ˤˤơ°ʸˤȤ롥°¤ϡʸ٤ȯãͤɽƽƽиΤȤȤʸǤФлŦƤ롥ȤСǶᡤвäΤȤ2Ѥ褦
ʸʽ°ʸdependent clauseˤϽ°³ޤϴطˤäƳ롥ȯã˾塤ʸϿʹ֤ɽǽϤ٤ȯŸʳάŪˤϤޤˡΤˤʣʽˡȯãʲܡp. 57
La comparaison des langues indo-européennes montre que la proposition relative est une acquisition tardive, et l'observation synchronique indique que le type d'expansion représenté par les propositions subordonnées ne s'impose, dans certaines communautés, que sous la pression de besoins nouveaux apportés par la culture occidentale. (Martinet 179)
Ӥˤꡤط٤Ƴ줿ΤǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤƤ뤷Ūʴѻˤꡤ°μγϡ붦ƱΤǤϡʸˤäƤ⤿餵뿷ɬפΰϤΤȤǤʤ
ǹθɬפΤϡܻΤֿʹ֤ɽǽϤ٤ȯŸʳפ䡤Martinet ΤʸˤäƤ⤿餵뿷ɬפΰϤΤȤǤפȤɽ˴ްդƤ褦˻פʸȯãȡʣ칽¤1ȤƤν°ʸȯãȤϡʤطˤ뤫ȤȤǤ롥
ʤȤʸ̮ǤϡMartinet θ褦ˡ°ȯãȯãŪ٤ʳ˸ȤΤϵҴŪʻ¤Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤʸȯãȽ°ʸȯãȤŪˤ褽礹뤳ȤϳΤŪϡ¨̴طްդ櫓ǤϤʤξԤδ֤˰̴طϤΤʤΤȤСɤ٤ΰ̴طʤΤʳʸ̮ǤϤɤʤΤ
ľŪˤϡʸȯã뤳ȤˤäơҲʣȼäƻؼоݤͤͼʣȼäбɽʣȤΤϡΤ褦˻פMartinet ϡȯȼ le bateau qui marche à la vapeur Ȥɽ˵Ƥˡ
̤ΥƥåפפȤǤ롥ʸȯãȡμνѤȾãɬפ礹롥ɬפ˱뤿μ礿Τ졤ä˽ȤФȤСʪδطΤ˵ŪɽˡɬפȤʤ롥ǡŪãΤɬפ졤֡ˡʤɤ˺Ф뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬Ūʺ1ĤȤƽ°ʸȯãȤȤäΤǤϤʤ
ʸȯãȽ°ʸΰ̴ط¾ڤ뤳Ȥ϶ˤξȯãȤ⡤ˤƤǤϤʤĹλ֤ƵäΤǤꡤΤ¾¿װʶǽ뤫Ūʰ̴طꤽȤȤϤޤǤǤƤ⡤̴ط¤ʤϤäȤȤ
Ϣƶ̣㤬ΤǼƤ (59) Τ褦ˡʻɸդŪŪ繽¤ϿͤθħŤΤǤꡤʣ칽¤ȯãŪˤɤθǤǽǤ롥ʣ칽¤߲뤫ɤϸˤäưۤʤꡤˤʸŪװؤäƤ뤫⤷ʤޥήμĺν̱²ˤääԥϡˤϲŪ߹¤ʤȤ졤ԤܤƤ뤬 (59) ˤС֥ԥϡˤϡ¾θƱͤˡʲŪȤƤΡʻɸդϤꡤŪ繽¤߽Ф뤬ʸŪDzŪ߹¤ޤǤϤʤפǤ֤ޤʣʲʤפˤʤȤ
ʸȯãȸ̤ʸȤϰۤʤȤϤ쳰װˤä칽¤ȤηϤѲǽȤȤϡܤ٤Ǥ롥쳰װạ̈˱ƶڤܤ¿뤬Ū٥ˤƱͤ˱ƶڤܤΤȤϡʤʤɵ椹Τ
ˤĤƤϡ[2011-01-12-1]ε#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פ˰Ѥ Leech et al. μĥˤ⼪ޤʸȯãȸȯãȤǡ[2011-08-25-1]ε#850. դȯŪͤδطפ⡤ܵȴϢ뤫⤷ʤ
ͺӸ١ҡ1999ǯ
Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
ؤҤȤΤȤФεȿʲ١ҳҡ졦ʸ19ӡ2010ǯ
[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǡThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸɤ᤹뤫bright Ȥߤ뤫ƻȤߤ뤫ˤĤƿ줿̤γ٤ߤȡThe sun shines bright. The sun shines brightly. ϡξǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤ뤫ȤˤĤʤ롥εǤϡɽȤʬϤˤʤޤʤƨǤä (80ˤˤСºݡϸ̩ͤʤȹͤ븦Ԥ⾯ʤʤ褦Ǥ롥
ȤϤʸˡȤˤƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ (80) ϡ빽ʸ¿ȤŦƤ롥
(1) He died happy / happily.
(2) He arrived safe / safely.
(3) He sat silent / silently.
(4) The wind blew cold / coldly.
(5) He stood silent / silently.
(6) He slept very sound / soundly.
(7) The rose smells sweet / sweetly.
