Ѹǥե٥åȤ10ܤʸ <j> ϡ٤ȤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) ǤߤȤꡤ<z>, <q> ³ƺǤ롥ۤɤޤǤΩʤʸ⤽ΤϤȤΩƤĹ˿Ƥ400ǯȷФäƤʤΤ
<j> <i> ˤΤФĤƤǤʸǤ롥Ūˤ <j> ϥ夫¸ߤǽȤƤ <i> ȽʣƤꡤʸ <i> Ѱ۷ˤʤäĤޤꡤ<j> ΩʸǤȤƤϤߤʤƤʤäΤǤ롥Ѹ̤ơ<j> ŵŪˤϥˤ褦ˡ<i> Ϣ³ݤκǸ <i> Ѥ줿 (ex. iiij)
Ȥ1630--40ǯˡ<i> 첻Ȥơ<j> /ʤ/ бҲȤѤ븽δϤޤϤޤǡ <j> <i> ȶ̤Ωϰ̤櫓ǤϤʤˤϤ˻֤ä㤨С1755ǯ Johnson μǤ⡤"I is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant; though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as well as sound, they may be more properly accounted two letters" ȶ̤ƤϤ뤬ºݤˤ <i> ǻϤޤ <j> ǻϤޤ줬ƱФΤȤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤjar, jaw, jay, ice, idol, jealous, jerk, ill ʤɤνǸФȤƸΤǤ (Upward and Davidson 184--85) ʸ <J> <I> ζ̤Ϥ٤졤Ѥ19ޤ³ (Crystal 260) ʤ1828ǯ Webster μǤϡξʸϴ˶̤Ƥ롥
<j> /ʤ/ бҲȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡťեˤƤбäǤ롥ƥ iacere, iunctus iuvenis ʤɤθƬ <i> ȾҲ /j/ ɽ路ťե˻Ǥ /j/ ϲФơǽŪ˻ /ʤ/ ȤʤäΩ <i/j> = /ʤ/ бطѸˤܿ졤17ȾˡٰŪ˸ʬۤѤ褦ˤʤä (Upward and Davidson 133--34) ޤ15Υڥˤ첻 <i> ȻҲ <j> λȤʬδ⡤Ѹˤξʸʬ˴ؤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ<i>, <j> ξ (dot) ȤϢơ#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1]) ȡ˾ܤϡOED "J, n. ιȤ줿
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ǡ15ȯƥѸȤˡˤĤƸ³16ˤϡinkhorn_term ȸƤФۤɤΥƥ줫֤줷äȼꥶ٥īʸΤϥƥȤϤȤŪʤΤȤʤäε John Lyly (1554--1606) ˤäƺǹĬãLyly ϡEuphues: the Anatomy of Wit (1578) Euphues and His England (1580) ˤơɸˤʤǸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤä euphuism ʸؾΡˤȤʸΤѤ Shakespeare ʤʸݤ礭ʱƶͿ
euphuism ħȤƤϡƬ (alliteration)оˡ (antithesis)ȴ (conceit)ݤȤ (paronomasia)λؤθڤʤɤ롥νˡդѤʸϤϡԼǤ졤͡˷ݽѤȤƤλʸ̥ϤΤ餷㤨СLyly μʸƤߤ褦
If thou perceive thyself to be enticed with their wanton glances or allured with their wicket guiles, either enchanted with their beauty or enamoured with their bravery, enter with thyself into this meditation.
Ǥϡenticed -- enchanted -- enamoured -- enter ȤƬѤƤ뤬δ֤ wanton glances wicket guiles 2ƬޤޤƤꡤ enchanted . . . beauty enamoured . . . bravery Ȥ߹碌Ƭ⤢롥
euphuism 17ޤǸ줿17ˤ Sir Thomas Browne (1605--82), John Donne (1572--1631), Jeremy Taylor (1613--67), John Milton (1608--74) ʤɤƲ뻶ʸ졤ȾФγ̿ʹߤˤ John Dryden (1631--1700) ɽ뵤ΤʤʿʸΤͥȤʤäʿϩ18ؤѤ졤Joseph Addison (1672--1719), Sir Richard Steele (1672--1729), Chesterfield (1694--1773)ޤ Daniel Defoe (1660--1731), Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) ³ʿϩϡȾСSamuel Johnson (1709--84) ŤǰҸΤäʸΤˤǤ
ѸλʸʸΤϡΤ褦˲ʿȤ֤줿θưϤͥǮȤؤȿȯǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤۤƱˡΦǤ euphuism ؾΤήԤȤդäƤեǤ préciositéڥǤ GongorismꥢǤ Marinism ʤɤȸƤФ줿ʥۡॺp. 118ˡ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إեˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ
εǡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1]) Ҳ𤷤Samuel Johnson (1709--84) ϡѸ켭˾Τߤʤ餺Ѹ˾ǤפʿʪǤ롥λ (the Age of Reason) 18ϼο18Ҥʤ⡤ʴѼΩѸνաȤ櫓ֻˤɸಽ⤿餹Ȥ夬äΤǡJohnson ¿ʬŪʵϴѤΤȤϤäŪˤߤвơQХȤä碌ʸͤä
ʲǤϡThe Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747) ڤ "The Preface to A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755) ΰѤˤꡤDr Johnson θѤΰüΤƤߤѤΥڡϡCrystal ˤ롥
Johnson ϡ2Ⱦˤ錄Ѹֻɸಽή˻¾νǤäʪȤߤƤ褤बѤˤϸ¼ŪʴѽŻϩä[2013-03-04-1]ε#1407. Ѹ3Ĥפ (2) ȡˡΰ٤ͺۤʪäƤ롥
When a question of orthography is dubious, that practice has, in my opinion, a claim to preference, which preserves the greatest number of radical letters, or seems most to comply with the general custom of our language. But the chief rule which I propose to follow, is to make no innovation, without a reason sufficient to balance the inconvenience of change; and such reasons I do not expect often to find. All change is of itself an evil, which ought not to be hazarded but for evidence advantage; and as inconstancy is in every case a mark of weakness, it will add nothing to the reputation of our tongue. ("Plan" 7)
ŪֻפԲǽäƤꡤǤãѤƤ뤫Τ褦Johnson ϡܼŪ˸ϼ˽ΤȤϡʹ֤δѤλʪǤȹͤƤ롥ΰѤǤϡQuintilian 礤˽Фơanomalist Ω餫ˤƤ[2012-12-03-1]ε#1316. analogist and anomalist controversy (2)פȡˡ
To our language may be with great justness applied the observation of Quintilian, that speech was not formed by an analogy sent from heaven. It did not descend to us in a state of uniformity and perfection, but was produced by necessity and enlarged by accident, and is therefore composed of dissimilar parts, thrown together by negligence, by affectation, by learning, or by ignorance. ("Plan" 11)
Johnson "Plan" (1747) "Preface" (1755) ޤǤδ֤ˡꤹ뤳ȤԲǽäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥κȤ̤ơ겺ʴѼطФƤäΤǤ롥ʸϤϡJohnson Ѳ褯սȤơФʸ˰ѤƤ롥
Those who have been persuaded to think well of my design, require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without oppositions. With this consequence I will confess that I flattered myself for a while; but now begin to fear that I have indulged expectation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, and clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation. ("Preface" 37--38)
ʴѼȤϡθ경ȤۤФԤǰ˶ᤤȤ롥
If the changes that we fear be thus irresistible, what remains but to acquiesce with silence, as in the other insurmountable distresses of humanity? it remains that we retard what we cannot repel, that we palliate what we cannot cure. Life may be lengthened by care, though death cannot be ultimately defeated: tongues, like governments, have a natural tendency to degeneration; we have long preserved our constitution, let us make some struggles for our language. ("Preface" 40)
ͥοʸԤθ˽ä뤳Ȥˤäơܤ䤹Ѹ경Ȥ˾ϡ18ŪǤ롥Johnson ˤ⸽Ƥ뤳θѤ뤤ϸѲѤϡ19ӸؤȤȤˡޤۤʤä֤Ƥ椯褦ˤʤ롥
Johnson ϡѸˤΤߤʤ餺ػ˾1ʪä
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
#898. OED2 Web3 оɽ ([2011-10-12-1]) Ǹɽ2Ѹ켭ħӤ϶Ѹɽ Samuel Johnson (1709--84) A Dictionary of the English Language (2 vols. London: J. & P. Knapton et al., 1755) ħĤޤǾҲ𤷤ʲϡ߷ԡˡpp. 15--19 ڤ Crystal ˤƱ˴ؤ륤ȥͤˤ
1747ǯǤʸȤƤʤ餷Ƥ Johnson ϡ"The Plan of A Dictionary of the English Language" ȯɽԻΰߤƤѥȥλٱäˤʤ֤ǡ6̾νȤȤƻʼԻȤϤ줿̤ȤƤǤνǤϡ39μϿؤ1773ǯ4Ǥ42,700ˡʸ11622,500ڡ缭ŵȤʤä
Johnson μκħ2ĵС(1) ñθȤ˰ʸäȡ(2) ʬơŬڤǼȤǤ롥(1) ˤĤƤϡ¾Ǥ㤬äΤΡѸ켭˾塤ŪʻߤǤꡤJohnson ʱѸνʸȤߤʤŰʹߤκȷϿƤ롥ŪˤϡPhilip Sidney (1554--86), Richard Hooker (c1554--1600), Francis Bacon (1561--1626), Walter Raleigh (c1552--1618), William Shakespeare (1564--1616), Edmund Spenser (c1552--99), John Milton (1608--74), John Dryden (1631--1700), Joseph Addison (1672--1719) ʤɤǡ500ĶԤѤƤʤShakespeare, Dryden, Addison, Bacon ǰѤ3ʬ1ˡŵȤˡJohnson ˤѤΤ¿äȤ
(2) ˤĤƤϡư take ˤȤС¾ưȼưǹ碌134θˤޤʬषƤꡤԤ Bailey μ (1730) бս꤬6ԤʤΤ٤ȡ㤤κ٤Ǥ롥˭٤ʰʸ˴ŤˤɾꡤOED ʤɤ (J.) Ȥ Johnson ФмѤƤۤɤǤ롥ŵŪͭ̾ oat "grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people" ϡJohnson θȼѡǤиΤȤƤ뤬ΤˤΤ褦ΤΡƴʷŪΤͿƤ롥
¾ħȤƤϡ첻ľ˶椬դƤ뤳ȡʤԤ Bailey ˵٤ˡ츻ɬΤǤʤȡWilliam Jones ΩĤ30ǯȤͤФʤˡɴʼŵŪμ⤦Ȥ٤ʤɤ뤬"Plan" ɤФ褯ʬ褦˶弭˵ۤȤɤιܤޤƤȤäƤ褯Johnson λ¿Ωġ
μϡ1810ǯޤǤ10ǤŤ͡1815--18ǯˤ J. H. Todd ˤǡ1827ǯ2ǡˤ蘆줿Johnson ʹ OED ˻ޤǤϡԻư Johnson 䴰Ȥ̣礤ͥ100ǯʾˤ錄Ѹ켭˷פŪʼȤäƤ褤Johnson μ˴Ťơɥĸ졤ꥢ졤٥Ȥ2켭ŵԻ줿褦ˡؤαƶϤä
ޤǤǯ1756ǯˤϡ2Ǥ줿¤ʴάʤƤꡤǤ⸡ʤᡤ18̤ƿǤäƿ͵1815ǯޤǤ14ǤŤ͡Ф줿
ơCrystal Johnson μ4000ꤹäǤ250ǯܤˤ2005ǯ˽Ǥ줿"Plan" ڤ "Preface" ȤȤ˼ڤ˻ȤǤΤǡǶϴ֤ơޤ˰Ƥ롥
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡؼѸ졦١ұѸʸꡡ8ҡ2006ǯ
ε#1414. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1]) ³ԡ Helsinki Corpus ѤƽѸޤǤ shew show ʬۤĴϸѸˤʬۤ PPCMBE (Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]) ˤäƴñĴ
PPCMBE ϡ1700ǯ1914ǯޤǤ948,895ΥѥǤ롥70ǯĤ3ʬФ첽줿 pos ե뷲оݤ˸뤳Ȥ shew show token 夲̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
| shew | show | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1700--1769 | 80 | 25 | 298,764 |
| 1770--1839 | 79 | 86 | 368,804 |
| 1840--1914 | 17 | 162 | 281,327 |
This word is frequently written shew; but since it is always pronounced and often written show, which is favoured likewise by the Dutch schowen, I have adjusted the orthography to the pronunciation.
Ĥޤꡤspelling_pronunciation ʤ pronunciation_spelling ȤȤˤʤΤshow ۤɤιٸǤΤ褦ʰŪʲѤȤΤԻĤˤפ뤬Ѹ衤ȤϤ show ϹԤʤƤȤ¤طʤˤäȤϡΤ˸Ƥ
ѸֻȤθؤαƶˤĤƤϡ##53,219,193,562ϤȤ뵭ǤȰäƤѸؽԤˤȤäơ[2009-06-20-1]ε#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤פǤߤ֤ϡȤʾˡפ碌Ʊ˶òǰŤֻȤΤ⡤Τ褦˴֤Ƥʤꡤݸ¤ʤƤ椯ΤȤȤǤ롥ºݤѸΥƥȤɤǤȡ֤ȤΤ˾ĴƤ椯Τ¤ǡɸबʤȤդϲȤʤΤȤФˤʤäƤ롥ʹƤ뤦˼ƤΤƱǡ֤ϤܤǸǤ뤫顤ܤФϤǰƳȵǽΤ
ȤϤäƤ⡤ؤ礭㤨СѸΥƥȤɤͤϡǤΤˡϿƤֻĤƤʤФʤʤƥȤ˸ֻΤޤޤǼϿƤݾڤϤʤǤ롥٤ԺɡϿƤʤΤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ˤϡѼԤɸֻƤˤ⤫餺ºݤֻˤɸʤȤޤޤ꤬롥
ֻɸಽ˾ޤͳɬפȤͳϡͤԹʳˤ⤢롥Schmitt and Marsden (156--57) 3Ƥ롥
(1) դϡ֤ȶ̵֤ۤ˾뤿μʤǤ롥μʤ¤Ѥ褦ȤС٤ʰᤵϤǤ롥
(2) դˤϡäդäƤȿȤʤɤξã˴ؤ¿μʤ礱Ƥ롥äơդˤݤ뤿ˤϡ졤ʸˡֻʤɤΤᤵ롥
(3) դϡäդȤϰۤʤꡤտŪʶˤΤǤ롥ΤˡӤֻηϤ뤳ȤϽפǤ롥
(1) (2) ˤĤƤ writing medium γƵȡ̣Τϡ(1) (3) ֻɸಽɬפǤͳǤƱˡֻפߤͳǤ⤢ꡤޤ줬ܾۤ˼ԤͳȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥspelling_reform) γƵȡˡ٤ηϤǤˤ硤Ѥ褦Ȥ뤳Ȥϰ붲줬뤫
ºݤˡֻɸಽ϶ȤνפʻȤǤä㤨СȤľܤ˻Ȥ˻Ϳ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ㳰ʤλȤФꥢեڥϤ줾1582ǯ1634ǯ1713ǯ˥ǥߡꡤɸŪֻɥĤǤ1901ǯˡǤ1883ǯ1947ǯˡ줾ܤˤäꥹǤϡJonathan Swift (1667--1745) 1712ǯƤǥߡΩ¸ʤäJohnson μν (1755) ĺȤ뼭ԻưϤˤꡤֻɸಽζȤ⡤嵭ͳǡֻɸಽΤǤ롥äơȤΰҿȤͳ1Ĥä
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Ѹư panic picnic ϡղäȡpanicking, panicky, picnicked, picnicker ʤɤ <k> 롥ޤbrick, kick, stick ʤɤǤϤʤ캬ΰȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˤ <k> 롥̤ȤƤ /-ɪk/ ˸硤бֻ -ick ǤϤʤ -ic Ǥ (ex. public, music, specific, basic, domestic, traffic, democratic, scientific, characteristic, academic)
Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Ǥϡ-ic Ϥ٤ơޤ -ick Ȥ֤Ƥ -ic ؤȲΤϥꥫμԻ Noah Webster äब The American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) θפˤ public ֻ夷Τۤ¿ -ic ֻ夷ơ줬ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸؤ礷ƤäΤǤ (Potter 41)
äȤ⡤Webster -ic ֻʤä櫓ǤϤʤष٤λ̱Ƥ餳Webster ΰ첡Ȥ¦̤롥[2010-12-25-1]εǾҲ𤷤 Google Books Ngram Viewer ˤ public publick ٤СξİǤ롥AmE BrE ǧ줿Ʊǡ Mark Davies ˤ Google Books: American English ͳ10ǯߤ˸ȡpublick 1810--29ǯޤǤ100դ20ʾ帽Ƥ1830ǯˤ4.15ط㸺ƤΤʬ롥

-ic ˴ϢȤƤϡε⻲ȡ
[2009-08-02-1]: #97. ֥å
[2009-08-03-1]: #98. ֥åפ֥˥åפǤϤʤ֥åפڤФͳ
[2009-08-10-1]: #105. ܸä֥å
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
[2010-02-18-1]εְѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤפǵΰüCaxton 1475ǯ˱Ѹˤ⤿餷ǰΥƥΥϡɬ⤹ˤϱѸֻθ경ˤĤʤʤäषǽˤϡѤ줿ֻ¿ѤˤäƳȻȤ¦̤ʤǤϤʤäѸֻΤ褽ɸಽ17ȾФΤȤȤƤ뤬ʤۤɤĹ֡Caxton 150ǯʾǯפΤ
ĤˤϡѤϳΤʸ˾γ̿äμʸִ줿櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤ롥Ѹμʸֻ¿ȤƤꡤޤʸΰ֤ŤѲȤƤ⡤16ʹߤ³Ƥꡤʸʻ¸ƤȤƨƤϤʤʤ
The two processes of production [prints and manuscripts] were in fact to co-exist for some centuries. Manuscript circulation became more generally confined to certain categories of text, and to particular milieux, while printing established itself as the swiftest and most economically viable method of disseminating texts in large numbers: school books, law books, books associated with the processes of sixteenth-century religious reform, for example. (Boffey 114--15)
ޤƳǤѤ̤ȯãλˤϡü· (justification) ãΤˡǤȤƤĴȤˡǤϤʤΤʤʸξάɲäȤޤޤˡʤƤthe that ѤȤƤ ye yt ϸ鷺⤬ʤǡ[2009-05-11-2]εֱѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷פȡˡonly ѤȤƤο̼ߤ onely, onlie, onlye, onelie, onelye, onelich, onelych, oneliche, onelyche, ondeliche, ondelyche ϡؤγȤη³Ǥ (Potter 40) 16ϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) Τ褦ֻԤФΤ ([2010-07-12-1]εRichard MulcasterפȡˡμºŪʱƶϺǾ¤ˤȤɤޤäƤ
17뺢顤ܤ˸ѤäƤ롥ֻɸಽ褤ܳʲΤǤ롥ޤˤеϤƤȤȤطʤˤ϶ŪɸಽοϤѤƤ1ܤϡCawdrey μ (1604) ڤ˱Ѹ켭³ȽǤ줿ȤǤ[2010-12-21-1], [2010-12-27-1]εϤȤ cawdrey γƵȡˡ2ܤˡThe King James Bible (1611) ʤɼԤΤڤȤ⡤ֻθ경ˤä礭3ܤˡ17ȾФ (the Civil War) 礭ͿƤ롥ˤѥեåȤ줿Ϥޤ˻֤ɤƤˡü·ŪǤäȤƤ⡤ʣȤ֤ȤʤäΤǤ (Potter 40)
ơλפ18ˤϡֻͣ졤Johnson μ (1755) äƱѸֻθ경Ȥ˾Ĥ˲̤줿Τä
Boffey, Julia. "From Manuscript to Modern Text." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 107--22.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.
[2010-12-16-1], [2010-12-17-1]εDZѸ츻ؤάˤʳŪʸ츻ؤη¤ Skeat νǤ OED Իοʤ19ȾΤȤǤ롥19˥ɥĤ濴ȯŸӸؤ̤Ϥäȴ褦ˤʤꡤʳŪʸ츻ؤѸˤŬѤ褦ˤʤäλθ츻ؼԤ伭ԻԤˤȤäƤ18θ츻ʼȤǰƬˤäΤ Johnson μˤϤۤȤɻȤʪˤʤʤȹͤ졤OED ԻԤˤȤäƤ¿θ츻μɮϥΥȤȤäƤǤʤä̾ԻȤȤ¿쾯ʤԼβäˤĤĿʤȤǡ ( tradition ) ηѾθƤΤǤ롥OED ϡ츻˸¤ʤ¿dz ( innovation ) θ뤳ȤܻؤƤꡤᤵƤ⤤
OED Խ紴 Murray ϡɤˤ츻ؤ1850ǯ餤˻ϤޤäˤʤȶĴƤꡤԤ Johnson μθ츻 Horne Tooke ůŪ츻ϿѤƤʤäȤ
Though Murray can be seen to concur with Richardson in his statement that 'one does not look in Johnson for Etymology, any more than in 18th c. writers for biology or electricity' (MP/20/12/1906), the speculative etymologies of Horne Tooke were, if anything, still more remote from the philological rigour at which he aimed . . ." (Mugglestone 15)
ΥȤȤ Murray ˤϼ̤äMurray θդѤ褦
'In dealing with any previous etymological treatment of a word, I always go predisposed to find it wrong . . . I fasten on the weakest point, & if that fails, the thing is done; if it stands, try the next.' (Mugglestone 15)
츻ȤȤƤ˵츻ؤ괶ˤĤƤ[2010-08-06-1]εˤMurray 鿦ŪԻԤˤȤäƤ츻ϺʪäOED ¿¦̤DZѸ켭γԤää˸츻ʬˤƺǤⳫԤΥդ路ȡMugglestone ɾƤ롥
If the image of the pioneer engaging with the unknown was one to which Murray had recourse on a number of occasions, it is perhaps nowhere more pertinent than in the etymological explorations of Murray, Bradley, Craigie, and Onions, as they sought to solve the many puzzles of linguistic history which had, hitherto, been left in obscurity. (Mugglestone 15)
Ϳθ츻βˤϾ˿ŤǤʤФʤʤȤפФƱˡOED ԻԤΤߤʤ餺 Skeat ޤѸ츻ؤڤ곫ٳؤФưڷɤǰؤʤ
Mugglestone, Linda. "'Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest': The New English Dictionary." Lexicography and the OED: Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 2000. 1--21.
ε[2010-12-27-1]˰³18αѸ켭ˡΤˤ1755ǯ Samuels Johnson (1709--84) ǰŪʼ A Dictionary of the English Language 魯ޤǤ18Ⱦμˤά⤹롥Ҥˤ Jackson (pp. 36--42) ͤˤ
18ˤʤȡ¾⼭˼Ͽcompleteness ܻؤԻƤ롥꤬J. K. ʤʪˤ A New English Dictionary (1702) Ǥ롥οʪϡEdward Phillips New World of English Words 1706ǯ˲ļ餬 Dictionarium Anglo-Britannicum (1708) 路 John Kersey ƱʪǤȹͤƤ롥A New English Dictionary ɸϰʲ̤Ǥֻžԡˡ
A New English Dictionary: Or, a Compleat Collection Of the Most Proper and Significant Words, Commonly used in the Language; With a Short and Clear Exposition of Difficult Words and Terms of Art.
The whole digested into Alphabetical Order; and chiefly designed for the benefit of Young Scholars, Tradesmen, Artificers, and the Female Sex, who would learn to spell truely; being so fitted to every Capacity, that it may be a continual help to all that want an Instructor.
28,000ϿμμȤֻ뤳Ȥ˸ƤꡤϿյΤˤäΤǤ롥
Ͽ뼭Իϩȡ17Ⱦ2Ĥθ츻 Stephen Skinner Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae (1671) ƿ̾ Gazophylacium Anglicanum (1689) ȯãؤäơNathaniel Bailey An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) 줿40,000Ͽμ Johnson μ¤18ɽɾȽμȤƷפ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Bailey ³ Dictionarium Britannicum: Or a more Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary than any Extant (1730) Ǥ롥 Johnson ԻδäȤƻȤǤꡤŪ礭18Ⱦ "complete" ܻؤ¾μ⤪ Bailey 2μäƤȤäƤ褤
Benjamin Martin Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749) 路Τ夷ơJohnson Իײ Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747) A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Ǥ˱Ѹ켭ˤϿʻޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Jackson, Howard. Lexicography: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
Robert Cawdrey A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ڤ˱Ѹ켭³ȸϤ17Ƭ顤OED ǤϤ19Ⱦ˻ޤǤˡ츻μɤΤ褦˱Ѹ켭ȿǤƤƸ츻ؤȤʬɤΤ褦ȯŸƤ֥2ϡֶʳذαѸ츻ءס3ϡʸˡؼԤȼԻԡפ˵äƳά
ޤŪǤϤ뤬γѸȷݽѸ˸츻ŪҤäȤ٤ϡ۸ Thomas Blount ˤ Glossographia (1656) Ǥ롥Henry Cockeram The English Dictionarie (1623) ϤȤμϡ츻 Francis Holyoke Ѽ Dictionarium Etymologicum (1639) ˵ĤġȼϰդäƤ롥츻ιͤϡ֤˴ŤΤǤϤʤƤϢ˴Ť̤ϤʤΤǤϤ뤬˸츻ŪηǺܤꥹμԻԤȤƸ츻ػ˾塤פǤ롥
Ʒ֤˴ŤŪʸ츻ѤäƸ츻 Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae (1671) ԻΤ Stephen Skinner Ǥ롥Skinner 1691ǯˤϤβ A New English Dictionary, Shewing the Etymological Derivation of the English Tongue, in Two Parts ǤƤ롥ܻϤޤdzάŪǤꡤΩĤ֤˴Ť츻ƤƤǡ츻ػ˾塤⤬롥ǤϥƥнŤθ츻ѤĤĤꡤޥˤؿʧ롥Ʊˤϡƿ̾ Gazophylacium Anglicanum (1689) 褦ʸ츻ѤäƽǤƤ롥
Τ褦˷֤˴Ť츻ؤ˰äƤä캬ηŪƱ̤ʴؿǸ츻ػ˾פôäƤΤ Nathaniel Bailey An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Ǥ롥θ츻1802ǯޤǤ25ǤŤͤۤɽѤ줿Bailey Ϥޤ Dictionarium Britannicaum: Or, A More Compleat Universal Etymological English Dictionary than any Extant, etc. Containing not only the Words, and their Explications; but their Etymologies . . . (1730) ԤǤ⤢롥1736ǯ2ǤǤϡޥؼ Thomas Lediard ζϤդƸ츻ŪϤ˭ˤʤäμᡤ1755ǯˤ Joseph Nicol Scott ˤ A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary Ǥ줿
褽Ʊˡ츻ϸɤԲķμǤȤΩ줫顤Benjamin Martin ˤ Linguae Britannica Reformata, Or, A New English Dictionary (1749) 롥ơSamuel Johnson ϡ츻ؤδǧ A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) 礤˸츻ߡθ츻Ѥ礭ʱƶͿ뤳ȤȤʤä
Τȡ18˸̩ʷŪƱˡӸؤ֤롥θ츻ؤؤΥѥȤˤĤƤεǡ
=å֥ ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )
ֻȯδطˤĤơ<ch> ̾ /tʃ/ б뤬/k/ б뤳Ȥ⤢롥/k/ ؤбϥꥷƥ줫μѸŵŪ˸졤ȤǤϤʤ ( ex. chemistry, chorus, chronic, school ) Ѹ <ch> = /k/ бache /eɪk/ ѤԤǤ롥
θϸűѸ acan ˤפ̤뤬Ūˤϰĸ *ak- ֱԤפˤޤ̤ꤦ ( cf. acid, acrid, acute, vinegar ) űѸư acan ϶ѲưVI°4 acan -- ōc -- ōcon -- acen ä14ϼѲ⸽졤˴˶ܹԤФʢθݤֶܹԡפȸƤ֤褦ǡѸˤϤʤ¤˴ؤܸɽˡ
űѸư acan ϻҲ̾ æce ˤߡפƤ see [2009-06-16-1] ) ʹߡѸޤǤưֻ̾ȯ϶̤Ƥ1700ǯդ꤫麮ƱƤ롥ȯǤ̾줬ư˵ۼ /eɪk/ 줵줿ֻǤư줬̾˵ۼ <ache> 줵줿ȤƤϤޤ <ch> = /k/ бϡư̾κƱ˴ŤΤäȤˤʤ롥
κƱбŤΤϡDr Johnson Ǥ롥1755ǯμǡto ake θФ˼Τ褦롥

Johnson Ϥθθ츻ꥷȸƤ褦ǡ椨 <ache> ֻȤεҤ˱ƶϤڤܤߤֻȯΤͤ줿طꤷƤޤä
ʤߤˡܸΡˤáפȱѸ ouch ȯƤʤʤ ouch ϡ18˥ɥĸ ( Pennsylvania Dutch ) δ autsch 饢ꥫѸäȤ뤬ܸΡ֤פˤɥĸ autsch ˤѸ ouch ˤ ache ˤεüȯΤǤϤʤȵ롥ouch ˤĤơܸΡ֤פȤƤ Online Etymology Dictionary ε⻲ȡ
Ե֤ϩ¦ʤΤȤ aisle seat ȤäĹΥԵǤ window seat ȥΩ䤹ʪߤ䤹ʤɤͳǡϤäѤ aisle seat ɤǤ롥ʤ aisle Ϥֻ̯ȯʤΤȤդȻפäĴ٤ƤߤȡʤʤˤФƤ褦OED εҤɤǤȡʣƺ𤹤ۤɤ
ȯ鸫Ƥߤ褦츻ϥƥ āla פ /aː/ 첻äƤťեǤ e(e)le 1ʾ夬ä첻η֤14˱ѸäƤ15ϡθΡ¦ϭסʶƲ濴ʬΥۤ줿¦ϭˤθ ile פϢۤ졤/iː/ βĤ˻롥줬첻ܤϤȤʤꡤߤȯ /aɪl/ ˤɤĤƥ /ā/ 鸽Ѹ /aɪ/ ޤ夬ưƤȤˤʤ롥ȤƤ[2010-07-25-1]ǿ줿 friar ʤɤ롥
ֻϤäʣǤ롥ƥ <ala>ťե <e(e)la>Ѹ <ele>, <ile> ޤǤϾǸ18ˡˡʸ˴Ť etymological respelling <s> Ƥ isle island ( see [2009-11-05-1], [2009-08-21-1] ) ˤʤ餤θ isle ֤褦ˤʤ롥³ƥեȯãƤֻ <aile> ˤƶ졤ߤ <aisle> ߤֻϡisle aile ιλҤȤȤˤʤ롥
Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) aile ֻȼĥƤ뤬Ǥ˸ߤֻ̯夷ĤĤä褦Ǥ롥
Thus the word is written by Addison, but perhaps improperly; since it seems deducible only from either aile, a wing, or allie, a path; and is therefore to be written aile.
ѸαƺˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ˤƤ ( see ame_bre ) äֻκˤĤƤȯκƱͤܤˤĤ䤹ΤȤƼ夲뤳Ȥ¿ܥ֥Ǥ[2009-12-23-1]ˤ
ameba, center, color, defense, program, traveler ʤɡꥹ֤ȤϰۤʤȼΥꥫֻƤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) Ǥ롥Webster ȤС1828ǯ˽Ǥ줿 The American Dictionary of the English Language ޤˤͭ̾Ǥ롥μȤλ¹ϸߤ˻ޤǼ̤Ȥ˥ꥫѸ켭κǹȤƤꡤǤ Webster ΰŪʱƶϤΤ褦Webster βפֻμˤȿǤƤꡤȤȤ˥ꥫ˹ΤϤ뤳ȤȤʤä
ǤϡWebster ϤʤֻפϤ褦ȻפΩäΤͤˡꥹǤֻξѤƤѸ Caxton ˤǰѤƳѸ첻 ( Great Vowel Shift ) ʤɡ⳰ѲФơѸֻȯЪΥȤƬˤ뤳ȤȤʤäꥹǤ16ؼ ( orthoepist ) ϤᡤֻװƤƤ礭ˤϤʤä Mulcaster βפˤĤƤ[2010-07-12-1]ȡˡɡꥹǤ1755ǯ Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language äƸֻܸۤꤷȤäƤ褤
Τۤο̱ϡꥫǤֻˤĤƤϥꥹĴ碌ƤȤ18ȾΩ夫饢ꥫ٤ѤäƤ롥ˤ¿㤬Ƥ̤ꡤŪΩλָȸŪΩλָɽΤǤ롥ꥫŪΩλˤϡʰǤ줿ꥫѸ쿮Ԥ줿Webster ⤽1ͤǤꡤꥹѸΥꥫǤǤϤʤΩ֥ꥫ( the American language ) ǤƤ褦ȹͤƤΤǤ롥ʲ Webster θդǤ롥
The question now occurs; ought the Americans to retain these faults which produce innumerable inconveniences in the acquisition and use of the language, or ought they at once to reform these abuses, and introduce order and regularity into the orthography of the American tongue? . . . . a capital advantage of this reform . . . would be, that it would make a difference between the English orthography and the American. . . . a national language is a band of national union. . . . Let us seize the present moment, and establish a national language as well as a national government. (Webster, 1789 quoted in Graddol, p. 6)
ɽŪˤϡѸֻȯЪΥ˹ŪʲͿ褦ȤǤʤ顤¤ΤȤϡꥫιȤȤƤΩꥹФȼΥǥƥƥȤäŪʰտޤǻǤäȤη̤Ȥ˶ջ֤ Webster Τߤʤ餺¿Υꥫ̱˲Ƥ餳̾븫ߤΤʤֻפդΤ
դˤС˥ݥƥ֤ʾ郎·ʤֻפˤȤ褯Ƥ롥ȤΤϡWebster Ǥ顤ƤŪֻװƤùʤФʤʤäǤ롥ΰƤʤǤ뤳ȤƼꡤ嵭 center color ʤɤηֻѹΤߤʤ벺ϩڤؤΤä
ֻˤƺΩаޤˤϡWebster ȤƱΥꥫͤ夲֥ꥫפؤۤäΤǤ롥
Webster, Noah. "An Essay on the Necessity, Advantages and Practicability of Reforming the Mode of Spelling, and of Rendering the Orthography of Words Correspondent to the Pronunciation." Appendix to Dissertations on the English Language. 1789. Extracts reprinted in Proper English?: Readings in Language, History and Cultural Identity. Ed. Tony Crowley. London: Routledge, 1991.
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
sand-blind ֤ܤΡȾդΡפȤ줬롥OED ˤȽФ15Ȥ롥θθ츻ä sand- ʬˤĤͳˤĤƤϳΤʤȤϤ狼äƤʤJohnson's Dictionary ˤ "Having a defect in the eyes, by which small particles appear to fly before them" ȤĤƤ롥
ͭϤȤơűѸˤäȿ¬ *sāmblind ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȤ⤬롥ηϸűѸǤڤƤʤܤΡפ̣ blind ˡȾʬΡפ̣Ƭ sām- ղä줿ΤȲǤΤǤϤʤȤűѸˤ sāmbærned "half-burnt", sām-cwic "half-dead", sāmgrēne "half-green", sāmhāl "unwell, weakly", sāmlǣred "half-taught, badly instructed", sāmlocen "half-closed", sāmmelt "half-digested", sāmsoden "half-cooked", sāmstorfen "half-dead", sāmswǣled "half-burnt", sāmweaxen "half-grown", sāmwīs "stupid, dull, foolish", sāmworht "unfinished" ʤ¿ι줬ڤƤꡤ*sāmblind ⤢ꤨʤäǤϤʤ줬ˡ嵭 Johnson ˤ褦ˡֺФ˻볦뤫Τ褦ȾդΡפȲ졤Ūˤ sand ȷӤĤơsand-blind Ȥ֤ΤǤϤʤȤΤ褦ˡsam- ȾʬΡפȤŪʸ츻Dzᤵ줺ˡȾж˿ʸ츻Ϳ褦ʥָ̱츻 ( folk etymology ) ȸƤ֡
ơsam- ȾʬΡפǵŤ⤷ʤϺε[2010-04-14-1]ǿ줿ƥ semi-ꥷ hemi- Ʊ캬ƬαѸǤǤ롥ĸ *sēmi- ˤΤܤ롥ɸѸǤϡʾ嵭ʤСsam- ζϤʺפ sand-blind ˻ĤФȤʤäƤޤäɤθȡߤǤ sam-ripe, sam-sodden ʤɤȤƤ롥ˤޥʡƬǤ롥
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