˤʤ [methodology][saussure][linguistics][periodisation]

ؤˤϡˡ͡ʶʬ2Ω롥塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure; 1857--1913) Ƴ (langue) ȥѥ (parole) (form) ȼ (substance) (synchrony) ̻ (diachrony) ʤɤ̾Ǥcf. #3508. 塼Ωǰ3 ([2018-12-04-1]
ޤ (phonetics) (phonology) (morphology) (syntax)̣ (semantics) (pragmatics) ʤɤ⡤ˡνפʶʬǤcf. #377. ѸˤȤʤꤦʬ ([2010-05-09-1])#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ ([2010-05-10-1])#4865. Ѹ --- ̿󥰡ֱѸء Day 1 ([2022-08-22-1]
ۤˤϡĿͤȼҲäʹꡤäդȽ񤭸դʤɡΩϵ󤲻ϤХ꤬ʤ˸ؤǤлʬ (periodisation) פʶʬǤ롥
פʤΤϡζʬϸؤˡ塤տŪߤ줿ΤˤʤȤȤ¤θ֤ϤޤʣʤᡤԤϤΤޤ޴ѻʬϤꤹ뤳ȤǤʤǡص微ʬ˶ʬʬ줿򤸤äѻʬϤȤάΩƤ櫓Ǥ롥ơʬˤơζˤĤƤ褽餫ˤʤäǤˤϡ֥åΤ褦Ȥ߹碌ƺǽŪ˸ȤΤΤ򤷤Τ褦ά˴ŤơޤǺȾ塤͡˶ʬƤΤ
άŪʬˤĤơŵŪѸ A History of English 路 Strang "Synchronic variation and diachronic change" ˤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (17)

Language is human behaviour of immeasurable complexity. Because it is so complex we try to subdivide it for purposes of study; but every subdivision breaks down somewhere, because in practice, in actual usage, language is unified. The levels of phonology, lexis and grammar are interrelated, and so are structure and history. There remains a further dichotomy, implicit in much of our discussion, but not yet looked at in its own right. Language is both individual and social. Acquisition of language takes place in the individual, and we have stressed that he (sic) is an active, even a creative, participant in the process. Yet what he learns from is exposure to the social use of language, and although cases are rare there is reason to think that the individual does not master language if he develops through the relevant stages of infancy without such exposure. And if he does have normal experience of language as a baby the speaker's linguistic creativeness is held on a fairly tight rein by the control of social usage --- he cannot be too idiosyncratic if he is to be understood and accepted. The governing conditions come from society, though executive language acts (speaking, writing, etc.) are made by individuals. Here, too, then, we have not so much a dichotomy as an interplay of factors distinguishable for certain purposes.


ʤ͡ʸƱͤάŪʬˤʤȹͤƤ롥Aϡ츽ݤΤˤϤȯ뤬٤Ƥθ츽ݤ򤭤줤뤳ȤϤǤʤBCǤ롥ˤ줾ΰꡤŪˤĤʤ --- 줬ؤάʤΤȹͤƤ롥äơɤȤäƤ⡤줬ŪȤְ㤤ȤȤϤʤȻפäƤ롥

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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