(interjection) Ȥޥʡʻϡ褽쵬§ʤͣθȤȤǡɤͳ̥Ϥ롥Ū˼椫졤夲Ƥ롥εȤƤϡ#3689. Ѹδ ([2019-06-03-1])#3712. Ѹδ (2) ([2019-06-26-1])#3688. ܸδưʬ ([2019-06-02-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
Crystal, McArthur, Bussmann γơѸ켭ŵ interjection Ƥߤ
interjection (n.) A term used in the TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION of PARTS OF SPEECH, referring to a CLASS of WORDs which are UNPRODUCTIVE, do not enter into SYNTACTIC relationships with other classes, and whose FUNCTION is purely EMOTIVE, e.g., Yuk!, Strewth!, Blast!, Tut tut! There is an unclear boundary between these ITEMS and other types of EXCLAMATION, where some REFERENTIAL MEANING may be involved, and where there may be more than one word, e.g. Excellent!, Lucky devil!, Cheers!, Well well! Several alternative ways of analysing these items have been suggested, using such notions as MINOR SENTENCE, FORMULAIC LANGUAGE, etc. (Crystal)
INTERJECTION [15c: through French from Latin interiectio/interiectionis something thrown in]. A part of speech and a term often used in dictionaries for marginal items functioning alone and not as conventional elements of sentence structure. They are sometimes emotive and situational: oops, expressing surprise, often at something mildly embarrassing, yuk/yuck, usually with a grimace and expressing disgust, ow, ouch, expressing pain, wow, expressing admiration and wonder, sometimes mixed with surprise. They sometimes use sounds outside the normal range of a language: for example, the sounds represented as ugh, whew, tut-tut/tsk-tsk. The spelling of ugh has produced a variant of the original, pronounced ugg. Such greetings as Hello, Hi, Goodbye and such exclamations as Cheers, Hurra, Well are also interjections. (McArthur)
interjection [Lat. intericere 'to throw between']
Group of words which express feelings, curse, and wishes or are used to initiate conversation (Ouch!, Darn!, Hi!). Their status as a grammatical category is debatable, as they behave strangely in respect to morphology, syntax, and semantics: they are formally indeclinable, stand outside the syntactic frame, and have no lexical meaning, strictly speaking. Interjections often have onomatopoeic characteristics: Brrrrr!, Whoops!, Pow! (Bussmann)
¾Ѹ켭ŵ٤ƤȤǤ롥ޤܤ뤳ȤΤʤ̥ϤäƤ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤˤĤƤϡʲεǼ夲Ƥʤ뤤εåȡˡ
#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1])
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])
#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])
#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1])
#4981. Reginald Pecock --- ˾Ƕ "infinitive-splitter" ([2022-12-16-1])
ʬΥϡѸȾФ˰ٲФȤʤäƤ1819ˤƽ̤ƤȤϤɬ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ⤷19--20ˤƾ٤Ƥǽ⤢ä⤷ʤβǽϵʸˡȤȽˤ٤ƤޤäΤǤ롥19ηаޤˤĤ Visser (Vol. 2, 1936--37) βѤ褦
When, towards the end of the eighteenth century, the usage was resuscitated in the written language, it soon spread with a remarkable rapidity, and in the nineteenth century it was to be found in the works of writers of every standing including several of great name. The usage, however, was of an occasional character so that one had to read hundreds of pages before finding an example. It is worth notice that one type of splitting, common in Middle English, was not revived, namely that with a (pro)noun between to and the infinitive, e.g. 'to hine finde', 'to þee defend', 'to temple go'.
The usage might have become general and more habitual instead of occasional in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries but for the adverse judgment on it by grammarians. According to 1882 Fitzedw. Hall (On the Separation by a Word and Words of 'to' and the Infinitive) the earliest objection to this usage appeared in print in 1840), when Richard Taylor expressed his dissatisfaction with the idiom in the following words: "Some writers of the present day have a disagreeable affectation of putting an adverb between to' and the infinitive." In 1864 Dean Alford (The Queen's English p. 171) observes: "'To scientifically illustrate'. But surely this is a practice entirely unknown to English speakers and writers. It seems to me, that we ever regard the to of the infinitive as inseparable from its verb." In 1867 the idiom is also categorically condemned by Mason (English Grammar p. 181): "The to of an infinitive mood should never be separated from its verb by an adverb. Such phrases as, 'To rightly use', 'To really understand' are improper." It is noticeable that these early censurers, and many others with them for that matter, did not know of (or ignored?) the occurrence of the idiom in earlier English. The result of the disapproval so strongly expressed was that splitting the infinitives became one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher, and that minor writers, or those that yet had to win themselves a name, afraid of running the risk of being censured for being ignorant of linguistic conventions, avoided it. Newspaper tradition used to be strong against splitting and sub-editors and correctors of the press were seduously (sic) watching for trespasses of this kind.
