hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 / page 4 (4)

bilingualism - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 20:50

2012-08-18 Sat

#1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ [french][loan_word][me][norman_french][lexicology][statistics][bilingualism]

Ѹˤե󥹼Ѹϡfrench loan_word ʤɤ¿εǰäƤäѸ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬̤˼Ѥ줿аޤȤμѤ®٤ˤĤơ#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) ڤӡ#1205. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ ([2012-08-14-1]) ǵҤѤ®٤Ǥߤȡ13Ӥե󥹸ѻˤ1ĤžȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥϥե󥹸ѤˤĤƲɤۤʤäƤΤBaugh and Cable (168--69) ˤꡤ줾λħ⤷褦
Υޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥ1250ǯޤǤΥե󥹼Ѹϡ(1) 褽900ȿʤ(2) Anglo-Norman βħ򼨤(3) ήο͡²Ȥ̤ܿΤ褦ˤʤäáȤ櫓̳ʸء˴Ϣä¿ȤƤϡbaron, noble, dame, servant, messenger, feast, minstrel, juggler, largess; story, rime, lay, douzepers ʤɡ
1250ǯʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħϼ̤ꡥ(1) 1250--1400ǯȯޤ1ȾΤ˱Ѹˤˤե󥹼Ѹ4䤬ήʤѸ˸¤1Ķ줬ѸήߡΤ75%ߤˤޤǻĤ (Baugh and Cable 178) (2) ե󥹸¿ʤȤⴷƤή餬Ѹڤؤ (language shift) ݤ˻Ȥܤθä¿ϡѸθäǤ­ɽǤʤǰФƥե󥹸ѤȤ⤢äѸν٤㤤˥ե󥹸ѤȤȤ⤢äƤե󥹸ˤѸȤ³ȤȤ⤢ä(3) ŪˤˡΧήԡʪҲ衤ݽѡ䡤ؤʬθä¿Τ褦ʶʬޤʤۤɤ˰Ūܶʸä¿ѤƤ롥
󤹤С1250ǯ򶭤ȤλϡïɤΤ褦ưǥե󥹸ѤȤˤоŪǤȤȤBaugh and Cable (169) ϡ䤫󤷤Ƥ롥

In general we may say that in the earlier Middle English period the French words introduced into English were such as people speaking one language often learn from those speaking another; in the century and a half following 1250, when all classes were speaking or learning to speak English, they were also such words as people who had been accustomed to speak French would carry over with them into the language of their adoption. Only in this way can we understand the nature and extent of the French importations in this period.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-08-14 Tue

#1205. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ [french][loan_word][history][bilingualism][reestablishment_of_english][language_shift]

[2009-08-22-1]ε#117. ե󥹼ѸǯʬۡפǡJespersen Koszal ˤ롤ե󥹼ѸήΨ̻ŪѲ򸫤ե󥹼Ѹ1314ȯޤ뤬λϤ礦ɱѸ줬ե󥹸줫뤲Ƥ椯Ǥ[2009-09-05-1]ε#131. Ѹפ򻲾ȡˡ츫ȡ̷⤹褦˻פ롥ˤĤơεǤϡ֥ե󥹸ȤƤ²Ѹ˾괹ݤˡ줫̤θä򤿤Ĥľ괹ȹͤйפȽҤ٤
⤦ܤҤ٤뤿ˡSchmitt and Marsden (84) Ѥ褦

Our records for the 11th and early 12th centuries are sparse, but it appears that the words entered quite slowly at first, came at a greater rate later in the 12th century, and then flooded in during the 13th and 14th centuries. One reason for this is that it was not until the 13th century that English was finally becoming established again as the language of administration and creative literature (replacing French), and many specialist terms and words to express new social structures and new ideas, unavailable in the native language, were now needed.


³ơBaugh and Cable (135) ꡥ

Instead of being a mother tongue inherited from Norman ancestors, French became, as the century wore on, a cultivated tongue supported by social custom and by business and administrative convention. Meanwhile English made steady advances. A number of considerations make it clear that by the middle of the century, when the separation of the English nobles from their interests in France had been about completed, English was becoming a matter of general use among the upper classes. It is at this time . . . that the adoption of French words into the English language assumes large proportions. The transference of words occurs when those who know French and have been accustomed to use it try to express themselves in English. It is at this time also that the literature intended for polite circles begins to be made over from French into English . . . .


Ѹե󥹸줫Ѹ˾괹 (language shift) äơ͡ϡƤǤ¿ΥեñȤƾ괹ȤȤǤ롥

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-08-12 Sun

#1203. 󥰥ɤˤʩλȤʬμҲ [french][me][norman_conquest][bilingualism][sociolinguistics][diglossia]

