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2015-03-19 Thu

#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ [exaptation][tense][aspect][language_change][grammaticalisation]

#2146. ѸˤѲϡ͹¤εǽ͹¤ؤγŬǤ ([2015-03-13-1]) ǸѲˤ볰Ŭ (exaptation) γǰƳˤĤܳŪʸΤ Lass Ǥ롥ʪʲʬ Gould and Vrba ѤǰLass ϤѲ˱Ѥ
ʪʲˤ볰ŬϡGould (171 qtd. in Lass 80) ΤȤФڤȰʲ̤Ǥ롥

We wish to restrict the term adaptation only to those structures that evolved for their current utility; those useful structures that arose for other reasons, or for no conventional reasons at all, and were then fortuitously available for other changes, we call exaptations. New and important genes that evolved from a repeated copy of an ancestral gene are partial exaptations, for their new usage cannot be the reason for the original duplication.


Ŭ (adaptation) ϤǤȯãƤ뵡ǽΤʤȯãؤФƳŬ (exaptation) ̤ͳˤ뿷ȯãؤLass (80) ΤȤФ󤹤ȡ"Exaptation then is the opportunistic co-optation of a feature whose origin is unrelated or only marginally related to its later use. In other words (loosely) a 'conceptual novelty' or 'invention'" ȤȤˤʤ롥
ơŬѲƤϤƹͤƤߤ褦εǽ졤ƥߤȤʤäƻĤä֤éƻ3Ĥ롥Ѵ뤫ߤΤޤް̣ʤĤ³뤫̤Ӥդƿ̿뤫Ǥ롥κǸƻŬȤȤˤʤ롥Lass (81--82) Ѥ롥

Say a language has a grammatical distinction of some sort, coded by means of morphology. Then say this distinction is jettisoned, PRIOR TO the loss of the morphological material that codes it. This morphology is now, functionally speaking, junk; and there are three things that can in principle be done with it: (i) it can be dumped entirely; (ii) it can be kept as marginal garbage or nonfunctional/nonexpressive residue (suppletion, 'irregularity'); (iii) it can be kept, but instead of being relegated as in (ii), it can be used for something else, perhaps just as systematic. . . . . Option (iii) is linguistic exaptation.


Lass ϡŬζ1ĤȤơĸΥƥ꡼ޥĸˤƻȿΥƥ꡼Ȥؤ줿Ȥ夲Ƥ롥ĸϡΥƥ꡼ˤ Present, Perfect, Aorist 3첻ˤäƶ̤ƤȤޥȯãǡ첻ˤֲŪʶ̤ݻʤ顤ζ̤Ȥ̤ӤդȤ׿ŪˤϡΩϾü˻ˤΩȲˤΩΩƤĤޤꡤĤƤ Present, Perfect, Aorist ζ̤ϡޤ Present, Preterite 1, Preterite 2 ؤȡֳŬפΤǤ롥
Lass (99) ʸκǸdzŬγǰҲŪ˱ѤǽˤޤǸڤƤꡤμι򼨺Ƥ롥

Gould, Stephen Jay and Elizabeth S. Vrba. "Exaptation --- A Missing Term in the Science of Form." Paleobiology 8.1 (1982): 4--15.
Gould, Stephen Jay. Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes: Further Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton, 1983.
Lass, Roger. "How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution." Journal of Linguistics 26 (1990): 79--102.

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