(7) ˼ȡʸˡǤñʡƻ sweet ѤΤȤ졤ư smells Դư줢뤤 linking verb Ȳᤵ롥ХŤȤɤߤˤʤ롥-ly ʡ sweetly ѤʤǤϤʤξˤ smells ϴưȲᤵ롥ơξˤϥХŤȤɤߤˤʤȸ롥ºݾξԤκ̯Ǥꡤsweetly Ѥˤ⡤ɤΤȤХŤȤɤߤȤʤΤ̤üԤδФǤ롥ɽФỤ̄˲ʺۤǧ뤳ȤȤ٤
Ụ̄ȤƤ纹ʤɤǤ褤դΤȻפ뤬Ụ̄ˤϰ㤤Τǡ⤦ܤɬפ롥ñѤ뤫 -ly Ѥ뤫ϡ֤̯ʺ߽ФñȼˤĤƽҤȤ-ly ưλشؿȤϤͯФʸṲ̄ΰ㤤ȤϤʤΤ
̤˷ƻ϶ŪüŪ϶ɽϤϤŪŪǤȤ롥ƻϡ֤ס֤ӤӡפƤ롥 (81) ϼʸǡϢ³ƻ줬 -ly ä顤̤϶ʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Sometimes there was a lull, and flake after flake descended out of the black night air, silent, circuitous, interminable. (R. L. Stevenson, A Lodging for the Night Ƭ
ǡ-ly Ѥ뤳ȤϴʸˡˤʤäƤꡤʸỤ̄»ʤȤʤޤ̣襤Ͼä롥
Ѥ뤫ƻѤ뤫ΰ㤤ϡʸˡѸǤС1ʸ2ʸκб롥Ĥޤꡤ-ly ñϡưȤư줬ȤʸϢ뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥ҤΤ褦ˡκȤϡʸΤ佤ȤƤȤ館ۤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
ŪȤư;ϤĤƤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǹ˿ƤäƸˤ flat adverb ƤƤȤ¤ϡ[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbװ衤flat_adverb ΤĤεǼ夲Ƥ褦ϸ촶äΤˤäƤʸؤؤǽƤȤȤ롥 (79) Curme Τͤ linking verb äΰӤɤȤĤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤפɾƤȤꡤưΤȤʸ̻ŪѲȤѸ˾ˤĤʤȥԥåʤΤ⤷ʤ
סɽ夫 Predicate Adjective Adverbסزˡʸؽѵס8桤1957ǯ78--82ǡ
ε ([2012-01-09-1]) Ǽ夲ʸˤĤơ³
ŪˤϸäƤƱʸѸǵƤƤطʤȤơϡỤ̄Ūװιʸ⤦1ĤνפװȤơϾװΤǤϤʤȤٹ (148--49) εҲ𤷤ϡ¿ (multiple negation; [2010-10-28-1]) Ȥ뵬ʸˡѤǤ롥
18˲ϤǤߤˤޤǶƶϤڤܤ³Ƥ뵬ϱʸˡνܤΤʤǤ⡤¿ζػߤȤܤϡȤ褯ΤƤ롥ŵŪˤ2꤬褯Ȥʤꡤ1٤Ȥ2Ĥ꼭ޤƤޤȤʸǤ (ex. I didn't say nothing.) ¿ػߤ뵬ʸˡϤä̡ѸǤ꼭1ĤǽʬȤֿġפ줿2Ĥ꼭ۤʤ˸ʤɡߤ˰̣ŪϢƤʤˤϡǤä礦Ȥʤ줾줬Ωΰ̣˹ƤϤʤΤΤ褦ʾǤֿġפ꼭1Ĥθ§פ롥ˡ*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. 줿ΤǤϤʤٹ (148) ϡ֤Ǥä٤ѤʤȤΤȤޤ˲٤Ϥä̡ˤäƤϤҤʤƤϤʤʤǤäʤʤäơԹʸ˻äפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ŪˤߤСcannot help doing Υǥ϶äƤΤΤǡOED "help", v. 11. b. ˤСư̾1711ǯǽΤΤǤ롥̣Ȥˡ11. c. ǤϡιʸΤ褦˼夲Ƥ롥
c. Idiomatically with negative omitted (can for cannot), after a negative expressed or implied.
1862 WHATELY in Gd. Words Aug. 496 In colloquial language it is common to hear persons say, 'I won't do so-and-so more than I can help', meaning, more than I can not help. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. 25 Your name shall occur again as little as I can help, in the course of these pages. 1879 SPURGEON Serm. XXV. 250, I did not trouble myself more than I could help. 1885 EDNA LYALL In Golden Days III. xv. 316, I do not believe we shall be at the court more than can be helped.
OED ϡƱʸŪȤʤ⡤19ȾаʹߡѤȤʤäƤȤƤ롥ʸˡڤΥߥȤδϢạ̇̄Ĺ
嵬ϱʸˡϤФйɸ֤ʤ⡤Τ褦ԹʲޤˤΤΤ⤷̣ŪŪʴΤ⤪⤷ϤŪŪʴΤۤˡ϶̣롥
ʸˡˤ¿ΰˤĤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1]ε#124. Ѹʸˡεפ[2010-02-22-1]ε#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10פȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
cannot help doing ϡ?뤳ȤʤפȤ?ˤϤʤ?Τϻʤפ̣봷ɽǤ롥cannot but do ȤƤƱܿͤˤŪȤ䤹ɽɸΤ褦Ӥʸˤ than ΤʤǸƱʸˤդɬפǤ롥
ƤBNCWeb ˤ "(more (_AJ0 | _AV0)? | _AJC) * than * (can|could) (_XX0)? help" ǸȡϢ㤬8ҥåȤۤƱɽϺơ6
. . . the Commander struck out for the shore in a strong breaststroke that did not disturb the phosphorescence more than he could help . . . .
I'm not putting money in the pocket of the bloody Hamiltons more than I can help.
"Don't be more stupid than you can help, Greg!"
Resolutely, and determined to think no more than she could help about it . . . .
And I won't spend more than I can help.
"We'll do our best; we won't get in your way more than we can help."
ơιʸϡտޤƤ̣äƤˤ롥㤨СɤƤӡ3դϰޤˤʤͤФƤ̿ʸȯȡ3դޤǤϵ4դϰʡפȤݤȤʤʤǤä狼䤹뤿տϼȤˡʤȤ⡤줬ȯüԤΰտޤǤȹͤ롥Ū˹ͤȡyou can help ȹǤ뤫顤̤ϡȤޤˤ館뤮꤮̡4դؤϤ¿ϰʤȤȤ顤4դޤǤϵ5դϰʡפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤȯüԤΰտޤΰ̣ȤäƤޤޤŪˤΤǤС*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. ȤʤϤμιʸ BNCWeb Ǥʸڤʤ
Ǹо嵭Τ褦ˤʤ뤬Ԥΰտޤʸȯ뵡ϤۤȤɤʤ졤Ū˺뤳ȤϤʤޤ[2011-12-03-1]ε#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3)פǸ褦ˡǤǤ̣ѤʤȤˤ狼ˤϿʤ褦칽¤Τ¸ߤ롥Ȥȡɸ칽¤ƤỤ̄Ū;ϤϤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤˡɸʸϺǯλɸ1ĤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡġĤǤᤷƤ
Ϻˤ syntagma marking ȤͤΤä
[2011-06-02-1]ε#766. פǿ줿褦ˡä˲ˤ (linearity) θ§˽虜ʤäˤƤ褯ΤƤ褦ˡǽϤϳ (hierarchy) ˤ2ǹƤ뤬ʪŪ¸ȤƤβϻ֤˱ä1ۤۤʤǡüԤϡ¸ȤƤ1Ȥʤ餶ʤϢ³Τʤˡظˤ2Ūʳؤ碌ҥȤ͡ʷǤФ롥ơİԤϤȤ2Ūʳؤ롥ΥҥȤ䡤طʤˤ2ñ̤ϰϤɸ뵡ǽܤ syntagma marking ȸƤǤ롥
ҥȤμ¿ˤ錄롥첻Ĵ¤ʤɤβŪʡʤʤɤɽ魯ܼŪפܼȤŪʼʡĴȥ͡ٻߤʤɤĶʬŪʼʤˤޤ͡㤨С[2011-11-09-1]ε#926. ŪǽפǽҤ٤ contrastive 뤤 culminative ȤϡСȤñ̤ϰϤ syntagma marking ΤȤǤ롥ܤθڤ䤪 (159)
ĤޤꡤˤäƤϡ
ФƤ첻μʥ륿
Ȥνܸ졤īʤɡ
ĴΥǥ閩졤Ҳȸ
硤
ʼʥɡ衼åѸ
ʬʻҲ첻ˤΥǥʥåȡ
Τ褦ˡʪŪȤƤϡޤޤǤ뤬ݤȤƤϡݲСˤ٤ơ줾θˤ륷ޤΥޡȤƤΡŪΤ뤳Ȥ狼äƤΤǤ롥
ˡܤϸΰ̸ȤƤ syntagma marking ˤĤƼΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (394--95)
ޡޡˤϡΤۤˤ⡤ˤäơٻߡʥݡˤĤäꡤޤȥޤΤ첻ꤹȤ褦ʡʤ꤫롥¿ޤ̵¤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤηϤηħȤơݲС٤ơޡޡȤơŪˤȤ館뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ɽΤΡޡΤΤϡ֤ޤˤŪפǡȯǤʤ⤷ʤΥޡȤΡġθʪŪֻפϡθäƤҤȤʤ顤Ǥ⡤ưפ˲ʳˡθʤΤ˺ƸǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡߤˤȤäȤꡤϡֲǡפֲפˤ٤Ƥ⡤ޤȤ⤪Ȥ̡äʪʤΤǤ롥
ѸˤδȤ櫓̣ΤϡѸǤ syntagma marker ȤƤζηϤϿषƤ뤬˶ηϤäƤΤǤϤʤȤܤθڤǤ (160--61) Ԥοब褫Ԥȯã褫ϡ˥ȥȥޥδطǤȽҤ٤Ƥʤ⡤ߤ˴طȤȤϼƤ롥
ޤοȤѸ˾ʤƥޥ˾ˤ礭ͤˤäơʻĤפ롥
Ϻظء١罤ۡ1981ǯ
ε#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) Ƭǿ줿Ʊʸΰ̣ӤӤƤƤȤȤˤĤƹͤ
Leech et al. (190) ϡʸ help λŦƤ롥
(19) He made important contributions to a number of periodicals such as Il Leonardo, Regno, La Voce, Lacerba and L'Anima which helped establish the respectability of anti-socialist, anti-liberal and ultra-nationalist ideas in pre-war Italy. [F-LOB J40]
(20) The right person may just happen to come along, or it may be necessary to take certain steps to help this happen. [BNC B3G]
ˤƤ⡤ֽפȤ prototypical ʰ̣Ȥϡֹ롤ǽȤפȤ˶ᤤ̣ ("weak causation") ǧ롥λζϡ2ܤʸǤ "enable such a thing to happen" "make such a thing happen" ŪʶǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ (190)
Mair (121--26) ϡhelp λỤ̄ȯʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βȤƤ롥help ֽפȤŪʰ̣ʸˡŪʵǽȸƤǤ٤ֻפΰ̣ĤĤ뤳ȡưǤ뤫Τ褦ľ˸빽ʸƤƤ뤳ȡϡư줬ư첽Ƥ椯ʸˡβˤۤʤʤ[2009-07-01-1]ε#64. ˡưʤ³ȡפȹ碌ƹͤǤ롥
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.
ε#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1]) ǡư make ˸³ to ˤĤĴ٤ϸѸǻŪʰ̣ӤӻϤƤȤ help 줬³빽ʸ夲
help + Ū + פιʸˤĤƤϡѸˤη֤ to 줫鸶ذܹԤĤĤȤơ¿δϢ椬롥20Ⱦаʹߡ줬äƤȸ뤬¤ΤȤ help ȹ¤ʤεϤʤŤޤ̤롥
ޤOED Ƥߤ褦"help", v. B.5. ǡhelp ³빽ʸˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ūΰ̣μˤȼʤ礬 5.a.ȼ礬 5.b. ǰƤꡤ to λѤ̤λѤǤᤤ㤬16˸롥Τ褦ä
In this and b the infinitive has normally to, which however from 16th c. is often omitted: this is now a common colloq. form.