Υޥ󡦥󥯥Ȱʸ塤󥰥ɤˤʩ2 (bilingualism) ȤʤäȤϡѸˤˤƼפǤʺϥƥѤˤĤƤϿʤˡѸΤߤñ (monolingualism) äȤˡǡȤƥե󥹸ѤδȤȤϤɤȤ¿ѤȤˤޤߤΤʤԤˤȤäƤϡΤ񤷤⤷ʤѸˤμȤǤդФȡҲ񤬺𤷤ΤǤϤʤȤȿʹ롥θ̱²۸ˤΤ顤Τ褦˻פΤ
伫ȡ2Ѥ˴ؤϤ˳ΤǡΥ󥰥ɤθŪ˻פ⤫٤Τ˺򴶤롥̱²Ȥδؤ⡤Ҳ񳬵δؤˤƸȤ館ȡ󥰥ɤˤʩδط褯Ǥ褦˻פ롥
Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȤλȤľλˤϡԤΥޥ͡ե󥹸 vs Ԥ륤󥰥ɿ͡ѸפȤΩιޤäȤϴְ㤤ʤǤϡ̱²ȸ줬ʬӤĤƤ롥Фξ̱²κήʤˤĤ졤ʩѤ̤뼴̱²пϤȤ顤ҲؤȤؤȰܤäƤ12̤ơ󥰥ɤθϡˡ־ήե󥹸 vs ֲήѸפȤΩιޤؤȰܹԤƤäΤǤ롥ܹԤͻҤʶ٤ˡñ㲽ƿ޼СΤ褦ˤʤ֤ե󥹸Ѥɽ魯ˡ

Social Bilingualism of English and French in ME

ήȤϤ12Ǥ֥Υޥϡήס֥󥰥ɷϡ᲼ήפȤ޼褽ƤϤޤΤϻ¤Ǥ롥ʩλȤʬμ̱²пϤ򼨤ַϡפ顤ؤȤƤΡ־岼פ˰ܤä뤤ϡּҲ񲽡פȹͤȡ򤷤䤹ˤĤơBaugh and Cable (114--15) Ѥ褦

For 200 years after the Norman Conquest, French remained the language of ordinary intercourse among the upper classes in England. At first those who spoke French were those of Norman origin, but soon through intermarriage and association with the ruling class numerous people of English extraction must have found it to their advantage to learn the new language, and before long the distinction between those who spoke French and those who spoke English was not ethnic but largely social. The language of the masses remained English, and it is reasonable to assume that a French soldier settled on a manor with a few hundred English peasants would soon learn the language of the people among whom his lot was cast.


Baugh and Cable ϳ̻ˤɾΤѸˤȤ櫓Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȰʸѸμҲŪ˴ؤơҤϤäƤ롥
Ϣơ[2011-02-17-1]ε#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸աפ⻲ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-02-17 Thu

#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸 [anglo-norman][writing][bilingualism][reestablishment_of_english][diglossia]

Υޥˤꥤ󥰥ɤθѸ줬 Old English Norman French ڤؤä󥰥ǸԤ Anglo-French ȤȯãLatin ȤȤ˥󥰥ɤμפʽ񤭸դȤʤäΥޥ2ۤɡѸϽ񤭸դȤƳ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤäۤȤɤűѸäʸμ̤ǤꡤѸ줬ʸȤɽ蘆Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤѸäդǤФ񤭸դȤƤѸ줬ܳŪ˸Ƥˤϡ12ȾԤʤФʤʤäޤǤϡ󥰥ɤ1ν񤭸դȤбѸǤϤʤAnglo-French Latin äΤǤ롥
ΥޥΥ󥰥ɤäդȤСѤ餺Ѹäե󥹿ͤǤ벦²䤽δطԤ夷Ф餯ϥե󥹸ȤݻƤȹͤ뤷󥰥ɿͤǤήܤ뵡Τ͡Ͼʤ餺ե󥹸2ȤƽƤ󥰥ɤ1äդȤбѸ˰㤤ʤä ( see [2010-11-25-1] )
Τ褦ˡΥޥ夷Ф餯δ֤ϡ󥰥ɤˤפäդȽ񤭸դȤϿäƤ12ˤơ󥰥ɿͤν񤭼ʤϱѸäƤʤ顤񤯤Ȥˤ Anglo-French ѤȤڤؤѤȤˤĤƤȤˤʤ롥դ˸С12ޤǤˤϡAnglo-French ν񤭼ǤäƤפäդϱѸä礭Lass and Laing (3) Ѥ롥

By the early Middle English period, four generations after the Conquest, the high prestige languages in the written/spoken diglossia (though distantly cognate) were 'foreign': normally second and third languages, formally taught and learned. By the late 12th century it is virtually certain --- except in the case of scribes from continuingly bilingual families (and we do not have the information that would allow us to identify them) --- that none of the English scribes writing French were native speakers of French (though some may of course have been coordinate bilinguals). It is certain that none were native speakers of Latin, since after the genesis of the Romance vernaculars in the early centuries of this era it is most unlikely that there were any.


Υ󥰥ɤξܤβͶξȤƤߤСʤܸäƤʤ顤񤯤ȤˤϴʸѤʤǤβäɬդǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤȤ褦ʾ
12󥰥ɤˤäդȽ񤭸դ diglossia 2ѼȤʬפ뤤 bilingualism ˤĤƤϡLass and Laing (p.3, fn. 3) ¿λʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction.'' Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap2.pdf .

