ǯư衤flat_adverb ˤĤƤĤƤĴ٤Ƥ뤦˽꤬ޤäƤΤǡȤƽĤƤ
(1) ּˤѤ졤üŪ϶ɽסʾp. 507ˡñ줬褯ѤΤϡʸŪûʬṲ̄ǡΤǤϤ϶ɽȤƹޤ뷹: It hurts bad. / Take it easy. / Go slow.סʹ, p. 522
(2) Ƥθ졦¯¿Ѥ뤳ȤϴҤʹڡpp. 86, 91ˡex. act brave, dance graceful, land safe, work regular, sit tight, mighty dangerous, reasonable busy, moderate good luck, everlasting cold, get ugly drunk, hustlingest busy; I see things different than I used to.; You are plain lucky.
(3) ζʤ̾ʤɤŪѤ롥ex. "Love Me Tender", "Treat me nice".
(4) ȤƤ very εȤ ([2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]) ̾ηƻϢ³ˤơηƻ줬ηƻȤưʬϤ㤬ߤ (ex. an icy cold drink, a blazing hot fire) ˡ̾줬ʤȤΩ burning hot, soaking wet, dazzling white ʤɤ⸫͡p. 589ˡ
(5) ƻ줬ƱΥڥˤ5ढꡤʲ iii, iv դ꤬ŵŪ flat adverb ȸƤФΤ (Huddleston and Pullum 568)
idaily, hourly, weekly, deadly, kindly, likely
iidownright, freelance, full-time, non-stop, off-hand, outright, overall, part-time, three-fold, wholesale, worldwide
iiibleeding, bloody, damn(ed), fucking
ivclean, clear, dear, deep, direct, fine, first, flat, free, full, high, last, light, loud, low, mighty, plain, right, scarce, sharp, slow, sure, tight, wrong
valike, alone, early, extra, fast, hard, how(ever), late, long, next, okay, solo
(6) flat adverb -ly adverb Ǥϡʬʸ (cleft sentence) Ǿ줿ǧǽۤʤ롥flat adverb ϡưʬǤ뤳Ȥˤ֤ǤȤ狼ˤʤ뤿ˡǧ٤㤯ʤΤǤϤʤʹڡp. 522ˡ
*It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. vs It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage.
*It was loud that they argued. vs It was loudly that they argued.
flat adverb ³줿̤θǽȡǤ뤳ȤΤˤʤꡤǧ䤹ex. It was loud and clear that he spoke.; It was extremely loud that they argued.
(7) A and B ȷƻ³ȡA-ly B ۤɤΰդȤʤ (hendiadys) ⡤ƻ첽ȤݤΰȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ͡pp. 531, 589ˡex. nice and cool (= "nicely cool"), good and tired (="well tired"), rare and hungry (="quite hungry").
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
[2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]εǡȤƤ very εȯãˤĤƸƤդˤϡvery ξƱͤˡϼ¼ŪʸäƤ줬˼졤ñ٤η㤷ȤʤäΤʤʤawfully, hugely, terribly ʤɤǤ롥̣ѲΰǤϡ̣ɺ (bleaching) äƤȸ롥
⤷ΤϡΤ褦ʶդ줬äդΰ̣ȡ٤ϻȤ³뤦ˡ̣μ岽Ȥ¿ȤǤ롥礦ɽŪʴѶ礬ȤŤˤʤȡνṲ̄ޤΤƱ褦ˡո⤢ޤˤѤζդθ̤ܸꤷƤޤΤǤ롥
̤ܸȤȤˤʤСкѸǤָ³ˡ§ (the law of diminishing marginal utility) ͿƤ³ˡ§Ȥϡ֤ξ̤äˤĤơκñɲä뤳ȤˤƸĿͤ˾ʸ³ѡˤ٤Ͻ˸פȤˡ§Ǥ롥ܶǸСӡ1ܤϤ2ܰʹߤϤȤΤȸƱǤʤĿͤȤƤ2ܤ3ܤӡϻݤȻפˡոϡ̣ˤ³ˡ§θΤȤ
ơո줫鶯դȡտޤ붯դμ¤褦ˡʶո줬ɬפȤʤ롥ơ줿ŤɽϻȤʤäꡤˤäƤϻϰϤꤷơäߡѤ߽ŤͤƤ椯ǡդΤθ礬鼡ؤȿޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΰ̣ѲαʱΥϡնɽ (euphemism) ˤƤƱͤ˸ΤǤ롥