OED ǤѸ˸λѤϤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤƤ褦ɤ
ȤMustanoja (532) ˤСѸ줫ϳΤˤ롥
. . . the subject of the infinitive, originally a dative, is no doubt looked upon as an accusative in ME. The infinitive usually takes to, but not invariably: --- mine friende þe ic halp to sweriȝen (Vices & V 9); --- alle þat halpe hym to erie, to selle or to sowe (PPl. B vii 6); --- to helpe him to werreye (Ch. CT A Kn. 1484); --- Rymenhild help me winne (Horn 991); --- somme hulpen erie his half acre (PPl. B vi 118); --- I wol thee helpe hem carie (Ch. CT C Pard. 954). Chaucer has four cases of help with the plain infinitive and seventeen with the infinitive with to or for to. The two instances found in the Book of London English (non-literary prose of Chaucer's time) are followed by an infinitive with to (for to): --- Þe wheche dede paien diverse sommes of monye for to helpe to destruye Þe weres yn Tempse (151); --- [dyverse percelles paied] to ij wemen for her travayle yn helpynge to make clene Þe halle (174).
ǡMED äƤߤȡ"helpen (v.)" 1. (b) ˤ⾯㤬ä
ϡιʸѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤޤǤϤ狼äʹߤƱʸȯãˤĤƤϡѥѤ Mair θä pp. 121--26ˤܤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.
ɸʸϡ֤ϡʤ֤Ȥ˻Ϥ⤫ʡϹΤ⼡ˡפȤǤ롥m ƬƤۤ츫ʸˡŪˤߤ to 뤳Ȥˤ궯Υꥺ (trochee) ¸ƤꡤΧŪˤϴʸ
ɸѸεʸˡǤϡ make to 줬Ϣʤ뤳ȤϵƤʤŤѸǤϲǽäȤɽˤƲŪ˻¸Ǥ롥 make to 줬ǽäȤϡѸǤư֤Ǥ He was made to wait for some time. Τ褦 to פ뤳ȤȴϢ롥ĤƤϸ to ⤢䤬ԤͥȤʤꡤԤϼư֤Ȥꤵ줿ĶĤΤߤȤʤä줬make ˤˤγάǤ롥
ѸǤ make ˤĤơMustanoja (533) Ȥ褦
. . . both forms of the infinitive occur with this causative verb: --- heo makede him sunegen on hire (Ancr. 24); --- she maketh men mysdo many score tymes (PPl. B iii 122); --- þe veond hit makede me to don (Ancr. 136); --- alwey the nye slye Maketh the ferre leeve to be looth (Ch. CT A Mil. 3393). In the Book of London English 1384--1425, make is accompanied by the plain infinitive in three cases and by the infinitive with to in five.
MED "māken (v. (1))" Ǥϡ15. (b) make äƤ뤬¿įȡto λѤ̤ˤߤ롥OED Ǥϡ"make", v.1 53.a. to Ȥι¤53.b. Ȥι¤ҤƤ롥Ѹǽ㤬롥
ϢˤĤưѸ˵äƤѲˡhelp to ǤʤȼޤäƤƤȤݤ롥help Ǥư֤ǤϤޤ to 줬ͥΤ褦Ǥꡤ make ˤʿԤƤ褦ˤߤ̣
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
##948,949,950,951 εǡ̩ŪˤΤĤʤɽ Be it never so humble (= "no matter how humble it is") ˤĤƿ줿ѸǤϤ̤˸ɽǡĤǶ The Owl and the Nightingale ˤ˽Ф路ǤϡǤκʾɽʣŪʸ̮ΤʤǸƤꡤΤȤƶˤɤߤȤʤäƤ롥
Atkins Ǥ顤C J ƥȤ ll. 341--48 Ƹ褦
(C text)
341: Eurich murȝþe mai so longe ileste
342: þat ho shal liki wel unwreste:
343: vor harpe, 7 pipe, 7 fuȝeles [song]
344: mislikeþ, ȝif hit is to long.
345: Ne bo þe song neuer so murie,
346: þat he ne shal þinche wel unmurie
347: ȝef he ilesteþ ouer unwille:
348: so þu miȝt þine song aspille.
(J text)
341: Eurych mureþe may so longe leste,
342: Þat heo schal liki wel vnwreste:
343: For harpe, 7 pipe, 7 foweles song
344: Mislikeþ, if hit is to long.
345: Ne beo þe song ne so murie,
346: Þat he ne sal þinche vnmurie
347: If he ilesteþ ouer vnwille:
348: So þu myht þi song aspille.
ϡll. 345--48 ιʸǤ롥Atkins ϡp. 32fn ˤƤξɽˤĤƼΤ褦ͿƤ롥
345. neuer so murie. Instance of an irrational negative in a concessive clause---a construction found in O.E. and other Teutonic languages (see W. E. Collinson, M.L.R. x. 3, pp. 349--65) as well as occasionally in A.-Norman, where it is apparently due to English influence (see J. Vising, M.L.R. XI. 2, pp. 219--21): cf. A.S. Chron. (1087), nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he næfre swa mycel yfel gedon.
βս Atkins βˤĤƤϡl. 346 ne redundant ȲȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"No matter how merry the song may be, it shall seem very unmerry if it lasts . . ." ɤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ξ l. 346 ιƬ þat ̵뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ礱Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ⡤ne unmurie ǹ碌 "unmerry" ȤƲᤷƤꡤþat ˤĤƤ̵Ǥ뤫顤Atkins ɤߤ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Cartlidge ͿƤ븽Ѹϡ"No matter how merry the song might be, it won't seem at all amusing if it lasts too long, undesirably, . . ." (10) Ǥ롥
þat 褷褦ȤƤɤߤˡStanley (114) 롥
345ff. The construction is difficult. Perhaps translate (assuming ellipsis), 'However joyous the song may be, it is never so joyous that it will not seem very miserable if it. . . .' he in lines 346f refers to song, a masc. n.
ɤߤǤϡne redundant ǤϤʤþat ϼξά줿 so . . . that ʸ þat Ƥ롥Burrow and Turville-Petre (94) ⤳ɤߤ˽äƤ롥
345--6 The logic of these lines requires their expansion: 'However delightful the song may be, (it will never be so delightful) that it will not seem very tiresome.'
ɮԤȤƤϡþat 褷Ƥ Stanley ɤɤߤ˻Ǥ롥ɽ so ³Ϥä so . . . that ʸ so ȽŤʤ礤̯ʹʸȤƸ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ֤꼭ˤäۤܲǽΰãƤ뤬so . . . that ʸμξά뤤ϤŬڤˤ syntactic contamination ([2011-05-04-1]ε#737. ʸ contaminationפȡˤȤƤǤСǽˤʤ롥
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Stanley, Eric Gerald, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1972.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
##948,949,950 εǡ츫̤ʤʸˤĤƼ夲Ƥͤ뤭äȤʤäΤϡChaucer The Parson's Tale (l. 90) ˡιʸѤʸ줿ȤǤRiversideǤѡˡ
But nathelees, men shal hope that every tyme that man falleth, be it never so ofte, that he may arise thurgh Penitence, if he have grace; but certeinly it is greet doute.
ʣܸͤȤʤ餳βսɤǤΤǤΤȤǡ֤ۤ١ǤϤʤȤƤפȤ̤ꤷƤޤȤäϡष֤Ȥ١ǤäȤƤפŬڤǤ롥δ֤Ǥ㤬줿ΤǡιʸܤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפäǤ롥
ƤϰȤʤä̤Ĵ٤ǡѸˤɽλѤˤĤ Mustanoja Ȥ˺ƤȤ˵Ť®Ƥߤȡpp. 321--22 ˰ʲεҤä
Never so, indicating an unlimited degree or amount, has been used in concessive clauses since the end of the OE period. It is not uncommon in ME texts: --- were he never knight so strong (Havelok 80); --- be he never so vicious withinne (Ch. CT D WB 943). Parallel expressions have been recorded in some other Germanic languages, particularly in High and Low German, where nie sô is used in the same way as never so from the earliest times down to the close of the Middle Ages. . . . The corresponding affirmative forms ever so is modern English.
ޥΤۤե䥢ΥޥˤɽäȤ (expletive) Ȥ꼭ä봶ФϡѸΤΤǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
[2011-12-01-1], [2011-12-02-1]εǵƤɽ never so (= ever so) ³롥
never so ever so ۤƱǤȤȤϰ츫nonassertion ̣ŪĶǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ nonassertion ˤĤƤ[2011-03-07-1][2011-03-08-1]εȡˡ㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 8.112 [p. 601]) ϼΤ褦˸ڤʸƤ롥
In nonassertive clauses ever (with some retention of temporal meaning) can replace never as minimizer; this is common, for instance, in rhetorical questions:
Will they (n)ever stop talking? Won't they ever learn? (*Won't they never learn?)
I wondered if the train would (n)ever arrive.
Ǹʸˤ褦ˡư wonder ³ if ǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ¿⤬Ū˹ǤʸΤδްդŪǤйδްդȤ⤵뤬̣κƱȤʤwonder ϡ֤褯狼ʤפްդΤǤ뤫顤ɤΤȤ³ if ᡤwhether nonassertion ӤӤȤȤ
He was beginning to wonder whether Gertrud was (not) there at all.
He's starting to wonder whether he did (not) the right thing in accepting this job.
I wonder if he is (not) over fifty.
I wonder if I'll (not) recognize him after all these years.
I wonder whether it was (not) wise to let her travel alone.
ǡbe it never so humble be it ever so humble ȤƤˡǤ뤫顤nonassertion ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŪˤϡ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ȤפȤΰ̣бΤ be it ever so humble ȤɽܸǤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ʤפɽղä뤳ȤǤ褦ˡѸǤ or never εղä줿ȤƤԻĤϤʤѸǤϡor ˤŪ꤬ղäȤϡˤäƹִ꤬줿̤Ȥ be it never so humble ΤǤϤʤ
Сnever Ƭ n(e)- ϡ̣ (expletive) ȸƤФƤΤ˶ᤤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε[2011-12-01-1]³ԡbe it never so humble Ȥɽǡʤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷Ȥ (= "no matter how humble it may be") ΰ̣ΤˤĤơ褷
ͤäơؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ never so ƱˡˤĤ ever so ƱǤȤҤ뤳ȡOED б뵭Ҥ "(Cf. EVER 9b.)" Ȥ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥OED ever ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
ever so: prefixed in hypothetical sentences to adjs. or advbs., with the sense 'in any conceivable degree'. Sometimes ellipt. = 'ever so much'; also dial. in phrases like were it ever so, = 'however great the need might be'. Similarly, ever such (a).
This expression has been substituted, from a notion of logical propriety, for never so, which in literary use appears to be much older, and still occurs arch., though app. not now known in dialects. See NEVER.
ĤޤꡤäȤ be it never so humble be it ever so humble ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ever Ѥɽν1690ǯǡnever ΤΤ5Ⱦʾ٤ƤνиѸˤϤ롥if I were ever so rich Home is home, be it ever so humble ʤɤꡤΤ never ever ϸزǽǤ롥ޤBNCWeb "be it never so" ȡ6ΤߤǤϤ뤬줿椫ʸ̮Ū狼䤹ä3褦
In a field that is patchy in space and time, be it ever so small, we may expect that the populations of a species such as white clover will, at any time, reflect selective forces from its past.
If the cause is a self-replicating entity, the effect, be it ever so distant and indirect, can be subject to natural selection.
. . . each had his or her part to play, be it ever so humble.
never so ever so زǽǤȤȤޤǤ餫ˤʤäǤϡʤʤΤ OED ΰʸ2ܤˡƤ褦˻פ롥Ūˤ ever so Τ褦˹ζǤʤ̯Ǥ롤ȺεǤ줿ƱФ OED ԼԤˤⶦͭƤȤ "substituted, from a notion of logical propriety" 狼롥never so ŪˤŬڤŤʤȤȤˤʤСǤϡʤɽޤΤ¤ȤƤϡŤޤ졤äѸǤѤ줿ΤǤ뤫顤ϤΤޤޤǤ롥
ever so never so Τۤˤ⡤ŪˤȿϤιǤǤۤƱȤʤŪʸ̮ȤΤ¸ߤ롥εǡƤ
ɸʸΤ褦ʡɽ魯üɽѸˤ롥Ⱦʬ "however humble" 뤤 "no matter how humble" ۤɤΰ̣롤ˡߤѤɽ֤ޤޤˡif though ѤꡤˡѤꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥OED ȤƤϡ"never" θ4ȤưʲΤ褦ˤ롥
never so, in conditional clauses, denoting an unlimited degree or amount.
ʲˡ䥳ѥʸƤߤ褦
She would not marry him, though he were never so rich.
Some vigorous effort, though it carried never so much danger, ought to be made.
Were the critic never so much in the wrong, the author will have contrived to put him in the right.
'I am at home, and that is everything.' Be it never so gloomy --- is there still a sofa covered with black velvet?
ǤϡԸšդȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤ뤷BNCWeb "be it never so" ȥҥåȤ7ΤߤǤ롥ˤ衤٤ι⤤ɽǤϤʤ
֤䲾ˡѤȤȤǤСŤѸǤϤ¿Ѥ줿˰㤤ʤºݤѸǤϤ褯Ȥ줿ɽǡMED, "never" 2 (b) ˤϴ¿㤬Ƥ롥ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(b) ~ so, with adj. or adv.: to whatever degree; extremely; ~ so muchel (mirie, hard, wel, etc.), no matter how much, however much, etc.; also with noun: if he be ~ so mi fo, however great an enemy he may be to me;
OED ˤȡɽν12 Peterborough Chronicle 1086ǯεȤȤʤΤǡ˸ŤɽǤϤ롥
Nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he nævre swa mycel yfel ȝedon.
Ѹǽ鸽ѸޤĹȤƤŪǥʤ嵭ΰ̣ƤΤ褯ʬʤ never Ⱦ⤬蘆С֤Ȥ?ǤʤȤƤפȼºݤȤ֤ΰ̣ˤʤꤽʤȤǤ롥
Ѹǡa (large) number of + ʣ̾פΩĤȤưʣ˰פΤ§Ǥ롥ˤǤΤΤ褦ʸ˽Ф路
A large number of native speakers is perhaps a pre-requisite for a language of wider communication . . . . (Graddol 12)
ǡμʸˡҤä֤ƤߤۤȤɤ٤ƤλͽζʣȤƤꡤʬϤͿƤΤˤĤƤϡnumber ǤϤʤξǸ native speakers (head) ȤߤʤƤ롥äˡOALD8, LDOCE5, COBUILD English Usage ȤäŵŪʳؽѱѱѼǤϡʣưǰפ褦ŪͿƤ롥ޤʸˡΤո Fowler "number" ιˤˤȼ̤ǡñפˤĤƤŪʸڤϤʤä
. . . as a noun of multitude in the type 'a number of + pl. noun', normally governs a plural verb both in BrE and AmE.
Ĵ٤եΤʤǡñפˤĤƸڤƤΤϰʲΤΤǤ롥
CGEL: "A (large) number of people have applied for the job. [2]" ȤʸˤĤơ"Use of the singular . . . would be considered pedantic in [2] . . . ." (765) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
CALD3: ñפʸ "(slightly formal)" Ȥ졼٥ͿĤĵƤ"A large number of invitations has been sent."
إ˥缭ŵ: ñפ(())פȤƤ"A ? of passengers were [(()) was] injured in the accident."
ǡformal or pedantic Ȥ register Ǥޤ˻Ѥ餷ȤȤʬäǤϡBNCWeb dzΤƤߤ褦ȡ"a (very)? (large|great|good|small)? number of ((_AV*)? _AJ*)* _NN2 (_VHZ|_VBZ|was_VBD|_VDZ|_VVZ)" ȤƸΤߤȤǽФƤߤ25㤢ä1Ƥ٤ƤդʸǤꡤΤ12㤬 Academic prose ΤΤäΤȤơɽ academic or pedantic ضȤϳΤʤ褦
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
εֹʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ǺǸ˼夲 "inclusive superlative" ˤĤơBNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ƥߤ"(most _AJ0 | _AJS) (_{N})* of (any)? other" Ǹȡʲ7ФȤǤֻϰѼԡˡ
- Chang's speed was the best of any other player.
- Perhaps the most notable of other attempts to describe parents in this fashion was undertaken by Earl S. Schaefer.
- This percentage is the largest of any other constituency in England.
- But centuries of migration, conquest, occupation, intermarriage, trade and cultural exchange - not to mention the tendency of artists to copy or reinterpret the most successful facets of other artists' work - have eroded much of this exclusivity.
- Commander Keen has the largest fan club of any other shareware game available.
- 'In proportion to the kiwi's size the egg is the largest of any other bird.
- I say in particular our union because everyone here knows we probably have the largest and best training programme of any other union in Britain today.