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-31 Wed

#338. Norman Conquest Υ󥰥ɤΥե󥹸üԤγ [french][demography][bilingualism]

1066ǯ Norman Conquest θ塤󥰥ɤϥե󥹸ȤԤλ۲äȤϤäƤ⡤󥰥ɤεサԤ¿Ѥ餺󥰥ϤǤꡤե󥹤ϤäƤԤȤв²ΤŤμԤԤäο¿ʤäѸޤ Norman Conquest ͥ300ǯϤäѸ줬ϲʤ⤿ޤӤΰĤϡѸüԤпŪ¿äȤǤ롥ǤϡΥޥ²ȥ󥰥̱ο͸϶ŪˤϤɤ줯餤äΤ
˿͸׳ؤäƤƤ11Ⱦˤ͸ΤΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤBlake ˤ뤪褽θѤϻͤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ

It would be reasonable to suggest that the number of native French speakers can never have been greater than 10 per cent of the total population of England, and a more realistic estimate is probably less than 5 per cent. The greatest part of the population in England at this time consisted of the peasants who tilled the land. They probably formed anything between 85 and 90 per cent of all people here, . . . . (107)


פ˥ե󥹿ͤϿ͸5%᤿˲᤮ʤȤθѤǤ롥 Blake ϡԳե󥹿ͤο͸ȤäƤϤ㤤ȸѤäƤ롥

. . . the number of native French speakers in the clergy at any one time cannot have been very large. Perhaps it amounted to no more than 2 per cent of the total clergy. (108)


嵭ο͸פޤᡤμҲͻ̤ȤƳФΤϡ󥰥ɤϿΰ̣ bilingual ǤϤʤäȤĥǤ롥

Although two languages, English and French, were spoken in England, it is doubtful whether it ever became a truly bilingual country. The majority of the population was monolingual and only used English. (109--10)



"truly bilingual" ɤΤ褦ʾؤΤǤϤ뤬ñ˿͸Ⱦ줾θȤƤꡤ¾θ⤢٤ǽǤȤΤȤꤹȡ󥰥ɤ bilingual society ȤߤʤŪʤȤ館ŬڤȤȤˤʤ롥Blake ŪʴФǤС"barely bilingual" 餤ɽŬڤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2009-06-19 Fri

#52. ʣΡ֥פܸΰ [plural][japanese_english][bilingualism]

⤤ƤƸưι

City Towers Toyosu

ȯʤ߿͵ιޤ׳ԿпȤοʹ֤ȤƤ϶äФǤ롥ϡΩʤä
ơι𤬶̣Τϡ֥ƥ˭פȡ֥ƥͭפΡ֥פ̵ͭǤ롥ԤϥĥӥǡԤϰĤΥӥΤ褦Ǥ롥ϡʣΡ֥פǤܸ쥷ƥΤʤˤɤޤƤ뤫뤤ϼޤǽ뤫ȤǤ롥
֥ƥ˭פ̾դܸͤüԤǤꤷȤοͤϱѸ city towers 򻲾ȤȤȤϴְ㤤ʤ̾Ѥطʤˤϡ(1) оݤ̤ܸܿ͡üԡˤʣȤƤΰ̣򤷤ƤȤꡤ(2) ѸοΰռˤȤ졤ʣηʪʤС֥פȤʤŪǤʤȤȯۡξޤϤ줫ä˰㤤ʤ
(1)(2)Τˤ衤ʤ餯ܸüԤǤˤ̾դƤϡѸʸˡΤäƤȤ̣ bilingual Ǥ롥ʤǤ bilingual Ϲ̣Ǥꡤºݤ˱ѸŪ˻Ȥʤ뤫ɤʤ
ʾդޤĤġʤ֥ƥפ̾դɤäƹͤƤߤ褦ޤ֥ƥפ֥פܸ夷ƤѸǤꡤʣ礵֥ƥפ̾ȤƻȤȽǤ롥ˡĥ󥿥Ǥ뤳ȤĴ뤿ˡǤѸǤ city towers Ȥ櫓顤ʸˡˤʤ褦ܸȤƤ֥ƥפȤۤ褤ΤǤϤʤäȡΤ褦ʲäȻפ롥
ֱѸ򻲾ȤפȤ³ƤȤǡʣΡ֥פϤޤܸΥƥˤϼޤƤʤȹͤ롥äƤ뤳Ȥϡޤ bilingual ˤ븵ʸˡȤǤ롥
Τ褦ʡ֥פޤ̾դ¿ʤꡤֱѸ򻲾Ȥ³ά褿ɤʤξ硤֥פʣ򼨤ǤȤܸ쥷ƥ˼ޤ졤ܸñ˼ͳղä褦ˤʤΤ¸ˡ֥פղäϲʹˤΤʤܸθä˼ޤ줿Ѹ١μѸˡ֥פղäϤ롥㤨С֥쥹ȥ󥺡פʤɤϡѸ restaurants ͳƤȤϻפܸɽȤߤʤ٤ޤХ̾䥰롼̾ʤɤΡ֥פϡΤ¸餯ղäƤ⤪ʤΤǤϤʤ
Ĥ֥פȤܸηǤȤƳΩ뤫⤷ʤǯ뤤ϿǯΥѥǸäƤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow