hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ڡ / page 12 (17)

syntax - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-08-06 Sat

#2658. the big table the table that is big δط [generative_grammar][syntax][adjective][semantics]

ѷʸˡʤɤǤϡƻ줬ˡ (attributive use) ȤѤƤ the big table Ȥϡˡ (predicative use) ȤѤƤ the table that is big Ȥ礫ŪΤȹͤƤԤδطϢ be Ĥäƻ̾˰ưȤ§Τ¿μ㤬Τ褦褦ˤפ뤬Ūˤɬ⤦ޤʤBolinger ͳ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥
1ܤˡˡȤƤѤʤƻ줬¿롥㤨Сthe main reason ȤϸƤ *The reason is main. Ȥϸʤfond, runaway, total ۤƱηƻϤ󤢤 (see #643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1])#712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1])#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1])) ȿФˡThe man is asleep. Ф *the asleep man Ȥϸʤ褦ˡˡȤƤѤʤƻ⤢롥طꤹʤСʤ *The reason is main. ʸǤʤ顤the main reason ŬʤǤΤʤ⤦1ĤˤĤƤϡʤ The man is asleep. *the asleep man ؤޤʤΤʤФʤʤ
2ܤˡѷʸˡĹξäǤˤϤطꤹ뤳ȤǡषξФƤޤäƤȤȤThe jewels are stolen. the stolen jewels 󤲤褦The jewels are stolen. ϡ֤ФޤפȤ԰٤ɤߤȡ֤ФʤǤפȤɤߤꡤξŪǤ롥ꤵ the stolen jewels ɤߤʤξŪǤϤʤȤǡʳˤȹͤ the jewels stolen ɤߤϤꤨ԰٤ɤߤȤʤꡤξŪǤϤʤȡνȯãɤߤϡ줾֡ס?ס֡פȤʤꡤν֤ȤʤȡŪǤ롥
Bolinger Ͼ嵭2İʳˤ⡤Ȥʤͳۤˤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ε̤ƼĥƤΤϡˡ "reference modification" Ǥꡤˡ "referent modification" ǤȤȤThe lawyer is criminal. ֤۸ΤȺԤפˤơƻ criminal ϼλؼоݤǤ֤۸Ρפ򽤾Ƥ롥the criminal lawyer ַ۸Ρפˤơcriminal Ϥ۸ΤɤΤ褦۸ΤʤΤȤ̤򼨤Ƥ롥СWhat kind of lawyer? ȤƤ criminal (lawyer) ȤȤ
ɸ2ĤζСthe big table the table that is big ϡߤȤطˤȤϡ̣Ū˰ۤʤɽȤȤ館٤Ǥ롥ԤϤΥơ֥μɽȤƤΤФơԤϤΥơ֥̤Ƥ롥
ºݤˤϤۤñʵǤϤʤΤˡȽˡκͤǽפʥݥȤǤ롥

Bolinger, Dwight. "Adjectives in English: Attribution and Predication." Lingua 19 (1967): 1--34.

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2016-07-14 Thu

#2635. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (2) [perfect][syntax][wave_theory][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][geography][contact][grammaticalisation][preterite][french][german][tense][aspect]

ε ([2016-07-13-1]) ǡ衼å¦νǶ̤ have ˤ뱪ŪλΤϡȤȥꥷȯѥ󤬡˥ƥ蘆졤˸˽ϰŪ˳Ȼ (areal diffusion) ƤäǤȤ Drinka Ҳ𤷤ε (3) Ȥƿ줿⤦1ĤδϢĥ롥֥ե󥹸ɥĸʤɤǡλεǽεǽؤѲΤϡŪǶνǤꡤȵڤεϥѥΥե󥹸äפȤĥǤ롥
ǤϡޤѥΥե󥹸DZŪλδλεǽȤƤǤϤʤεǽȤѤ褦ˤʤäȤĥƤ롥Drinka (22--24) ˤСѥΥե󥹸ǤϡǤ12ޤǤˡǽȤƤˡԤʤƤȤ

It is here, then, in Parisian French, that I would claim the innovation actually began. In the 12th century, the OF periphrastic perfect generally had an anterior meaning, but a past sense was already evident in vernacular Parisian French in the 12th and 13th c., connected with more vivid and emphatic usage, similar to the historical present . . . . During the 16th c., perfects had already begun to emerge in French literature in their new function as pasts, and during the 17th and 18th centuries, the past meaning came to replace the anterior meaning completely in the language of the French petite bourgeoisie . . . .


¾Υޥ󥹽٤Ƥή˾äȻȤϡɤζۤƥɥĸˤ⹭ääʸкѥ󥿡Ȥ᤯ȯŸɥԻԤ Augsburg Nürnberg Ǥϡ1516ˤơλ®֤Ƥä¤ŦƤ (Drinka 25) ե󥹤˶ᤤ Cologne Trier ʤɤԻԤǤϡ12--14ȤᤤʳǡλȤѤФƤȤڵ⤢ (Drinka 26)
⤷Υʥꥪ¤ʤСҿ12ΥѥΥե󥹸줬λβǽȤƤˡήԤȤƶ٤θ졦ŤƤäȤȤˤʤϰ (areal linguistics) (geolinguistics) ΰȤʤꤦ롥

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-07-15-1]

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2016-07-13 Wed

#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) [perfect][syntax][wave_theory][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][geography][contact][grammaticalisation][preterite][greek][latin][tense][aspect]

Ѹޤ衼åѽǤϡhave be ưưβʬȤ߹碌ơִλפ뤳Ȥ롥衼åǤΤθϰŪʬۤϰ (areal linguistics) (geolinguistics) Ω줫ĴơȯȳŪ餫ˤ褦Ȥʸ򸫤Ĥ
Ԥ Drinka ϡޤ衼åѤθϿޤϤǡ(1) have ˤ봰λȯãΤ¦Ǥꡤ¦Ǥ be ͥǤ뤳ȤŦˡ(2) ¦ have λȯȡʬưŪʰ̣ǽưŪʰ̣ؤȺƲᤵ줿εϡȤ˸奮ꥷ̤ꡤƥ줬ȤˤꡤΥޥ󥹽䤽¾θؤ⹭äƤäȵƤ롥Ǹˡ(3) ե󥹸ɥĸʤɤǡλεǽεǽؤѲΤϡŪǶνǤꡤȵڤεϥѥΥե󥹸äƤ롥
(2) ˤĤơ⤦Ҥ٤褦ꥷǤϸ衤Ūλϡbe ܴλʬפǺäƤhave + ʬפζȤ˴λ˶ᤤ̣ɽ魯ȤäˡʸˡΥ롼Ȥ˾äƤä5ޤǤˤϡhave +ꥹʬפȤ졤ޤǤϹʸʤä¾ư⻲ۤɤ򼨤δˤ᤿ƥ¦θˤȤäƤϡΥꥷǤǤʸˡƤhave + ʬפΥѥ󤬡ʸ٥оݤȤʤäȤhave λθǤŪޤʹ¤Ǥ뤳Ȥͤȡƥʤ䤽¾¦θˤΩȯȹͤϡꥷȤܿˤΤȹͤۤȽҤ٤Ƥ (16) Drinka (20) have λΥꥷ쵯ˤĤưʲΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

My claim, then, is that the actual concept of HAVE periphrasis owes its existence largely to the Greek model, that the development of the HAVE perfect in Latin is tied closely to that of Greek, that it arose especially in literary contexts and in the language of educated speakers, and continued to be connected to the formal register in its later history. As a result of this learned calquing of the HAVE perfect from Greek into Latin, including ecclesiastical Latin, the Western European languages were, in turn, given a model to aspire to, a more elaborate temporal-aspectual system to imitate. The Romance languages, of course, all inherited these perfect structures, and, as I will argue elsewhere, most of the Germanic languages appear to have developed their HAVE perfect categories on the basis of this elaborated model, as well . . . . What is particularly fascinating to note is that the western languages have preserved and innovated upon this pattern to different extents, but continually show patterns of areal diffusion as these innovations spread from one language to another.