ѸȾ "one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher" Ȥ̤ꡤʬΥϡ19衤Ѹ˴ؤʿ (complaint_tradition) ǤŵŪθʸˡܤȤʤäΤǤ롥
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#5565. ѸŪư̾ι¤6 ([2024-07-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡư̾ˤĤƤϡȯãˤ͡ʸѥ
Visser Ȥ-ing ˰̣μ줬ȡ̣Ū줬ˤĤơŪѥƥѥˤĤơVisser ΩƤƤΤǡܼ (Vol. 2, xiii--xiv) ǤΤᤤVisser 夲ƤΤ -ing ˴ؤǤꡤư̾Τߤʤ餺ʬޤޤƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
THE SUBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
Type 'They doubted the truth of the boy's being dead'
Type 'It's a curious thing your saying that'
Type 'From the arysing of the sonne'
Type 'At the sun rising'
Type 'I hope it's all right me coming in'
Type 'Everybody was talking about you going over there'
Type 'They knew about it being so serious'
Type 'Don't talk of there being no one to help'
THE OBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
A. Object before the form in -ing
Type 'Thou desirest the kynges mordryng'
Type 'Excuse his throwing into the water'
Type 'Restrayne yow of vengeance taking'
Type 'To þi broþur burieng fare''
Type 'Hope-giving phrases'; 'his heart-percing dart'
Type 'The maner of þis arke-making'
Type 'His love-making struck us as unconvincing'
Type 'To be present at the iudgement geuing'
Type 'In dyteys-making she bare the pryse'
B. Object after the form in -ing
Type 'A daye was limited for justifying of the bill'
Type 'Wenches sitt in the shade syngyng of ballads'
Type 'He went prechynge cristes lay'
Type 'I slow Sampsoun in shakynge the piler'
'The reading the book' versus 'the reading of the book'
ư̾ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ۿ2Ĥ⻲ȡ
#1150. ư̾Ȥ --- His/Him speaking Japanese surprised us all.
#1151. ư̾Ϥޤޤä
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ɸˤĤơ켣 (274) ˤꡤTajima (1985) Ȥ6ι¤Ѹ첽ֻȤȤ˰Ƥ롥
I°Ūư̾졤: at the king's crowning ʲ˲ĺȤ
IIŪư̾졤: other penance doing ʤۤι뤳ȡ
IIIư̾of̾졤: choosing of war (襤뤳)
IVư̾of̾졤: the burying of his bold knights ͦʵΤ뤳ȡ
Vư̾Ū졤: saving their lives ̿뤳ȡ
VIư̾Ū졤: the withholding you from it ʤ뤳ȡ
Ū줬ư̾Ф֤뤳Ȥ⤢и֤뤳Ȥ⤢äԤξˤֻ of ȼ¤⤢ạ̈ޤư̾μ줬°ʡʸνͭʡˤȤ̳ʡʸŪʡˤȤξߤƤΤܤ٤Ǥ롥ˡư̾Τ괧 the ɤȤ⡤˾νפʥݥȤǤ롥

Tajima, Matsuji. The Syntactic Development of the Gerund in Middle English. Tokyo: Nan'un-Do, 1985.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤϤޤԤƬˤޤ⤽ǥ (idiom) ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
嵭ۿǤ⻲Ȥ (33--34) ˤȡǥϼ̤Ǥ
ǥȤƤϡ̣塤δ˾Ȥ餷碌ơΤ褦ħ碌Τȸ롧
(i) ̣ŪƩ뤤 (non-compositionality)ǥΰ̣Ϥʬ¤ФƤʤ褯ΤƤȤơ
kick the bucket = die
롥
(ii) ѷʤʤChafe (1968) θ 'transformational deficiency' Ǥ롥Υǥϡֻ̡פȤ̣ǤϼưԲĤǤ롧
*The bucket was kicked by Sam.
(iii) ǥʬθŪѤϤǤʤʤָŪ̵פǤ롥
have a crush on *have a smash on
Numberg et al. (1994) ϥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤʤǥ㡧saw logs = snoreˤ 'idiomatic phrase'ƥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤ륤ǥ㡧spill the beans = divulge the information) 'idiomatic combination' ȸƤӡʬƤ롥
ɽǥफɤȤΤϡ嵭ξ狼ͽۤ褦˼ưŪˡ뤤ϥƥꥫ˷ޤ褦ʪǤϤޤǥ (idiomaticity) ȤϢ³ΤγǰǰƬ֤ɬפꤽǤ
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Chafe, Wallace. "Idiomaticity as an Anomaly in the Chomskyan Paradigm." Foundations of Language 4 (1968): 107--27.
Numberg, Geoffrey, Ivan A. Sag and Thomas Wasow. "Idioms." Language 70 (1994): 481--538.

¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1ϤܼޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ
ǤϤ
Ϥ
1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)
2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò
ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6
2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8
3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5
4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5
5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6
6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5
7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8
8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5
9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10
10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5
11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5
12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4
13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6
ʸ
̾
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
ε#5506. be to do ʸϸűѸ줫餢ä ([2024-05-24-1]) ˰³ be to do ʸˤˤĤơ
ιʸϸűѸ줫ѻ뤬ŪȤơƥбʸΤʤǤϤʤȤ롥طʤˤϡ˥ƥ줫ʸ˸뤳ȡƥƥбʸϢưƼư (passive) ΰ̣ѤΤ̤ǤȤ¤طʤˤ롥ۤʤ⤢ΤǿŤ˵ɬפ뤬Ǥϥƥƶٻ Mustanoja (524--25) ꡤϢսѤ褦
PREDICATIVE INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE WITH 'To' AS A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (THE TYPE 'TO BE TO'). --- The construction to be to, implying futurity and often obligation (the infinitive being originally that of purpose), is comparatively infrequent in OE and early ME, but becomes more common in later ME and early Mod. E. It probably arose under Latin influence, the infinitive with to being used to render the Latin future participle (-urus) or gerundive (-ndus), as in wæron fram him ece mede to onfonne ('aeterna ab illo praemia essent percepturi') and he is to gehyrenne ('audiendus est'). In OE this infinitive occurs mostly in a passive sense (he is to gehyrenne; --- hu fela psalma to singenne synt 'quanti psalmi dicendi sunt'). This usage continues in ME and even today. ME examples: --- þi luve . . . oþer heo is to ȝiven allunge oþer he is for to sullen, oþer heo is for to reaven and to nimen mid strengþe (Ancr. 181); --- that ston was gretly for to love (RRose 1091). The periphrastic passive appears in the 14th century: --- þey beþ to be blamed (RMannyng HS 1546).
In OE the predicative infinitive of this type is comparatively seldom found with an active meaning (wæron ece mede to onfonne 'aeterna praemia . . . essent percepturi'). This use continues to be rare in early ME, but becomes more frequent later in the period. In many instances the implication of futurity is faint or practically non-existent: --- þes fikelares mester is to wrien ant te helien þet gong þurl (Ancr. 36); --- al mi rorde is woning ant to ihire grislich þing (Owl&N 312); --- myn entencioun Nis nat to yow of reprehensioun To speke as now (Ch. TC i 685). In many instances, however, the implication of futurity is prominent: --- Crystes tresore, Þe which is mannes oule to save, as God seith in þe Gospel (PPl. B x 474); --- whan the sonne was to reste, so hadde I spoken with hem everichon (Ch. CT A Prol. 30). There are scholars who believe that this construction is used as a real future equivalent in late ME.
ʤ뤤ϤŪưˤǽưŪǤäƤ̣ϼưŪѤˤĤƤϡʲεȤ줿
#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])
#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ ([2019-03-17-1])
#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1])
Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤ be to do ʸϸǽưŪˤѤ褦˳ĥߤ˻äƤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Ѹˤ be to do ʸȤΤ롥be ưθ to 줬³ʸǡͽꡤ̳̿̿ᡤǽջ֤ʤ͡ʰ̣ѸؽԵ㤫ιܤǤ롥ʸˡˤĤƤϡ#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1]) Ǿ줿
Ǥϡbe to do ʸˤϤˡ¤˸Ť餢ꡤűѸǤ⤹Ǥ˾ʤȤֹʸμפȤƳǧ롥űѸǤϹ٤櫓ǤϤʤѸʹߤǤ٤Ūʡֹʸפ餷ΤؤĹƤѸˤƤϡ¾ιʸȥȤۤɤ˰褦ˤʤäĹˤ錄ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤäƤ褤
ԸϾʤʤǤ Denison (317--18) βĹˤ錄ȯãûˤޤȤƤ롥
11.3.9.3 BE of necessity, obligation, or future
This verb too is a marginal modal, patterning with a to-infinitive to express meanings otherwise often expressed by modals. For Old English see Mitchell (1985: §§934--49), and more generally Visser (1963--73: §§1372--83). One complication is that the syntagm BEON + to-infinitive is used both personally [158] and impersonally [159]:
[158] Mt(WSCp) 11.3
. . . & cwað eart þu þe to cumenne eart . . .
. . . and said are(2 SG) you(2 SG) that (REL) to come are(2 SG)
Lat. . . . ait illi tu es qui uenturus es
'. . . and said: "Are you he that is to come?"'
[159] ÆLS I 10.133
us nys to cweðenne þæt ge unclæne syndon
us(DAT) not-is to say that you unclean are
'It is not for us to say that you are unclean.'
In Middle and Modern English this BE had a full paradigm:
[160] 1660 Pepys, Diary I 193.7 (5 Jul)
. . . the King and Parliament being to be intertained by the City today with great pomp.
[161] 1667 Pepys, Diary VIII 452.6 (27 Sep)
Nay, several grandees, having been to marry a daughter, . . . have wrote letters . . .
[162] 1816 Austen, Mansfield Part I.xiv.135.30
You will be to visit me in prison with a basket of provisions;
Visser states that syntagms with infinitive be are 'still current' (1963--73: §2135), but although there are a few relevant examples later than Jane Austen (1963--73: §§1378, 2135, 2142), most are of the fixed idiom BE to come, as in:
[163] But they may yet be to come.
ޤȤȡbe to do ʸϸűѸ줫餽˨꤬ߤ졤Ѹ줫ѸˤƤȯã¾ιʸȤȤŪˤƤϤषŪˤñΤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ˻롥
Denison, David. English Historical Syntax. Longman: Harlow, 1993.