ǤϡոϤɤͯƤΤնɽξˤϡ[2010-08-09-1]ε#469. euphemism κפǸ褦ˡΥ͡ոΥȤƤä˸졦¯ˤ flat adverb (##982,983,984) swearword Ωġոˤϸĥȴᤵ뤿ᡤӤӤ flat adverb 䥷å swearword Ф䤹ΤԤǤ awful, dead, exceeding, jolly, mighty, real, terrible, uncommonԤǤ damn(ed), darn(ed), devilish, fucking, goddam, hellish ʤɤ롥
HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary) ǶĴ٤Ƥߤȡθ췲ΰܤѤη㤷褯狼롥"the external world > relative properties > quantity or amount > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [adverb]" Ȥɤȡ536줬ϿƤȤΤβ̶ʬǡvery synonym ȤʬवƤΤ˸¤äƤʲ47줬롥Դѡ
full (c888), too (c888), well (c888), swith (971), right (?c1200), much (c1225), wella (c1275), wol(e (a1325), gainly (a1375), endly (c1410), very (1448), jolly (1549), veryvery (1649), good (a1655), strange (1667), bloody (1676), ever so (1690-2), real (1771), precious (1775), quarely (1805), trés (1819), freely (1820), powerful (a1822), heap (1832), almighty (1834), all-fired (1837), gradely (1850), hard (1850), heavens (1858), veddy (1859), some (1867), spanking (1886), socking (1896), hefty (1898), velly (1898), dirty (1920), oh-so (1922), snorting (1924), hellishing (1931), thumpingly (1948), mega (1968), mondo (1968), mucho (1978), seriously (1981), well (1986), way (1987), stonking (1990)
ε[2012-01-12-1]˰³դ very ˤˤĤոϡvery Ū˷ƻȤȤȤĶˡˤĤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Mustanoja Ҳ𤷤MED Ʊͤ˹ͤƤ褦ǡ"verrei (adj.)" θ츻ˤơ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ롥
When verrei adj. precedes another modifier, it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish (a) the situation in which both function as adjectives modifying the noun, from (b) that in which the modifier nearest the noun forms a syntactic compound with it (which compound is modified by verrei) and from (c) that in which verrei functions as an adverb modifying the adjective immediately following; some exx. of (a) and (b) now in this word may = (c) and belong to verrei adv.
㤨Сa verrai gentil man ȤǹͤС(a) ɤߤǤ "a true gentle man"(b) Ǥ "a true gentleman"(c) Ǥ "a truly gentle man" ȤѸɽ˼칽¤βȤʤ롥μζܤΤޤʹ¤顤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡ȤƤ very ȯãȹͤ롥
ǵäΤϷƻ줫ؤʻž (conversion) ˤֿ¡פȤϤޤݻƤȤϤֿ¤ˡˡפθ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפζդθؤƻΤϡƶᤤ֤κζϾǤ뤳ȤϡMED "verrei (adv.)" 2 (a) (d) ͿƤΥǡ⤦Τ롥Ƹɽ魯ʸ̮٤Ƥ⡤ߤ˰̣ɤۤʤΤˤ狼ˤȽǤǤʤ
ֿ¤ˡפ֤ȤƤפζϺ´ˤϡǤѤ "sign-off" ʸ㤬Ŭvery ȤƤˡȯãȤơPaston Letters ʸ Vere hartely your, Molyns 롥Ǥ hartely "sincerely, affectionately" ۤɤΰդǡvere ϡֿ¤ˡפθȡñ˶դ֤ȤƤפθȤ¸ƤȲᤷ (Room 278)