ѸˤȤδϢǵˤʤΤϡѸ have ˤ뱪ŪλεȯŸˤĤơDrinka ŪˤϤۤȤɽҤ٤ƤʤȤǤ롥Drinka ϡѸǤ⡤衼å¦ΡϰŪʳȻ (areal diffusion) ΰĤȸƤΤȤȡȤϰۤʤ롤ʤʲȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ˾δϢȤƤϡ#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1]) ȡ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤεǤϡƥ줬ˡ򥮥ꥷ줫ּѡפȤǤϤʤ"model" Ȥפ˶ᤤѸ줬ѤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2010. Ѥϸʣ狼 ([2014-10-28-1]) ε⻲ͤˤ줿

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

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2016-07-02 Sat

#2623. ;ιʸο;β [impersonal_verb][reanalysis][verb][syntax][word_order][case][synthesis_to_analysis]

;ư (impersonal_verb) Ѥ;ιʸ (impersonal construction) ˤĤƤϡ#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) ¾εǼ夲ƤѸʹߡ;ιʸϤͿ;ιʸؤȿܤʹߤˤϤۤȤɸʤʤäΡ;ιʸο;βפϡѸˤˤ礭ȤƤθˤĤƤϡ̾Τ褦Ƥ롥
Ѹ;ư like(n) ˼ưϸǤϡֹפȤ;Ūˡ̣äƤꡤI like thee. Τ褦ˡΤ I ǡоݤгʡŪʡ you ɽ蘆롥ѸˤϡʰϽѸǤˡư;Ūˡ̣äƤ Me liketh thee. Τ褦ˡΤͿ Me ǡоݤг thee ɽ蘆줿ʤСֻˤȤäơʤ򹥤൤סֻˤȤäƤϡʤϹޤפۤɤΤ̾Ǥгʤޤˤ줿̾ǤмʤͿʤζ̤ϤǤˤĤʤʤäƤΤǡۣ롥㤨СGod liketh thy requeste, (Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale 239) ǤϡGod ŪˤͿʤäƤȹͤ뤬ʹˤϼʤȤƲ򤵤뤫⤷ʤξ硤ʹ liketh ;ưȤƺʬ (reanalysis) 򤷤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥;ưΤʤˤϡȤűѸ;ưȤƤѤΤ¿äΤǡ;βΥץΤȤϴʤäΤ⤷ʤShakespeare Ǥϡư like ϤޤξͤѤƤꡤWhether it like me or no, I am a courtier. (The Winters Tale 4.4.730) Ȥ뤫ȻפСI like your work, (Timon of Athens 1.1.160) ߤʰʾ塤ƣp. 106--08 ˡ
ʾ夬;ιʸο;β˴ؤ붵ʽŪŪˡѸʹߤ٤Ƥιʸˤƿ;ιʸ礷ͤɬפ롥 (155--56) 3ĤװŦƤ롥

(a) SVOȤ礬ΩOEư֤֤뤳Ȥ¿äַиԡפɽ魯Ū줬Ȳ򤵤褦ˤʤäˤOEǤǤ̾μʤгʤʤꤷФƱǤäȤ¡LOEϤޤäܼοʿˤꡤͿʡгʤȼʤƱȤʤä¤ʤ׸Ƥ롥;ιʸˤƤϡַиԡפɽŪ줬̾Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǤξˤŪʡͿʡгʡˤȼʤϷۤʤäƤ뤫顤־ΤޤȤϹͤˤΤǤ;βθǤϤʤǤ
(b) ܼοʿˤꡤưιͿʤʤŪʤΤߤˤʤäȤʤηϤѲäᡥʤ̣ΰ㤤˴ŤƼʡгʡ°ʡͿʤȤʤͿƤΤ٤ʸι¤˴ŤƼʤŪʤͿȤѤäΤַиԡפŪȯŪͿԤȤɽ˳ʤȤʤѤ;ιʸ¤ȤȤԲǽˤʤä
(c) OE¿ư¾ư쵡ǽȯãƤäФͿʡгʡ̾ȼ¾ư;ư⤳¾ư첽Ѳˤäƽ¾ưѲη̤ȤƼ;Τ it ǤϤʤͤޤϤ˽ऺ԰ټԼȤ褦ˤʤä


(c) ˤĤƤϡ#2318. Ѹˤˤ¾ưá ([2015-09-01-1]) ⻲ȡ

ƣ ͺرѸ硡ʸˡΥ롼Ĥõ١ҡ2002ǯ106--08.
ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

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2016-05-23 Mon

#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar [prescriptive_grammar][lowth][history_of_linguistics][preposition_stranding][syntax]

ϼʴ18ȾˤǤפʸˡȤϡåեɤλضӥɥμ綵̳᤿ Robert Lowth (1710--87) Ǥ롥1755ǯ Samuel Johnson ˵ŪȤ뼭˽Ф7ǯ1762ǯˡ٤ Lowth Ӥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뵬ϱʸˡ Short Introduction to English Grammar: with Critical Notes ƿ̾Ǿ尴ܤ1800ǯޤǤ45Ф٥ȥ顼ȤʤꡤˤεϿɤؤ뤳Ȥˤʤ Lindley Murray ʸˡ English Grammar (1795) δäȤʤäܤǤ⤢롥Lowth ʸˡ˸뵬ŪʸˡܤϡθĹꥹλҶ˶졤αƶ20ȾФޤǴ줿ޤ˵ʸˡθĤΤ褦Ǥ롥
Lowth εϼŪΩϽʸ˵Ƥ롥Lowth κǤⶵܤؤι̱ǤʸˡˡθȤƤꡤȤλ̿ǤȹͤƤ褦㤨Сͭ̾ʵʸˡȤơֻ (preposition_stranding) ζػߤ롥Lowth ۩

The Preposition is often separated from the Relative which it governs, and joined to the Verb at the end of the Sentence, or of some member of it: as, "Horace is an author, whom I am much delighted with." . . . . This is an Idiom which our language is strongly inclined to; it prevails in common conversation, and suits very well with the familiar style in writing; but the placing of the Preposition before the Relative is more graceful, as well as more perspicuous; and agrees much better with the solemn and elevated Style.