ε#5457. ᤰ ([2024-04-05-1]) ³̤θѸ켭ŵ (subject) ιܤƤߤ褦Crystal Ѹ켭ŵѤ롥
subject (n.) (S, sub, SUB, Subj, SUBJ) A term used in the analysis of GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS to refer to a major CONSTITUENT of SENTENCE or CLAUSE structure, traditionally associated with the 'doer' of an action, as in The cat bit the dog. The oldest approaches make a twofold distinction in sentence analysis between subject and PREDICATE, and this is still common, though not always in this terminology; other approaches distinguish subject from a series of other elements of STRUCTURE (OBJECT, COMPLEMENT, VERB, ADVERBIAL, in particular. Linguistic analyses have emphasized the complexity involved in this notion, distinguishing, for example, the grammatical subject from the UNDERLYING or logical subject of a sentence, as in The cat was chased by the dog, where The cat is the grammatical and the dog the logical subject. Not all subjects, moreover, can be analyzed as doers of an action, as in such sentences as Dirt attracts flies and The books sold well. The definition of subjects in terms of SURFACE grammatical features (using WORD-ORDER or INFLECTIONAL criteria) is usually relatively straightforward, but the specification of their function is more complex, and has attracted much discussion (e.g. in RELATIONAL GRAMMAR). In GENERATIVE grammar, subject is sometimes defined at the NP immediately DOMINATED by S. While NP is the typical formal realization of subject, other categories can have this function, e.g. clause (S-bar), as in That oil floats on water is a fact, and PP as in Between 6 and 9 will suit me. The term is also encountered in such contexts as RAISING and the SPECIFIED-SUBJECTION CONDITION.
ѡȤ McArthur εҤȽŤʤäƤʬ⤢뤬 Crystal εҤϡäΩĸ˱Ƽªۤʤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥طʸˡǤϼβ̤ǽܤƤꡤʸˡǤϤ⤽ȤѸѤʤ餿ƼȤʸˡ˴ŤˤѸǤꡤƤδˤøŬڤ餳ѤƤΤȤȤʬ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ε#5456. Ȥϲ ([2024-04-04-1]) ˰³ (subject) ˤĤƤܼŪʵꤿ˺ݤޤѸ켭ŵʤɤäƤߤΤɤMcArthur ιܤѤ褦פƤ롥
SUBJECT [13c: from Latin subjectum grammatical subject, from subiectus placed close, ranged under]. A traditional term for a major constituent of the sentence. In a binary analysis derived from logic, the sentence is divided into subject and predicate, as in Alan (subject) has married Nita (predicate). In declarative sentences, the subject typically precedes the verb: Alan (subject) has married (verb) Nita (direct object). In interrogative sentences, it typically follows the first or only part of the verb: Did (verb) Alan (subject) marry (verb) Nita (direct object)? The subject can generally be elicited in response to a question that puts who or what before the verb: Who has married Nita?---Alan. Where concord is relevant, the subject determines the number and person of the verb: The student is complaining/The students are complaining; I am tired/He is tired. Many languages have special case forms for words in the subject, the subject requires a particular form (the subjective) in certain pronouns: I (subject) like her, and she (subject) likes me.
Kinds of subject. A distinction is sometimes made between the grammatical subject (as characterized above), the psychological subject, and the logical subject: (1) The psychological subject is the theme or topic of the sentence, what the sentence is about, and the predicate is what is said about the topic. The grammatical and psychological subjects typically coincide, though the identification of the sentence topic is not always clear: Labour and Conservative MPs clashed angrily yesterday over the poll tax. Is the topic of the sentence the MPs or the poll tax? (2) The logical subject refers to the agent of the action; our children is the logical subject in both these sentences, although it is the grammatical subject in only the first: Our children planted the oak sapling; The oak sapling was planted by our children. Many sentences, however, have no agent: Stanley has back trouble; Sheila is a conscientious student; Jenny likes jazz; There's no alternative; It's raining
Pseudo-subjects. The last sentence also illustrates the absence of a psychological subject, since it is obviously not the topic of the sentence. This so-called 'prop it' is a dummy subject, serving merely to fill a structural need in English for a subject in a sentence. In this respect, English contrasts with languages such as Latin, which can omit the subject, as in Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered: with no need for the Latin pronoun ego, I). Like prop it, 'existential there' in There's no alternative is the grammatical subject of the sentence, but introduces neither the topic nor (since there is no action) the agent.
Non-typical subjects. Subjects are typically noun phrases, but they may also be finite and non-finite clauses: 'That nobody understands me is obvious'; 'To accuse them of negligence was a serious mistake'; 'Looking after the garden takes me several hours a week in the summer.' In such instances, finite and infinitive clauses are commonly post and anticipatory it takes their place in subject position: 'It is obvious that nobody understands me'; 'It was a serious mistake to accuse them of negligence.' Occasionally, prepositional phrases and adverbs function as subjects: 'After lunch is best for me'; 'Gently does it.'