ʾΤ褦ˡvery ϡեƻμѢƻֿ¤Ρעֿ¤ˡע֤ȤƤפءˡȸȯŸƤߡȯŸκǽʳȤ⤤٤⤦1ĤѲʹǤ롥϶ոν̿Ȥ⤤̣ѲʤΤοζդƤƤȤΤǤ롥ʲϡåץ mere ιǿƤ륳ȡ
very ˡˤϤۤȤϤΤʤդˤʤäƤޤäI'm very glad to meet you. ʤǤƤȤƤ⤦줷ˤϡI'm glad to meet you. ʤǤƤ줷ˤ⡤Фդ˷礱ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥
very ΰ̣ѲˤϡΰΥɥޤޤƤ롥䡤ȤˤϻʤȤäƤ⡤very ϡˤΤ顥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbפǡ衤ƻǤ good real ȤƸȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ƻ줫ʻž (conversion) Ǥͭ̾ȤƤϡո very ʤ櫓ˤʤ
very ϡѸǺѤζոȤäƤ褤Frequency Sorter ˤСBNC ˤ very ٤86̤Ǥ롥θ줬դȤܳŪѤФΤ15ʹߤǤꡤѸ̤м礿ˡϡֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻä⤽ΤϤǡθϸťեƱηƻ ve(r)rai ѤΤǤʸեǤ vraiˡѸǤνϡc1275θϡin very truth, Very God of very God ʤɤδѶ˻ĤäƤ롥14ˤϡ괧ͭ̾ȼäơ֤ޤˤΡΡפ̣붯ոȤƤѤϤᡤˡϸѸ the very hat she wanted to get, at the very bottom of the lake, do one's very best ʤɤˤߤ롥
14Ⱦˤϡ嵭ηƻбȤơֿˡˡפθ very λѤǧƤ롥ʤƻ줫ؤžȤϡthat is a verrai gentil man (Gower CA iv 2275), he was a verray parfit gentil knyght (Ch. CT A Prol. 72), this benigne verray feithful mayde (Ch. CT E Cl. 343) ʤɤ˸ȤǤ롥Ǥ very ˡϡ³ƻƱʤηƻǤ롥̣ŪˤŪˤ⡤2ηƻĴȲǤʤȤʤĤޤꡤʬ (metanalysis) ȵ롥Τ褦ʶ礬Ū˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤȡ٤̾줬ʤĶǤ very ƻԤȤƵǽ˻äΤǤϤʤޤverray penitent verray repentaunt ʤɤΤ褦ˡvery ̾Ū˵ǽƤȤᤷƻ褦⡤ʻžή岡ȹͤ롥ơ15ˤ϶դȤ̤ˤʤꡤ16ȾޤǤˤϤޤŵŪʶդǤä full, right, much ɤȤΤ褦٤ޤä
ʾ塤Mustanoja, pp. 326--27 ͤ˵Ҥ1ĤϤΤȤѸѤ줿¾¿ζ⡤ΥڡǺ٤ҤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
ͤƤߤС[2012-01-04-1]ǤߤƸŪ real ⤫ĤƤ ve(r)rai Ʊ͡եѸǤꡤġֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻǤ롥a real good soundtrack ʤɤɽߤȤҤ Mustanoja very ˴ؤΤޤƤϤޤ褦ˤפ롥ˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) Ĥ Mark Davies ǯˡCOCA١Ǹ˴ؤǤ륵ӥ WORD AND PHRASE . INFO lemma ٤Ǿ60,000˸¤ˤϤȡ뤴Ȥ٤䤽Υ饤ϤȤꡤWordNet ˴Ť췲ޤǤ̾˸롥ۤȤɤιܤåǽǡʤ뵡ǽؤȥǤ롥եľŪǻȤ䤹
츦 collocation ˤΩĻͤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ㤨Сsemantic_prosody ä[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥפǡո utterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly ˤĤƤθҲ𤷤WORD AND PHRASE . INFO utterly ϤС췲ɥ˰롥ȤϡƸåƤ椯ǡ٤ collocation ξܺ٤롥Τ褦ĤΤ˸̤ȯ

äʿβϿ̤ˤĤޤơҼԤ˿ꤪ夲ޤ
[2011-03-03-1]εǡsemantic prosody ʸˡƥȤδ֤˴ϢȤǽ˸ڤϡhappen 졤utterly ޤදո semantic prosody ѥˤäĴ Partington ʸǻŦƤ뤳ȤǤ롥
Partington happen, set in, occur, come about, take place Ĵθ췲ˤ٤κϤ졤Τ unfavourable semantic prosody տ路ƤȤڵʺǤ unfavourable ʤΤ set in Ȥ(144) Ʊͤˡutterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly Ĵ줾 semantic prosody 뤤 semantic preference Ф (148) ơĤθտ路Ƥ벻ˤϡfavourable vs. unfavourable ȤñʲʹΩǤϤʤ̤ˤʸˡƥȤƸڤ褦ħΩͿƤȤȤ狼ä
Ū˸Сhappen non-factuality ˡ䡤ȤäʸˡƥȤδͿǧ졤it is unclear why to see what ʤɤɽȤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ (140--41) ǡtake place Ϥष factuality ͽꤵƤ뤳ȤºݤȤްդѤ뤳Ȥ¿ (143)
ոǤϡutterly unfavourable semantic prosody ǤʤħԺߤѲɽ魯뷹 ( ex. utterly helpless / unable /forgotten / changed / different / destroyed ) Ʊϡtotally, completely, entirely ˤ⸫롥entirely ˤ (in)dependency ȤƥͿƤꡤentirely dependent / self-sufficient / isolated ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥ¿absolutely superlative ްդ ( ex. absolutely delighted / splendid / appalling )
factuality, absence, change, dependence, superlative Ȥɤϡ̾ʸˡƥ˴ϢƸڤ٥ΰ̣ä semantic prosody semantic preference ȤƸڤ̣ȿؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ͤƤߤСäʸˡηӤĤȤϡʤʤ㤨СưϼȤǤѤʤȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ʤɤȤ¤Τ褦˻ŦƤؽѼ˹ȿǤƤ롥ΰ̣ΰɽ魯줬³ that ư subjunctive ᤹ȤʸˡܤĹƤ ([2010-04-07-1]) äʸˡδطϱѸؤǤϤ褯ΤƤ¤ѥؤȤ٤Ʊ¤ˤɤ夤ȤȤѥؤιϡfactuality absence ʤɤΥƥ 0 1 binary ȤƤǤϤʤprobabilistic ȤƼ갷ȤǤˤ褦˻פ롥
Ѹˤ뤤̻ؤδϡ줬ʸˡƥȷӤĤǧˡġɤΤ褦ˤηӤĤΤ˶̣롥㤨 happen ϱѸˤΤĺ unfavourable non-factual ʴߤΤ⤷ˤΤ褦ʴߤӤӻϤΤǤСΰ̣ξ ( semantic field ) ¾Ȥδط碌ƹͤɬפ롥ơȤδطȤȤˤʤСoccur ʤɼѸΰϤθʤФʤʤѸˤ̣ξκ semantic prosody ʸˡƥؤηӤĤȤή줬ȤС⤷speculation ˤʤ㤨[2009-08-17-1]εǿ줿ȲˡߤȤδطˤή줬ʤ
Partington, A. "'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.1 (2004): 131--56.
[2009-07-18-1]ܿٿɽ once twice ˤĤƽҤ٤αĹȤ thrice ֻܡ١ ( = three times ) ʤ줬ΤΤäƤʸʤΤǸѸǤϤޤꤪܤˤʤ⤷ʤ-ce ղäƤطʤ once, twice ƱǤ롥ˡ*fource *fifce Ϥʤ褦
thrice ʸ̤ˤϡֻܡפΰդĴȤơ礤ˡפΰդǡ¿ιФƤä Shakespeare 褯ȤäȤΤǡɤʤΤäΤ Bartleby.com Oxford Shakespeare ǸƤߤ顤thrice- ޤФΤʲǤ롥
My thrice-driven bed of down, my thrice-puissant liege, my thrice-renowned liege, The thrice-victorious Lord of Falconbridge, this thrice-famed duke, this thrice-worthy and right valiant lord, thrice-crowned queen of night, thrice-fair lady, thrice-gentle Cassio, thrice-gorgeous ceremony, thrice-gracious queen, Thrice-noble Titus, thrice-repured nectar, thrice-valiant countrymen, Thrice-worthy gentleman, thrice-worthy signieur of England, Thy thrice-noble cousin, thy thrice-valiant son, What a thrice-double ass
ΤȤɤ̣ηƻƯƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ǹ˵ What a thrice-double ass ( The Tempest, V, i, 320 ) ϰ̣Ƥ롥ŤˤȤȤ顤ǽŪˤϡϻŤؤϼפȤȤˤʤꡤϼԤǤ롥
thrice- ɽѸǤХХ뤵ʤä
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