hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ڡ / page 3 (7)

phonology - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2020-07-26 Sun

#4108. boy, join, loiter --- 2첻μŪ [diphthong][vowel][phoneme][phonology][loan_word]

ɸñ˴ޤޤ2첻 /ɔɪ/ ϡѸǤϤʤޥʡ첻Ǥ롥#1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1]) dzǧ뤫ꡤ첻ǤȤƤ /ʊə/ ˤĤ٤βǤǤ롥boy, choice, enjoy, join, poison ʤɤ˸뤿ᡤޤ´Ϥʤ⤷ʤ׾ϥޥʡǤ롥
ΥޥʡŪطʤȤƤϡβǤ⤽⳰ΤΤǤŦǤ롥choice, employ, loin, moist, turmoil, soil, join, poison Τ褦˥ե󥹸̤ΤŪ¿ۤ˥줫 buoy, foist, loiter ʤɤ⤢롥ꥷ hoi polloi٥󥬥 poisha hoisin줫鵼 ahoy, boink, oink ⤢롥εˤޤĤ̤ȤơŪˤϥ롼Ĥ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤʤΤǤ롥
ŪˤߤƤ⡤βǤϥޥʡäƤ롥Minkova (270) ϡVachek Lass ˸ڤĤġμ򼡤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

The incorporation of the new diphthong in boy, join, coin into the English phonological system is commonly described as incomplete. Vachek (1976: 162--7, 265--8) argued that lack of parallelism with the other diphthongs ([eɪ-oʊ], [aɪ-aʊ], but not *[ɛɪ-ɔɪ]) and lack of morphophonemic alternations involving [ɔɪ] in the PDE system, makes [ɔɪ] a 'peripheral' phoneme in SSBE. He hypothesised that the survival of [ɔɪ] is associated with its pragmatic function of differentiating synchronically foreign words from native words, especially polysyllabic words. Lass (1992a: 53) also emphasises the 'foreignness' of [ɔɪ] and its structural isolation, and concludes that it . . . 'has just sat there for its whole history as a kind of non-integrated "excrescence" on the English vowel system'.


Τ˼ŪϤΤΡѸηϤ˼ޤƤ뤳ȤϳΤȤ⤢롥(1) ¾2첻Ʊͤ˲¸Ѱۤ򼨤 (ex. [ɔɪ], [oi], [ui])(2) -oid Ϥ2δ֡⤤ؤ롤(3) 20äƤ¤Ȥ oik (1917), oink (1935), boing (1952), boink (1963); droid (1952), roid (1978) ʤɤƤƤ롤ʤɤλ¤
ʴ鶽̣򤽤2첻ǤȤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Vachek, Joseph. Selected Writings in English and General Linguistics. Prague: Academia and the Hague: Mouton, 1976.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-10-1] [2020-07-27-1]

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2020-07-24 Fri

#4106. gaunt, aunt, lamp, danger --- Ū /a(u)NC/ ɤä4ĤΥ롼 [sound_change][vowel][diphthong][gvs][phonology][phonetics][anglo-norman][french][loan_word]

Ū /a(u)NC/ βϢäƤѸϡɸ㼨̤ꡤѸˤ4ȯʤɤˤ򼨤롥[ɔː ? ɑː], [ɑː ? æ(ː)], [æ(ː)], [eɪ] Ǥ롥4֤ζ̤ϡĶˤꡤƤ٤ޤǤϼѤΥˤ롥Ū /a(u)NC/ 줬ɤäƤ4ĤΥ롼ȤޤȤ᤿ Minkova (241) ˤɽ¿Ѥǰʲ˵󤲤褦

SourceOutputExamples
/aNC/ (AN <-aunC>)[ɔː ? ɑː]gaunt, haunt, laundry, saunter
/aNC/ (OFr <-anC>)[ɑː ? æ(ː)]aunt, grant, slander, sample, dance
/aNC#/[æ(ː)]lamp, champ, blank, flank, bland
/aNC (palat. obstr.)/[eɪ]danger, change, range, chamber


gaunt פϤ褽󥰥Υޥͳ褷aunt פϸš˥ե󥹸ͳ褹롥lamp פϡβϢ˴ѻ롥danger פϡŵŪˤ [ʤ] λҲؤˤߤ졤첻Ѳ (gvs) ФĹ첻2첻Ѳ̤򼨤ƤˤƤѸ [aː] ١Ȥʤä褦ˡ
ΥפˤĤƤ⡤ѸΥڥ󥰤ȤƤ첻ʬ <a> Τߤʤ餺 <au> 򼨤Ȥ¿첻շβˤƲ¸ɤ줬͡ˤäȤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-04-24 Fri

#4015. ˤѸȯꤹ뤫 [methodology][phonetics][phonology][comparative_linguistics][reconstruction][cognate][me][dialect][spelling][sobokunagimon]

ϿϿʤľܤβڵ򤬻ĤäƤʤŤθ첻򤤤ˤƿꤹ뤫Ȥ䤤ϡѤʵǤʤ顤˸ؤˤȤäܼŪʲǤ롥Ѹˤˤ뤳βˤĤƤϡޤǤŪʴ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
оݤȤʤˤäƤ⡤ΤѤǤʤˤϰ㤤롥 Smith (40) 򻲾ȤơȤ櫓ѸȯꤹˡܤƤߤ5ۤɵ󤲤Ƥ롥

a) "reconstruction", both comparative (dealing with cognate languages) and internal (dealing with paradigmatic variation);
b) analysis of "residualisms" surviving in modern accents of English;
c) analysis of the writings of spelling-reformers and phoneticians from the Early Modern English period, supplying information about usages closer to the Middle English period than now;
d) analysis of contemporary verse-practices, based on the analysis of rhyme, alliteration and meter; and
e) analysis of spellings.