⤷ȤˡΰѤǤ Lowth Ȥ "an Idiom which our language is strongly inclined to" ֻ֤ѤƤ뤬ѰդȤϡξ̤⤷ʤˤ衤ʸˡǤϤΤ褦ʵϼŪʼĥ֤ΤǤ롥
Lowth ʸˡܤػߤĴϤۤɸΤǤϤʤLowth ߤˤʸˡȤϤζػߤ̵§ơ궯ĥ褦ˤʤäĤʸˡȤ "Never end a sentence with a preposition." ȶĴǸ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ε§ФƤȿͭ̾ͤ Winston Churchill 롥Churchill 򤸤 "(this was a regulated English) 'up with which we will not put'" ȽҤ٤Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ (Crystal 51)

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2016-05-10 Tue

#2570. Ѹˤˤ礿Ѳ [syntax][grammaticalisation][language_change]

ѸˤǤ͡ѲƤ塤äܤƤѲFischer and Wurff (111--13) "The main syntactic changes" ꤹɽˤޤȤƤ롥ѲĤ٤ƸõλѤˡɽƸƤ

Changes in:Old EnglishMiddle English Modern English
case form and function:   
   genitivegenitive case only, various functionsgenitive case for subjective/poss. of-phrase elsewheresame
determiners:   
   systemarticles present in embryo-form, system developingarticles used for presentational and referential functionsalso in use in predicative and generic contexts
   double det.presentrareabsent
quantifiers:   
   position ofrelatively freemore restrictedfairly fixed
adjectives:   
   positionboth pre- and postnominalmainly prenominalprenominal with some lexical exceptions
   form/functionstrong/weak forms, functionally distinctremnants of strong/weak forms; not functionalone form only
   as headfully operativereduced; introduction of onerestricted to generic reference/idiomatic
   ?stacking' of adjectival or relative clauserelative: se, se þe, þe, zero subject rel.introd.: þæt, wh-relative (exc. who), zero obj. rel.who relative introduced
   adj. + to-inf.only active infinitivesactive and passive inf.mainly active inf.
aspect-system:   
   use of perfectembryonicmore frequent; in competition with 'past'perfect and 'past' grammaticalised in different functions
   form of perfectbe/have (past part. sometimes declined)be/have; have becomes more frequentmainly have
   use and form of progressivebe + -ende; no clear functionbe + -ing, infrequent, more aspectualfrequent, grammaticalising
tense system:   
   'present'used for present tense, progressive, futureused for present tense and progr.; (future tense develops)becomes restricted to 'timeless' and 'reporting' uses
   'past'used for past tense, (plu)perfect, past progr.still used also for past progr. and perfect; new: modal pastrestricted in function by grammaticalisation of perfect and progr.
mood system:   
   expressed bysubjunctive, modal verbs (epistemic advbs)mainly modal verbs (+ develop. quasi-modals); modal past tensesame + development of new modal expressions
   category of core modalsverbs (with exception features)verbs (with exception features)auxiliaries (with verbal features)
voice system:   
   passive formbeon/weorðan + (infl.) past part.be + uninfl. past partsame; new GET passive
   indirect pass.absentdeveloping(fully) present
   prep. pass.absentdeveloping(fully) present
   pass. infin.only after modal verbsafter full verbs, with some nouns and adject.same
negative system:ne + verb (other negator)(ne) + verb + not; not + verbAux + not + verb; (verb + not)
interrog. system:inversion: VSinversion: VSAux SV
DO as operatorabsentinfrequent, not grammaticalisedbecoming fully grammaticalised
subject:   
   position filledsome pro-drop possible; dummy subjects not compulsorypro-drop rare; dummy subjects become the normpro-drop highly marked stylistically; dummy subj. obligat.
   clausesabsentthat-clauses and infinitival clausesnew: for NP to V clauses
   subjectless/impersonal constructionscommonsubject position becomes obligatorily filledextinct (some lexicalised expressions)
   position with respect to Vboth S(. . .)V and VSS(. . .)V; VS becomes restricted to yes/no quest.only S(adv)V; VS > Aux SV
object:   
   clausesmainly finite þæt-cl., also zero/to-infinitivestark increase in infinitival cl.introduction of a.c.i. and for NP to V cl.
   position with respect to VVO and OVVO; OV becomes restrictedVO everywhere
   position IO-DOboth orders; pronominal IO-DO preferrednominal IO-DO the norm, introduction of DO for, to IOIO/DO with full NPs; pronominal DO/IO predominates
clitic pronouns:syntactic cliticsclitics disappearingclitics absent
adverbs:   
   positionfairly freemore restrictedfurther restricted
   clausesuse of correlatives + different word ordersdistinct conjunctions; word order mainly SVOall word order SVO (exc. some conditional clauses)
phrasal verbs:position of particle: both pre- and postverbalgreat increase; position: postverbalsame
preposition strandingonly with pronouns (incl R-pronouns: þær etc.) and relative þeno longer with pronouns, but new with prep. passives, interrog. and other relative clausesno longer after R-pronouns (there etc.) except in fixed expressions


Fischer, Olga and Wim van der Wurff. "Syntax." Chapter 3 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 109--98.

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2016-04-24 Sun

#2554. ͭޤʸ̮ [terminology][inflection][morphology][syntax][derivation][compound][word_formation][category][ilame]

(inflection) ˤϡŪʴߤĸͭ (inherent inflection) ȡŪʴߤʸ̮ (contextual inflection) 2बȤ롥Booij (1) ˤȡ

Inherent inflection is the kind of inflection that is not required by the syntactic context, although it may have syntactic relevance. Examples are the category number for nouns, comparative and superlative degree of the adjective, and tense and aspect for verbs. Other examples of inherent verbal inflection are infinitives and participles. Contextual inflection, on the other hand, is that kind of inflection that is dictated by syntax, such as person and number markers on verbs that agree with subjects and/or objects, agreement markers for adjectives, and structural case markers on nouns.


Τ褦ʶޤ2פζ̤ϡޤǤθǤŦ뤳ȤϤäƥñ urbs ʣ urbes ΰ㤤ϡοΰפˤͿ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ȥựοˤưۤʤ㤤ǤꡤͭޤطƤ롥ʷ urbs гʷ urbem ΰ㤤ϡ̣Ūʰ㤤ͿƤ뤬ȤŪ׵ᤵ뺹ۤǤȤǡδͿضȽǤ롥äơǤʸ̮ޤطƤȤ
ѸˤĤƹͤƤ⡤̾οʤɤ˴ؤͭޤϡ̣ŪŪ¦̤äƤ롥бʣΤʤ̾졤бñΤʤ̾pluralia tantum)ñʣŪʰ̣ۤʤʤʤۤʤ2ǤߤСΤȤϼΤǤưʬδ֤ˤδطߤ롥ϡΤ졦ʣδط˶ᤤ
ʸ̮ޤ꿼˴ؤäƤ뤳Ȥϡɸͭޤɸ⳰¦ղä뤳ȤȴͿƤ褦Booij (12) ۩"[C]ontextual inflection tends to be peripheral with respect to inherent inflection. For instance, case is usually external to number, and person and number affixes on verbs are external to tense and aspect morphemes"
콬δ⡤ͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡äԤԤͥۤȤϻٻ褦ͭޤȼΰ̣Ĥľܤʸ˹׸뤬ʸ̮ޤΩ⤿ޤŪ˴ŪʰյĤˤʤ
ǤϡѲλˤơ󵯤줿褦ʸͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡ˤԤθԤФͥۤϡɤΤ褦ɽΤѸˤǤߤ褦ˡʸˡŪǽä̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζ޸üƤäȤˡεǽ顤ζ޸ʬ˾üƤäν餫ˤʤСȾ嵭2ĤζޥפȤϢưشطĴ٤뤳ȤǤ⤷ȡѸƻޤλ㤬Ūˡ餫ƶ⤿餷ƤΤǤϤʤȴƤ롥ѸηƻޤˤĤƤϡilame γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Booij, Geert. "Inherent versus Contextual Inflection and the Split Morphology Hypothesis." Yearbook of Morphology 1995. Ed. Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996. 1--16.