Subjectless sentences. Subjects are usually omitted in imperatives, as in Come here rather than You come here. They are often absent from non-finite clauses ('Identifying the rioters may take us some time') and from verbless clauses ('New filters will be sent to you when available'), and may be omitted in certain contexts, especially in informal notes (Hope to see you soon) and in coordination (The telescope is 43 ft long, weighs almost 11 tonnes, and is more than six years late).
ܤνФɸŪȤäƤ褯褽ʸˡŪʴγǰƳƤ롥ζ̤˻ϤޤꡤŪŪҲ𤵤롥
Ǥϡ줬ʸˡŪʴΤߤʤ餺ŪŪʴȤ館Ȥơ̤Υ뤬롥Ūʴϡ֥ơޡסŪʴϡưιټԡפбΤʤΤ⤫롥¤ʸƤϤƤߤȡ3Ĥδμ줬ɬߤ˰פʤȤ롥
³ơŪʼ졤ߡμȸƤФΤҲ𤵤롥Ǥ there is ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ڤ롥ιʸǤ there ϥơޤǤϤꤨʤưιټԤǤʤΤǡޤʸˡΤᤵƤȤߤʤۤʤ
̾̾ʳ쥫ƥȤΩȤ꤬Ƴ줿ȡǸ˼줬ʤʤ뤤ϾάƤ㤬롥
ۤˤ͡ϵ줽ϼϤˤޤǡ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
331ۿ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ219ϡָŤʸˡʸˡThere is ʸޤ狼ꤷƤäƤޤܥͥȤƤϡ4֤ǻİ3100ۤȤʤꡤŪ¿İƤ褦Ǥ꤬Ȥޤ
There is a book on the desk. Τ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there ϡ̣Ūˤ϶¤ǤʸˡŪˤϼǤ뤫Τ褦ʿޤa book ϲϤƤ뤫С줳Ǥ뤳ȤǤޤ be ưȿΰפǤ⡤a book Τۤ餷ΤǤϤʤȵǤǤ
ޤΤ褦˼Ƥ (subject) ȤϡäʤΤǤ礦ͤϤƬ뤰뤷Ƥޤ¸ʸμꡤӡּפȤѸ˴ؤƤϡheldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ
#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
#1032. ʤ subject ּס --- ֤إ饸פΥԥ졼
hellog Ǥ⡤¸ʸ˴ϢϰʲεǼ夲Ƥޤ
#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])
#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])
#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1])
Ȥϲñ˲褹ǤϤޤҳˤͤƤС

ǯ12˽Ǥ줿źˤդ⤷뿷ɽӤܸǡɤǤߤʤܤǤäȾФäƤޤܸ˭٤˵ʤ顤ȤФۣ˾ƤƤޤɤߤ䤹Ĵʤ⡤¤ϸŪʴؾνƤꡤʪߤƤ˽ǽʤפδͭܤȤʤäƤޤ
ɤΤ褦ʻ㤬ȤƤΤϥ٥θФǤƤߤޤ礦
ŪʴϡȤ櫓칽¤ؤܤΩäƤޤ³줬ĤʤƤǤϲȲΥפϤɤޤǤƻ줬ˤΤ֤Ρפ¿Ūˤۤ˸Ụ̄Ūۣ夲Ƥޤ
ܸܽɤ߽ݤդ٤ޤȤܤȤƤϡŪܸνäޥ˥奢ȤɤळȤǤȻפޤषŪʴؿܽ˼äƤߤ顤ŪΤ⤷兩ʬäƤȤ褦ɤޤꤵƤΤ⤷ޤۣγƻˤĤƤϡפȡֲסʴˤդƤޤ
ܽΤ⤦1Ĥɤϡ˵ƤܸλѸˤɤʤ뤫ѸäɤΤ褦ɽʤɤȹͤʤɤ߿ʤ뤳ȤˤäơξθȤƤιԤΰ㤤˵ŤȤ褦ɤǤξ֤ˤʤꤽǤ
ܽˤĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥפˤ#205. źˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩٤ΤҲβǼ夲ƤޤҤ
ۣˤĤƤ hellog #2278. ̣ۣ ([2015-07-23-1])#4913. ξˤ⤤ --- ŪξŪξޤǡ ([2022-10-09-1]) ε⤴ɤ
ź ˤ⤢ޤʤȤФ̩١˼Ҥޥץޡӡ2023ǯ
Voicy heldio ˤ#961. ɾ if you like ֤ƤӤСꤷơѽХե졼 if you like Ϥ
¤ϻ伫Ȥ˺ƤΤˤĤƤ hellog ǡ#4593. Ū if you like ֤äƤ褱СפȯŸ ([2021-11-23-1]) ȤƼ夲ƤβεǤ⻲ȡѤ Brinton ʸɤľif you like ɽˤĤƶ̣Ū¤ΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ
Brinton ŪѤ if you choose/like/prefer/want/wish त "if-ellipitical clauses" (= "if-ECs") ̾դƤ (273) ̣δ顤2 if-ECs ̤롥1ĤϾάƤŪ줬ΥƥȤŪ䤨륿פǤ ("elliptical form") 2ĤŪΥƥȤ䤦ȤϤǤäѤŪȤѤ륿פǤ ("metalinguistic parenthetical") ƥפˤĤơBrinton (281) ˥ѥ齦ä1ĤĵƤߤ褦
1. I said no, they are copper, but if you choose, you shall have them (1763 John Routh, Violent Theft; OBP)
2. I ought to occupy the foreground of the picture; that being the hero of the piece, or (if you choose) the criminal at the bar, my body should be had into court. (1822 De Quincy, Confessions of an English Opium Eater; CLMETEV)
choose ȤưѤǤ롥Ԥ if you choose to have them Τ褦˥ƥȤ˴ŤŪ䤦ȤǤ뤬ԤϤΤ褦ˤ䤨ʤޤǥŪ if you choose to say so ۤɤްդƤˡ