ս˥ȤäƤe) Υڥ󥰤ʬϤȤΤȴ뤯餤ΤȤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤѸɽʸɸ֤ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤѤƽ񤫤Ƥʾ塤ñΥڥ󥰤򻲹ͤˤΤǤ롥Ѹȯȥڥ󥰤δطͤƤߤʬ褦ˡڥ󥰤ľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäơѸˤƤⴰľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤȤŪ󤬤ɤƤɬפȤʤ롥ǤľǤϤʤȤϤʤȤŪʷȯɽ綠ȤƤ뤳ȤǧƤ褵ǤꡤɤΤ褦ľǤʤΤɤΤ餤ŪʤΤˤĤƤϡʸηϤ䥹ڥηϤξܺ٤ʬϤ̤Ƥʤ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
d) ϱʸѤǤ롥ѸαʸϡȤ櫓ˤΦ鿷⤿餵줿ӱ (rhyme) ɤӱξڵϡȤ櫓첻μ̤䶯֤˴ؤ¿ξͿƤ롥űѸδ򤭤᤿Ƭ (alliteration) ѸˤϱߤΤΡ濴˺ĤꡤѸλҲ䶯֤˴ؤҥȤͿ³Ƥ롥ޤʸϡ嵭εӱƬȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤫DZΧ (meter) μǤϤȯ˼ͿƤ롥
c) ϡ³Ѹ˻˾ܳŪ˸Ƥ벻ؼԤˤ롤ȯˤĤƤΥ᥿Ȥ˰͵򤹤ˡǤ롥ΥȤϤޤǶѸΡʼȤƵŪʡȯˤĤƤ줬Τ˿ǤСȯˤĤƤ礭ʥҥȤȤʤŪʲѲħ򤷤ƤСϡʶѸȯˤջϡѸȯˤǽޤ롥
b) ḽμŪˤϡ˸Ť¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥ּ򤵤ΤܤΤ˶ּäƤ롤ȤˡϢơ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
Ǹ a) ϡϢȤ (comparative_linguistics) ˴ŤƷ (reconstruction) ŪƷˤŪʿˡǤ롥ƷȤȡʸΤʤθˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤʸǧűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƤڵηΤ˽ʬѤ롥
Ѹȯθϡ嵭Τ褦ʿμˡǿʤƤƤꡤǤܤȤ餫ˤƤ롥

Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-14-1] [2021-08-21-1]

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2020-03-22 Sun

#3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][phonology][cognate][doublet][palatalisation][link]

ɸȴϢơDurkin (191--92) 󤲤ƤťΥɸѸ󤲤롥󤬸űѸƱ졤󤬸ťΥɸƱʤĸѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡ󤬻ͤޤǤ˸ťɸǤθǤ롥Ȥ櫓β֤ӤƤ餤

OEScandinavianCf. Old Icelandic
sċyrta (> shirt)skirtskyrta
sċ(e)aða, sċ(e)aðianscatheskaði, skaða 'it hurts'
sċiell, sċell (> shell)(northern) skell 'shell'skel
ċietel, ċetel (> ME chetel)kettleketill
ċiriċe (> church)(northern) kirkkirkja
ċist, ċest (> chest)(northern) kistkista
ċeorl (> churl)(northern) carlkarl
hlenċelinkhlekkr
ġietangetgeta
ġiefangivegeva (OSw. giva)
ġiftgiftgipt (OSw. gipt, gift)
ġeard (> yard)(northern) garthgarðr
ġearwegeargervi
bǣtanbait 'to bait'beita
hāl (> whole)hail 'healthy'heill
lācnorthern laik 'game'leikr
rǣran (> rear)raisereisa
swānswainsveinn
(> no)naynei
blācbleakbleikr
wācweakveikr
þēahthoughþó
lēaslooselouss, lauss
ǣġ (> ME ei)eggegg
sweoster, swustersistersystir
fram, from (> from)frofrá


űѸȸťΥɸˤĤơĤħŪʲб⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥ϡĸ줫ʬ줿˳ƸȼβѲ̤ȤƤβбǤ롥βѲܤƲվ񤭤褦 (Durkin 193--98)

(1) űѸǤ /sk/ > /ʃ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(2) űѸǤ /k/ > /tʃ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(3) űѸǤ /g/ > /j/ /gg/ > /ddʒ/ äƤ뤬ťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(4) űѸǤϥޥĸ *ai > ā äťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(5) űѸǤϥޥĸ *au > ēa äťΥɸǤϵäƤʤ
(6) ťΥɸǤ *jj > gg äƤ뤬űѸǤϵäƤʤ
(7) ťΥɸǤ *ui > y äƤ뤬űѸǤϵäƤʤ
(8) ťΥɸǤϸɡüűѸǤϾüƤʤ

ѲˤϾΤĤΤ¿Τǡ嵭Ǥ٤Ƥ򤭤줤Ǥ櫓ǤϤʤΤäƤȸѸθ˴ؤ͡椬򤭤䤹ʤ롥Ϣ뵭󤲤Ƥ

#2730. palatalisation ([2016-10-17-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1])
#2054. seek beseech θҲ (2) ([2014-12-11-1])
#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1])
#170. guest host ([2009-10-14-1])
#169. get give Ϥʤ /g/ äƤΤ ([2009-10-13-1])
#3817. hale θ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-10-09-1])
#3699. ʤ careless ȿФ *caremore ǤϤʤcareful ʤΤǤ ([2019-06-13-1])
#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2020-03-04 Wed

#3964. űѸ "digraph controversy" (2) [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction][minimal_pair]

[2020-02-24-1] εǼ夲ˤĤ³ԤϤ롥
űѸ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ֤32Ż (digraph) ϡ줾ŪˤûǤĹǤΤɽ路ƤȤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸǤƱ2Ż֤Ƥʤ⡤Ūˤϡû2첻פȡĹ2첻סʸʸǤϤФ1첻Ĺ (macron) դɽˤ̤ƤȤȤľ˲᤹С<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] Τ褦бطȲ򤷤Ƥ褵줬ŪˤʤäƤΤ⤿ǤϤʤűѸʸؤˤƺǤʣĿǤ롥
¤ΤȤĹû2첻ΤűѸνˤϳ경2첻ǤϤʤʤäƤޤǤϸαѸ첻ˤˤۤȤɱƶͿƤʤ櫓Ǥꡤ츫Ȥʤۤ礭ˤʤΤʬˤϸűѸβηϤ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺෿ŪʰյǤꡤ餳褬ҡȥåפƤΤʲMinkova (178--79) ˽äơ2첻Ĺûζ̤äȤȿФ󤲤Ƥߤ褦
ޤεˤҤ٤褦ˡ෿Ūˤä2첻Ĺûζ̤ϤޤǤ롥Τ褦ʤޤ첻ηϤ򡤸űѸΤ˺ƷƤ褤ΤȤ꤬롥Τ褦첻ηϤʤȤޤǤϤʤΤΡˤޤȤС⤽ⲾŪʺƷθȤƵ󤲤Ƥ褤ΤϡʤʤȿˤȿǤ롥
⤦1Ĥεϡ32첻Ȥ̤2첻 [ej] ϡäĹûζ̤򼨤ƤʤȤȤ˰͵򤹤롥츻ŪˤϤ2첻Ĺûζ̤򼨤ƤűѸǤϸ츻ŪˤĹϤ hēȝ (hay) ûϤ weȝ (way) äΩʤƤʤȤС32첻ˤĤƤĹûζ̤ϤʤäȤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
3Ĥˡβˤ򻲾ȤƤߤȡû2첻פϤ䤬û첻ͻ礷ƤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤû2첻פ2Ż֤ƤΤǴ㤤䤹¤ϤȤ1⡼첻äΤǤϤʤŪ˹ͤȡĹ2첻פϼ¤2⡼̤2첻ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ǹˡ⤽2첻Ĺûζ̤¾ڤǾ (minimal_pair) ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¤ƤѻȡǤȤưۤʤȤˤ餺Ȥ⡤̤βˤ롥
ϰ¦Ҳ𤷤ˤʤξرĤơΩƤƷ㤷򷫤깭Ƥ롥2첻2첻٤