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2016-03-03 Thu

#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ [infinitive][verb][inflection][syntax][causative][terminology][sobokunagimon]

219դǷǼĤˡɸ˴ؤ뵿䤬󤻤줿ǼľƤ١ˤƵȤƤޤȤƤʲάˤ򵭤
Ѹˤ to (to-infinitive) ȸ (bare infinitive) 2ब뤬ŪˤϤ褽ʪǤ롥θŤΤϸΤۤǤꡤϱѸΤߤʤ餺ǤϹ롥ȤäƤ褤űѸǤŵŪưθ촴 -(i)an դ֤פȸƤФƤꡤ줬ѸƱͤˡȤƻưγưŪθ֡ӽưθ֤ѤƤθűѸδŪƯϡư̾첽뤳ȡĤޤ̾Ūˡפäθ塤Ѹˤ޸οʿˤ -(i)an 졤촴ΤΤη֤ؼ̤ƤޤäΤǡߤǤϡָפȸƤľ褦ˤʤäư졤γư졤ưθ֤֤ȤƤεǽϡΤޤ޸ߤޤǰѤ줿
to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³Τǡ㤨 to ganne ȤСֹԤȤ˸ơפĤޤֹԤˡפۤɤäĤޤꡤűѸǤϡǤŪˡפ to ɽ蘆ƤΤǤ롥ŪˤϡϤͿʸޤ᤿Τ˿ʿüɡto + ưθפȤ夯ȤˤʤäǽˤĤƤСto ѸѸˤƤ˳ĥűѸΡŪˡפΤߤʤ餺μϰϤǤä̾Ūˡפؤ⿯¾νεǽȯãƤä
ȯ to 줬ȯθɤĤɤۤƤ椯Ȥˤ򳵴ѤºݤˤѸʹߤξԤμϰϤ褤ξܺ٤ʣǤꡤɤǤѲǽʡɤפξФи줿줾μϰϤٷꤹޤǤˡĹλ夬äΤǤ롥㤨Сư make ˡǤСǽư֤ˤƤϸȤ뤬ư֤Ǥ to ȤȤΤⶦŪˤ̯ʸݤˤߤ뤬2μϰ褤η̡Τ褦ʤϤʬۤˤʤäƤޤäȤȤǤ롥ºݡŤѸǤ make ǽư֤Ǥ⸶¤ to ѤƤդλˤĤƤϡ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1])#978. Money makes the mare to go (2) ([2011-12-31-1])#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

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2016-02-22 Mon

#2492. ɽ魯ȴλΡԡ˶ [perfect][preterite][tense][aspect][syntax][auxiliary_verb][adverb][generative_grammar][present_perfect_puzzle]

#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ˴λʸŪ˳Ω⡤ǽŪˤϲȤʬϽѸޤǤۤΤʷǸʤäξڵˡˤϲλؼʶˤȴλ㤬ʤ餺ʸڤ롥ηˤĤơMustanoja (504) Ѥ褦

In ME and early Mod. E the functional distinction between the preterite and the compound tenses of the past is not, however, nearly so clear-cut as it is today, and the perfect, for example, may occur in conjunction with adverbs of past time: --- and homward he shal tellen othere two [tales], Of aventures that whilom han bifalle (Ch. CT A Prol. 795).


16--17ˤʤȤξѲѸΤ褦˴λȲʶˤζʤʤäƤե󥹸ɥĸʤɶ٤ν줬Ʊͤʣñɽ魯ΤݻƤΤоŪˡѸǤϤλ򶭤˴λȲ֡ǽȤΤ˶̤褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ʤѸˤˤƤϡΤ褦ʶ̤ΤơʤȤ櫓λΤդϡʸˡŪΩ줫 "present perfect puzzle" ȸƤФƤ롥
ѸȶٽӤ Yanagi ˤСhave ư V-to-T movement ʸŤѸ졤ե󥹸졤ɥĸ졤ɸʤɡˤˤĤƤϲʬʿԤưư뤬ǤʤʸѸΦǥʥˤˤĤƤϲʬưʤơγƹŪʰư̵ͭ3 (Event Point, Speech Point, Reference Point) ߴطϢưƤꡤǽŪ˲˶Ťλ˶ŤꤹȤV-to-T movement ˤĤƤϡ̾ۤʤ졤¼ŪˤۤƱݤˤĤưä#1670. ˡưȯã V-to-I movement ([2013-11-22-1]) 򻲾ȤƤΰ츫ƤŪʸݤȤǽ̩ܤ˴ϢƤǽȤȤϡ¤˶̣Ȥ櫓פϡV-to-T movement äȤȡɽ魯ȴλζʤʤϤ16礹뤳ȤǤ롥
Yanagi η (96) Ѥ褦

Here it has been argued that the obsolescence of the present perfect puzzle in the history of English can be attributed to the loss of overt verb movement by using the following assumptions: (a) In a language with independent V-to-T movement, perfect participles can move overtly; (b) In a language without independent V-to-T movement, perfect participles cannot move overtly. In addition, the viability of the present analysis was further supported by applying it to modern Germanic and Romance languages. As a theoretical contribution, it is semantically motivated.


Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Yanagi, Tomohiro. "A Syntactic Approach to the Present Perfect Puzzle in the History of English." ضѸ츦١20桤2004ǯ73--103.

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2016-02-20 Sat

#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã [auxiliary_verb][syntax][reanalysis][word_order][tense][aspect][perfect][grammaticalisation][agreement][participle][generative_grammar]

ɸϡѸǤϤ褯Τ줿ʬ (reanalysis) Ȥơޤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤƼ夲Ƥʲ (110--17) ˽äơʽŪʵҤܤ
űѸǤϡѸ They had their enclosure closed. have + Ū + ʬפιʸ¸ߤ (þā hīe tō Ðǣm ġemǣre cōmon . . ., þā hæfdon hīe hiera clūsan belocene [Or, ed. Sweet 112/34]) ιʸΰ̣ϸȰۤʤ餺֡Ūˤʲʬˤɽ魯֤ȤƤġפۤɤǤꡤŪȲʬŪỤ̄Ū̩ܤʴطˤäξڵˡʬŪʤ˰פƶ޸ȼäƤʾǤϡñгʡˡʳǤϡä˿δްդϤäƤʤä
8ޤǤˡŪѰۤƤŪȲʬΰ֤žhave + ʬ + Ū׹ʸоǤ롥θϤФ餯¸ƤΤΡϸѸΤ褦 They had closed their enclosure. They had their enclosure closed. ΰ̣Ωɽ魯ΤǤɬʤä˿have + ʬ + Ūפ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤꡤޤ¾ưβʬ˸¤ƤΤưʤѰưʳˤβʬˤޤdzȤʤɤơֲʬŪפΤĤʤhave + ʬפΤĤʤ꤬ռ褦ˤʤä
ѸȡʬŪδطŪʰפɸʤʤꡤhave + ʬפβʣŪʽҸưȤª˻äʳǡhave + ʬפϸѸˤĤʤ칽ʸȤƳΩȤäƤ褤̣ŪˤСޤ߻Τ˶̤뿷꤬줿櫓ǤϤʤäºݡwhilom long ago ʤɲɽ魯ȸߴλʸ뤳Ȥϡʹ Shakespeare դޤ³ƤꡤѸθߴλˤߤָߤȤδͿפȤħΩƤȤΤ16ʹߤǤ롥
ιʸεȯãʸˡȤ޼Ū˵ҤȼΤ褦ˤʤݺ, p. 14 οޤ򻲹ͤˤˡ

         OE                        ME                    ModE

  have   + NP + pp ----->  have  +   pp   + NP -----> have + pp + NP ===> λ
ͭư                  ư   ư

