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hedge - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-07-09 Thu

#6282. ʼ󤬡֤إ饸פ2ܤо [notice][inoueippei][yurugengogakuradio][inohota][youtube][nazesantangen][politeness][sociolinguistics][honorific][hedge]



͵ YouTube ֤ͥإ饸κǿǡ轵˰³ʼʷضˤб餷Ƥޤ77ʲСˤۿ줿ܸ֡ϱ˸סǤǤݥ饤ȥͥѺơޤȤơ3夬äƤޤٸȤγݤ礤ȤȤ37ʬ̤֡ţդǻİޤٶˤʤ뤷⤷
̤ˡܸϱľܸʤѸϤϤäľܸפȤƥ쥪פƤޤҲؤȤ夵ˤСǧϡ3䤰餤äƤʤסʤषաˤȤΤȡưϡʸ줴ȤпʹطĴΥᥫ˥ࡤʤ ݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ᤰ롤ܤڤŸƤޤ
ưȾä˶̣ΤϡѸǫϷ֡ˤǤϤʤ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿ȤŦǤѸˤܸΤ褦ʸˡ줿ַɸ (honorific) Υƥब˳ʬŪäꡤƤȯ뤳ȤǷаޤǫɽħȤޤʸ꤬ʳعαѸ춵ǤϤʤʤˤΰǤŪʥץпʹطľ뤷ƤϻɷŪʻǤ
˵ϡѸˤ¾ԤΰؤθؤŸޤܸϼʬΰոˤإå (hedge) ¿ѤƴŪˤʤޤѸϤषΰ­Ƨ߹ޤʤθ֤ͭäƤޤI want to do this. Ȥľɽ򤱡I am just wondering if I could ... Τ褦ˡ֤ͤ͡פȱ󤹤ɽ䡤Ǿɽ one of the best . . . ʤɤȤȤΤȤǤѸüԤΩŤ󤸤Ƥ뤫Dzλλʤɤ򤨤Ʋ⤵Ƥޤ
ưθȾǤϡ󥹥ɤ丼ǤΡ֤ʸפƺ䡤ԻǸֵŪ̵ؿסˤľλҰƤˤ첽ηκۤˤޤäڤӤޤդˤʤΤ򻡤ܤΥߥ˥ʸȡ٤Ƥ첽벤Ƥʸǥϡٸ󤬼夲AIˤ첽Υȥ쥹Ȥ󥯤ϾФ䤨ʤʤ⿼׺ؤͶޤǸϡ夵󤬻ųݤȤäƤ褤ؽŪʡ־ˤץܥϢȯˡٸ󤬱ŸɬǤ
Ѻ˴ؤ륹ƥ쥪פͤդ΢ˤʸ俴򿼤롤夵б餷ƤǤΤǡҾ嵭ưİƤФȤȻפޤ轵ϰ夵б3󡤤褤ȯŪʥեʥͽꤵƤޤǤԤ󤷤Ǥ
碌ơĤΥڥǴˤʤȤǮ˸ؤ֤ΤۤإͥΤۤ⡤ҥͥϿ򤪴ꤤޤ

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2021-06-11 Fri

#4428. hedge prototype δط [hedge][prototype][semantics][pragmatics][logic]

Ϣ#4426. hedge ([2021-06-09-1]) ȡ#4427. ͡ hedge ӴϢɽ ([2021-06-10-1]) Τ褦 hedge 夲Ƥ롥 Lakoff ʸ򻲾Ȥƹͻ³
ʸɤ hedge ѤäƤεκǸǤҤ٤ñʤ֤ܤաפǤϤʤ֤̿򿿤餷ˤꡦ¤άפ򤹤٤ʤȤ Lakoff ιͤ hedge ϤΤ褦ʤΤ餷ȡɬŪ˰̣̤˹äƤȤˤʤ̣˴ؤ븡ڼȤůؤˤĤʤäƤ
hedge prototype οط餫ˤʤä㤨Сsort of Ȥ hedge ϡץȥפ龯æΤƤ˺Ѥ̣ΡִؿפȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ºݡLakoff ϥե󾧤 Lofti Zadeh θꥤ󥹥ԥ졼ءŪʴؿѤ tall, very tall, sort of tall, pretty tall, rather tall ΰ̣ʬϤԤʤäƤ롥Lakoff ʸ (482) ꡤʲοޤ򸫤Ƥ餤

Lakoff's Hedges

οޤθϼ̤֤ͤ tall, very tall, sort of tall, pretty tall, rather tall ǤפȤ꤬̿硤ºݤˤɤ줯餤ؤι⤵ǤС̿ϿǤȹͤ뤫ˤĤ¿οͤ˥󥱡Ȥä̤Υޥ꡼ɤ롥Ĥޤꡤ5'3" 5ե3160cmˤ tall ȤߤʤԤϤۤ0%6'3" 6ե3190cmˤǤФۤ100%βԤ tall ʷƻȤߤʤ6'3" ǤСvery tall Ǥ100%˶ᤤ⤤ͤ򼨤rather tall 6'3" ФƤϡäŬڤɽȽǤ
פˡ5ɽФ줿ƶηɽ hedge ȤƤθ̤Ǥ롤ȲǤ롥϶Ǥ뤫顤ŪˤϴؿȤɽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥 Lakoff ȤƲ餫Ϳ̩ʰ̣ǤδؿΩܻؤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤhedge prototype δط褯ʬͤǤϤ롥
ˤĤ Lakoff Ȥ (492--93) ѤƤ

6.5. Algebraic Functions Play a Role in the Semantics of Certain Hedges

Hedges like SORT OF, RATHER, PRETTY, and VERY change distribution curves in a regular way. Zadeh has proposed that such changes can be described by simple combinations of a small number of algebraic functions. Whether or not Zadeh's proposals are correct in all detail, it seems like something of the sort is necessary. . . .

6.6. Perceptual Finiteness Depends on an Underlying Continuum of Values

Since people can perceive, for each category, only a finite number of gradations in any given context, one might be tempted to suggest that fuzzy logic be limited to a relatively small finite number of values. But the study of hedges like SORT OF, VERY, PRETTY, and RATHER, whose effect seems to be characterizable at least in part by algebraic functions, indicates that the number and distribution of perceived values is a surface matter, determined by the shape of underlying continuous functions. For this reason, it seems best not to restrict fuzzy logic to any fixed finite number of values. Instead, it seems preferable to attempt to account for the perceptual phenomena by trying to figure out how, in a perceptual model, the shape of underlying continuous functions determines the number and distribution of perceived values.


Ĥδ֤ˤեȤȴʤʤΰˤޤãƤޤä⤽ hedge ֤ܤʸաˡפȤǧϤޤä櫓ʤΤǡΥƤʤ褦ˤפƤ

Lakoff, G. "Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts." Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 (1973): 458--508.

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2021-06-10 Thu

#4427. ͡ hedge ӴϢɽ [hedge][prototype][semantics][pragmatics][intensifier]

εǡ#4426. hedge ([2021-06-09-1]) 夲ѸˤĤƤ sort of hedge ɽȤƵ󤲤뤳Ȥ¿ºݤΤȤ hedge μ¿ͤǤ롥
ΰʸǿ줿 Lakoff ʸɤp. 472 "SOME HEDGES AND RELATED PHENOMENA" ꤹɽǤƤ롥Ѹ hedge ʴϢɽζȤơʲ˷ǺܤƤ

sort of
kind of
loosely speaking
more or less
on the _____ side (tall, fat, etc.)
roughly
pretty (much)
relatively
somewhat
rather
mostly
technically
strictly speaking
essentially
in essence
basically
principally
particularly
par excellence
largely
for the most part
very
especially
exceptionally
quintessential(ly)
literally
often
more of a _____ than anything else
almost
typically/typical

as it were
in a sense
in one sense
in a real sense
in an important sense
in a way
mutatis mutandis
in a manner of speaking
details aside
so to say
a veritable
a true
a real
a regular
virtually
all but technically
practically
all but a
anything but a
a self-styled
nominally
he calls himself a ...
in name only
actually
really
(he as much as ...
-like
-ish
can be looked upon as
can be viewed as
pseudo-
crypto-
(he's) another (Caruso/Lincoln/ Babe Ruth/...)
_____ is the _____ of _____ (e,g., America is the Roman Empire of the modern world. Chomsky is the DeGaulle of Linguistics. etc.)


ʬ褦ˡ#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1]) ǵ󤲤̣Ǥζո (intensifier) ϡ hedge ΰȤߤʤȤǤ롥ޤ hedge ñˡ֤ܤաפ餤ǧƤǤʤȤʬäƤ̿򿿤餷ˤꡦ¤ά򤷤ƤΤ褵

Lakoff, G. "Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts." Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 (1973): 458--508.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-11-1]

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2021-06-09 Wed

#4426. hedge [hedge][pragmatics][terminology][cooperative_principle][prototype][sociolinguistics][cognitive_linguistics][semantics]

hedge (hedge) ϡѸ졦ǰȤƹΤƤ롥ѸȤƤϡֳפ̣ñžơ֤ܤաפ̣롥ܸյΤȤȸäۤʬ䤹
إ˥¼ŵ٤ˤȡ֡ʸȤʤΡˤϤ餫ȯܤ硨̸͸Ĵ¤餲աإåԢI wonder, sort of ʤɡաפȤ롥
ޤCruse ΰ̣Ѹ콸Ƥߤȡؤʬ䤹ͿƤ

hedge An expression which weakens a speaker's commitment to some aspect of an assertion:
   She was wearing a sort of turban.
   To all intents and purposes, the matter was decided yesterday.
   I've more or less finished the job.
   As far as I can see, the plan will never succeed.
   She's quite shy, in a way.


Ҥ٤Ƥ̿˴ؤơ줬ȤʤΤϤβˤƤǤ롤Ⱦդ򤷤ƤȽΤͽɤ뤿θάȤäƤ褤̤ˤϡ#1122. Ĵθ ([2012-05-23-1]) ˤäƥҤ٤櫓ˤ⤤ʤǸդȤˤäơͿʤDzؤ˺ѤޤƤȤάǤ롥ϻ䤿Ū˹ԤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤꡤܸ˸¤餺ɤθˤƤ⤽Τμʤ͡ѰդƤ롥
hedge ȤѸ嵭Τ褦ʸŪʰ̣򤷤ƤѸȤƤ hedge ϤȤǧΰ̣ʸ̮Ȥ櫓 prototype ʸ̮Ѥ줿Τ餷Bussmann Ѹ콸 (205)

hedge
Term introduced by Lakoff (1973). Hedges provide a means for indicating in what sense a member belongs to its particular category. The need for hedges is based on the fact that certain members are considered to be better or more typical examples of the category, depending on the given cultural background ( prototype). For example, in the central European language area, sparrows are certainly more typical examples of birds than penguins. For that reason, of these two actually true sentences, A sparrow is a bird and A penguin is a bird, only the former can be modified by the hedge typical or par excellence, while the latter can be modified only by the hedges in the strictest sense or technically speaking.


θѸ켫ΤȾδ̣֡礤ѤʤȯŸƤȤȤΤ褦ȤǡĿŪˤ hedge ȤѸϤɤ⤷äꤳʤʤֳס

Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Lakoff, G. "Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts." Journal of Philosophical Logic 2 (1973): 458--508.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-11-1] [2021-06-10-1]

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