Ѹˤ⸫줿ȤȤʤΤǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ǤäĴ٤ƤߤȡJohn Fryer (b. c1650, d. 1733) ʤʪιԵ˼1㤬ä
They yet retain a Warlike Disposition, being still accounted the best Gunners here of any other places in Persia;
̯ʹʸεˤõˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2Ĥιʸ comparative + than any other superlative + of all ٤ʸ̮ޤФɬפ
[2011-01-17-1] blend פˤݤ˾줿 contamination פ롥ξԤϰռŪݤȤ̤뤳Ȥ뤬ä˶̤ƱͤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̾ϸβȤª뤬[2011-01-17-1]εǿ줿褦˹ʸΥ٥ǤǤⵯꤦ롥㤨СεǤϡ"Why did you do that for?" "different than"
Graddol ˹ʸ contamination ˽вäֻϰѼԡˡ
English is remarkable for its diversity, its propensity to change and be changed. This has resulted in both a variety of forms of English, but also a diversity of cultural contexts within which English is used in daily life. (5)
Ǥϡboth . . . and . . . not only . . . but also . . . ιʸƤ롥BNCweb 긡 "both +** but also" õƤߤȡ6ۤɤĤäֻϰѼԡˡ
- Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu's chief intelligence officer who defected in 1978, takes particular pleasure in his memoirs in exposing Stefan Andrei as both corrupt but also as well aware of the absurdity of the Ceausescus' pretensions, especially Elena's academic titles.
- Their economy and population were both suffering, but also they were becoming wary of the Dzhungars' increasing strength.
- In fitting statistical models to study relationships, it is important to take account of such hierarchies, both for technical reasons but also because influential factors can be present at any or all levels of aggregation.
- The changes that have been introduced into South Africa [pause] forced upon the white minority government by both international pressure but also by the magnificent work at the A N C in Cosatu [pause] must be supported as well but we cannot treat South Africa as anything but a pariah [pause] a, a, a national pariah [pause] until we see one person one vote, and a black majority government in South Africa.
- 'Committees' means both actual committees but also individuals or organisers listed as committees.
- I mean that can be both pleasurable, but also make somebody feel uncomfortable.
contamination ϡŪˤüԤȯû2ĤδϢʸκȤƲᤵ뤬줬ƱΤ˹äƤ٤ǧ٤ȡʸȤΩ夹뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡcontamination ̻Ūʴ饢ץ뤳ȤǤʲϸѸ˸빽ʸ contamination 餬ĺ˸졤ߤޤǤˤɤ٤ǧ٤ƤȤϡѸˤǤ롥
(1) these kinds of things: these things this kind of things κ
(2) different than: different from other than κ
(3) different to: different from opposed to κsimilar to ȤȤͤ롥
(4) cannot help but do: cannot help doing cannot but do κ
(5) It is no good for us complaining about it.: It is no good for us to complain about it. It is no good we complaining about it. κ
(6) no sooner . . . when: no sooner . . . than scarcely . . . when κ
(7) I am friends with him.: I am friendly with him. He and I are friends. κ
(8) a man whom she thought was a murderer: a man who she thought was a murderer a man whom she thought to be a murderer κ
(9) the cleverest of all the other boys: cleverer than the other boys the cleverest of all the boys κ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȤȤ褦(9) Τ褦Ͼʤʤ褦ǡж (127) ϼΤ褦˥ȤƤ롥ȤƤ⤷
Sunday's action was the most brilliant and fruitful of any fought up to that date by the fighters of the Royal Air Force. [the most . . . of (all) + (more . . . than) any]---W. Churchill / This is the greatest error of all the rest. [the greatest . . . of (all) + (a greater . . . than) all the rest]---Sh., Mids. N. D. v. i. 250. ǸΤ褦ˡǾ˽̣̾ϤޤޤʤϤΡ֤¾פ礵ɽȤǾ (Inclusive superlative) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥϶αѸˤȤɤ롥
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ε[2011-04-18-1]ǡѸƥ The Peterborough Chronicle Ѹ˾ѲָƤ뵮ŤʻǤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤줾ɮ̻ۤʤ뤬The First Continuation The Final Continuation ΥƥȤ֤Ƥ20ǯۤɤû֤˸ʸΰ㤤뤳Ȥ顤Ѳ㤷ƤȤ虜ʤȤ˸ˤƳŦ뤳Ȥ¿Լ Clark ˤȡThe Final Continuation "modernity" ϵʤȤ
The modernity of this language [The Final Continuation] appears also in its syntax. In studying the morphology we have already noted the great simplification of the case-system, in particular the disuse of the dative, and the corresponding adjustments in syntax, including a great increase in the use of analytic constructions. And Rothstein demonstrated how frequently certain constructions typical of Old English, such as inversion of subject and verb after an introductory adverbial phrase, are here abandoned in favour of word-order nearer to that of Modern English. (lxvi)
ν˵ Mitchell θˤȡPChron θȾʬθ "modernity" ϲɾƤȤMitchell ή̩ʸ祿פξʬˤꡤǸ¤ꡤä˺ݤä modern ǤڵϾʤ롥
The word-order of the two Continuations therefore contains much which is common to Old and Modern English, much which cannot occur in Modern English, and nothing which cannot be paralleled in Old English. (138)
Mitchell Ϥ祿פڤ뤫ʤȤ binary ǤϤʤƸ祿פ٤Ǥ뤳ȤǧƤꡤΤȤƤϳΤ "modern" ˿ʤǤȤǧƤ롥ޤˤơŪ줬̾Ǥʤ̾Ǥ SOV ʸ The Continuations Ǥϳ̵ǤŦͣκݤä "modernity" ǤȤǧƤ롥ޤ Mitchell ϸűѸ줫ǤϤʤϢ³ΤۤŻ뤷Ƥ롥
ʹ礭ʸѲθƥȤȤƤ PChron ɾϡΤ褦˵ޤߤǤ롥űѸκǸΥƥȡѸκǽΥƥȤȤ褦ˡʬˤ褦ʻɾ͡ʤΤǤ롥ޤȤ˴ؤϡɤˤ뤫ȤڤΥʤ[2009-12-20-1]ε Sweet ˤѸ˻ʬҲ𤷤PChron ° "Transition Old English" ȸƤӤʤ뵤ʬ롥
űѸ줫ѸؤθȯãˤĤƤ[2009-09-06-1]εȡ
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.