ĥ꡼ƱȯãɽСʲ̤ݺ䡤p. 149 ι¤򻲹ͤˤSC "Small Clause" ɽ魯ˡ

Grammaticalisation of Have Perfect

λ¤ˤ have λǤʤ be λ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1])#1814. 18--19 be λο CLMET dzǧ ([2014-04-15-1]) 򻲾ȡChaucer ѤλˤĤơ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2016-02-14 Sun

#2484. may ʸǤޤǡ [word_order][syntax][auxiliary_verb][subjunctive][pragmatics][speech_act][optative][may]

may ˤĤơ#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǰäƤˤĤơǶᡤʸ줿Ѹ may ʸγΩϡűѸμ˸ŪװѤ߽Ťʤä̤ǤꡤīͼäΤǤϤʤȤݤŪʻƱäǤ롥
ξܺ٤ˤϿʤ (82) may ʸǤޤǡפꤹǿ޼Ū󤷤ʬѤ롥

a. STAGE 1: OE ?
   I wish that NP-Nom[inative]. + V-S[u]BJ[unctive]. ̽°
   ... (so) that NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̽°
b. STAGE 2: OE ?
   NP-Nom. + V-SBJ. ̼͡ex) God bless you!
   X + V-SBJ. + NP-Nom. ̼͡ex) Long live the Queen!
c. STAGE 3: Late OE ?
   I wish that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf[initive]. ̽°
   ... (so) that NP-Nom. + MAY + Inf. ̽°
d. STAGE 4: ME ? *EModE/ME ?
   NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼͡ex) Thy voyce may sounde in mine eres.
   *X + NP-Nom. + MAY/MIGHT + Inf. ̼ ex) from dyssese he may us saue.
   X + MAY/MIGHT + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) ai mighte he liven.
   Cf. (X) + MOTE + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼ ex) mote þu wel færen
   Cf. LET + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) late we hine welden his folc ...
e. STAGE 5: EModE ?
   MAY + NP-Nom. + Inf. ̼͡ex) May the force be with you!


Ϣή˴ؤäƤװϡưν°ˡȸ硤³ˡѤˡ³ˡѤȤƤνư may ȯãνư motan εˡαƶlet ʸȤ䡤"pragmatic particle" ȤƤ may Ȥθȯãʤ¿ˤ錄롥餬ʣ߹礤1Ĥħˡޤ줿ȤʥꥪˡѸˤ˱Ѹؤ̣򴶤롥

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2016-02-11 Thu

#2481. Help yourself to some cake. ˤֻ to [preposition][syntax][dative][cognitive_linguistics][sobokunagimon]

к۰꡼Сɤμǡ27դεȤhelp oneself to Ȥɽˤ to ˤĤơȤ꤬Ƥ롥Ѥֻ줬ʤ to ʤΤȤ䤤ϳΤѤʵǤ롥кβŪͤƤꡤ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡľܤеɹ뤬äȤդ­ȤƸŪѸŪ¦̤饳ȤƤߤ褦Ȼפ
Ѹ help ܸΡֽפˤԤäб褦˴졤ͤɽ魯ľŪ줬³ΤȤФ롥ŪϸűѸǤгʡľŪˤǤϤʤͿʡʴŪˤ°ʤäȤ顤ȤƤϡ֡ʿ͡ˤ˼ߤס֡ʿ͡ˤΤصפס֡ʿ͡ˤΩġפۤɤäȻפ롥ѸޤǤͿʤгʤ˷Ūͻ礷Ƥޤäˡߡʤζ̤ϤۤȤɴʤhelp ѤƼθˡ乽ʸˤϡͿʤ̣ĤäƤ褦˴롥嵭Τ褦濴Ūʰ̣ϡ֡ʿ͡ˤΩġפȤŪʤΤǤ뤫顤Ū̾ʸ̮ǤϡΩĤΤʤصʤΤɤΤ褦˽ΤˤĤ­ɬפǤ롥ǡФСhelp + Ūפθˤϼ硤ֻ硤礬³?Ǥ褦˿ͤ˼ߤƤפۤɤ̣뤳Ȥˤʤ롥help him out (of the trouble), help her with her homework, help them across the street, help us (to) carry the luggage (see #971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1])#972. help + פλỤ̄ ([2011-12-25-1])) ʤɡǤ help Ū줿̣ͤ塤³ղȷӤĤưФưȤʤäƤꡤʸΤȤơֿͤ?뤳ȤƤפ̣Ū˺ʬϤ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥Сhelp him out he (be) out ΤǤꡤhelp her with her homework she (do) her homework ΤǤꡤhelp them across the street they (go) across the street ȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤhelp θˤϡJespersen Τͥط (nexus) ŵŪ³Τ褦˹ͤȡʪδؤ Help yourself to some cake. ʤɤǤϡyou (come up) to some case ʤξּסˤȤȤˤʤꡤ̤Ȥơּͳˤ夬꤯פΰ̣Ȥʤ뤳Ȥʬ
OED help ... to ... ιʸˤõȡֻ to Ūϡɬʪ˸¤ʤä褦褦Ǥ롥Ѹ Wycliffe ˡνȤƵ󤲤ƤꡤǤ to ŪȤƤϰʪʳʪ⤢뤷ʤɤ⤢롥षʪŪ˼ˡϡѸˡŪʾ嵭ˡȯãΤΤ褦OED Ǥϰʪν1688ǯˡ
⤷Τϡ餯ΰʪǤˡʬ夷19Ƭˡʪ help Ū˼ꡤͤ to Ū˼롤 help some cake to yourself εž礬뤳ȤǤ롥

1805 Emily Clark Banks of Douro II. 191 A goose..which [she] carved and helped to every person that chose to have any of it.


ϡǧΰ̣ǤФм夲 John loaded hay onto the truck. vs John loaded the truck with hay. ˤߤŪֻθظݤפcf. ܸΡ֥ڥ󥭤ɤɤפȡ֥ڥ󥭤ɤɤסˡʤŪ transposition ˤĤƤϡ#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
θ塤19Ⱦư̾ helping Ĥաפΰ̣̾ȤȤΩƤȤˤ⿨Ƥ (cf. a second helping 2ܡˡˡޤľܤδطϤʤThomas Carlyle (1795--1881) ¤ self-help ʼΩˤ줿Τ⤿ޤƱ1831ǯǤ롥Samuel Smiles (1812--1904) ̾ Self-Help (1859) ϡ椬Ǥ¼ľ (1832--98) Ωԡ (1871) Ȥ˷ؽȤƥ٥ȥ顼ȤʤäͤƤߤСּΩפδܤϡȤǿäƤ뤳ȡפǤ롥help ... to ... ˡʪòΤ⤦ʤ褦ʵ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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2016-02-08 Mon

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã [pragmatics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][emode][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][optative][hortative][may]

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡmay ʸ let ʸˤ롥Ūˤκǽ˸Ȥ˳Ū򼨤ľ3;μ뤳ȤǤŪˤϵꡦȤ̣ǻ̤äȯù԰٤ôȤǤ롥Ǹλ̤äƤ˴ؤƤСȯù԰٤⡤űѸ줫ѸˤŵŪư³ˡˤäɽ路Ȥ롥̻Ūˤϡmay ˤ let ˤ衤³ˡưѤ̳뱪ˡΩŪʤȤơꥢϤ᤿櫓Τ˻Ѥ경гơȴȤȯù԰٤ɸޡʤ "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽ˻ämay let ŪȤƱ˰ȤȯۤϡεǸڤ Quirk et al. Τߤʤ餺Ѹ򸦵椷Ƥ Rissanen (229) ˤäƤ⼨Ƥʾp. 82 ⻲ȡˡ

   The optative subjunctive is often replaced by a periphrasis with may and the hortative subjunctive with let:
   
   (229) 'A god rewarde you,' quoth this roge; 'and in heauen may you finde it.' ([HC] Harman 39)
   (230) Let him love his wife even as himself: That's his Duty. ([HC] Jeremy Taylor 24)

Note the variation between the subjunctive rewarde and the periphrastic may . . . finde in (229).
   Of these two periphrases, the one replacing hortative subjunctive seems to develop more rapidly: in Marlow, at the end of the sixteenth century, the hortative periphrasis clearly outnumbers the subjunctive, particularly in the 1 st pers. pl. . ., while the optative periphrasis is less common than the subjunctive.


