ɸñ˴ޤޤ2첻 /ɔɪ/ ϡѸǤϤʤޥʡ첻Ǥ롥#1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1]) dzǧ뤫ꡤ첻ǤȤƤ /ʊə/ ˤĤ٤βǤǤ롥boy, choice, enjoy, join, poison ʤɤ˸뤿ᡤޤ´Ϥʤ⤷ʤϥޥʡǤ롥
ΥޥʡŪطʤȤƤϡβǤ⤽⳰ΤΤǤŦǤ롥choice, employ, loin, moist, turmoil, soil, join, poison Τ褦˥ե̤ΤŪ¿ۤ˥줫 buoy, foist, loiter ʤɤ⤢롥ꥷ hoi polloi٥ poisha hoisin줫鵼 ahoy, boink, oink ⤢롥εˤޤĤ̤ȤơŪˤϥ롼Ĥɤ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤʤΤǤ롥
ŪˤߤƤ⡤βǤϥޥʡäƤ롥Minkova (270) ϡVachek Lass ˸ڤĤġμΤ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
The incorporation of the new diphthong in boy, join, coin into the English phonological system is commonly described as incomplete. Vachek (1976: 162--7, 265--8) argued that lack of parallelism with the other diphthongs ([eɪ-oʊ], [aɪ-aʊ], but not *[ɛɪ-ɔɪ]) and lack of morphophonemic alternations involving [ɔɪ] in the PDE system, makes [ɔɪ] a 'peripheral' phoneme in SSBE. He hypothesised that the survival of [ɔɪ] is associated with its pragmatic function of differentiating synchronically foreign words from native words, especially polysyllabic words. Lass (1992a: 53) also emphasises the 'foreignness' of [ɔɪ] and its structural isolation, and concludes that it . . . 'has just sat there for its whole history as a kind of non-integrated "excrescence" on the English vowel system'.
Τ˼ŪϤΤΡѸηϤ˼ޤƤ뤳ȤϳΤȤ⤢롥(1) ¾2첻Ʊͤ˲¸Ѱۤ (ex. [ɔɪ], [oi], [ui])(2) -oid Ϥ2δ֡⤤ؤ롤(3) 20äƤ¤Ȥ oik (1917), oink (1935), boing (1952), boink (1963); droid (1952), roid (1978) ʤɤƤƤ롤ʤɤλ¤
ʴ鶽̣2첻ǤȤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Vachek, Joseph. Selected Writings in English and General Linguistics. Prague: Academia and the Hague: Mouton, 1976.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
Ū /a(u)NC/ βϢäƤѸϡɸ㼨̤ꡤѸˤ4ȯʤɤˤ롥[ɔː ? ɑː], [ɑː ? æ(ː)], [æ(ː)], [eɪ] Ǥ롥4֤ζ̤ϡĶˤꡤƤ٤ޤǤϼѤΥˤ롥Ū /a(u)NC/ 줬ɤäƤ4ĤΥ롼ȤޤȤ Minkova (241) ˤɽ¿Ѥǰʲ˵褦
| Source | Output | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| /aNC/ (AN <-aunC>) | [ɔː ? ɑː] | gaunt, haunt, laundry, saunter |
| /aNC/ (OFr <-anC>) | [ɑː ? æ(ː)] | aunt, grant, slander, sample, dance |
| /aNC#/ | [æ(ː)] | lamp, champ, blank, flank, bland |
| /aNC (palat. obstr.)/ | [eɪ] | danger, change, range, chamber |
ϿϿʤľܤβڵĤäƤʤŤθ첻ˤƿꤹ뤫Ȥ䤤ϡѤʵǤʤ顤˸ؤˤȤäܼŪʲǤ롥Ѹˤˤ뤳βˤĤƤϡޤǤŪʴ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
оݤȤʤˤäƤ⡤ΤѤǤʤˤϰ㤤롥 Smith (40) ȤơȤ櫓ѸȯꤹˡܤƤߤ5ۤɵƤ롥
a) "reconstruction", both comparative (dealing with cognate languages) and internal (dealing with paradigmatic variation);
b) analysis of "residualisms" surviving in modern accents of English;
c) analysis of the writings of spelling-reformers and phoneticians from the Early Modern English period, supplying information about usages closer to the Middle English period than now;
d) analysis of contemporary verse-practices, based on the analysis of rhyme, alliteration and meter; and
e) analysis of spellings.
ս˥ȤäƤe) ΥڥʬϤȤΤȴ뤯餤ΤȤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤѸɽʸɸ֤ޥե٥åȤѤƽƤʾ塤ñΥڥͤˤΤǤ롥ѸȯȥڥδطͤƤߤʬ褦ˡڥľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäơѸˤƤⴰľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤȤŪɤƤɬפȤʤ롥ǤľǤϤʤȤϤʤȤŪʷȯɽ綠ȤƤ뤳ȤǧƤ褵ǤꡤɤΤ褦ľǤʤΤɤΤ餤ŪʤΤˤĤƤϡʸηϤ䥹ڥηϤξܺ٤ʬϤ̤Ƥʤ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
d) ϱʸѤǤ롥ѸαʸϡȤ櫓ˤΦ鿷⤿餵줿ӱ (rhyme) ɤӱξڵϡȤ櫓첻μ̤䶯֤˴ؤ¿ξͿƤ롥űѸδƬ (alliteration) ѸˤϱߤΤΡ濴˺ĤꡤѸλҲ䶯֤˴ؤҥȤͿ³Ƥ롥ޤʸϡ嵭εӱƬȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤫DZΧ (meter) μǤϤȯ˼ͿƤ롥
c) ϡ³Ѹ˻˾ܳŪ˸Ƥ벻ؼԤˤ롤ȯˤĤƤΥȤ˰͵ˡǤ롥ΥȤϤޤǶѸΡʼȤƵŪʡȯˤĤƤ줬Τ˿ǤСȯˤĤƤ礭ʥҥȤȤʤŪʲѲħƤСϡʶѸȯˤջϡѸȯˤǽޤ롥
b) ḽμŪˤϡ˸Ť¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥ּΤܤΤ˶ּäƤ롤ȤˡϢơ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
Ǹ a) ϡϢȤ (comparative_linguistics) ˴ŤƷ (reconstruction) ŪƷˤŪʿˡǤ롥ƷȤȡʸΤʤθˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤʸǧűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƤڵηΤ˽ʬѤ롥
Ѹȯθϡ嵭Τ褦ʿμˡǿʤƤƤꡤǤܤȤ餫ˤƤ롥
Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.
ɸȴϢơDurkin (191--92) ƤťΥɸѸ롥űѸƱ졤ťΥɸƱʤĸѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡͤޤǤ˸ťɸǤθǤ롥Ȥ櫓β֤ӤƤ餤
| OE | Scandinavian | Cf. Old Icelandic |
|---|---|---|
| sċyrta (> shirt) | skirt | skyrta |
| sċ(e)aða, sċ(e)aðian | scathe | skaði, skaða 'it hurts' |
| sċiell, sċell (> shell) | (northern) skell 'shell' | skel |
| ċietel, ċetel (> ME chetel) | kettle | ketill |
| ċiriċe (> church) | (northern) kirk | kirkja |
| ċist, ċest (> chest) | (northern) kist | kista |
| ċeorl (> churl) | (northern) carl | karl |
| hlenċe | link | hlekkr |
| ġietan | get | geta |
| ġiefan | give | geva (OSw. giva) |
| ġift | gift | gipt (OSw. gipt, gift) |
| ġeard (> yard) | (northern) garth | garðr |
| ġearwe | gear | gervi |
| bǣtan | bait 'to bait' | beita |
| hāl (> whole) | hail 'healthy' | heill |
| lāc | northern laik 'game' | leikr |
| rǣran (> rear) | raise | reisa |
| swān | swain | sveinn |
| nā (> no) | nay | nei |
| blāc | bleak | bleikr |
| wāc | weak | veikr |
| þēah | though | þó |
| lēas | loose | louss, lauss |
| ǣġ (> ME ei) | egg | egg |
| sweoster, swuster | sister | systir |
| fram, from (> from) | fro | frá |
[2020-02-24-1] εǼ夲ˤĤ³ԤϤ롥
űѸ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ֤32Ż (digraph) ϡ줾ŪˤûǤĹǤΤɽ路ƤȤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸǤƱ2Ż֤Ƥʤ⡤Ūˤϡû2첻פȡĹ2첻סʸʸǤϤФ1첻Ĺ (macron) դɽˤ̤ƤȤȤľ˲᤹С<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] Τ褦бطȲƤ褵줬ŪˤʤäƤΤ⤿ǤϤʤűѸʸؤˤƺǤʣĿǤ롥
¤ΤȤĹû2첻ΤűѸνˤϳ경2첻ǤϤʤʤäƤޤǤϸαѸ첻ˤˤۤȤɱƶͿƤʤ櫓Ǥꡤ츫Ȥʤۤ礭ˤʤΤʬˤϸűѸβηϤ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺ŪʰյǤꡤ餳褬ҡȥåפƤΤʲMinkova (178--79) ˽äơ2첻Ĺûζ̤äȤȿФƤߤ褦
ޤεˤҤ٤褦ˡŪˤä2첻Ĺûζ̤ϤޤǤ롥Τ褦ʤޤ첻ηϤűѸΤ˺ƷƤ褤ΤȤ꤬롥Τ褦첻ηϤʤȤޤǤϤʤΤΡˤޤȤС⤽ⲾŪʺƷθȤƵƤ褤ΤϡʤʤȿˤȿǤ롥
⤦1Ĥεϡ32첻Ȥ̤2첻 [ej] ϡäĹûζ̤ƤʤȤȤ˰͵롥츻ŪˤϤ2첻Ĺûζ̤ƤűѸǤϸ츻ŪˤĹϤ hēȝ (hay) ûϤ weȝ (way) äΩʤƤʤȤС32첻ˤĤƤĹûζ̤ϤʤäȤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
3ĤˡβˤȤƤߤȡû2첻פϤ䤬û첻ͻ礷ƤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤû2첻פ2Ż֤ƤΤǴ㤤䤹¤ϤȤ1⡼첻äΤǤϤʤŪ˹ͤȡĹ2첻פϼ¤2⡼̤2첻ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ǹˡ⤽2첻Ĺûζ̤¾ڤǾ (minimal_pair) ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¤ƤѻȡǤȤưۤʤȤˤ餺Ȥ⡤̤βˤ롥
ϰ¦Ҳ𤷤ˤʤξرĤơΩƤƷ㤷깭Ƥ롥2첻2첻٤
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Ϣε Ritt ˰͵ʤ顤űѸ줫ѸˤϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ˾ƤƤŪˤϡ첻Ĺû˴ؤʲ4ĤѲǤ롥
ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening)
Ҳû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters; shocc)
3û (Trisyllabic Shortening; trish)
Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl)
褳첻ѲϤ줾ΩݤȤƲᤵƤε#3961. 3ûλ ([2020-03-01-1]) κǸǤ줿̤ꡤ¤䴰Ūʴطˤꡤ1Ĥζή (drift) ȤȤ館ФƤƤ롥Ritt Ϥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment ȸƤǤ롥
2ĤĹˤĤƤϡ#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ ([2020-02-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1ĤδؿȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ƤθǤƤ
2ĤûˤĤƤΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ûĹϸ䴰ŪǤꡤû¥ʤĶǤĹ졤εդޤǤ롥ȡûθϡĹθžФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥Ritt (95--96) εƤûθϼ̤ꡥ
The probability of vowel shortening was proportional to
a. its height
b. syllable weight
c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot
and inversely proportional to
a. the (degree of) stress on it
b. its backness
c. coda sonority
ޤСĹûθȤ߹碌ơ礭1Ĥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θΩƤ뤳ȤǤ (Ritt 96)
Ritt βοĺϡΤ褦˲ĶȲѲδطΨȤư츫ߤΩѲӤĤƤߤˤ롥
Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
V [-long]/__C(C)σσ
Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ롥
| heafodu PL | 'head' |
| cicenu PL | 'chicken' |
| linenes GEN | 'linen' |
| æniȝe PL | 'any' |
| ærende | 'errand' |
| æmette | 'ant' |
| suþerne | 'southern' |
| westenne DAT | 'waste (desert)' |
| deorlingas PL | 'darling' |
| feorþinȝas PL | 'farthing' |
| feowertiȝ | 'forty' |
| freondscipe | 'friendship' |
| haliȝdaȝ | 'holiday' |
| alderman | 'alderman' |
| heringes PL | 'herring' |
| stiropes PL | 'stirrup' |
| Monenday | 'Monday' |
| Thuresday | 'Thursday' |
| seliness | 'silliness' |
| redili | 'readily' |
| bretheren PL | 'brethren' |
| evere | 'ever' |
| othere ACC | 'other'' |
| redeles PL | 'riddle' |
| boseme ACC | 'bosom' |
| wepenes PL | 'weapon' |
ε#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ ([2020-02-28-1]) ˰³űѸ줫Ѹ⤦1Ĥ첻̤ѲȤơҲû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters (= SHOCC) or Pre-Cluster Shortening) λRitt (98) ѸǤη֤ǾҲ𤷤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ롥
| kepte | 'kept' |
| brohte | 'brought' |
| sohte | 'sought' |
| þuhte | 'thought' |
| demde | 'deemed' |
| mette | 'met' |
| lædde | 'led' |
| sprædde | 'spread (past)' |
| bledde | 'bled' |
| fedde | 'fed' |
| hydde | 'hid' |
| softe | 'soft' |
| fifta | 'fifth' |
| leoht | 'light' |
| hihþu | 'height' |
| dust | 'dust' |
| blæst | 'blast' |
| breost | 'breast' |
| fyst | 'fist' |
| mist | 'mist' |
| druhþ | 'drought' |
| clænsian | 'cleanse' |
| halja | 'holy (man), saint' |
| mædd | 'mad' |
| fætt | 'fat' |
| wræþþo | 'wrath' |
| cyþþo | 'kin' |
| feoll | 'fell' |
| fiftiȝ | 'fifty' |
| twentiȝ | 'twenty' |
| bledsian | 'bless' |
| wisdom | 'wisdom' |
| wifman | 'woman' |
| hlæfdiȝe | 'lady' |
| ȝosling | 'gosling' |
| ceapman | 'chapman' |
| nehhebur | 'neighbour' |
| siknesse | 'sickness' |
V [-long]/__CCX
where CC is not a homorganic cluster
ΰʬ̤ꡤSHOCC kept, met, led, bled, fed ʤɸ촴ǽѲưβʬŵŪˤߤ롥ޤfifth Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]) Ȥ줿ˤϤʤδ against û첻 /ɛ/ ǤȯˤĤƤͻ뤳ȤǤcf. #543. says said Ϥʤû첻ȯ뤫 (2) ([2010-10-22-1])ˡ
SHOCC ϡäƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) Ȥ褽ƱƤꡤ䴰Ūʴطˤ벻ѲǤ뤳ȤդƤʲ⻲ȡ
#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])
Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
űѸ줫ѸˤȤ롤ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ȸƤФ벻Ѳ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǵñ˲⤷̤ѸŪˤ2첻 child û첻 children ΰ㤤ݤ˰礤˽ФפʲѲ1ĤǤcf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])ˡ
ϤäƤ⡤child/children 첻ĹûŪƤʳˡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʸѸθβˤĤƤΤȤС¤Ϥ¿ιϵʤ#2862. wilderness ([2017-02-26-1]) ε wild/wilderness κۤ˿줿Τ褦˾꤯ۤǤ롥Ritt (82) ƤƱĹФĤƤߤ褦
| Pre-HOL | Post-HOL | |
| ld: | cild | cīld |
| feld | fēld | |
| gold | gōld | |
| geldan | gēldan | |
| rd: | word | wōrd |
| sword | swōrd | |
| mb: | climban | clīmban |
| cemban | cēmban | |
| dumb | dūmb | |
| mb: | behindan | behīndan |
| ende | ēnde | |
| hund | hūnd | |
| ng: | singan | sīngan |
| lang | lāng | |
| tunge | tūnge | |
| rl: | eorl | ēorl |
| rn: | stiorne | stīorne |
| georn | gēorn | |
| korn | kōrn | |
| murnan | mūrnan | |
| rð: | eorðe | ēorðe |
| weorðe | wēorðe | |
| wyrðe | wȳrðe | |
| furðor | fūrðor | |
| rs: | earsas | ēarsas |
ε#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ ([2020-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ˤϰճ㳰¿ĶۤƱ˸Ƥ⡤ñˤä첻ĹäƤ굯äƤʤäꤹΤ
Ritt (75) MEOSL ˤĤơ첻Ĺ뤫ݤϡĶνθǤγΨȤȤ館Ƥ롥ơΤ褦ʸͿƤ (75)
The probability of vowel lenghthening was proportional to
a. the (degree of) stress on it
b. its backness
c. coda sonority
and inversely proportional to
a. its height
b. syllable weight
c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot
In this formula t, u, v, x, y and z are constants. Their values could be provided by the theoretical framework and/or by induction (= trying the formula out on actual data).
ǤϲäƤΤʬʤ⤹аʲ̤Ǥ롥MEOSL Ψϡ6ĤΥѥ͡ʤ̤ͤΤˤδؿȤƻФ롥6ĤΥѥ顼Ȥθ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(1) β˶Сβ첻Ĺ䤹
(2) 첻첻ǤСĹ䤹
(3) coda 첻˸³Ҳˤʹ (sonority) ⤱СĹ䤹
(4) 첻Ĵ⤤ȡĹˤ
(5) βŤȡĹˤ
(6) αμ岻ŤȡĹˤ
ФΤϤޤdzΨǤ뤫顤ۤƱĶˤǤäƤ⡤첻Ĺ뤫ݤη̤ϰۤʤȤȤRitt Υץϡǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ŪʡֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) Ȥϰ褹ץǤ롥
ʤδؿϡ¤Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ĹǤƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤ뤳ȤʬäƤꡤ⤤ƱĹˤĤƤεǡ
Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ϡ12--13ˤȤפ첻Ѳ1ĤǤ롥ŵŪ2ˤơû첻ǽ볫Τû첻Ĺ첻ѲǤ롥#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡnama nāma, beran bēran, ofer ōfer ʤɤ㤬ŵǤ롥
βѲʹԤƤѸǤθȸѸǤθ¤٤뤳ȤǡŪʻǧƤʲRitt (12) ꡥ
| EME | ModE |
| labor | labour |
| basin | basin |
| barin | bare |
| whal | whale |
| waven | wave |
| waden | wade |
| tale | tale |
| starin | stare |
| stapel | staple |
| stede | steed |
| bleren | blear |
| repen | reap |
| lesen | lease |
| efen | even |
| drepen | drepe |
| derien | dere |
| dene | dean |
| -stoc | stoke (X-) |
| sole | sole |
| mote | mote (of dust) |
| mote | moat |
| hopien | hope |
| cloke | cloak |
| smoke | smoke |
| broke | broke |
| ofer | over |
| EME | ModE |
| adlen | addle |
| aler | alder |
| alum | alum |
| anet | anet |
| anis | anise |
| aspen | aspen |
| azür | azure |
| baron | baron |
| barrat | barrat |
| baril | barrel |
| bet(e)r(e) | better |
| besant | bezant |
| brevet | brevet |
| celer | cellar |
| devor | endeavour |
| desert | desert |
| ether | edder |
| edisch | eddish |
| feþer | feather |
| felon | felon |
| bodig | body |
| bonnet | bonnet |
| boþem | bottom |
| broþel | brothel |
| closet | closet |
| koker | cocker |
| cokel | cockle |
| cofin | coffin |
| colar | collar |
| colop | collop |
űѸ츦νפ "digraph controversy" ȤΤ롥2Ĥ첻Ťͤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ʤ첻ɽ魯ΤȤǤ롥첻μ̤ä͡ʸФƤ
űѸμܤǤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ֤ƤΤߤιǤǤϤФ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> Ȥ̤ˡ1첻Ĺ (macron) դ <ēa>, <ēo>, <īe> Ȥɽߤ롥 <ea> ֤벻ˤϡŪˤϡûפΤȡĹפΤäȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ĹΤʤСȤСȤǡºݤ˸űѸˤ첻μ̤ɤΤ褦˰äƤΤͤߤ뤳Ȥ͡ʿ¬ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥ⥹ȥ졼ȤʤΤϡֻΤޤޤˡû2첻פȡĹ2첻פꤹƤǤ롥<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] ʤɤȺƷʡ#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) 첻ɽȡˡŪˤߤơʤȤ⥲ޥɤˤ2첻 (diphthong) ûΤĹΤ̤륱ϤʤȤ顤䤬褵Ƥ롥
ФơĹΤʤСñ첻 (monophthong) ǤꡤС2첻 (diphthong) ǤȤ롥ˤĤƤ Minkova (178--79) ĤƤ뤬ǤϾܺ٤ˤƧ߹ޤʤ˽äƺƷ줿ʲ˼ (Minkova 156)
| Value | Example | ||
| Digraph | Early | Late | |
| <ēa> | æʊ | æə | strēam 'stream' |
| <ea> | æə | æ | heall 'hall' |
| <ēo> | eʊ | eə | sēon 'to see' |
| <eo> | ɛə | ɛ | ġeolu 'yellow' |
| <īe> | iʊ | iə, iː | (ġe)līefan 'to believe' |
| <ie> | ɪə | ɪ | ġiefan 'to give' |
ε#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1]) ˰³褦 Minkova (148--149) εǡŪʸݤȤƸƬ [ts-] ȤҲΩļѸҲ𤷤˺Ƕܤ٤ƬλҲȤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] 롥Ѹ˵ĤȤѸŪʻҲϢǤϤ뤬͡ʸȤ [ts-] Ȥϰۤʤꡤۤꤵ롥ΥϤο͡ѤƤ륤ǥå (yiddish) Ǥ롥ǥåϡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) ΥޥɤηޤǼ褦ˡȤޥ췲°Ǥ롥
2塤ꥫ罰ϤȤѸ˹ܽǥåüԤθäȤȤˡ嵭ħŪʻҲϢѸ˻ơüԽĤʸŪʱƶϤ椨ˡλҲϢѸΤʤǡֻ̱פƤȤǤ롥Ρֻ̱פ䡤褦ʡɤ褦äδߤĤġŪ̥ϤäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ schmaltz ʲ٤δ, schmooze (٤, schmuck , shtetl ʾʥĮ, shtick ʤäʾ̡, shtum ۤä, shtup ʥåˤʤɡschm- [ʃm-] ˻äƤϡäβ (phonaesthesia) ŪǤȤʤäƤ롥
Minkova (148--149) βѤ褦
After World War II, Yiddish is spoken by more people in English-speaking countries --- US, Canada, Australia and Great Britain together --- than in Continental Europe or Israel. Large Yiddish communities in New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne and Montreal have contributed to the recognition and integration of new vocabulary and new consonant clusters: [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-], which have become productive phonaesthemes in PDE. With at least a quarter of a million Yiddish speakers in North America, and a strong presence of Yiddish culture in film, TV and literature, familiarity with these clusters is to be expected and there is no attempt to assimilate them to some native sequence. What is more, the onset <schm-> [ʃm-], treated as a 'combining form' since 1929 by the OED, is clearly productive in playful reduplication, generating mildly disparaging or comic attention-getters: madam-shmadam, able-shmable, holy-shmoly, the Libros Shmibros lending library in Los Angeles.
夲 [ts-] ˤƤ⡤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] ˤƤ⡤Ѹ줬͡ʸܿäƱˡտ魯äʲǤаޤ褯ʬ롥ܿ (contact) ε¿СŪʷDzηϤˤ⤽αƶڤ֤ȤȤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ѸǤ [ts] ȯⲿȤʤcats, hits, let's, nights, watts ʤɡt ǽΤʣ3ñ -s ղäС˸벻Ϣ˻2ĤηǤޤ֤뤿ᡤŪˤϤޤDz /t/ Ȳ /s/ ơΩΩǡν¤ΤȲᤵ롥Ĥޤꡤ[ts] βɽϤޤ /ts/ Ǥꡤ/t͡s/ ǤϤʤ
ѸޤǻȡǶޤ櫓ǤϤʤ [ts] ⸽¸ߤ롥줫μѸ tsar/czar ʹˤ [zɑː] Ȥȯ뤬[tsɑː] Ȥȯ롥ܸ줫μѸ tsunami [ts] ȯ롥¿ʤʳ [ts] Ѹ϶ʹƤƤꡤ/ts/ ǤϤʤ /t͡s/ ΰռƤƤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ⤷ǤкǿβDz (phonemicisation) λȤʤꡤѸ첻˾ΰյġ Minkova (148) εͤˤʤ롥
. . . /ts/ is phonotactically non-native but not universally unattested. The earliest <ts->-initial borrowing in English is from Slavic: tsar (1555); the voiceless alveolar affricate onset [t͡s-] in this word and its many derived forms is most commonly assimilated to a singly articulated [z-], though the affricate [t͡s-] pronunciation is also recorded. Only three more [t͡s-] words were added in the sixteenth to seventeenth century, nine in the eighteenth century, and twenty-three between 1901 and 1975, with sources from languages from all over the world: Burmese, Chinese, German, Greek and Japanese. All of the most recent borrowing preserve the [t͡s-]; apparently the phonotactic constraint which generated the [z-] in tsar is no longer part of the system: no one would say [t͡s-] or [zuːˈnɑmi]. In other words, [t͡s-], although of more recent lineage, is likely to join [ʒ] ... as an addition to the consonantal inventory. The still marginal acceptability of a [t͡s-] onset can be related to its relative complexity and lower frequency of occurrence, though tsunami is hardly a rare item in English after 2011.
[t͡s-] ǻϤޤñ줬ޤʤƤ٤㤤Τǡ/t͡s/ βDzäƤȤϤޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤȤѤκǸˤ褦 tsunami Ϸ褷ƥ쥢ñǤϤʤҳ䵤ݤʤϵĶѲ˷ǰƤ븽¿ο͡ܤ륭ɤ1ĤǤ롥ñ줬ٲȤΤϻ䤿ˤȤä˾ޤʤȤѸβηϤ¦ߤ /t͡s/ ¤ʲDz˹ƤȤ⤤롥
κǿβDzȤСѤˤƤ褦 /ʒ/ 뤷/ŋ/ ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) (2) ԤˤĤƤϡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) ȡ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ñβṽ¤ˤϸ롥a, the ʤɤμĵǽΤ rhyme ʤȤ2⡼ǹƤʤФʤʤȤΤǤ rhyme Ȥϲṽ¤ñ̤ΤȤǡ#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1]) Ρ첻ʡܻҲˡפʬؤ
ʬ2⡼ʤФʤʤȤȤϡפ˺Ȥơû첻1Ҳ (VC) Ĺ첻2첻 (VV) Τ줫ǤʤФʤʤȤȤƬ (onset) ˻Ҳ뤫ɤʤʬû첻פΤߤǽ褦ñϵʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤû첻פζĸϤʤֻҲû첻פǤ롥Τ˵ǽμ /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɒ/, /ɔ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /ə/ Τ褦ʸϤʤ˲餫ƬҲäθ¸ߤʤѸˤơβṽ¤˶㳰ˤĤƤϡ#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) ([2019-08-29-1]) ȡˡ
¤Ϥޥ췲˶̤ΤΤǤ롥ޥɤȯã North-West Germanic ȸƤФʳǡβṽ¤η줿ͳ餫ǤϤʤˤû첻Τߤǽ붯ĸϸˡ٤ȤʤäŪû첻ǽäƤˤϡ§ȤĹ첻Ȥǥ롼˹碌뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥Ϣ Minkova (70) Ѥ롥
. . . we noted the absence of word-final stressed short, lax, non-peripheral vowels [ɪ ɛ æ ʊ ʌ] in PDE; words such as *se with [-ɛ], *decrí with [-ɪ], *bru with [-ʊ] are ill-formed. This constraint on the shape of the final stressed syllable in English can be traced back to OE and even earlier. In all North-West Germanic languages the final vowels of lexical monosyllables became uniformly long, that is, they were lengthened if the original vowel was short. In some instances the long vowel appears to be a compensation for the loss of PrG final /-z/: PrG */hwaz/ > OE hwā 'who', PrG /wiz/, OE wē 'we'. Lengthening without loss of a syllable coda is attested in OE nū 'now', Goth. nu, OE swā 'so', Goth. swa; in this second set the process is evidently driven by the preference for co-occurrence of stress and syllable weight.
ϡ1˴ؤˡΡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ˤ⡤ŪʤαƤȤƤˤʤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
̤˸ѲμΤäȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ʹ¤礭Ȥĥ褦ˤʤäƤܥ֥Ǥ⤳ˤĤƤĤεƤ
#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])
#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])
#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])
#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])
#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1])
#2150. Ѳˤʹ ([2015-03-17-1])
#2586. Ѳˤäʹ䤪Ӵط ([2016-05-26-1])
#3378. ŪФ߽Ф4װ ([2018-07-27-1])
Ǹ2ĤεΤ褦ˡȤ櫓ѲˤƤäʹ䤬뤵褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥äϾǤڤĴȤߵäƤ뤬ޤ˴άȯǤʹʤ줬롥ʹäФƴŪˡޤάƤʡषΤǫĴƤ졤Ȥץå㡼ƤΤǤ롥ΥˡȿƤꡤ줬äƤȤǸ줬ΩäƤȤ롥Ѳ⡤礤礭ʤ٤˵Τȹͤ롥
#3848. "Optimality Theory" ([2019-11-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ŭ (Optimality Theory) ϡ嵭2ĤΥˡΥХθƤ롥OT δŪʹͤ⤷ Carr and Montreuil (258--59) ꡤϢ
The basic architecture of the model is straightforward: a set of constraints CON represents the priorities obeyed by the grammar of a language. These constraints are violable, universal and ranked in a hierarchy. A generating function GEN provides the output candidates for a given input and an evaluation function EVAL determines the relative desirability of each output; most critically it determines which of these outputs is the optimal candidate, the 'winner'.
. . . .
OT . . . attempts to explain why outputs may differ from inputs. It does so by encoding markedness directly into the grammar. Most constraints are formulated negatively and penalize the markedness of undesirable results; they point to marked structures or articulations, and their paraphrases read like lists of what not to do; for instance 'avoid (marked) sonority differentials', 'avoid (marked) complex articulations', 'avoid (marked) labial codas'. These markedness constraints make no reference to the input, they simply evaluate the intrinsic desirability of outputs.
Be penalising marked constructs, markedness constraints optimise language towards ease of articulation and simple structures. Assimilations and mergers usually respond to the desire to minimise effort. But this is counterbalanced by the need to keep articulations clear, words distinct and intonations contrastive. Effective communication, and language use in general, attempts to reach a satisfactory equilibrium between the drive to simplify phonetic forms and the need to be understood. In OT, this balance is achieved by pitting against each other markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints.
δ餹ȡŬܻؤֺŬפȤϡäʹȿˡ¤Ĵ̤ȤƤνϤؤȤǤ롥
Carr, Philip and Jean-Pierre Montreuil. Phonology. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
ɸϡǤˡѤʵפΰĶƤꡤषïʤǤ礦ޤǤ3Ĥε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1], [2019-11-15-1]) ǡʤֿסʤФˤΥɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m Ѥ뤫ȤˤĤƵƤޤ֤ˤ褦ʵȤʤäƤޤʤʤΤǡεɤˡ
[ŋ] ȯ ng ʸ2ʸ1Ȥֻˤɽ魯ȤϸѸǤϰŪǤꡤϲŪ /ŋ/ βǤȤΩƤ¤бƤȹͤޤƱɡҲǤäƤ [n] [m] Τ˶̤٤ΤȤ [ŋ] ¸ߤ餳 n m ֤ΤǤϤʤng Ȥȼ֤ĤΤǤޤȤСȯ [ɕiŋkoiwa] Ǥ顤Ѹʤ뤤ϥإܥˤDzŪ˸̩ɽܻؤΤǤ *Shingkoiwa դ路ȤǤ礦ƱͤͳǡѸ ink, monk, sync, thank *ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk ʤɤ֤Ƥ٤ȤǤ⤽ʤäƤޤ
ͳϡ/ŋ/ ˤĤƤ /n/ /m/ ȰۤʤꡤΩǤȤƤδפ夤ˤꤽǤŪˤС/ŋ/ ΩǤȤʤäΤϸѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤޤcf. #1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])ˡ/n/ /m/ ĸοǯˤؤͤβǤȤС/ŋ/ ֤˷βǤȤȤˤʤޤ/ŋ/ ѸޤǤϤޤDz /n/ ξ۲Ȥ֤ŤǤꡤηϾ夵ƽפǤϤʤ椨ֻä n ȶ̤٤ȤϤߤʤƤʤäΤǤС[k] [g] ֤ˤ [ŋ] Ͼ۲ȤƸΤ褦˼¸Ƥޤ /ŋ/ ȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤվñ n ֤ƤȤȤǤ
Ѹ kingk (king), dringke (drink), thingke (think) ʤɤֻȯŪˤߤ줿ȤΤǤṲ̄äΤ king, drink, think פΤۤǤʹߡŪˤ /ŋ/ βDzʹԤȤϤֻŪˤ夫 ng, nk ΤޤɸಽʹԤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤ
ɸεޤ礦ֿפΡ֤פϲŪˤϾ۲ [ŋ] ȤƼ¸ޤѸǤϾ۲ [ŋ] ֻ ng Ȥɽ뽬ǤʤäŪаޤޤΤᡤѸɽӤ˴ŤإܥǤϡ*Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺n Ѥ Shinkoiwa ƤΤǤ
2֤ε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1]) ɸѤʵˤĤƹͤƤޤɽŪˤߤȡܸǤϡ֤夯ס֤ФפȤɽǡ֤פʬʤѸʤ뤤ϥإܥˤǤ Shinjuku Shimbashi ʬƤΤǤ顤Ѹɽȯΰ㤤˼¤Ҵȿ븷̩ɽʤΤʡȻפ뤫⤷ޤn m νʬΤߤ夲ơѸɽŪ˸̩ǤǸΤϾǤ¾ͻƤɬפޤ
n m ȤҲΰ㤤פǤΤϡξȤ˰ǤѸ nap map ΰ㤤פʤΤƱͤˡܸǡ֤ʡ̾ˡ na ȡ֤ޡʴ֡ˡ ma ΰ㤤ϽפǤǤ顤ܸñΥɽˤ na ma Τ褦˽ʬ뤳ȼΤԻĤǤⲿǤ⤢ޤɡҲ첻ʤĶĤޤñȤΩľˤܸǤɡҲΰ㤤¤ȤǤʤѸ٤礭ۤʤΤǤ
֤ʻˡפ̾ [saɴ] ȯޤĿͤˤäơ뤤Ͼˤä [san], [saɲ], [saŋ], [sam], [sã] ʤɤȼ¸뤳Ȥ⤢ޤȯǤ⡤ܸʸ̮ǤϽʬˡ֤פȤƲᤵޤȤѸǤ sun [sʌn], some [sʌm], sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡĤɡҲñȤΩĴĶǤΤ˶̤ʤФʤޤѸϤΤ褦ܸ٤ɡҲζ̤Ū˸θˡˤȿǤƤ뤿ˡShinjuku Shimbashi νʬƤȹͤޤ
äϤǽޤ˵ sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡng Ȥֻ [ŋ] ȯñͤƤߤޤ礦. sing, sang, song Ϥ king, long, ring, thing, young ʤɤޤ͡ѸǤ [ŋ] [n] [m] Τ˶̤ʤФʤʤΤǡΤ褦 ng Ȥ ȼʸ2ʸ1ȤֻˤѰդƤ櫓ǤȤСn m ˽ʬΤƱˡ ng ˽ʬƤ뤫ȤС㤤ޤ㤨 ink, monk, sync, thank ϳơ [ɪŋk], [mʌŋk], [sɪŋk], [θæŋk] ȯ졤ʶʤ [ŋ] ɡҲäƤޤʤΤˡ*ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk Τ褦ˤ֤ޤn m ξȤϻ𤬰ۤʤΤǤ
Ѹ [n], [m], [ŋ] Τ˶̤٤ȯȤߤʤƤޤֻ夽ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤޤn m ʬ뤳ȤˤĤƤϾҴǤ ng ΰ㤤˽ʬۤҴʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤܸδ鸫ȡѸɽϤȤǤϳΤ˲Ūˤ긷̩Ȥޤ̤ΤȤǤɬ⸷̩ǤϤʤܸɽΡ֤פ˶ᤤȤޤ⤷٤Ƥξ˸̩äȤ顤ֿסʤ [ɕiŋkoiwa] αѸɽʤ뤤ϥإܥɽˤϡԤ Shinkoiwa ǤϤʤ *Shingkoiwa ȤʤϤǤ
ɸεޤ礦ʤֿסʤФˤΥɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ礦εФơֱѸܸⲻŪ˸̩ɽѤƤ뤫פñǤԽʬǤֿפΡ֤פǤξĤƤꡤ餳 m ɽΤǤĴؤǤޤϡ˴ְäƤȤϤޤShinkoiwa 褦ȤʤˤʤäþޤǤΤǡɸεФΤϡҤ٤褦ˡֱѸˡ᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi פȤʤޤäϪˤäƤޤСShimbashi ֤ΤϡѸǤϤ֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤ뤫פȤȤˤʤޤѤʵФȤƤϿȤդʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤŪʴ餤ȹͻ̡䤬äȰƤɤĤ̤ηǤ̻ŪʴϤޤ̤˵Ǥޤˡ
ε ([2019-11-13-1]) ǡܸΡ֤פĶ˱ƿΰۤʤȯǼ¸뤳Ȥ˿ޤλ¤ˤĤơ⤦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦
ƣ (49) ˤȡ֤פ͡ʲŪ¸ˤĤơΤ褦ޤ
³ҲƱĴɡְФȤ벻Ǥ롥³ҲɡΤȤϡ[p] [b] [m] [m], [t] [ts] [d] [dz] [n] [n], [tɕ] [dʑ], [ɲ] [ɲ], [k] [ɡ] [ŋ] [ŋ] ˤʤ롥
ǤθꡤĤޤٻߤľǤϡɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ롥ĿͤޤϾ̤ˤꡤ[m] [n] [ŋ]ޤɡ첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥֤ʿաˡס֤ʿˡפΤ褦ʡ첻ܶΥ⡤ɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤϤۤǫĴʤ¤ĺ[ɕiĩi] Τ褦 [i] ɡ첻 [ĩ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿
³ҲԤϹԤʤɤΤȤ⡤ƱǡƱĴͭɡΤȤʤ뤬첻αƶ뤿ᵭ沽άɽǤϳά[h] [s] [ɸ] [ɯ̃], [ɕ] [ç] [ĩ] Τ褦ɡ첻ȤʤȹͤƤФ褤
ܸΡ֤פϤʤʤʣʤ͡ȯƤ뤳ȤʬǤ礦̾٤вŪ˸̩ȤäƤ褤Ѹɽʤ뤤Ϥ˶ᤤإܥɽˤǤΡ֤פȤʤС1ν˼ޤʤΤƻǤ̤ȤơShinjuku Ǥʤ Shimbashi Τ褦ֻФƤ櫓Ǥ
̾ӤФ긷̩ʲɽȤȤˤѸʤɽˤˤƤ⡤ n m ʬ뤯餤ǡ¤ϡָ̩פʤɤǤϤޤѸˡ᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi ȹͤƤɬפޤ
ʤθɡ [ɴ] ˤĤơܸɴŵ (247) ȡ֤ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻פȤȤǤ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
ʸ嵭2021/04/29(Thu)ܵϡѤʵפäΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ȤƤ褦Ǥ켫ΤϤȤƤȤǤܵϡֶʽŪʲפǤϤΤΡɮԤȤƤԽʬʲˤȤɤޤȹͤƤޤषβŦ³ԤܳŪ˵Ƥ椯ĤܵȤаޤޤǤΤǡ³Ԥ3碌ɤǤФȻפޤ줺˸СܵΡֶʽŪʲפǤԽʬǤ
夲㤬ֿפɤ̤ˤƤ⡤֤פ m ֤Ϥ褯ˤΤܤޤ
JRοؤα̾ɽϳΤ Shimbashi ȤʤäƤޤܸɽȤƤϡ֤ФפΤ褦ˡ֤פǤäƤ⡤ѸɽΤˤСJRѤƤȤܤإܥɽ˶ᤤɽˤˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ȤʤޤϤäʤǤ礦ϡ¤ϱѸˤδ뤳ȤΤǤ˥ǥפʤΤǤ϶ʽŪʲܤƤޤ礦
ޤŪǤإܥɽǤϡ֤פȯȸƤФ벻ˤϡb, m, p ֤ˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ɽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäơȡסʤʤСˤ Nambaܴ֡סʤۤޡˤ Hommaֻӡסʤڤˤ Sampei ȤʤꡤƱͤ˿ʤФˤ Shimbashi Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤȤȤǤ
b, m, p ֤ˤ m ɽͳ뤿ˤϡؤμɬפǤܸ֤פü첻ǤȸƤФ졤ܸ첻Ǥ /ɴ/ ɽޤ1ĤβǤꡤܸüԤˤȤäʶʤ1ĤβȤǧƤޤºݾϿΰۤʤȯǼ¸ޤ֤פϤɤΤ褦ʲĶ˸뤫ˤäơۤʤȯȤƼ¸ΤǤ
ȡסܴ֡סֻӡפ3ñȯƤߤȡ֤פʬϤξĤȯȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ뤫ȻפޤϥԻҲ m θˤۤʤޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ֤פȤ n ȯƤĤǤ⡤ξˤϼ¤ m ȯƤΤǤϸ³ m, b, p ƱξǤ뤿ˡľ֤פԲ n ǤϤʤξ m ˶ŤƤۤΤȤƥࡼȯǤ뤫Ǥȯ䤹褦äƸ̡ǥեȤ n 顤ȯꥹࡼ m ؤĴƤȤ櫓Ǥ
̯ѲȤгΤˤǤΤǡܸɽǤϡäȯĴϢưˡ֤פɽΤޤޤǤꤹƤޤϢưʤСȤƤϡ֤դɽȤʤǤ礦ˡΤ褦ȯΰ㤤̵ǤϤʤѸɽʤӡ˶ᤤإܥɽˤˤäƤϡ嵭βĶˤƤϡn 夨ơ긷̩ʲɽǤ m Ѥ櫓Ǥ
ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡֿɡסʤ夯ˤֿסʤФˤƱ֤ײޤΤ顤Ʊ֤ = n ɽѤФ褤ǤϤʤȤǤѸʤإܥˤǤ2ĤΡ֤פ¤ƱȯǤʤȤ¤Ż뤷ơԤˤ n ʸԤˤ m ʸơ̤ɽʤ路ȤȤǤ
ǽȤϤɼԤȤܸüԤǰƬˤΤǤ n ɽۤʬ䤹ΤϤޤǤ⤢ޤ¸ƤΤἰǤˤȡֿפ Sinbasi Ȥʤޤ餯JRʤޤŴƻƼҡˤϡɼԤȤüԡʤ餯ѸɽǤǤȻפ¿γ͡ˤꤷἰǤϤʤإܥʤ˥ɽѤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤShimbashi ϡܸȱѸˤޤĤ벻ءֻˤȤɤޤ餺ݲ줿ܤθȤؤΤʤΤǤ
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