Mitchell, Bruce. "Syntax and Word-Order in The Peterborough Chronicle 1122--1154." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 65 (1964): 113--44.
ѸˤǤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤȤ櫓礭ʸѲƤȤĴ롥 synthesis analysis ؤž ( see synthesis_to_analysis ) ݤȤƤλδ֤Ϣ³䤬뤫Ǥ롥䡤ݤǤʤҴŪˤΤǧ뤳ȤǤΤǤ ([2009-11-04-1]) ʸǤĤƤʤθʹθѲľܤ˴ѻ뤳ȤƥȤθŤʬϤиѲοʹԤ뤳ȤǤ⤢롥Τ褦ʥƥȤ1ĤThe Peterborough Chronicle ʰʹ PChron ˤȤǯ嵭
PChron ϡBodleian, Laud Misc. 636 ˽ƤƥȤǡ1154ǯޤǤΥɤˤǯ嵭Ȥ֤Ƥ롥King Alfred μ (871--99) ԻλϤޤä The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1ʰ̤EȤƸڤˤǤ롥1121ǯޤǤεϿ The Copied Annals 1122--1131ǯޤǤҤ The First Continuation 1132--1154ǯ The Final Continuation 3ʬʤ롥Ⱦ2ʬϡPeterborough пȤμ̻ƱθƱνƥȤǤꡤ츦 holograph ȤƤβͤ롥ΤᡤѸ˸ǤפʥƥȤȤƤФм夲롥PChron αѸ˸βͤϡԼ Clark (1958) Τ褦ŪΤɽƤ롥
These Peterborough annals are not merely one of the earliest Middle-English documents: they are also the earliest authentic example of that East-Midland language which was to be the chief ancestor of our modern Standard English. (lxvi)
The Continuations θοϡ˸뤳ȤǤ롥ʤηϤϸűѸΤ줫μ¤˿षƤꡤͿʤϾäĤĤ롥ηϤƱͤƤƤ롥ˤ (Hotta 109--15) ̾ʣΤǸ -s ȤϡThe Copied Annals 4䡤The First Continuation 6䡤The Final Continuation 8ȤʤäƤꡤѲܤ˸褦ŪˤʬŪ (analytic) ʷ졤űѸ˸줿Υפΰæѻ롥פʸǤСPChron 1140ǯεϿˡ;̾ scæ "she" Ѹ˾ƸƤ뤳ȤŦƤ she θ츻ԾܤǤꡤʶȤƤ롥[2010-03-02-1]εȡˡ
νפʥƥȤˤĤƤϴܡʸʤɤ뤬WebǥǤΤޤơפȻפΤ
1. Editions
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. 2nd ed. London: OUP, 1970.
Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.
Garmonsway, G. N., ed. and trans. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: J. M. Dent, 1972.
Irvine, Susan, ed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 7, MS. E. Cambridge: Brewer, 2004.
Jebson, Tony, ed. "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: An edition with TEI P4 markup, expressed in XML and translated to XHTML1.1 using XSLT." Available online at http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/. Accessed on 18 April 2011.
Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1954.
2. Modern English translations
Killings, Douglas B., trans. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #17. Available online at http://www.omacl.org/Anglo/. Accessed on 18 April 2011.
Whitelock, Dorothy, trans. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation. London: Eyre, 1961.
3. Monographs and articles
Behm, O. P. The Language of the Later Part of the Peterborough Chronicle. Diss. Upsala, 1884.
Kubouchi, T. and K. Ikegami, eds. Language of Peterborough Chronicle 1066-1154. Tokyo: Gakushobo, 1984. [in Japanese]
Mitchell, Bruce. "Syntax and Word-Order in The Peterborough Chronicle 1122--1154." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 65 (1964): 113--44.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
ε[2011-03-07-1]˰³ʿʸ ( assertion ) ȡʸӵʸ ( nonassertion ) ΩˤĤơnonassertion ˤϡʿʸ ( "He isn't honest." ) 굿ʸ ( "Is he honest?" ) 굿ʸ ( "Isn't he honest?" ) 3Ūʸ뤬δطϤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤСnonassertion ϤɤΤ褦ηϤʤƤΤ3Ԥδطˤ3̤꤬ͤ줽Ǥ롥
(1) nonassertion = negative-statement and positive-question and negative-question
(2) nonassertion = ( ( negative and positive ) -question ) and negative-statement
(3) nonassertion = ( negative- ( statement and question ) ) and positive-question
ɤ褬äȤ⥹ޡȤͤäơ some / any sometimes / ever ʤɤ assertive form nonassertive form ΥڥפФ㤨 somebody anybody ͤʬ뤬ϢȤ nobody פ⤫֤ϤǤ롥Ʊͤ sometimes / ever never ۵롥θϡ2줫ʤΩǤϤʤ3줫ʤطΤǤ롥ɽǼȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
| assertive forms | some | somebody | something | sometimes |
| nonassertive forms | any | anybody | anything | ever |
| negative forms | no | nobody | nothing | never |

Ѹʸ ( sentence ) ˤϡʸ ( positive ) ʸ ( negative ) ʿʸ ( statement ) ȵʸ ( question ) Ȥ2ȤδŪΩ롥"He is honest." ȤʿʸˤȤȡ鼡Τ褦 2 x 2 ʸ롥
| statement | question | |
| positive | He is honest. | Is he honest? |
| negative | He isn't honest. | Isn't he honest? |
+----- assertion ( "He is honest." )
|
sentence -----+ +----- negative ( "He isn't honest." )
| |
+----- nonassertion -----+
|
+----- question ( "Isn't he honest?" )
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