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1]

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2020-03-02 Mon

#3962. Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θ [vowel][sound_change][phonology][phonetics][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][shocc][trish][drift][emeqa]

Ϣε Ritt ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤űѸ줫ѸˤϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ˾ƤƤŪˤϡ첻Ĺû˴ؤʲ4ĤѲǤ롥

ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening)
Ҳû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters; shocc)
3û (Trisyllabic Shortening; trish)
Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl)

褳첻ѲϤ줾ΩݤȤƲᤵƤε#3961. 3ûλ ([2020-03-01-1]) κǸǤ⿨줿̤ꡤ¤䴰Ūʴطˤꡤ1Ĥζή (drift) ȤȤ館ФƤƤ롥Ritt Ϥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment ȸƤǤ롥
2ĤĹˤĤƤϡ#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ ([2020-02-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1ĤδؿȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ƤθǤƤ

MEOSL Formula

2ĤûˤĤƤΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ûĹϸ䴰ŪǤꡤû¥ʤĶǤĹ졤εդޤǤ롥ȡûθϡĹθžФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥Ritt (95--96) ε󤲤Ƥûθϼ̤ꡥ

Shortening Formula

      The probability of vowel shortening was proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

      and inversely proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority


ޤСĹûθȤ߹碌ơ礭1Ĥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θΩƤ뤳ȤǤ (Ritt 96)

EMEQA Formula

Ritt βοĺϡΤ褦˲ĶȲѲδطΨȤư츫ߤΩѲӤĤƤߤˤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-03-01 Sun

#3961. 3ûλ [sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][trish][compound][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][drift]

ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__C(C)σσ


Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ󤲤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

heafodu PL'head'
cicenu PL'chicken'
linenes GEN'linen'
æniȝe PL'any'
ærende'errand'
æmette'ant'
suþerne'southern'
westenne DAT'waste (desert)'
deorlingas PL'darling'
feorþinȝas PL'farthing'
feowertiȝ'forty'
freondscipe'friendship'
haliȝdaȝ'holiday'
alderman'alderman'
heringes PL'herring'
stiropes PL'stirrup'
Monenday'Monday'
Thuresday'Thursday'
seliness'silliness'
redili'readily'
bretheren PL'brethren'
evere'ever'
othere ACC'other''
redeles PL'riddle'
boseme ACC'bosom'
wepenes PL'weapon'


ȤȤ3Фۤʣ3ˤʤäΡ̾ʣʤɤζ޸դ3ˤʤäΤˤ뤳ȤäˤꡤѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơʣ southern, holiday, Monday Ǥû첻ȤʤäƤͳ롥¾ζˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1])
#260. ([2010-01-12-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1])

֤εǡѸ쳫Ĺ (meosl)ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening)Ҳû (shocc) ʤɡűѸ줫ѸϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ򰷤äƤ餬ߤ䴰طˤäȤܤͤ롥ˤСζή (drift) ϼλΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˤĤʤäƤΤǤꡤˤ錄Ĺѥפ٤ȤȤʬ롥

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط ([2020-01-16-1])
#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1])

ʸ嵭2020/03/02(Mon)̾ϻ moon Ĺ첻ŦޤơΡָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻ĤΤФơפָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơפ˽ޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-02-29 Sat

#3960. Ҳûλ [sound_change][vowel][consonant][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ ([2020-02-28-1]) ˰³űѸ줫Ѹ⤦1Ĥ첻̤ѲȤơҲû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters (= SHOCC) or Pre-Cluster Shortening) λRitt (98) ѸǤη֤ǾҲ𤷤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

kepte'kept'
brohte'brought'
sohte'sought'
þuhte'thought'
demde'deemed'
mette'met'
lædde'led'
sprædde'spread (past)'
bledde'bled'
fedde'fed'
hydde'hid'
softe'soft'
fifta'fifth'
leoht'light'
hihþu'height'
dust'dust'
blæst'blast'
breost'breast'
fyst'fist'
mist'mist'
druhþ'drought'
clænsian'cleanse'
halja'holy (man), saint'
mædd'mad'
fætt'fat'
wræþþo'wrath'
cyþþo'kin'
feoll'fell'
fiftiȝ'fifty'
twentiȝ'twenty'
bledsian'bless'
wisdom'wisdom'
wifman'woman'
hlæfdiȝe'lady'
ȝosling'gosling'
ceapman'chapman'
nehhebur'neighbour'
siknesse'sickness'


SHOCC ̤̾ꡤ2İʾλҲľˤäĹ첻ûѲǤ롥꼰мΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__CCX
where CC is not a homorganic cluster


ΰʬ̤ꡤSHOCC kept, met, led, bled, fed ʤɸ촴ǽѲưβʬŵŪˤߤ롥ޤfifth 󤲤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˤϤʤδ against û첻 /ɛ/ ǤȯˤĤƤͻ뤳ȤǤcf. #543. says said Ϥʤû첻ȯ뤫 (2) ([2010-10-22-1]
SHOCC ϡäƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) Ȥ褽ƱƤꡤ䴰Ūʴطˤ벻ѲǤ뤳ȤդƤʲ⻲ȡ

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-02-28 Fri

#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ [homorganic_lengthening][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][monophthong]

űѸ줫ѸˤȤ롤ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ȸƤФ벻Ѳ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǵñ˲⤷̤ѸŪˤ2첻 child û첻 children ΰ㤤ݤ˰礤˽ФפʲѲ1ĤǤcf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1]
ϤäƤ⡤child/children 첻ĹûŪƤʳˡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʸѸθβˤĤƤΤȤС¤Ϥ¿ιϵ󤬤ʤ#2862. wilderness ([2017-02-26-1]) ε wild/wilderness κۤ˿줿Τ褦˾꤯ۤǤ롥Ritt (82) 󤲤ƤƱĹФ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

 Pre-HOLPost-HOL
ld:cildcīld
 feldfēld
 goldgōld
 geldangēldan
rd:wordwōrd
 swordswōrd
mb:climbanclīmban
 cembancēmban
 dumbdūmb
mb:behindanbehīndan
 endeēnde
 hundhūnd
ng:singansīngan
 langlāng
 tungetūnge
rl:eorlēorl
rn:stiornestīorne
 georngēorn
 kornkōrn
 murnanmūrnan
rð:eorðeēorðe
 weorðewēorðe
 wyrðewȳrðe
 furðorfūrðor
rs:earsasēarsas


ΤƱĹϡʤѸ climb behind 2첻ĤΤƤ롥ΰΤʳθˤĤƤϤޤ근ŪǤϤʤƱĹˤĹ첻ΤˤǺƤû첻ʤɤƸ˻äƤ뤿ᡤϤθ̤ޤ괶ʤȤϤѸŪˤܤ٤첻ѲǤϤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-29-1]

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2020-02-27 Thu

#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][sonority][neogrammarian][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ ([2020-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ˤϰճ㳰¿ĶۤƱ˸Ƥ⡤ñˤä첻ĹäƤ굯äƤʤäꤹΤ
Ritt (75) MEOSL ˤĤơ첻Ĺ뤫ݤϡĶνθǤγΨȤȤ館Ƥ롥ơΤ褦ʸͿƤ (75)

MEOSL Formula

      The probability of vowel lenghthening was proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority

      and inversely proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

   In this formula t, u, v, x, y and z are constants. Their values could be provided by the theoretical framework and/or by induction (= trying the formula out on actual data).


ǤϲäƤΤʬʤ⤹аʲ̤Ǥ롥MEOSL Ψϡ6ĤΥѥ᡼͡ʤ̤ͤΤˤδؿȤƻФ롥6ĤΥѥ顼᥿Ȥθ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

(1) β˶Сβ첻Ĺ䤹
(2) 첻첻ǤСĹ䤹
(3) coda 첻˸³Ҳˤʹ (sonority) ⤱СĹ䤹
(4) 첻Ĵ⤤ȡĹˤ
(5) β᤬ŤȡĹˤ
(6) αμ岻᤬ŤȡĹˤ

ФΤϤޤdzΨǤ뤫顤ۤƱĶˤǤäƤ⡤첻Ĺ뤫ݤη̤ϰۤʤȤȤRitt Υץϡǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ŪʡֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) Ȥϰ褹ץǤ롥
ʤδؿϡ¤Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ĹǤƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤ뤳ȤʬäƤꡤ⤤ƱĹˤĤƤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-02-26 Wed

#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][final_e]

Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ϡ12--13ˤȤפ첻Ѳ1ĤǤ롥ŵŪ2ˤơû첻ǽ볫Τû첻Ĺ첻ѲǤ롥#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡnama nāma, beran bēran, ofer ōfer ʤɤ㤬ŵǤ롥
βѲʹԤƤѸǤθȸѸǤθ¤٤뤳ȤǡŪʻǧƤʲRitt (12) ꡥ

EMEModE
laborlabour
basinbasin
barinbare
whalwhale
wavenwave
wadenwade
taletale
starinstare
stapelstaple
stedesteed
blerenblear
repenreap
lesenlease
efeneven
drependrepe
deriendere
denedean
-stocstoke (X-)
solesole
motemote (of dust)
motemoat
hopienhope
clokecloak
smokesmoke
brokebroke
oferover


¤ΤȤ MEOSL ˤ㳰¿ȤΤƤ롥Ritt (14) ꡤξˤ⤫餺Ĺ첻äƤʤǤ褦

EMEModE
adlenaddle
aleralder
alumalum
anetanet
anisanise
aspenaspen
azürazure
baronbaron
barratbarrat
barilbarrel
bet(e)r(e)better
besantbezant
brevetbrevet
celercellar
devorendeavour
desertdesert
etheredder
edischeddish
feþerfeather
felonfelon
bodigbody
bonnetbonnet
boþembottom
broþelbrothel
closetcloset
kokercocker
cokelcockle
cofincoffin
colarcollar
colopcollop


Ǥϡξ򤵤̲ MEOSL ŬѤ̵ͭͽ¬ǤΤ뤤ϡɭñ줴ȤǤꡤȤ虜ʤΤܳŪ˼ȤΤ Ritt θǤ롥
MEOSL ϡѸˡˤ "magic <e>" εˤؤ뤷첻ܡ (gsv) ؤϤ󶡤Ѹ˾˽פʲѲǤϤ뤬ճ¿βѲ˴ؤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-27-1]

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2020-02-24 Mon

#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction]

űѸ츦νפ "digraph controversy" ȤΤ롥2Ĥ첻Ťͤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ʤ첻ɽ魯ΤȤǤ롥첻μ̤ä͡ʸФƤ
űѸμܤǤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ֤ƤΤߤιǤǤϤФ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> Ȥ̤ˡ1첻Ĺ (macron) դ <ēa>, <ēo>, <īe> Ȥɽߤ롥 <ea> ֤벻ˤϡŪˤϡûפΤȡĹפΤäȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ĹΤʤСȤСȤǡºݤ˸űѸˤ첻μ̤ɤΤ褦˰äƤΤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤͡ʿ¬ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥ⥹ȥ졼ȤʤΤϡֻΤޤޤˡû2첻פȡĹ2첻פꤹƤǤ롥<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] ʤɤȺƷʡ#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) 첻ɽ򻲾ȡˡ෿ŪˤߤơʤȤ⥲ޥɤˤ2첻 (diphthong) ûΤĹΤ̤륱ϤʤȤ顤䤬褵Ƥ롥
ФơĹΤʤСñ첻 (monophthong) ǤꡤС2첻 (diphthong) ǤȤ᤬롥ˤĤƤ Minkova (178--79) Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ǤϾܺ٤ˤƧ߹ޤʤ˽äƺƷ줿ʲ˼ (Minkova 156)

ValueExample
DigraphEarlyLate
<ēa>æʊæəstrēam 'stream'
<ea>æəæheall 'hall'
<ēo>sēon 'to see'
<eo>ɛəɛġeolu 'yellow'
<īe>iə, iː(ġe)līefan 'to believe'
<ie>ɪəɪġiefan 'to give'


űѸɤݤˡ2ŻФƤɤΤ褦ȯѤ뤫եǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2020-03-04-1]

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2020-02-19 Wed

#3950. ǥåüԤΥꥫܽѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ [yiddish][loan_word][phonology][phoneme][phonemicisation][phonotactics][consonant][phonotactics][contact][borrowing][phonaestheme]

ε#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1]) ˰³褦 Minkova (148--149) 󶡤εǡŪʸݤȤƸƬ [ts-] ȤҲΩļѸҲ𤷤˺Ƕܤ٤ƬλҲȤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] 󤲤롥Ѹ˵ĤȤѸŪʻҲϢǤϤ뤬͡ʸ򥽡Ȥ [ts-] Ȥϰۤʤꡤۤꤵ롥ΥϤο͡ѤƤ륤ǥå (yiddish) Ǥ롥ǥåϡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) ΥޥɤηޤǼ褦ˡȤޥ췲°Ǥ롥
2塤ꥫ罰ϤȤѸ˹ܽǥåüԤθäȤȤˡ嵭ħŪʻҲϢѸ˻ơüԽĤʸŪʱƶϤ椨ˡλҲϢѸΤʤǡֻ̱פƤȤǤ롥Ρֻ̱פ䡤褦ʡɤ褦äδߤĤġŪ̥ϤäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ schmaltz ʲ٤δ, schmooze (٤, schmuck , shtetl ʾʥĮ, shtick ʤäʾ̡, shtum ۤä, shtup ʥåˤʤɡschm- [ʃm-] ˻äƤϡäβ (phonaesthesia) 򼨤ŪǤȤʤäƤ롥
Minkova (148--149) βѤ褦

After World War II, Yiddish is spoken by more people in English-speaking countries --- US, Canada, Australia and Great Britain together --- than in Continental Europe or Israel. Large Yiddish communities in New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne and Montreal have contributed to the recognition and integration of new vocabulary and new consonant clusters: [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-], which have become productive phonaesthemes in PDE. With at least a quarter of a million Yiddish speakers in North America, and a strong presence of Yiddish culture in film, TV and literature, familiarity with these clusters is to be expected and there is no attempt to assimilate them to some native sequence. What is more, the onset <schm-> [ʃm-], treated as a 'combining form' since 1929 by the OED, is clearly productive in playful reduplication, generating mildly disparaging or comic attention-getters: madam-shmadam, able-shmable, holy-shmoly, the Libros Shmibros lending library in Los Angeles.


夲 [ts-] ˤƤ⡤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] ˤƤ⡤Ѹ줬͡ʸܿäƱˡտ魯äʲǤаޤ褯ʬ롥ܿ (contact) ε¿СŪʷDzηϤˤ⤽αƶڤ֤Ȥ򼨤Ȥ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-18 Tue

#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ [phonology][phoneme][phonemicisation][phonotactics][consonant][japanese][loan_word]

ѸǤ [ts] ȯⲿȤʤcats, hits, let's, nights, watts ʤɡt ǽΤʣ3ñ -s ղäС˸벻Ϣ˻2ĤηǤޤ֤뤿ᡤŪˤϤޤDz /t/ Ȳ /s/ ơΩΩǡν¤ΤȲᤵ롥Ĥޤꡤ[ts] βɽϤޤ /ts/ Ǥꡤ/t͡s/ ǤϤʤ
ѸޤǻȡǶޤ櫓ǤϤʤ [ts] ⸽¸ߤ롥줫μѸ tsar/czar ʹˤ [zɑː] Ȥȯ뤬[tsɑː] Ȥȯ롥ܸ줫μѸ tsunami [ts] ȯ롥¿ʤʳ [ts] Ѹ϶ʹƤƤꡤ/ts/ ǤϤʤ /t͡s/ ΰռƤƤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ⤷ǤкǿβDz (phonemicisation) λȤʤꡤѸ첻˾ΰյġ Minkova (148) εͤˤʤ롥

. . . /ts/ is phonotactically non-native but not universally unattested. The earliest <ts->-initial borrowing in English is from Slavic: tsar (1555); the voiceless alveolar affricate onset [t͡s-] in this word and its many derived forms is most commonly assimilated to a singly articulated [z-], though the affricate [t͡s-] pronunciation is also recorded. Only three more [t͡s-] words were added in the sixteenth to seventeenth century, nine in the eighteenth century, and twenty-three between 1901 and 1975, with sources from languages from all over the world: Burmese, Chinese, German, Greek and Japanese. All of the most recent borrowing preserve the [t͡s-]; apparently the phonotactic constraint which generated the [z-] in tsar is no longer part of the system: no one would say [t͡s-] or [zuːˈnɑmi]. In other words, [t͡s-], although of more recent lineage, is likely to join [ʒ] ... as an addition to the consonantal inventory. The still marginal acceptability of a [t͡s-] onset can be related to its relative complexity and lower frequency of occurrence, though tsunami is hardly a rare item in English after 2011.


[t͡s-] ǻϤޤñ줬ޤʤƤ٤㤤Τǡ/t͡s/ βDzäƤȤϤޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤȤѤκǸˤ褦 tsunami Ϸ褷ƥ쥢ñǤϤʤҳ䵤ݤʤϵĶѲ˷ǰƤ븽¿ο͡ܤ륭ɤ1ĤǤ롥ñ줬ٲȤΤϻ䤿ˤȤä˾ޤʤȤѸβηϤ¦ߤ /t͡s/ ¤ʲDz˹׸ƤȤ⤤롥
κǿβDzȤСѤˤ⿨Ƥ褦 /ʒ/ 󤲤뤷/ŋ/ ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) (2) 򡤸ԤˤĤƤϡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-17-1] [2020-02-19-1]

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2020-02-12 Wed

#3943. Τ rhyme ϾʤȤ -VC -VV ǹƤʤФʤʤ [phonology][syllable][germanic]

ñβṽ¤ˤϸ󤬤롥a, the ʤɤμĵǽΤ rhyme ʤȤ2⡼ǹƤʤФʤʤȤΤǤ rhyme Ȥϲṽ¤ñ̤ΤȤǡ#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1]) Ρ첻ʡܻҲˡפʬؤ
ʬ2⡼ʤФʤʤȤȤϡפ˺Ȥơû첻1Ҳ (VC) Ĺ첻2첻 (VV) Τ줫ǤʤФʤʤȤȤƬ (onset) ˻Ҳ뤫ɤʤʬû첻פΤߤǽ褦ñϵʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤû첻פζĸϤʤֻҲû첻פǤ롥Τ˵ǽμ /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɒ/, /ɔ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /ə/ Τ褦ʸϤʤ˲餫ƬҲäθ¸ߤʤѸˤơβṽ¤˶㳰ˤĤƤϡ#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) ([2019-08-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
¤Ϥޥ췲˶̤ΤΤǤ롥ޥɤȯã North-West Germanic ȸƤФʳǡβṽ¤η줿ͳ餫ǤϤʤˤû첻Τߤǽ붯ĸϸˡ٤ȤʤäŪû첻ǽäƤˤϡ§ȤĹ첻Ȥǥ롼˹碌뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥Ϣ Minkova (70) Ѥ롥

. . . we noted the absence of word-final stressed short, lax, non-peripheral vowels [ɪ ɛ æ ʊ ʌ] in PDE; words such as *se with [-ɛ], *decrí with [-ɪ], *bru with [-ʊ] are ill-formed. This constraint on the shape of the final stressed syllable in English can be traced back to OE and even earlier. In all North-West Germanic languages the final vowels of lexical monosyllables became uniformly long, that is, they were lengthened if the original vowel was short. In some instances the long vowel appears to be a compensation for the loss of PrG final /-z/: PrG */hwaz/ > OE hwā 'who', PrG /wiz/, OE 'we'. Lengthening without loss of a syllable coda is attested in OE 'now', Goth. nu, OE swā 'so', Goth. swa; in this second set the process is evidently driven by the preference for co-occurrence of stress and syllable weight.


ϡ1˴ؤˡΡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ˤ⡤ŪʤαƤȤƤˤʤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2019-11-28 Thu

#3867. Optimality Theory --- äʹΥˡθ줿 [ot][phonology][phonetics][sound_change]

̤˸ѲμΤäȹͤ뤳Ȥ¿ʹ¤礭Ȥĥ褦ˤʤäƤܥ֥Ǥ⤳ˤĤƤĤε񤤤Ƥ

#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])
#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])
#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])
#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])
#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1])
#2150. Ѳˤʹ ([2015-03-17-1])
#2586. Ѳˤäʹ䤪Ӵط ([2016-05-26-1])
#3378. ŪФ߽Ф4װ ([2018-07-27-1])

Ǹ2ĤεΤ褦ˡȤ櫓ѲˤƤäʹ䤬׻뤵褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥äϾǤڤĴȤߵäƤ뤬ޤ˴άȯǤʹ򤵤ʤ줬롥ʹäФƴŪˡޤάƤʡषΤǫĴƤ졤Ȥץå㡼򤫤ƤΤǤ롥ΥˡȿƤꡤ줬äƤȤǸ줬ΩäƤȤ롥Ѳ⡤礤礭ʤ٤˵Τȹͤ롥
#3848. 󥭥󥰤 "Optimality Theory" ([2019-11-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ŭ (Optimality Theory) ϡ嵭2ĤΥˡΥХ󥹤θƤ롥OT δŪʹͤ⤷ Carr and Montreuil (258--59) ꡤϢ

The basic architecture of the model is straightforward: a set of constraints CON represents the priorities obeyed by the grammar of a language. These constraints are violable, universal and ranked in a hierarchy. A generating function GEN provides the output candidates for a given input and an evaluation function EVAL determines the relative desirability of each output; most critically it determines which of these outputs is the optimal candidate, the 'winner'.
. . . .
   OT . . . attempts to explain why outputs may differ from inputs. It does so by encoding markedness directly into the grammar. Most constraints are formulated negatively and penalize the markedness of undesirable results; they point to marked structures or articulations, and their paraphrases read like lists of what not to do; for instance 'avoid (marked) sonority differentials', 'avoid (marked) complex articulations', 'avoid (marked) labial codas'. These markedness constraints make no reference to the input, they simply evaluate the intrinsic desirability of outputs.
   Be penalising marked constructs, markedness constraints optimise language towards ease of articulation and simple structures. Assimilations and mergers usually respond to the desire to minimise effort. But this is counterbalanced by the need to keep articulations clear, words distinct and intonations contrastive. Effective communication, and language use in general, attempts to reach a satisfactory equilibrium between the drive to simplify phonetic forms and the need to be understood. In OT, this balance is achieved by pitting against each other markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints.


δ餹ȡŬܻؤֺŬפȤϡäʹȿˡ¤Ĵ̤ȤƤνϤؤȤǤ롥

Carr, Philip and Jean-Pierre Montreuil. Phonology. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-20-1] [2020-01-10-1]

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2019-11-16 Sat

#3855. ʤֿסʤ󤳤ˤΥ޻ɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][spelling][orthography][digraph][phonemicisation]

ɸϡǤˡѤʵפΰĶƤꡤषïʤǤ礦ޤǤ3Ĥε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1], [2019-11-15-1]) ǡʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m Ѥ뤫ȤˤĤƵƤޤ΢֤ˤ褦ʵȤʤäƤޤʤʤΤǡε󤴰ɤˡ
[ŋ] ȯ ng ʸ2ʸ1Ȥֻˤɽ魯ȤϸѸǤϰŪǤꡤϲŪ /ŋ/ βǤȤΩƤ¤бƤȹͤޤƱɡҲǤäƤ [n] [m] Τ˶̤٤ΤȤ [ŋ] ¸ߤ餳 n m ֤ΤǤϤʤng Ȥȼ֤ĤΤǤޤȤСȯ [ɕiŋkoiwa] Ǥ顤Ѹʤ뤤ϥإܥ󼰥޻ˤDzŪ˸̩ɽܻؤΤǤ *Shingkoiwa դ路ȤǤ礦ƱͤͳǡѸ ink, monk, sync, thank *ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk ʤɤ֤Ƥ٤ȤǤ⤽ʤäƤޤ
ͳϡ/ŋ/ ˤĤƤ /n/ /m/ ȰۤʤꡤΩǤȤƤδפ夤ˤꤽǤŪˤС/ŋ/ ΩǤȤʤäΤϸѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤޤcf. #1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])ˡ/n/ /m/ ĸοǯˤؤͤβǤȤС/ŋ/ ֤˷βǤȤȤˤʤޤ/ŋ/ ѸޤǤϤޤDz /n/ ξ۲Ȥ֤ŤǤꡤηϾ夵ƽפǤϤʤ椨ֻä n ȶ̤٤ȤϤߤʤƤʤäΤǤС[k] [g] ֤ˤ [ŋ] Ͼ۲ȤƸΤ褦˼¸Ƥޤ /ŋ/ ȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤ񤭸վñ n ֤ƤȤȤǤ
Ѹ kingk (king), dringke (drink), thingke (think) ʤɤֻȯŪˤߤ줿ȤΤǤṲ̄äΤ king, drink, think פΤۤǤʹߡŪˤ /ŋ/ βDzʹԤȤϤֻŪˤ夫 ng, nk ΤޤɸಽʹԤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤ
ɸεޤ礦ֿפΡ֤פϲŪˤϾ۲ [ŋ] ȤƼ¸ޤѸǤϾ۲ [ŋ] ֻ ng Ȥɽ뽬ǤʤäŪаޤޤΤᡤѸɽӤ˴Ťإܥ󼰥޻Ǥϡ*Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺n Ѥ Shinkoiwa ­ƤΤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-05-13-1] [2023-02-10-1]

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2019-11-15 Fri

#3854. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (3) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][spelling][orthography][digraph]

2֤ε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1]) ɸѤʵˤĤƹͤƤޤɽŪˤߤȡܸǤϡ֤󤸤夯ס֤ФפȤɽǡ֤פʬʤѸʤ뤤ϥإܥ󼰥޻ˤǤ Shinjuku Shimbashi ʬƤΤǤ顤Ѹɽȯΰ㤤˼¤Ҵȿ븷̩ɽʤΤʡȻפ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤n m νʬΤߤ夲ơѸɽŪ˸̩ǤǸΤϾǤ¾ͻƤɬפޤ
n m ȤҲΰ㤤פǤΤϡξȤ˰ǤѸ nap map ΰ㤤פʤΤƱͤˡܸǡ֤ʡ̾ˡ na ȡ֤ޡʴ֡ˡ ma ΰ㤤ϽפǤǤ顤ܸñΥ޻ɽˤ na ma Τ褦˽ʬ뤳ȼΤԻ׵ĤǤⲿǤ⤢ޤ󡥤ɡҲ첻ʤĶĤޤñȤΩľˤܸǤɡҲΰ㤤¤ȤǤʤѸ٤礭ۤʤΤǤ
֤ʻˡפ̾ [saɴ] ȯޤĿͤˤäơ뤤Ͼˤä [san], [saɲ], [saŋ], [sam], [sã] ʤɤȼ¸뤳Ȥ⤢ޤȯǤ⡤ܸʸ̮ǤϽʬˡ֤פȤƲᤵޤȤѸǤ sun [sʌn], some [sʌm], sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡĤɡҲñȤΩĴĶǤΤ˶̤ʤФʤޤ󡥱ѸϤΤ褦ܸ٤ɡҲζ̤Ū˸θˡˤȿǤƤ뤿ˡShinjuku Shimbashi νʬƤȹͤޤ
äϤǽޤ󡥾˵󤲤 sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡng Ȥֻ [ŋ] ȯñͤƤߤޤ礦. sing, sang, song Ϥ king, long, ring, thing, young ʤɤ󤢤ޤ͡ѸǤ [ŋ] [n] [m] Τ˶̤ʤФʤʤΤǡΤ褦 ng Ȥ ȼʸ2ʸ1ȤֻˤѰդƤ櫓ǤȤСn m ˽ʬΤƱˡ ng ˽ʬƤ뤫ȤС㤤ޤ㤨 ink, monk, sync, thank ϳơ [ɪŋk], [mʌŋk], [sɪŋk], [θæŋk] ȯ졤ʶʤ [ŋ] ɡҲäƤޤʤΤˡ*ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk Τ褦ˤ֤ޤn m ξȤϻ𤬰ۤʤΤǤ
Ѹ [n], [m], [ŋ] Τ˶̤٤ȯȤߤʤƤޤֻ夽ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤޤn m ʬ뤳ȤˤĤƤϾҴǤ ng ΰ㤤˽ʬۤҴʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤܸδ鸫ȡѸɽϤȤǤϳΤ˲Ūˤ긷̩Ȥޤ̤ΤȤǤɬ⸷̩ǤϤʤܸɽΡ֤פ˶ᤤȤޤ⤷٤Ƥξ˸̩äȤ顤ֿסʤ󤳤 [ɕiŋkoiwa] αѸɽʤ뤤ϥإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤϡԤ Shinkoiwa ǤϤʤ *Shingkoiwa ȤʤϤǤ
ɸεޤ礦ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ礦εФơֱѸܸⲻŪ˸̩ɽѤƤ뤫פñǤԽʬǤֿפΡ֤פǤξĤƤꡤ餳 m ɽΤǤĴؤǤ­ޤ󡥤ϡ˴ְäƤȤϤޤ󤬡Shinkoiwa 褦ȤʤˤʤäþޤǤΤǡɸεФΤϡҤ٤褦ˡֱѸˡ׵᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi פȤʤޤäϪˤäƤޤСShimbashi ֤ΤϡѸǤϤ֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤ뤫פȤȤˤʤޤѤʵФȤƤϿȤդʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡Ūʴ餤ȹͻ̡䤬äȰƤɤĤ̤ηǤ̻ŪʴϤޤ̤˵Ǥޤˡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-05-13-1] [2019-11-16-1]

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2019-11-14 Thu

#3853. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (2) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][vowel][spelling][spelling][orthography]

ε ([2019-11-13-1]) ǡܸΡ֤פĶ˱ƿΰۤʤȯǼ¸뤳Ȥ˿ޤλ¤ˤĤơ⤦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦
ƣ (49) ˤȡ֤פ͡ʲŪ¸ˤĤơΤ褦ޤ

³ҲƱĴɡְФȤ벻Ǥ롥³ҲɡΤȤϡ[p] [b] [m] [m], [t] [ts] [d] [dz] [n] [n], [tɕ] [dʑ], [ɲ] [ɲ], [k] [ɡ] [ŋ] [ŋ] ˤʤ롥
ǤθꡤĤޤٻߤľǤϡɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ롥ĿͤޤϾ̤ˤꡤ[m] [n] [ŋ]ޤɡ첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥֤󤤡ʿաˡס֤ʿˡפΤ褦ʡ첻ܶ᲻Υ⡤ɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤϤۤǫĴʤ¤ĺ[ɕiĩi] Τ褦 [i] ɡ첻 [ĩ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿
³ҲԤϹԤʤɤ໤ΤȤ⡤ƱǡƱĴͭ໤ɡΤȤʤ뤬첻αƶ뤿ᵭ沽񤷤άɽǤϳά[h] [s] [ɸ] [ɯ̃], [ɕ] [ç] [ĩ] Τ褦ɡ첻ȤʤȹͤƤФ褤


ܸΡ֤פϤʤʤʣʤ͡ȯƤ뤳ȤʬǤ礦̾٤вŪ˸̩ȤäƤ褤Ѹɽʤ뤤Ϥ˶ᤤإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤǤΡ֤פ񤳤ȤʤС1ν˼ޤʤΤƻǤ̤ȤơShinjuku Ǥʤ Shimbashi Τ褦ֻФƤ櫓Ǥ
̾ӤФ긷̩ʲɽȤȤˤѸʤ޻ɽˤˤƤ⡤ n m ʬ뤯餤ǡ¤ϡָ̩פʤɤǤϤޤ󡥱Ѹˡ׵᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi ȹͤƤɬפޤ
ʤθɡ [ɴ] ˤĤơܸɴŵ (247) ­ȡ֤ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻פȤȤǤ

ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

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2019-11-13 Wed

#3852. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (1) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][language_planning][spelling][orthography]

ʸ嵭2021/04/29(Thu)ܵϡѤʵפ򰷤äΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ȤƤ褦Ǥ켫ΤϤȤƤ򤷤ȤǤܵϡֶʽŪʲפǤϤΤΡɮԤȤƤԽʬʲˤȤɤޤȹͤƤޤषβŦ³ԤܳŪ˵Ƥ椯Ĥܵ񤤤ȤаޤޤǤΤǡ³Ԥ3碌ɤǤФȻפޤ򶲤줺˸СܵΡֶʽŪʲפǤԽʬǤ

夲㤬ֿפɤ̤ˤƤ⡤֤פ޻ m ֤Ϥ褯ˤΤܤޤ
JRοؤα̾ɽϳΤ Shimbashi ȤʤäƤޤܸɽȤƤϡ֤ФפΤ褦ˡ֤פǤäƤ⡤ѸɽΤˤСJRѤƤȤܤإܥ󼰥޻ɽ˶ᤤɽˤˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ȤʤޤϤäʤǤ礦ϡ¤ϱѸˤδ뤳ȤΤǤ˥ǥפʤΤǤ϶ʽŪʲܤƤޤ礦
ޤŪǤإܥ󼰥޻ɽǤϡ֤פȯȸƤФ벻ˤϡb, m, p ֤ˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ɽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäơȡסʤʤСˤ Nambaܴ֡סʤۤޡˤ Hommaֻӡסʤڤˤ Sampei ȤʤꡤƱͤ˿ʤФˤ Shimbashi Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤȤȤǤ
b, m, p ֤ˤ m ɽͳ򤹤뤿ˤϡؤμɬפǤܸ֤פü첻ǤȸƤФ졤ܸ첻Ǥ /ɴ/ ɽޤ1ĤβǤꡤܸüԤˤȤäʶʤ1ĤβȤǧƤޤºݾϿΰۤʤȯǼ¸ޤ֤פϤɤΤ褦ʲĶ˸뤫ˤäơۤʤȯȤƼ¸ΤǤ
ȡסܴ֡סֻӡפ3ñȯƤߤȡ֤פʬϤξĤȯȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ뤫Ȼפޤϥ޹ԻҲ m θˤۤʤޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ֤פȤ n ȯƤĤǤ⡤ξˤϼ¤ m ȯƤΤǤϸ³ m, b, p ƱξǤ뤿ˡľ֤פԲ n ǤϤʤξ m ˶ŤƤۤΤȤƥࡼȯǤ뤫Ǥȯ䤹褦äƸ̡ǥեȤ n 顤ȯꥹࡼ m ؤĴƤȤ櫓Ǥ
̯ѲȤгΤˤǤΤǡܸɽǤϡäȯĴϢưˡ֤פɽΤޤޤǤꤹƤޤϢưʤСȤƤϡ֤դɽȤʤǤ礦ˡΤ褦ȯΰ㤤̵ǤϤʤѸɽʤӡ˶ᤤإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤˤäƤϡ嵭βĶˤƤϡn 夨ơ긷̩ʲɽǤ m Ѥ櫓Ǥ
ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡֿɡסʤ󤸤夯ˤֿסʤФˤƱ֤ײޤΤ顤Ʊ֤ = n ɽѤФ褤ǤϤʤȤǤѸʤإܥ󼰥޻ˤǤ2ĤΡ֤פ¤ƱȯǤʤȤ¤Ż뤷ơԤˤ n ʸ򡤸Ԥˤ m ʸơ̤ɽʤ路ȤȤǤ
޻ǽ񤯤ȤϤɼԤȤܸüԤǰƬˤΤǤ n ɽۤʬ䤹ΤϤޤǤ⤢ޤ󡥤¸ƤΤἰ޻Ǥˤȡֿפ Sinbasi Ȥʤޤ餯JRʤޤŴƻƼҡˤϡɼԤȤüԡʤ餯ѸɽǤǤȻפ¿γ͡ˤꤷἰǤϤʤإܥ󼰡ʤ˥޻ɽѤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤShimbashi ϡܸȱѸˤޤĤ벻ءֻˤȤɤޤ餺ݲ줿ܤθȤؤΤʤΤǤ

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