Rissanen ϡmay let ѤŪꡦˡȯãƱ˰äƤ뤬ξԤߤ˱ƶäɤˤƧ߹ǤʤȯãκˤĤƸڤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤȯãԤȯãˤ¥ʤ줿ȤߤƤǽϤ뤷ʤȤ Rissanen 򻲾ȤƤ뾾 (82) ϤΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褦ΰ̴طִطˤĤƤϤܺ٤Ĵɬפ츫Ȥޤǰۤʤˤߤ may let 򡤸ѡʾ˲η뾽ȤƸƶ٤ࡥ
ϢƵ may ˤĤƤϡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) 򡤴 let's δּѲˤĤƤϡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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2016-01-23 Sat

#2462. an angel of a girl (2) [metaphor][rhetoric][word_order][syntax][preposition][reanalysis][syntax]

³ɸɽˤĤơQuirk et al. (1284--85) ˤιʸ⤵Ƥ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦

   A special case of prepositional apposition is offered by singular count nouns where the of-phrase is subjective . . ., eg:

      the fool of a policeman
      an angel of a girl
      this jewel of an island

This structure consisting of determiner + noun (N2) + of + indefinite article + noun (N1) is not a regular prepositional postmodification, since N1 is notionally the head, as can be seen in the paraphrases:

      The policeman is a fool. [note the AmE informal variant some fool policeman]
      The girl is an angel.
      This island is a jewel.

The whole part N2 + of + a corresponds to an adjective:

      the foolish policeman
      an angelic girl
      this jewel-like island

The natural segmentation is reflected in variant spellings, as in the familiar AmE expression a hell of a guy (nonstandard spelling: a helluva guy).
   In this construction, the determiner of N1 must be the indefinite article, but there is no such constraint on the determiner of N2:

      ''a''                    ''a policeman''
      ''the''     ''fool of''   *''the policeman''
      ''this''                  *''policeman''
      ''that'' 

Also, N2 must be singular:

   ?*those fools of policemen

The possessive determiner actually notionally determines N1, not N2:

   her brute of a brother ['Her brother was a brute..']

Both N2 and N1 can be premodified:

   a little mothy wisp of a man
   this gigantic earthquake of a piece of music
   a dreadful ragbag of a British musical
   this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island


Ǹ this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island Τ褦ˡN1 N2 ξֽƤ褦Ǥϡ̾Τˤ濴ɤʤΤۣǤ롥ϤŪʼỌ̇̄ŪʽſϰפƤΤݤỌ̇̄бط붦ŪϻĤˤ衤̻ŪˤߤС­ϸι¤ξΩ⤦Ͽ¤ξΩäƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤΩ褫ŪɽȤʤäƤΤ⤷
ʸˡȤƤʬϤ񤷤ǧθؤ佤ؤȤƤϤξʤ̣ʸǤ롥̻ŪɤΤ褦˿ޤƤĴΤȥԥåΤ褦˻פ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-09-1] [2020-08-03-1]

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2016-01-23 Sat

#2462. an angel of a girl (2) [metaphor][rhetoric][word_order][syntax][preposition][reanalysis][syntax]

³ɸɽˤĤơQuirk et al. (1284--85) ˤιʸ⤵Ƥ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦

   A special case of prepositional apposition is offered by singular count nouns where the of-phrase is subjective . . ., eg:

      the fool of a policeman
      an angel of a girl
      this jewel of an island

This structure consisting of determiner + noun (N2) + of + indefinite article + noun (N1) is not a regular prepositional postmodification, since N1 is notionally the head, as can be seen in the paraphrases:

      The policeman is a fool. [note the AmE informal variant some fool policeman]
      The girl is an angel.
      This island is a jewel.

The whole part N2 + of + a corresponds to an adjective:

      the foolish policeman
      an angelic girl
      this jewel-like island

The natural segmentation is reflected in variant spellings, as in the familiar AmE expression a hell of a guy (nonstandard spelling: a helluva guy).
   In this construction, the determiner of N1 must be the indefinite article, but there is no such constraint on the determiner of N2:

      ''a''                    ''a policeman''
      ''the''     ''fool of''   *''the policeman''
      ''this''                  *''policeman''
      ''that'' 

Also, N2 must be singular:

   ?*those fools of policemen

The possessive determiner actually notionally determines N1, not N2:

   her brute of a brother ['Her brother was a brute..']

Both N2 and N1 can be premodified:

   a little mothy wisp of a man
   this gigantic earthquake of a piece of music
   a dreadful ragbag of a British musical
   this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island


Ǹ this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island Τ褦ˡN1 N2 ξֽƤ褦Ǥϡ̾Τˤ濴ɤʤΤۣǤ롥ϤŪʼỌ̇̄ŪʽſϰפƤΤݤỌ̇̄бط붦ŪϻĤˤ衤̻ŪˤߤС­ϸι¤ξΩ⤦Ͽ¤ξΩäƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤΩ褫ŪɽȤʤäƤΤ⤷
ʸˡȤƤʬϤ񤷤ǧθؤ佤ؤȤƤϤξʤ̣ʸǤ롥̻ŪɤΤ褦˿ޤƤĴΤȥԥåΤ褦˻פ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2016-01-22 Fri

#2461. an angel of a girl (1) [metaphor][rhetoric][word_order][syntax][preposition][reanalysis][syntax]

ֻ of ˡ1ĤȤơɸΤ褦㤬롥an angel of a girl ϰ̣Ū "a girl like an angel" ȥѥե졼졤ľȤɽȤʤ롥ʤΤ褦ʰ̣Τ
Ǥ of ˡϹ̣ǡƱʡ (apposition) ȤäƤ褤OED ˤȡof θ23 "Between two nouns which are in virtual apposition" Ȥꡤθβ˺ʬ줿23bˤƤˡƤ롥

b. In the form of, in the guise of.

The leading noun is the latter, to which the preceding noun with of stands as a qualification, equivalent to an adjective; thus 'that fool of a man' = that foolish man, that man who deserves to be called 'fool'; 'that beast of a place' = that beastly place.

Quot. ?c1200 is placed here by Middle Eng. Dict.; however the of-phrase seems to complement the verb and its object . . . rather than the preceding noun only as in later examples.

[?c1200 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11695 Þeȝȝ hallȝhenn cristess flæsh off bræd & cristess blod teȝȝ hallȝenn. Off win.
a1375 William of Palerne (1867) 226 (MED), So fair a siȝt of seg ne sawe he neuer are.
. . . .
1992 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Feb. 144/3 The Schramsberg offers a whirlwind of a mousse, tasting of lemon and yeast.


MED Ƥ㤬ΤǡMED of (prep.) 򻲾ȤƤߤȡƱͤ "quasi-appositional relationship" ɽ魯ˡȤƸ19b(b) "in the form of (sth. or sb.)" Ȥߤ롥ʬʸ⤢ꤽ15ȾФ "a faire body of a woman" Ȥ餫ʳߤȡ٤ȤѸˤƱˡȯãƤȤϳΤǤ롥
"a faire body of a woman" ϸ֤ΡʻѤ򤷤ΡפǤꡤ of ֤Ω body ΤϤäȤȤ³뤦ˡbody of a βΤȤƸ³̾ woman 򽤾褦˴褦ˤʤäƤΤɸ an angel of a girl ǤСϸ־ΡʻѤ򤷤ŷȡפ̣ɽäȻפ뤬angel of a βΤȤƷƻ angelic ۤɤεǽơ³ girl ˤäƤΤȤŪ˺ʬ (reanalysis) 줿
ŪˤСa [X] of a [Y] ι¤ˤơŪˤ [X] äʬϤФ [Y] Ȥʤꡤ"a [X]-like Y" ۤɤ̣褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ūʹ¤ϡOED ǤϰʲΤ褦˸23aˤưƤꡤߤޤǤѵȤʤäƤ롥

a. In the person of; in respect of being; to be; for. Obs.

The leading noun is the former, of the qualification of which the phrase introduced by of constitutes a limitation; thus 'he was the greatest traveller of a prince', i.e. the greatest traveller in the person of a prince, or so far as princes are concerned. The sense often merges with that of the partitive genitive. . . . .

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 3434 Þe hǣhste eorles..curen heom enne king of ane cnihte þe wes kene.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 4980 Hadden hii anne heuedling of on heȝe ibore man.
a1470 Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 119 He was a ryght good knyght of a yonge man.
1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. *4v, Cæsar..the greatest Traveller, of a Prince, that had ever been.
1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 20 Dec. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1278 Allowed to be the best scholar of a gentleman in England.


ʬ23aȸ23bˡʸ̮Τ˶̤뤳Ȥ񤷤褦˻פ롥ŪʴߤСŪξǧ߽ФƤ褦ˤפ롥̤ȤơƱ˷ƻ콤Ǥ⤢ľȤǤ⤢걣ȤǤ⤢Ի׵ĤɽޤƤ롥صŪ an angelic girl Ȥϥѥե졼ǤΤΡan angel of a girl Ϳ뽤Ṳ̄礭ۤʤ롥
ŪʬϤ㡤ڤؤˤĤƤϡ#2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]) ȡ#2343. 19ˤ a lot of ȯ ([2015-09-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2016-01-22 Fri

#2461. an angel of a girl (1) [metaphor][rhetoric][word_order][syntax][preposition][reanalysis][syntax]

ֻ of ˡ1ĤȤơɸΤ褦㤬롥an angel of a girl ϰ̣Ū "a girl like an angel" ȥѥե졼졤ľȤɽȤʤ롥ʤΤ褦ʰ̣Τ
Ǥ of ˡϹ̣ǡƱʡ (apposition) ȤäƤ褤OED ˤȡof θ23 "Between two nouns which are in virtual apposition" Ȥꡤθβ˺ʬ줿23bˤƤˡƤ롥

b. In the form of, in the guise of.

The leading noun is the latter, to which the preceding noun with of stands as a qualification, equivalent to an adjective; thus 'that fool of a man' = that foolish man, that man who deserves to be called 'fool'; 'that beast of a place' = that beastly place.

Quot. ?c1200 is placed here by Middle Eng. Dict.; however the of-phrase seems to complement the verb and its object . . . rather than the preceding noun only as in later examples.

[?c1200 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11695 Þeȝȝ hallȝhenn cristess flæsh off bræd & cristess blod teȝȝ hallȝenn. Off win.
a1375 William of Palerne (1867) 226 (MED), So fair a siȝt of seg ne sawe he neuer are.
. . . .
1992 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Feb. 144/3 The Schramsberg offers a whirlwind of a mousse, tasting of lemon and yeast.


MED Ƥ㤬ΤǡMED of (prep.) 򻲾ȤƤߤȡƱͤ "quasi-appositional relationship" ɽ魯ˡȤƸ19b(b) "in the form of (sth. or sb.)" Ȥߤ롥ʬʸ⤢ꤽ15ȾФ "a faire body of a woman" Ȥ餫ʳߤȡ٤ȤѸˤƱˡȯãƤȤϳΤǤ롥
"a faire body of a woman" ϸ֤ΡʻѤ򤷤ΡפǤꡤ of ֤Ω body ΤϤäȤȤ³뤦ˡbody of a βΤȤƸ³̾ woman 򽤾褦˴褦ˤʤäƤΤɸ an angel of a girl ǤСϸ־ΡʻѤ򤷤ŷȡפ̣ɽäȻפ뤬angel of a βΤȤƷƻ angelic ۤɤεǽơ³ girl ˤäƤΤȤŪ˺ʬ (reanalysis) 줿
ŪˤСa [X] of a [Y] ι¤ˤơŪˤ [X] äʬϤФ [Y] Ȥʤꡤ"a [X]-like Y" ۤɤ̣褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ūʹ¤ϡOED ǤϰʲΤ褦˸23aˤưƤꡤߤޤǤѵȤʤäƤ롥

a. In the person of; in respect of being; to be; for. Obs.

The leading noun is the former, of the qualification of which the phrase introduced by of constitutes a limitation; thus 'he was the greatest traveller of a prince', i.e. the greatest traveller in the person of a prince, or so far as princes are concerned. The sense often merges with that of the partitive genitive. . . . .

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 3434 Þe hǣhste eorles..curen heom enne king of ane cnihte þe wes kene.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 4980 Hadden hii anne heuedling of on heȝe ibore man.
a1470 Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 119 He was a ryght good knyght of a yonge man.
1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. *4v, Cæsar..the greatest Traveller, of a Prince, that had ever been.
1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 20 Dec. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1278 Allowed to be the best scholar of a gentleman in England.


ʬ23aȸ23bˡʸ̮Τ˶̤뤳Ȥ񤷤褦˻פ롥ŪʴߤСŪξǧ߽ФƤ褦ˤפ롥̤ȤơƱ˷ƻ콤Ǥ⤢ľȤǤ⤢걣ȤǤ⤢Ի׵ĤɽޤƤ롥صŪ an angelic girl Ȥϥѥե졼ǤΤΡan angel of a girl Ϳ뽤Ṳ̄礭ۤʤ롥
ŪʬϤ㡤ڤؤˤĤƤϡ#2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]) ȡ#2343. 19ˤ a lot of ȯ ([2015-09-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2016-01-05 Tue

#2444. something good θ [word_order][adjective][syntax][grammaticalisation][stress][eurhythmy][sobokunagimon]

some-, any-, every-, no- ʤɤ -thing, -one, -body ΤĤʣ̾줬ƻ˽Ȥθ *good something ǤϤʤɸΤ褦 something good Ȥʤ롥Ƿƻ줬֤ΤϤʤѤʵǤϤ뤬ŪŬڤ뤳ȤϰƳ񤷤
Ѹˤ̤ơƻθ֤ϡ#1667. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (1) ([2013-11-19-1])#1668. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (2) ([2013-11-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɬݤǤϤʤäºݡűѸ줫ѸФƶḽѸ˻ޤǡˤϻ礫ʤȤ櫓ѸʹߤɽˤĤƤϡե󥹸ƥθαƶ˵뤳ȤΤǤ¿OED something, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ 3a ˤСƻ֤νȤƼʸͿƤ롥

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts xxiii. 20 Thei ben to sekinge sum thing certeynere [L. aliquid certius].


sum thing certeynere 򡤥ƥ aliquid certius θޤƤľǤɾ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤˤŪǤʤ something good nothing wrong ʤɤФưŪ˸ܿˤŬѤ뤳Ȥ񤷤褦˻פ롥
ˡMED som-thing (phr. & n.) įƤߤ褦űѸꡤ -es °ʤȼΤ褦㤬ǧ롥

a1150 (OE) Vsp.D.Hom. (Vsp D.14) 68/35: Synd eac sume steorren leohtbeamede, færlice arisende, & rædlice gewitende, & heo symle sum þing neowes mid heora upspringe gebecnigeð.
c1175 (?OE) Bod.Hom. (Bod 343) 62/31: Cristes wundræ þe he wrohte on þisse life..ȝetacnoden þeah sum þing diȝelices.


neowes diȝelices ϵǽȤƤ̾°ʤ̾ȤϤäƤƻ줫Ū̾Ǥ롥Ǥϡե󥹸 quelque chose de nouveau Τ褦ʶˤƻθ֤۵롥 sum þing neowes Τ褦ʹ¤ something new ηȯŸ췿ǤäȤϹͤʤ
ҤȤĹθ٤ϡѥԹ (eurhythmy) Ǥ롥 sòme thíng Ȥˤ2Ǥ̾εǽŪˤʤäƤ椯ˤĤ졤ʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ƥ椯ˤĤ졤ǽȤƤʣ̾ sómething ˤꡤsome thing δ֤̤θ줬ä䤬ʤʤꡤƷƻʤɤǽ褦ȻפСʣΤ֤ۤʤʤäǶѥθȡƻ֤ˤ *góod sómething ζȤʤꡤ֤ˤ sòmething góod ζ嶯Ȥʤ롥ѸαΧηϤ˾Ȥ餻Сȼ夬ؤƻ֤θΤۤ
̤ΤȤ(1) ե󥹸ƥ줫αƶ(2) sum þing neowes 췿ȤȯŸ(3) ѥ3ĤλθƤ

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2016-01-03 Sun

#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽ [syntax][agreement][pragmatics][construction_grammar][discourse_marker][relative_pronoun][expletive][cleft_sentence]

ǼĤˤ "It is . . . that . . . ." ηʬʸ (cleft sentence)붯ĴʸˤˤĤƼ䤬󤻤줿ˤĤơʲΤ褦ơ˲

ʬʸʤ붯ĴʸˤȯŸ䡤Ǵ֤ŪפοܤˤĤƤϡʣʷаޤȼ⤬ꡤǤǤޤΤϸűѸ줫餢ꡤˤ it Τߤʤ餺 that 䥼ѤƤޤѸˤʬʸȤݤ򡤶Ūʴˤ餺̻ŪʴʬϤΤǤСthat ϴطǤꡤit ϤԻǤȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ"It is father that did it." ȤʸǤС֤٤ȤΤΡǤפȤȤˤʤޤͤǤʤ it ѤΤ̯ʴϤޤ"Who is it?" it ʤɤǤȻפޤʸűѸǤƱǤˡȤ "It is I that am wrong." ˤߤ褦ˡthat ԻʸƬ It ǤϤʤľ I Ǥ뤫Τ褦ʰפ򼨤˻ޤʾ塤ޤơβǤ


ˤĤơٹ (245--46) Τ褦Ƥ롥

դѤ줿 It is... μط̾줬ʤǤȤνʸˤư It is I that am wrong. Τ褦ˤФȿ;οǰפ롥ȤС

   It is you who make dress pretty, and not dress that makes you pretty.---Eliot
   But it's backwaters that make the main stream. ---Galsworthy.
   It is not I that bleed---Binyon.

ϺɤʸˡȤǤ⡤餯ȿФΤϤʤǤ that Ի餫 It Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰˡԤʤ뤫ȤСάIt ʸˡη that ԻǤϤ뤱ɤ⡤ٸԤǾ΢ˤϤäƤߤСϷ褷Ƽ˴ޤޤư⤷Ͼ֤ʤɤμ礿ΤΤǤϤʤʤ It is I that am wrong. ȸȤԤǾ΢ˤ¤ I am wrong. ˤۤʤʤǤ롥


ٹ p. 246 ǡե󥹸 "Nous, nous n'avons pas dit cela." "Ce n'est pas nous qui avons dit cela." 2ĤζĴηˤƤ⡤嵭ƱȤȤƤ롥Ϣơ#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥ե󥹸αƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ
βκǸ˽Ҥ٤ȤϡˤβŪפͼѲƤȤȤǤ롥̤δߤС衤ŪʷȤƽȯΤĴȤŪŪôʤȤȯãη̤ȤơŪפͼѲˤ餵줿ΤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤٹμĥ򡤲ʸˤƷ֤СüԤƬˤ did it ʤ٤ˤΤ餫 father ˤȤǰ뤷wrong ʴְäƤˤΤ餫 I ȤǰϤǤ롥椨ˡδǰ¨Ūפ褦ˤʤäΤơѸޤǤˡΰפͼŪʷΤΤŪʵǽ̤¤ȤƳΩƤΤǤ롥

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2016-01-02 Sat

#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ [adverb][adjective][ilame][flat_adverb][inflection][final_e][syntax][chaucer]

Ѹˤơ-ly ʤΤñ flat_adverb ȷƻζ̤֡졦̣ΤˤƤ⡤ĤˤˤĤơ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1]) εʤɤǼ夲üŪˤСThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ʤΤηƻʤΤȤǤ롥
¤ϡѸɤݤˤƱ꤬롥ϡѸˤƻζ޸ -e ξüˤĤƸ椷ƤȡäǺޤܤƤ줬ǤϤʤƻǤ뤳ȤǧǽƸ -e ˤĤ櫓ŪˤϤƱȤʤäƸʬĤʤ̣δŪȽǤʤȤ롥ȡäФ路ˤ⤫餺㤯㤯֤ʻ줫פȤ٥ŽäƤꤹȤˤʤΤ
Chaucer ηƻޤ򸦵椷Ƥ Burnley ʸɤǡǺߤ1ͤΤΤǤʤȤΤꡤȤBurnley (172) ⡤ޤäƱͤäƤ롥

Chaucer's grammar requires that adverbs be marked either by -ly or final -e, so that in some contexts this latter type may be indistinguishable from adjectives. In my analysis I have taken both the following to be adverbs, but there is room for disagreement on this point, and these are not the only cases of their kind:

   That Phebus which that shoon so cleer and brighte (3.11)
   In motlee, and hye on hors he sat. (1.273)

This uncertain boundary between adverbs and adjectives is inevitably responsible for some uncertainty in statistics, but it must be accepted as a feature of the structure of Chaucer's language and not a weakness of analysis. In the following, for example, the form of the word hye suggests an adverbial, but the sense and syntax both imply an adjectival use:

   He pleyeth Herodes vpon a scaffold hye (1.3378)

It is probable, however, that this usage is actually adverbial. The adjectival form in the next example also seems to occur in a syntax which requires that it be understood adverbially:

   Yclothed was she fressh for to deuyse. (1.1050)


ʸǤŪʰ֤ŪͳʤᡤȽǤ뤿θʤ龯ʤʤ롥षξŪѤ뤳ȼΤܻؤƤΤǤϤʤȴꤿʤۤɤˤϡѸˤĤʤξʻ֤񤷤롥

Burnley, J. D. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.

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