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idiom - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-01-13 Sun

#1357. lexeme ʸǡˤȤϲ [lexeme][terminology][semantics][morphology][word][idiom][word][morpheme]

lexeme ʸǡˤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤿ޤ˽ФƤѸΤ褦Ȥ񤷤#22. ǥȱѸˡ ([2009-05-20-1]) ǤƤϡФȤޤǤϤʤĤαѸؼŵ򻲾ȤơɤΤ褦ʸñ̤Ǥ뤫lexeme ˤϤĤΥץ롥

(1) morpheme ʷǡˤ word ʸˤӤñ̤Ȥơmorpheme ϡ#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū ([2011-09-30-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡǤϤʤBloomfield θŵŪˤ "a linguistic form which bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to any other form" (Section 10.2) Ǥ롥word ϡ##910,911,912,921,922 Ǽ夲褦ˡ񤷤̣ͭŪñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ʤlexeme Ʊͤ˷ñ̤Ǥ롥ηˤϰ̣տ路Ƥ뤬lexeme ϤޤǤηỌ̇̄ͻΤǤ뵭ΤηʬؤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τΰ㤤ϤɤˤΤ㤨Сunderstand 12Ĥη under- -stand Ȥ롥θΰ̣2ĤηǤΰ̣¤ˤϤʤäƤ餺̣ΤȤ1ĤβȸʤʤǤϡñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤Ȥ줤бƤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ʊͤˡput up with Ȥǥϡ3Ǥ3줫äƤ뤬̣ñ̤ȤƤϤϤ1ĤβǤ롥Ǥ⡤ñ̤Ọ̇̄ñ̤ȤäƤ롥ǡunderstand put up with ʬǤʤ1Ĥΰ̣ĤΤ顤Ūˤб1Ĥñ̤ꤹΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥줬 lexeme Ǥ롥 UNDERSTAND PUT UP WITH ϡ줾1Ĥ lexeme ȤƻȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤälexeme ʸɽΤˡ
(2) 1ĤθΤߤ°Ȥơwater ˤ̾ư줬롥ĤޤꡤƱǤϤ뤬ۤʤ2Ĥθ°Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥̾ȤƤ water ưȤƤ water ̰뤳ȤǤ褦ˡword Ȥϰۤʤ lexeme Ȥñ̤ΩƤǤ롥ñ water ʣ waters ̾ lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥꡤ waterñ waters watered-ing watering ʤɤư lexeme ȤƤ WATER μ¸Ǥ롥
(3) ¸ۤʤޤȤᤢ뤿ɽȤơgo, goes, went, going, going Ϥ줾֤ۤʤ뤬ˤ lexeme GO Ǥ롥δ lexeme ϡheadword, citation form, lemma ʤɤȸƤؤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥

ľŪˤСˤơФ뤤ɤ߸ФȤϿƤꡤ̣ͿƤȻפ褦ʷñ̤ȤäƤФ褵̩񤷤ؼԡʳɡˤˤä͡󵯤ƤȤǤϡmorpheme, word, lexeme Τ褦ʸñ̤ɽ魯ѸΰǤ롥ʤlexeme Ȥñ̤ռԻ줿ŪʳؽѱѱѼȤơCambridge International Dictionary of English (1995) 󤲤Ƥ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-05-1]

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2012-08-17 Fri

#1208. ե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶɾ [french][syntax][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][norman_conquest][me][word_order][idiom][contact][french_influence_on_grammar]

Ѹե󥹸ϱѸθäƶڤܤޤֻˤƤαƶڤܤ֤ʤʸˡ˵ڤܤƶ礭ʤ
Ѹ˵äʸˡѲΤΤϡƿä̾졤ƻ졤̾졤ưζηϤϡξüʿѤˤάʤ줿ʸˡϤʤʤä礬SVOظ경ƤäΤ褦ʸˡѲ˥ե󥹸줬ľܤ˴ͿȤȤϤʤ
ˡɽ (idiom) ˡȤạ̈Ǥǡե󥹸αƶʤβǽˤ򤤤ĤŦ뤳ȤϤǤ (Baugh and Cable, p. 167 15򻲾ȡˡե󥹸줬Ѹäʬ˵ڤܤƶȤ٤٤ʤΤȤơե󥹸αѸؤľŪʱƶ϶ϾǤ롥
ŪʱƶȤȤǤС[2012-07-11-1]ε#1171. ե󥹸ȤθܿȶޤοפǼ夲ե󥹸ĴʤФʤʤե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶϡޤפȸθĤĬή߳˿ʹԤ뤿μҲŪˤ롥Baugh and Cable (167) ɾѤ롥

It is important to emphasize that . . . changes which affected the grammatical structure of English after the Norman Conquest were not the result of contact with the French language. Certain idioms and syntactic usages that appear in Middle English are clearly the result of such contact. But the decay of inflections and the confusion of forms that constitute the truly significant development in Middle English grammar are the result of the Norman Conquest only insofar as that event brought about conditions favorable to such changes. By removing the authority that a standard variety of English would have, the Norman Conquest made it easier for grammatical changes to go forward unchecked. Beyond this it is not considered a factor in syntactic changes.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2012-07-04 Wed

#1164. as far as in me lies [idiom][preposition][chaucer][impersonal_verb]

Chaucer The Canterbury TalesThe Parson's Tale ɤǤơβսΩߤޤäRiversideǤˡǤ붵ǤʺפΰˤĤ⤤ƤսǤ롥

And over alle thyng men oghten eschewe to cursen hire children, and yeven to the devel hire engendrure, as ferforth as in hem is. Certes, it is greet peril and greet synne. (l. 621)


Ѥ֤ǶĴ as ferforth as in hem is Ȥΰ̣狼ʤȤϤ֤Ǥ¤פФƤ뤬ʤΤ褦ʰ̣ФΤäǡɤǤ֤ȹͤĴ٤ꤷƤͤϸѸ as far as in me lies ʤ봷ɽ뤳Ȥͤߤ᤿ϡ"as far as lies in my power" Ȥ졤ĤޤȤ "as far as I can", "to the best of my ability" ۤɤΰ̣ǤȤȤ¼ŵˤϺܤäƤ뤷NEWƣ±缭ŵ٤ˤֵڤָ¤ϤԤפб I will do all that in me lies. Ȥ褦㤬Ĥ롥Chaucer ʸ˸褦Ѹιʸϡ;μ줬ΩäƤ餺;ιʸȤߤʤ٤
OED Ǥϡlie, v.1 Ǹ 12c. ΤȤ˼Τ褦ˤ롥c1350

to lie in (a person): to rest or centre in him; to depend upon him, be in his power (to do). Now chiefly in phr. as far as in (me, etc.) lies. Also, to lie in one's power, to lie in (or on) one's hands.


MED Ǥϡlien (v. (1)) θ 11(c) ΤȤˡ"~ in, to be within the bounds of possibility for (sb., his power, his knowledge, etc.);" Ȥ롥MED 齸᤿Ϣʸ󤲤褦lie be ȤƤΤ⾯ʤʤ

(1433) RParl. 4.423a: My Lorde of Bedford..be his grete wisdome and manhede..hath nobly doon his devoir to ye kepyng yerof..as ferforth as in hym hath bee.
(1447) Reg.Spofford in Cant.Yk.S.23 290: Ye shall..trewlie serve all the kynges writtes als ferforth as hit shall be in your konnyng.
(?a1450) Proc.Privy C. 6.319: Ye shall swere þat, as ferforth as in you shall be, ye aswell in visityng and overseeing as in writing and subscribing of billes, the articles abovesaide and eueriche of þeim that touche ye shall trewely justely and faithfully observe.
a1450(?c1421) Lydg. ST (Arun 119) 2366: As ferforth as it lith in me, Trusteth right wel 3e shul no faute fynde.
a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2) 3109: It lithe in me The Sowdon to distroye.


ֻ in ˡߡʡǼʤȤǤƤ֤٤ˡǡѸǤϼΤ褦ʸdzǧ롥

in the capacity of interpreter = in my capacity as interpreterλʤǡ
He had something of the hero in his nature.ˤ¿ȩΤȤä
He doesn't have it in him to cheat.򤹤褦ʿͤǤϤʤ
I didn't think he had it in him (to succeed).ˤʻǤȤϻפʤä
He has no malice in him. = It is not in him to be malicious.ˤϰϰʤȤʤ
I have found a friend in him.ʻȤͧ򸫽Ф
Our country has lost a great scholar in Dr. Fletcher.ʲ椬ϥեå㡼ΤȤؼԤ򼺤ä
I have tried every means in my power.Ϥ˵ڤָ¤μʤԤ

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2012-06-09 Sat

#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) [phonetics][syllable][binomial][idiom][prosody][alliteration][phonaesthesia]

ε[2012-06-08-1]³ơbinomial 2।ǥˤιǤνȲŪꡥϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤ binomial ¿¸ߤ뤳Ȥ򸫤طʤˤϡ嶯ΥꥺŬ礹ȤȤ⤢뤬Bolinger λŦ褦ˡû and ĹפȤŪʽˤ礹Ȥװ롥äȤŵŪĹûκۤ2Ǥβΰ㤤ȤȤƱñΡ˾ˤϡĹûκۤϲλ³ʹ٤ΰ㤤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Bolinger ɽǤС"openness and sonorousness" (40) ΰ㤤Ǥ롥
ʬ᲻ "open and sonorous" ٤ι⤤ۤ㤤ۤؤʬहȡ(1) 첻(2) ͭ³(3) ͭĺ˻(4) ̵³(5) ̵ĺ˻Ȥʤ롥δû and ĹפСopenness and sonorousness 㤤 and ⤤פȤȤˤʤBolinger (40--44) ϡ¤ˤ¸ߤʤˤ binomial ƻǤäǤνؤơѸüԤ︳Ԥˤɤ餬Ф"He lives in a plap and plam house." vs "He lives in a plam and plap house." ΤȤǤ롥̤ϡŪɬΤǤϤʤä٤ηϸ줿Ȥ
Ǥä binomial ˤ¸ʾ˶̣Τϡp. 40 ˵󤲤ƤϢƬɽǤʴϢơ[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. Ƭˤפ򻲾ȡˡflimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack. Ǥϡ2Ǥ¤Ӥϡ줾첻ʹ٤㤤Ρܹ⤤ΡפνˤʤäƤ롥νˤĤƤϡphonaesthesia δ顤ŪˡֶᤤΡܱ󤤤ΡפȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (see ##207,242,243)
ꥺࡤʹ١Ƭphonaesthesia binomial ȤˤϱѸβԻ׵ĤͤޤäƤ褦

Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-14-1]

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2012-06-08 Fri

#1138. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (1) [phonetics][stress][binomial][idiom][prosody]

Ʊ2줫ɽ 2।ǥˤȸƤ֡##953,954,955 εǤϡܤƿ binomial Ҳ𤷤binomial "A and B" Τ褦ŵŪ³ǷФ뤬ǤνϤƤꤷƤ롥ɬ⥤ǥȤƸꤷƤʤˤ⡤ȤƹޤȤΤ롥ʤˤ "A and B" ޤ졤̤ξˤ "D and C" ޤΤ䲻ʤɡä˲ŪʾȤΤΤ
Bolinger ϡѸηȤơû and Ĺפνޤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥ĹûκϡŵŪ˲ΰ㤤ȤƸ롥ŵϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פǤ롥̾򽤾ƻ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Сa bows-and-arrows project, cold and obvious fact, drum-and-bugle corps, floor-to-ceiling window, fresh and frisky pups, furred and feathered creatures, a red and yellow river, strong and bitter political factor, up-and-coming writer ʤɤ (Bolinger 36) ¾ˤϤ󤢤롥

black and sooty, blue and silver, bright and rosy, bright and shiny, bruised and battered, cheap and nasty, cloak and dagger, drawn and quartered, fast and furious, fat and fulsome, fat and sassy, fine and dandy, fine and fancy, free and easy, full and equal, gay and laughing, grim and weary, hale and hearty, high and handsome, high and mighty, hot and bothered, hot and healthy, hot and heavy, hot and spicy, lean and lanky, long and lazy, low and lonely, married or widowed, plain and fancy, poor but honest, pure and simple, rough and ready, rough and tumble, slick and slimy, slow and steady, straight and narrow, strong and stormy, tried and tested, true and trusty, warm and winning, wild and woolly


Ƥˤ狼뤬 binomial ⶯嶯οϤ褤ꥺȤʤ롥 tattered and torn, peaches and cream, merry and wise, open and shut, early and later ʤɤΤ褦ˡ嶯Ȥʤ binomial ⤢ˤϤ뤬㳰ŪȹͤƤ褵
Ρ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤηˤĤơBolinger (36--40) üԤμ¸ˤäƤǧȤäƤ롥ǥȤۤɤޤǤˤϸꤵƤʤ2ˤĤơ"A and B" "B and A" ¤Ӥξơɤ餬꼫üԤФȤ¸Ǥ롥ĤξǼ¸ܤ餫äbinomial ˤơprosody β̤Ƥ礭

Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-06-09-1]

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2012-04-22 Sun

#1091. ;١ [redundancy][information_theory][frequency][shortening][grammaticalisation][idiom][intensifier][language_change]

ܥ֥Ǥ١夲Ƥ André Martinet (1908--99) ϡθؤ˱Ѥȼʿ򳫤¤ؼԤǤ롥[2012-04-20-1], [2012-04-21-1]εǡ; (redundancy) ˿ƤMartinet ;ȴϢƳΨ (probability) (information) (frequency) (cost) ȤäǰƳδطΤʤ˸ѲθõȤʲϡѸƳΰǤĤǡˡ

Ce qu'il convient de retenir de tout ceci pour comprendre la dynamique linguistique se ramène aux constatations suivantes : il existe un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et l'information qu'elle apporte, c'est-à-dire, en un certain sens, son efficacité ; il tend à s'établir un rapport constant et inverse entre la fréquence d'une unité et son coût, c'est-à-dire que représente d'énergie consommée chaque utilisation de cette unité. Un corollaire de ces deux constatations est que toute modification de la fréquence d'une unité entraîne une variation de son efficacité et laisse prévoir une modification de sa forme. Cette dernière pourra ne se produire qu'à longe échéance, car les condition réelles du fonctionnement des langues tendent à freiner les évolutions. (189--90)

ϳؤ򤹤뤿ˡΤΤˤĤ򤹤٤ȤϡγǧǤ롥ñ̤٤Ȥ줬ľʤʤ̣ǤϤθ̡ˤΤˤϰˤȿδط롨ϡñ̤٤Ȥѡʤʤñ̤Ѥ뤳ȤǾ񤵤륨ͥ륮ˤΤΰˤȿδطȤʤ뷹롥2ĤγǧεȤơñ̤٤ѤФθ̤Ѳ뤷η֤Ѳͽۤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥θԤѲϤޤĹ֤򤫤ΤǤ롥ȤΤϡѤθ¤ξȯã뷹뤫


Martinet ϡѤβսǡ;⤤ȤȤͽ¬ǽ⤤ȤȤǤꡤϸǤνиΨ뤤٤Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢȤȤƤ롥̤ˡǤ٤⤱;⤯ͤ㤤 "plus une unité (mot, monème, phonème) est fréquente, moins elle est informative" (188) ơѤȤǤळȤˤäơƶ줿üԤˤȤäơ٤⤱й⤤ۤɡ1ȯɬפȤ륨ͥ륮̤ϾʤۤԹ礬褤¿Υͥ륮פȯ٤֤ⷫΤԷкѤդˡ٤㤤ɽϡȤȯ礭ʥͥ륮ɬפȤƤ⤢ޤ꺤ʤˤ衤ȯ뵡񤬵
Τ褦ˡѡפȯˤ륨ͥ륮̤Ȳ᤹硤̩ˤϸġβȯɤΤ餤Ѥפ뤫Τɬפ뤬η¬񤷤ˤ٤ƤñȯƱ٤ѤפȲꤹСɽפѤϤβĹ˰¸ϤǤ롥Ѥñ˲ĹƱͤȤСδطǤ롧ָǤϡ٤⤱вûסѲƤϤСָǤϡ٤⤯ʤвûʤפȤʤ
٤ѤȿδطϡиŪˤ褯Ǥ롥褯ȤȯˤƤɽˤƤû̡ά뷹롥ˤäƤϡû̡άεˤηȤơ̵˵Ȥ餢롥ʸˡŪʴɽṳ̂Ǹ경褯졤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ȥưˤۤʤʤޤ[2012-01-14-1]εǼ夲#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ⡤٤ѤδطȤȤ館ʤȤǤ
ΰѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ٤ѤδطѲ褦Ȥݤˤϡֺθɬפ롥٤ƤƤ餽θṳ̂ޤǤˤϡ٤λ֤ɬפޤ٤ѤشطϡޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤǤ뤳ȤˤդƤɬפ롥ΰԤɸ꤬ "Laxité du rapport entre fréquence et coût" ٤Ѥδطδˤ䤫ˤǤ뤳ȤդäƤ

Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.

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2012-01-10 Tue

#988. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (2) [negative][comparison][idiom][syntax][prescriptive_grammar][double_negative]

ε ([2012-01-09-1]) Ǽ夲ʸˤĤơ³
ŪˤϸäƤƱʸѸǵƤƤطʤȤơϡỤ̄Ūװ󤲤ιʸ⤦1ĤνפװȤơϾװΤǤϤʤȤٹ (148--49) εҲ𤷤ϡ¿ (multiple negation; [2010-10-28-1]) 򰭤Ȥ뵬ʸˡѤǤ롥
18˲ϤǤߤˤޤǶƶϤڤܤ³Ƥ뵬ϱʸˡνܤΤʤǤ⡤¿ζػߤȤܤϡȤ褯ΤƤ롥ŵŪˤ2꤬褯Ȥʤꡤ1٤­Ȥ2Ĥ꼭ޤƤޤȤʸǤ (ex. I didn't say nothing.) ¿ػߤ뵬ʸˡϤä̡ѸǤ꼭1ĤǽʬȤֿġפ줿2Ĥ꼭ۤʤ˸ʤɡߤ˰̣ŪϢƤʤˤϡǤä礦Ȥʤ줾줬Ωΰ̣˹׸ƤϤʤΤΤ褦ʾǤֿġפ꼭1Ĥθ§פ롥ˡ*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. 򤵤줿ΤǤϤʤٹ (148) ϡ֤Ǥä٤ѤʤȤΤȤޤ˲٤Ϥä̡ˤäƤϤҤʤƤϤʤʤǤäʤʤäơԹʸ˻äפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ŪˤߤСcannot help doing Υǥ϶äƤΤΤǡOED "help", v. 11. b. ˤСư̾򽾤1711ǯǽΤΤǤ롥̣Ȥˡ11. c. ǤϡιʸΤ褦˼夲Ƥ롥

c. Idiomatically with negative omitted (can for cannot), after a negative expressed or implied.

1862 WHATELY in Gd. Words Aug. 496 In colloquial language it is common to hear persons say, 'I won't do so-and-so more than I can help', meaning, more than I can not help. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. 25 Your name shall occur again as little as I can help, in the course of these pages. 1879 SPURGEON Serm. XXV. 250, I did not trouble myself more than I could help. 1885 EDNA LYALL In Golden Days III. xv. 316, I do not believe we shall be at the court more than can be helped.


OED ϡƱʸŪ񤢤Ȥʤ⡤19ȾаʹߡѤȤʤäƤȤ򼨺Ƥ롥ʸˡڤΥߥ󥰤ȤδϢạ̇̄Ĺ
嵬ϱʸˡϤФйɸ֤ʤ⡤Τ褦Թʲ򤿤ޤˤΤΤ⤷̣ŪŪʴΤ⤪⤷ϤŪŪʴΤۤˡ϶̣򤽤롥
ʸˡˤ¿ΰˤĤƤϡ[2009-08-29-1]ε#124. Ѹʸˡεפ[2010-02-22-1]ε#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10פ򻲾ȡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2012-01-09 Mon

#987. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (1) [negative][comparison][idiom][syntax][corpus][bnc]

cannot help doing ϡ?뤳Ȥ򤱤ʤפ򸶵Ȥ?ˤϤʤ?Τϻʤפ̣봷ɽǤ롥cannot but do ȤƤƱܿͤˤŪȤ䤹ɽɸΤ褦Ӥʸˤ than ΤʤǸƱʸˤդɬפǤ롥
󤲤ƤBNCWeb ˤ "(more (_AJ0 | _AV0)? | _AJC) * than * (can|could) (_XX0)? help" ǸȡϢ㤬8ҥåȤۤƱɽϺơ6򼨤

. . . the Commander struck out for the shore in a strong breaststroke that did not disturb the phosphorescence more than he could help . . . .
I'm not putting money in the pocket of the bloody Hamiltons more than I can help.
"Don't be more stupid than you can help, Greg!"
Resolutely, and determined to think no more than she could help about it . . . .
And I won't spend more than I can help.
"We'll do our best; we won't get in your way more than we can help."


ơιʸϡտޤƤ̣äƤˤ롥㤨СɤƤӡ3դϰޤˤʤͤФƤ̿ʸȯȡ3դޤǤϵ4դϰʡפȤݤȤʤʤǤä狼䤹뤿տϼȤˡʤȤ⡤줬ȯüԤΰտޤǤȹͤ롥Ū˹ͤȡyou can help ȹǤ뤫顤̤ϡȤޤˤ館뤮꤮̡4դؤϤ¿ϰʤȤȤ顤4դޤǤϵ5դϰʡפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤȯüԤΰտޤΰ̣ȤäƤޤޤŪˤΤǤС*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. ȤʤϤμιʸ BNCWeb Ǥʸڤʤ
Ǹо嵭Τ褦ˤʤ뤬Ԥΰտޤʸȯ뵡ϤۤȤɤʤ졤Ū˺뤳ȤϤʤޤ[2011-12-03-1]ε#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3)פǸ褦ˡǤǤ̣ѤʤȤˤ狼ˤϿʤ褦칽¤Τ¸ߤ롥Ȥȡɸ칽¤ƤỤ̄Ū;ϤϤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤˡɸʸϺǯλɸ1ĤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡġĤǤᤷƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-02-23-1] [2012-01-10-1]

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2011-10-24 Mon

#910. ʤ񤷤 (1) [morphology][terminology][word_formation][idiom][word][proverb]

(word) 򤤤뤫Ȥϡؤκ1ĤȤäƤ褤ϡޤΤͿƤʤ (morpheme) ˤĤƤƱǤ롥ϢϡʲεǤ⿨ƤΤǻȤ줿

#886. ǤˤޤĤ̻Ū: [2011-09-30-1]
#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤: [2011-03-28-1]
#554. cranberry morpheme: [2010-11-02-1]

ơŪʴФǸˤˤϡ2ĤξͿƤиȤƽʬȻפ (Carstairs-McCarthy 5)

(a) ͽ¬Բǽ (unpredictable) ̣ͭ󤵤ɬפ뤳
(b) ʸ뤿ι (building-block) Ǥ뤳

2ĤξƤиȸƤǤ褤Ȥȡ̩ˤϳ줬롥
dioecious ˤȤŪʴФǤϤϤäȤǤ롥ޤThe plant is dioecious.a dioecious plant ʤɤȻȤʸǤǤ뤫顤(b) ξƤ롥ޤۤȤɤɼԤθΰ̣ʪؤѸǡֻͺΤΡפΰ̣ˤΤʤäȻפ뤬ΤȤϰ̣ͽ¬ԲǽǤȤ (a) ξƤ뤳Ȥɽ路Ƥ롥ä󤳤θΤäƤޤСdioeciously dioeciousness Ȥΰ̣ͽ¬ǽ (a) ξ郎ʤʤ櫓dioeciously dioeciousness diocious ƱʤǸȤƤߤʤΤ̾δФȤˤ󤵤ʤȤƤ⡤Ǥ롥
̤Ȥơkeep tabs on ϡ?˵ĤפȤ idiom ꤢ褦ɽϡ̾δФǤ3Ĥθ줫鹽Ƥª졤Ūˤϸ줽ΤΤǤϤʤ礭ñ̤ȤߤʤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤ(b) ξƤʤȤȤʤäƤ뤬idiom ξȤựͽ¬ԲǽǤꡤ(a) ξƤ롥idiom 礭ʸñ̤Ǥʤ顤ΰ̣ͽ¬ԲǽȤ虜 (proverb) ƱͤǤ롥
2Ĥϡɽ (a), (b) ξ ȤƤƽƸȤߤʤΤɤ餫ƤФ褤Τ뤤ϾꤽΤΤ񤬤ΤȤ롥Carstairs-McCarthy ϡ(a) Ƥñ̤ lexical item(b) Ƥñ̤Ūʰ̣Ǥ word ȤѤ̤ɬפĥƤ (12--13)
ʾ塤񤷤ָ뵭1ơ

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.

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2011-07-12 Tue

#806. what with A and what with B [interrogative_pronoun][adverb][idiom]

what with A and (what with) B Ȥʸ롥ʸƬʸǡABʤͳˤǡפȡ̾褯ʤͳ󤹤ΤѤ롥ĤμǤ "spoken" "informal" ȥ졼٥뤬ͿƤ롥ʲʸ󤲤뤬ǸΤ褦ˡand 󤵤ʤ⤢褦

- What with the wind and the rain, the game was spoiled.
- What with drink and (what with) fright he did not know much about the facts.
- What with storms and all, his return was put off.
- What with one thing and another, I never get any work done.
- What with the cold weather and my bad leg, I haven't been out for weeks.
- She couldn't get to sleep, what with all the shooting and shouting.
- They've been under a lot of stress, what with Joe losing his job and all.
- I'm very tired, what with travelling all day yesterday and having a disturbed night.
- The police are having a difficult time, what with all the drugs and violence on our streets.
- What with the freezing temperatures, they nearly died.


إϥ¼ŵ٤ǤϤ what Ȥơ֡with ȼäơդ֤,ҤȤĤˤ,Ĥ(Ĥ).פȲ⤬ĤƤ롥פˤ what "partly" ֤֤ʬŪˡפۤɤΰ̣ɽ路ƤȹͤƤ褤Ǥϡˡ what εϲ
̾ȤƤˡ̤롥̾ what ϡŤֲ "something" ΰդ̾ȤƤѤƤ̾ˡ̾Ĥϡ֤뤳Ȥ򶵤Ƥפ̣븽δɽ I'll tell you what. You know what? ˸롥 "something" ˡȤžѤ졤֤֤¿ʤȤפΰ̣̾ something Τ⡤ʲʸ˸褦ŪˡȯãƤƤΤǡӤǤ

- The song sounded something like this.
- The sermon lasted something over an hour.
- He was snoring something terrible last night


OED "what" D. II. 2. (b) ˤȡwith ǤʤĤƤ for Ȥ⹽ʸʤ褦ߤǤϸԤϹԤʤƤʤٹ (114--15) ʸ⻲ȡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2011-05-10 Tue

#743. for + ƻ [preposition][adjective][idiom]

ѸǤϡֻθˤ̾礬ȤΤ§Ǥ롥㳰ꡤŪʤФʤʤ㳰1ĤɸΡfor + ʬޤ˷ƻפȤĤʤǤ롥ʲ󤲤롥

- She seemed to take it for granted that I would go with her to New York.
- The soldier was given up for dead.
- I really want to go and see the film, but I don't think I'd pass for 18.


for λʡˡȸƤ٤ΤǽȤƤ as ˶ᤤas ʬޤƻŪȤƤȤʤΤǡfor 򤹤Τ˻ͤˤʤ롥

- I accepted the report as trustworthy.
- We regarded the document as belonging to her brother.


˵󤲤 for ˸³ƻϡ[2011-05-07-1]εֽϸˤƻ̾ˡפǿ줿褦ʷƻ̾ˡǤϤʤΩθǤƻȹͤ٤Ǥꡤ̤פ롥
Mustanoja "equivalence" (379--80) ȸƤ for ˡϡѸˤ⸫졤 for certain, for sure, forsooth, for real ʤɤδɽˤĤʤäƤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2011-05-07 Sat

#740. ϸˤƻ̾ˡ --- go from bad to worse [idiom][adjective]

ϸ䴷Ѹ (idiom) ϸġιǤΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΤȤ̤ʰ̣ͭñ̤ǤꡤʬϤ褦ȤƤ̣ŪˤŪˤ̵롥ϸϤޤŪ˰ޤΤǤꡤŤˡݤäƤΤ¿ΤǡʸˡǤˤ
㤨СѸνϸˤֻθ˷ƻ줬ǸΤʤʤɸ go from bad to worse Τۤat last, in earnest, in vain ʤɤפ⤫֡оɽ young and old, rich and poor ʤɤ̵Ѥ롥Ѹˤơ괧ܷƻפ̾ȤѤΤϵ§̵ܷƻפ̾ȤѤȤΤϴɽʳǤϸʤ
űѸѸǤϡΥݡȤʤȤƻ줬̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿äƻʤˤäʣ˶ޤƤΤǡñȤǤ̤̾ȤǤΤǤ롥̵ñ̾ΰ̣ɽ魯ˡ嵭Τ褦ʡֻܷƻפνϸ줬ޤ졤ʣղäƽ̾ȤƵǽƤ֤嵭Τ褦оɽޤ줿˻Ĥ뤳δѸϡѸθˡ̾ĤǤ롥
Ѹʹߤˤʤȷƻζޤܾۤü̵̾ˡϾʤʤäƤ椭̾ˡȤƤϼˡ괧ܷƻפ˸ꤵ˻äʾѸˤƻ̾ˡˤĤƤϡMustanoja, pp. 643--47 ˳⤵Ƥ롥Ϣơٹpp 35--37 ⻲ȡ
ʤѤˤä괧̵ͭϰۤʤꡤ괧ΤĤϸȤ夷Ƥ on the whole, in the main ʤɤ⤢롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-08-1] [2011-05-10-1]

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2010-12-07 Tue

#589. The Riot Act has been read. [history][idiom][bl]

ɸδѶ礬롥ʸ̤ˤϡ᤬ɤ߾夲줿פŪˡ֡ʿƤҶФơ˸Ȥ򤭤ʤȼ뤾ȷٹ𤹤פۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯
δѶεϥꥹ The Riot Act פȯۤ줿1715ǯ̤롥James II ʹߡStuart ī˾ॸ㥳Х ( The Jacobites ) εǯȿ ( the Fifteen Rebellion ) ľꤵ줿ˡǡ12ͰʾνޤԲʽ򻶤ϤäФƤˡ᤬ɤ߾夲1֤ͱͽͿ졤δ֤˻񤷤ʤȽź˽褻줿ˡ1973ǯѻߤƤ뤬ŪɽȤƤ read the Riot Act Ϻ³Ƥ롥ǥȤƤν1819ǯ: "She has just run out to read the riot act in the Nursery."
Υݥ19ΤΤǤϤ뤬ɤΤ褦ʥݥŽդ뤳Ȥǽ˲̿ФͻҤ롥ΥݥϡThe British Library dz Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices θƤʪ1ġ

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2010-09-02 Thu

#493. It's raining cats and dogs. [idiom][corpus][etymology]

ؼѥء٤Ƭɸδɽ˴ؤͤ ( pp. 1--8 ) ɽϡֱںߤ˹ߤפ̣봷ɽǡϢۤͶᤫܤαѸ춵Ǥ⤷Фм夲롥ͭ̾ʴɽ¤ϼʱѸɽȤߤʤȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤȤ󵯤ʤƤ롥
κ1Ĥϡ1ؤ BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ǥ㤬鷺󤬤ʤȤ¤Ǥ롥ºݤ˸ƤߤȰʲ3㤷󤬤餺ʤ񤭸դΥ֥ѥˡ3ĤϹʸȤʸ̮ǸƤꡤȤϹͤʤ

1. It was raining cats and dogs and the teachers were running in and out helping us get our stuff in and just couldn't do enough for us.
2. What must you be careful of when it's raining cats and dogs?
3. Fig 4.5 shows the structure of the compound tree for the compounds 'rain cats and dogs', 'tennis ball' and 'tennis court'.


Collins COBUILD Resource Pack The Bank of English ˴Ť500Υѥ Wordbank ǸƤ⡤3㤷ĤʤäϤꥤꥹѸν񤭸դ

1. You mean she wasn't wearing a coat, even though it was raining cats and dogs?" said Cicero, gently puzzled.
2. It was the longest section in terms of distance, over 38 miles, and it rained cats and dogs all day long.
3. "Well if you just hold on for a wee while sir, it looks like it'll be raining cats and dogs soon and that'll put it out."


Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA) Ǥ23㤬Ĥä٤äդǤȤƤ롥
EFL Ĵ٤ƤߤȡܤʸΤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤä spoken, informal, old-fashioned ʤ̡Υ졼٥뤬ŽƤѰ褬ꤷʤƤȡäȤϤˤ輫äƻȤˤ򤨤ʤɽȤݤޤäƤ
δɽεˤϽ⤢롥(1) ǭߤ礬Ȥ㤷߹礦Ȥ᡼졤줬㤷߱ȷӤĤ줿(2) Τӿ夬ںߤΤȤɸǭΤȤʤä⤤ƤȤ顥(3) ꥷ καταδουπεω ( catadūpeō ) "to fall with a heavy sound" ȷӤĤ줿(4) ̲äǭλѤ򤷤˾äƸ졤ο Odin ϢƤȤ顥
(1) Ρַ㤷פ˰äϡΤ褦ɽ뤳Ȥٻ뤫⤷ʤ

1. fight like cat(s) and dog(s)ˤ߹礦
2. Cats and dogs have different natures.ָǭ[]㤦.
3. They agree like cats and dogs.֡ˡ˸.


It's raining cats and dogs variation ȤƤϡΤ褦ʤΤ褦ʤΤǻͤޤǤˡ

1. It poured cats and dogs.
2. It's pelting cats and dogs.
3. rain pitchforks [buckets, chicken coops, darning needles, hammer handles,ʱástair-rods,ʱ¯trams and omnibuses] ʡإϥѸ켭ŵ٤
4. It's raining pigs and horses. ʥȥꥢˡ


OED ˤȽ1738ǯ Swift ʸϤǤ롥a1652ǯȤ It shall raine . . Dogs and Polecats. ʤϢɽ롥

ˡܲ עؼѥء١͸ˡ1998ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-14-1]

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2009-05-20 Wed

#22. ǥȱѸ [idiom][pde_characteristic][lexeme]

ѸħΰĤȤơɽ (idiomatic expressionǥ) ¿󤲤뤳Ȥ롥Ѹ˳ϷޤǤ Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ( A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.) ǸڤƤΤǡΤƤ롥
ǥΤʤ¸ߤʤΤ٤ȻפΤ̤˱Ѹ¾٤ƥǥब¿ΤΥơޤǤӸˤĤƤϤ褯ΤʤΤǡȤʤľŪˤ¾Υ衼åѸ٤¿ΤʤȤݤϤ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤޤ֥ǥפɤΤ褦뤫ˤäƤ⡤ѤäƤ褦˻פ롥ϥǥˤĤƹͤѸˤ˷ӤĤƤߤ

ŵŪʥǥȤơѸ put up with 󤲤褦Υǥ3ñ put, up, with ˤĤƤ줾ΰ̣ʬ뤬줬Ȥ߹蘆äƤǤ put up with ( = endure ) ΰ̣ϡ3ΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΥ奿ŪǥκħǤ롥
ΤȤ򡤸 ( word ) ( morpheme ) ( lexeme ) Ȥۤʤ뻰ĤδͤƤߤ롥put up with ˼ȡΥǥ3줫äƤ롥ñϤ줾1ǤäƤΤΤȤƷǤο3Ǥ롥ޤput up with ΤǰĤΰ̣ʤΤǸǤȤƤ1ȿ롥äơΥǥϻĤδ鵭Ҥȡ3ñ졤3ǡ1ǡפȤʤ롥
( lexeme ) Ȥñ̤Ϥޤʹʤ⤷ʤ˺ܤäƤʤȺñ̤ȹͤФ褤put up with ΰ̣ΤꤿȤˡ put up with 򼭽ǤҤȤƤ˾̣ˤϤɤĤʤȤ⡤ˤ put up with ΤȤƸФΩƤự򵭤Ƥ餤櫓Ǥ롥
θǤȤ饤ǥСʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤȤˤʤ롥
դΤϡȷǤʪȤȤputupwithξ硤줬Τޤ޷Ǥ˰абƤ뤬줬ʣηǤ륱⤢롥㤨Сunderstand 餫˰under + stand ȤĤηǤäƤ롥ơȤƤΰ̣ϡĤηǤΰ̣¤ǤϤʤΤȤơ򤹤פȤ̣б롥ǡunderstand 򻰤Ĥδ鵭Ҥȡ1ñ졤2ǡ1ǡפȤȤˤʤ롥
˽Ҥ٤ǥĥơʣޤäơΤȤưĤθǤб֡פȤСunderstand ⥤ǥࡤС־ʥǥפȤȤǤ롥ŪǤ understand ϥǥȸʤǻŦȤϡput up with understand ⡤ΰ̣ʬ򤵤ʣʬΰ̣¤ȤϤʤäƤʤǶ̤롥ԤϡʣꡤԤʣȤ㤤Ǥ롥

ʾιͻѸˤؤȷӤĤƤߤ褦űѸǤϡunderstand 줬С־ʥǥλǤ롥Ѹˤʤꡤput up with ɽ¿߽Ф줿С礭ʥǥλǤ롥ѸǤϡζܤۣˤʤäƤ뤬ξפΥǥबδǤ롥Ѹˡʤ˸¤ʤˤ򥤥ǥ߽ФƤˤªΤǤСŪϰӤƤȤ褦ǥ߽ФƤѥϡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ̤ȯŸƤȤ狼롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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