ŪˤϡԤΥפ㤬ưؤĤ18--19˽ФƤ롥ơ⤷ȤˡԤΥפ㤬θǯ100ǯۤ٤ƽФƤ롥ΤȤƤϡư줬«ˤʤäơäȻ褦ˡγĥ뤲Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Brinton (282) "Dating of if-ECs" ꤹɽǤ褦Ѹ͡ʥѥѤǯĴη̤Ǥ롥
| Earliest elliptical form | Earliest metalinguistic parenthetical | |
| if you choose | 1763 | 1822 |
| if you like | 1723 | 1823 |
| if you wish | 1819 | 1902/PDE |
| if you prefer | 1848 | 1900 |
| if you want | 1677/1824 | 1934 |
ˤ⤷ΤϡŪˡνؤ if you choose ϡߤޤǤ˿͵äƤ뤳ȤǤ⿷ if you want ŪˡȤƤ٤Ωʤ괶ΤΤϤ¾3like, wish, prefer դΤǤ롥ư줬«ˤʤäɽˡȯŸƤȤƤ⡤ΰ괶˺ФΤϤʤʤΤȤƤⶽ̣
Brinton, Laurel J. "If you choose/like/prefer/want/wish: The Origin of Metalinguistic and Politeness Functions." Late Modern English Syntax. Ed. Marianne Hundt. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.
;ư (impersonal_verb) methinks ˤĤƤϡ#4308. ˻Ĥ;ư methinks ([2021-02-11-1])#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) ʤɤǿƤ;ιʸ (impersonal construction) ǤϿ;μ줬ʤʸˡ夽ʸѤƤ;ưϤ3;ñ¸ߤȤƤ뤫Τ褦ʶȤ롥Ĥޤꡤ¿ˤߤ褦ˡľˡñǤС-s ʸŤ -eth) ȤȤȤˤʤ롥
ȤįƤȡ-s ʤɤλҲʤΤ롥Wischer (362) Helsinki Corpus 齦äѸζ̣ʸĤƤΤǡѤ褦
(10) þe þincheð þat he ne mihte his sinne forlete.
'It seems to you that he might not relinquish his sin.'
(MX/1 Ir Hom Trin 12, 73)
(11) Thy wombe is waxen grete, thynke me.
'Your womb has grown big. You seem to be pregnant.'
(M4 XX Myst York 119)
(12) My lord me thynketh / my lady here hath saide to you trouthe and gyuen yow good counseyl [...]
(M4 Ni Fict Reynard 54)
(13) I se on the firmament, Me thynk, the seven starnes.
(M4 XX Myst Town 25)
ҲȼäƤ̤㤬 (10) (12)ȼäƤʤ㳰ŪʤΤ (11) (13) Ǥ롥(11) ǤμͿ̾ me ֤ƤꡤȸηǡطƤ뤫Ȥ⵿줿(13) Ǥ Me ֤ƤΤǡȤǤʤOED methinks, v. Ҳȼʤ㤬ʤ餺ǧ졤ñʥ顼ǤϤʤ餷
ǤϸǡˤϤɤΤ褦طʤΤ1Ĥˤϡ;ιʸ I think ʤʸˡŪ -s ʤɤϤĤʤˤȤδ֤ǺƱäǽ롥⤦1ĥҥȤȤʤΤϡư줬ưޤγˤ̾˰פƤȲǤ㤬뤳ȤOED ǰѤƤ뼡ʸǤϡmethink'st thou art . . . . Ȥƶ̣㤬ǧ롥
a1616 Meethink'st thou art a generall offence, and euery man shold beate thee. (W. Shakespeare, All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 251)
ˡưβ3ñָȤϤʤΤǡưη֤ϻ¾ methought ˸ꤵ줽ºݤˤϸ߷ (analogy) ˴Ť֤Ȥܤ methoughts ⡤OED ˤȤϤ Shakespeare ʤɤ˸Ƥ롥
ɤ methinks ϡưȤƤϤƼŪʤȤ˰֤ŤѤԤΤ褦ȾüʸòȤ٤षԤòȤ٤ʬहΤ
Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
ѲΥᥫ˥ȤƸ椬ޤäƤƤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ˤĤƤϡ#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1]) Ϥ¿εǼ夲Ƥϡ¿ԸȤ Wischer ʸƬʬͤˡʸˡŵŪƻڤʸˡ٤ޤѥҲ𤹤롥
ޤ Wischer (356) Givón (1979: 209) ȤĤġʸˡ1ĤŵŪʷϩȤưʲΥѥƳ롥
discourse syntax morphology morphophonemics zero
ʸˡǤϡ˼Ѳ (unidirectionality) ФȤʤ롥
³ Wischer (356) ϡLehmann (1985: 307--08) ȤĤġʸˡ٤ޤѥ
1. "attrition": the gradual loss of semantic and phonological substance;
2. "paradigmaticization": the increasing integration of a syntactic element into a morphological paradigm;
3. "obligatorification": the choice of the linguistic item becomes rule-governed;
4. "condensation": the shrinking of scope;
5. "coalescence": once a syntactic unit has become morphological, it gains in bondedness and may even fuse with the constituent it governs;
6. "fixation": the item loses its syntagmatic variability and becomes a slot filler.
ƤСʸˡȤϡ«ʤŪñ̤٤¤줿ʸˡŪǤƤƤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
Wischer, Ilse. "Grammaticalization versus Lexicalization: 'Methinks' there is some confusion." Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000. 355--70.
Givón, Talmy. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic P, 1979.
Lehmann, Chr. "Grammaticalisation: Synchronic Variation and Diachronic Change." Lingua e stile 20 (1985): 303--18.
Voicy heldio ˤ#873. ߹ɼϿ (7) --- ¤ۿޤkhelf ʷѸ˥եˤΥС3̾ˤϿǡɾƤޤʤ꤬ȤޤˡϺפˡ¤ (information_structure) ȤѸ졦ǰδܤǫ˲⤵Ƥޤ
¤˴ؤŪ1Ĥˡֵ (given information) ȡֿ (new information) Ωޤäϸ§ȤơäʹˤȤäƴΤε˻Ϥޤꡤξ̤Τοä뤳ȤǡʳŪ˶ͭμѤƤޤĤޤꡤȿʤߡˤΤȤʤäơξ˿Ѥ߾夲졤ˤޤǤΤȤʤäƼοä롤ȤȤǤ
Cruse Ѹ켭ŵ "given vs new information" (74--75) ιܤѤޤ
given vs new information These notions are concerned with what is called the 'information structure' of utterances. In virtually all utterances, some items are assumed by the speaker to be already present in the consciousness of the hearer, mostly as a result of previous discourse, and these constitute a platform for the presentation of new information. As the discourse proceeds, the new information of one utterance can become the given information for subsequent utterances, and so on. The distinction between given and new information can be marked linguistically in various ways. The indefinite article typically marks new information, and the definite article, given information: A man and a woman entered the room. The man was smoking a pipe. A pronoun used anaphorically indicates given information: A man entered the room. He looked around for a vacant seat. The stress pattern of an utterance can indicate new and given information (in the following example capitals indicate stress):
PETE washed the dishes. (in answer to Who washed the dishes?)
Pete washed the DISHES. (in answer to What did Pete do?)
Givenness is a matter of degree. Sometimes the degree of givenness is so great that the given item(s) can be omitted altogether (ellipsis):
A: What did you get for Christmas?
B: A computer. (The full form would be I got a computer for Christmas.)
äϵξ˿դä뤳ȤήƤȤ¤δܻƳޤ
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
#5112. ͺˡرѸܿ --- ޤȴ˾ǯ١˼Ҥӡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-04-26-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ˡƣ¼αѸŪʸΡפȾФΩƤ줿롥ʸפγΩ˹ƣ¼ζŪʸΤˤĤơѸ饤ԥ졼ɽˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (57)
ƣ¼ϺʤʸΤ¿˭ʤΤˤ뤿ˡѸɽռŪ˰ܿȤСزȡ١ʰ졻ˤǤϱѸ find oneself ˤֽɤäơޤϼʬͤ˸ФפȤäɽȤäƤ롥κʤ William Naff ϡʬ Returning to the inn, Otane found herself all alone again. Ƥ롥ƣ¼θʸϡΤޤޱʸľǤΤǤ롥
ܸˤϤʤ̵ʪ칽ʸפ¿ѤƤ롥ȤСؽա١ʰ塻ȬˤˤϡۤϴܤڤؤγϢƹԤäס˾ԻĤʷ迴ƳפȤäѸŪʸΤо줹롥
̵ʪλѤƣ¼ˤȤɤޤʤȤйϡ¢١ʰȬȬˤǡ֤ϩ̯ʤȤƳפʤɤɽȤäƤ롥ʸΤܸɽ˭ˤܿͤδ֤˿Ʃ롥¤ȡƣȤεʡֲסʰˤɾȽȤʤꡤ廰ǯˤϱDz貽ơإͥ٤ͥDz̤˵ȥ "What made her do it?" ǡѸľǤ
̵ʪ칽ʸϡߤܸǤѸ줫ľĴǤäݤϴΤΡѸ춵ΤѸڤΤޤΤƤǤɽȤϤʤäƤȤäƤ褤
Ѹ¦ϡDZѸŪȤƤ̵ʪ칽ʸϡϤƱѸǤŤ̤ɽäɤȤȤǤ롥δѸˤįƤȤϤʤäȽȤʤʤȤݤȤƤϸѸΤ褦ˤˤ˻ȤƤʤäΤǤϤʤˡֱѸŪפɽʤΤɤդĴ٤Ƥߤ
ͺرѸܿ --- ޤȴ˾ǯ١˼Ҥӡ2023ǯ
ؤˤϡг (absolutive) ǽ (ergativity) ȤɽФѤνפʰ㤤롥Ʊ (process) ǤäƤ⡤ơθ̤Ƥߤȡޤäۤʤʤ졤ޤäۤʤɽƤ롥
ȥबܤĤ륷Ȥ褦֥ȥܤĤפ̤뤫֥ȥܤĤפ̤뤫ϻΰ㤤Ȥ롥ܸǤѸǤ⡤ŪˤϤ줾ưʸ¾ưʸȸƤ֤Ȥ¿ʸǤ (Process) ϡĤפǰפƤ뤬ԤʸǤϼʰ̣ȤƤ Agentˤϡ֥ȥܡסԤʸǤϡ֥ȥפȤʤ롥ޤԤʸǤϡ֡ʥȥΡܡפȤŪ (Goal) 롥줬гθѤǤ롥
ȤǽθѤˤȡʸˤƤĤפ (Process) Ǥ뤳Ȥϰۤʤʤ֥ȥܡפ (Medium) ȤƱ̣ôäƤΤȲᤵ롥ϡˤĤפȤΩ뤿ˤʤФʤʤΡפθѤˤСԤʸˤ֥ȥפΤȯư (Agent) Ȥߤʤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ2ĤʸΥڥˤĤơгŪǽŪ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Halliday (341) ꡤĤαѸûʸĤġ2ĤθѤӤƤߤ褦
(a) transitive interpretation
| the boat | sailed | vs. | Mary | sailed | the boat |
| the cloth | tore | vs. | the nail | tore | the cloth |
| Tom's eyes | closed | vs. | Tom | closed | his eyes |
| the rice | cooked | vs. | Pat | cooked | the rice |
| my resolve | weakened | vs. | the news | weakened | my resolve |
| Actor | Process | vs. | Actor | Process | Goal |
|---|
| the boat | sailed | vs. | Mary | sailed | the boat |
| the cloth | tore | vs. | the nail | tore | the cloth |
| Tom's eyes | closed | vs. | Tom | closed | his eyes |
| the rice | cooked | vs. | Pat | cooked | the rice |
| my resolve | weakened | vs. | the news | weakened | my resolve |
| Medium | Process | vs. | Agent | Process | Medium |
|---|

ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ6˳ҤǤƤޤ15--20αʸˡӤѲ¾Ū˵ҤƤޤܽΥˡϡ6̾θԤγơθ¬ŪĴƤ뤳ȤǤġξϤɤΤ褤ǤܤܤƾϤޤɤΤ褤Ȼפޤ
ܽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Voicy heldioYouTube ͡ˤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ heldio ǤüʰءȤ̲2#831. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (2)ۿޤϡѸθѲ椹ݤǺߡ̥ϤʤɤܤǽŪˤϸˡᤰ̵ȯŸޤ35ʬۤɤβȤʤޤ֤ΤȤˤɤ
βäơܽҲ𥷥ФäȤˤʤޤƤޤǤδϢƥĤؤΥĥäƤޤԤİĤܽɤǤȤΤ⡤Ḥ̂襤Ȼפޤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
hellog #5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-27-1])
hellog #5242. ü20αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-09-03-1])
hellog #5249. üȸѸθѲ˸椹뤫ˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-09-09-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #824. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (1)
heldio #831. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (2)
heldio #837. 18αѸʸˡѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡ʢ 2023/09/15(Fri) θ嵭
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

ܤ6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
ܽˤĤƤܥ֥ Voicy heldio Dz٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤϡ6ϡ20ʸˡŪʸŪѲפɮ줿üʰءȤ heldio ̤⤷ޤ#824. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (1)ꤷ40ʬĶǤäꤪääƤޤ
2023ǯθߡ20αѸΤˤСֲαѸפȤʤޤ¾ϻ䤿Ū˿ƤѸƱΤȹͤޤ100ǯ;λ֤ͤСʤ٤ʸѲϤäƤϤǤ1901ǯ2023ǯαѸȤǤϡߤ̤ʤȤϤʤˤ衤Ϥ̯ʥϤϤǤѸʸˡˤΤѲƤΤǤ
ѸˤȤȡűѸѸΤ褦ʸʸ椹ʬȤݤ뤫⤷ޤľǯѸѲɤΤΩɤʱѸ˸ΰǤüΤä⡤ѲΥʥߥåʣΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽˤĤƤؿäϡҰʲΥƥĤˬ䤷ƤФȻפޤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
hellog #5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-27-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow