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solidarity - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-05-23 Mon

#4774. go/went ϼҲŪȥޥǤ [sociolinguistics][suppletion][verb][inflection][solidarity][inoueippei]

ְʼδѸظإͥϤ3ۤɤФޤѸ졦˴ؤؤιֵݤΤǤϤʤޤǸԤɤϭǤΩäŪʡΤ٤ܻؤơ轵ȿ18:0010ʬư򥢥åץɤƤޤ¿˥ͥϿ򤷤ƤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤꤤޤ
25Ƥޤֿ⡪ go β went ͳǤYouTube ȤڤޤơΥȥǥⲾ⡪ĤƤޤʾСˡȿڲǽʲǤϤʤޤǻˤȤɤޤΤǤϤޤĹ餯ƤͤǤ



λñ㲽ƤСgo/went ˸¤餺ѸʤҤƤϸ̡ˤ˴ѻԵ§ʸܤϡޥƤʤĿͤϱѸüԽĤ֤Ƥʤ衤ȤҲؾΥȥޥȤƵǽƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤgo Ȥ goed ǤϤʤ wentפȤ֤Τߤ˶ͭƤ礤դ򡤤ȽƤ뤫ɤΤȥޥʤΤǤϤʤȡ
󤽤Τ褦ʥȥޥ椬ΩƤ go/went ΥڥǤɬפϤޤ󡥤ۤΤɤʥڥǤɤäϤǤǤѸˤƤϡޤԵ§ŪθƤ go/went ҲŪʥȥޥȤФ졤ѤƤ롤ȤȤʤΤȹͤƤޤ
֤ʤ go β went ʤΤפȤѤʵˤϡ2Ĥ¦̤ޤ1Ĥϡʤˤä went ȤʤΤǤȤ䤤ǤؤβϱѸˤդȤȤǤ#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])#4094. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-12-1])#4403. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ3֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡס ([2021-05-17-1])
ʤĤޤǤäƤ go βȤ goed ѤʤΤȤ䤤ФƤϡۤʤǤ褦˻פޤ嵭μҲŪʴβǤˤĤơ#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) 䡤رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ٤ p. 78
դˤϤԵ§Ȥ櫤ФƤΤǤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-12-1] [2022-12-02-1]

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2021-03-21 Sun

#4346. եꥹѤθ [politeness][face][solidarity][pragmatics]

䤿ռƤ뤫ݤˤ餺԰٤ϤܾۤŪʥեβǽʥեꥹˤޤǤ롥եꥹ¤ʤˤϻ¾奼ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ塤٤κϤ˥եꥹ¸ߤƤȹͤƤ褤
Brown and Levinson (76--78) ϡեꥹ礭ȤεΥ (D)ϴط (P) (R) 3װˤäƷޤȤ꼰챺 (30--31) Ѥ뤳ȤǡҲ𤷤褦

ڥեꥹѤθ
Wx = D (S, H) + P (H, S) + Rx
   Wx (weightiness): ԰ x Фեꥹ
   D (distance): ä (speaker) ʹ (hearer) μҲŪΥ
   P (power): ʹ (hearer) ä (speaker) Ф
   Rx (rating [ranking] of imposition): ʸˤ԰ x

Ĥޤꡤ԰ x Υեꥹ (Wx) ϡ襳οʹִطˤäʹΡּҲŪΥ (D)סƤοʹִطˤʹäФ (P)סơx Ȥ԰٤ʸǤɤ٤٤ˤʤȸʤƤ뤫Ρ (R)סȤǤĻŪƯƷޤäƤȥ֥饦󥽥Ϲͤ


άȤƤϡȤƤ褯ǤǤ롥٤Ȥ򤤤СñʲûǤ褤ΤǤŬڤʽŤդɬפʤΤǤϤʤȤäȽϤꤦ롥3ĤǤեꥹθѤŪ˸ȤΤϡľˤQˤ⤫ʤ
3ĤǤǤ Rx ˡʸˤפȤ꤬ղäƤΤ̣ĹǤ롥챺 (31) ɾ˼򷹤褦

κǸϡʸŪʤߤǤⶽ̣ȤСιԤ˹ԤͤФơιʪäƤƤ褦ꤹ롤Ȥ԰٤ͤ褦ޤܤξ硤߻Ϥޤ굤¤ΤǤϤʤ⤷ޤ줿Ȥ빽Ѥ路ͤ¿ȤȤȤѤǤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥ळȤ񹳤򴶤ʤȤͤ¿ۤʤΤǤʤϤʤƤ⤫ޤʤȹͤͤ⾯ʤʤޤ줿¦⡤ʬͤˤƤ뤳ȤξڤȤƸؤ˻פʤ٤ǤʤΤȤ
ºݤ˷׻Ǥ뤫ɤϤȤ⤫֥饦󥽥ȤߤϡʤȤ⳵ǰŪˤϤۤȤ館Ƥ롥֥饦󥽥ФȽΤʤˤϡʸθƤʤȤΤ롥޸褦ˡʸɤװѥ᡼ȤȤ߹ޤƤꡤȽľˤʤ̸ά͡


ʤۤɡȤƤñοƤǤ롥Ϣơ#2126. FTA FTA 򤱤ά ([2015-02-21-1]) ⻲ȡ

Brown, Penelope and Stephen Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-26-1]

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2018-12-23 Sun

#3527. ƾΤΥݥ饤ȥ̻ͥѲ̾ϥͥƥء̾ϥݥƥ [address_term][politeness][t/v_distinction][emode][title][honorific][face][personal_pronoun][solidarity]

̾ (65--72) ϡ1640--1760ǯޤǤ gentry comedy ޤॳѥǡƾ (address_term) ɽĴ
ƾΤϡ礭 negative politeness ظ "deferential type" positive politeness ظ "familiar type" ˶ʬ롥ϡ2;̾Ǥ you thou ζ̤̾ʶˤǤСȤ Lord dear ζ̤ (cf. #2131. ƾθΥݥ饤ȥͥɸ ([2015-02-26-1])) Ūʻ¤ȤƤ⤷Τϡ̾̾ʶˤθƾΤѲ˴ؤơĴ줿Ѹ顤θθѸӸѸˤơۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̾Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 negative politeness Ż뤵줿Τ褦 thou ǤϤʤ you ̲Ȥ̾ʶˤǤϡष dear ̾ (first name) ǤθƤӤΤ褦 positive politeness Ż뤵ơߤ˻äƤ롥̾ (69) λŦȤꡤnominal address terms Ѳ pronominal address terms ѲȵդȤȡפǤ롥
2;̾˴ؤơʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ǰ̲ΤˤĤƤϡ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1])#1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1]) ˤƤ˿ää褦˻פ롥Ĥޤꡤʤ̾ʶˤθƤӤɽǤϡष̩ (familiarity) ķ (solidarity) 򼨤򤵤줿Τ϶뤤ŪʥХ󥹤ȤȤ

̾ ҡ3ϡ˸ˤʸˡȸѲסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ59--74ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-02-1]

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2018-02-07 Wed

#3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ [speech_act][politeness][solidarity][anglo-saxon][oe][face][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics]

Ѹ˸θԤǡűѸȯù԰ (speech_act) ȤƤ Thomas Kohnen ˤС󥰥ʸˤƤϸŪʰ̣Ǥ negative politeness ϤۤȤ¸ߤʤäȤä̿ȯù԰٤ˤơűѸǤϸŪʥݥ饤ȥͥάѤ줺ľŪ Ic bidde eow þæt . . . (I ask you to . . . ) þu scealt . . . (thou shalt . . .) Ѥ줿Ȥ󥰥ʸǤϡnegative politeness ϻ¾ǧʤ褦
solidarity ʤ positive politeness άϡuton (let us) ʤɤɽꥹȶŪʸ̮ʤɤǤǧ뤬ȤΩäƻѤ櫓ǤϤʤäɤ饢󥰥ʸűѸǤϡͼΥݥ饤ȥͥǤ츽٤ƱƤäȤȤ̸Ūˤ٤ŪꤵƤݥ饤ȥͥѸθŤʳˤƻ¾ԺߤäȤȤϡ̣ǥå󥰤ȯǤ롥Lenker (328) ˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Politeness as face work may thus not have played a major role in Anglo-Saxon society. This highlights the intrinsically culture-specific nature of phenomena like politeness and suggests in accordance with other cross-cultural studies that the universal validity or significance of politeness theory --- as devised by Brown and Levinson . . . --- is a gross mistake. Negative politeness in particular is fundamentally culture-specific, reflecting the typical patterns of today's Western, or even more particular, Anglo-American, politeness culture . . . . The study of Anglo-Saxon pragmatics thus does not only affect our understanding of the historicity of verbal interaction but also challenges issues of universality.


Lenker, Ursula. "Old English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 21 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 325--340.

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2017-01-31 Tue

#2836. ʸ solidarity δ [sociolinguistics][japanese][katakana][loan_word][purism][solidarity][inkhorn_term]

֥ʸפȾΤ볰ϡФܸȤȤʤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#1617. ܸˤ볰 ([2013-09-30-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ʤɤˤƤ
#1617εǿ줿褦ˡȤ櫓ֹԤβʡ˴ؤ빭εϡɤ߼Ǥ뤪ǯθɽѤ뤳Ȥ貿ڤˤʤФʤʤϤפˤ⤫餺줬¿ѤƤ븽¤Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿֤ǯθɽפȤϡ򤷤䤹¸ǤθɽǤȤ뤤ϾʤȤ̤դʤɤεΤȤİƤҲŪʴä solidarity Ϣӡˤδȡ⤦ο꤬ꤽȤȤʬ롥 (190) ϡϢӡפ΢֤ȤƤΡӽפˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ܤΤꤳȤФ˥ʸѤΤϤ줬狼ʤԤʤɤӽ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸ줬ʤΤϡ̣狼ʤȤǤϤʤϢӤӽι¤Ҳ˺ФƤޤȤǤ롥


Ĥޤꡤ¿Τǯ꤬ʸΰ̣ǤʤȤ쥳ߥ˥ʾˡǯ꤬ΰ̣򤹤ǯĤȼҲŪˡϢӡפǤʤȤꡤäȸСӽפƤޤȤ꤬Ȥ
μҲŪϡǯȥʸ˸¤餺˼Ѹ줬ȤˤФ륢ѸθŪ (purism) ˤäơŪͭʤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥㤨СѸΡ֥(inkhorn_term) ˤƤ⡤ƥѸϡ̱̽ĶȤǸ쥳ߥ˥ª뤳ȤǤ뤬ʾˡƥμؤʤ̱̽δ֤ȤҲŪʴްդäªۤ⤷ʤ

ʼإХ륳ߥ˥ΤαѸس١ؽDz2015ǯ

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2017-01-13 Fri

#2818. ???????????????? [function_of_language][phatic_communion][sociolinguistics][communication][accommodation_theory][solidarity]

ؤ蘆Ȥϲ٤ɤҲؤΥߥ˥ǥΩ줫Ρ蘆 (rumor) ʬϤҲŪʴؿäɤ᤿ߥ˥صŪˡƻŪ (instrumental) ʤΤȼŪŪ (consummatory) ʤΤʬȡ蘆ϸԤΤۤܶᤷƤ롥Ŀͤ˴ؤ뤦蘆Ǥ르åפͤȡƤ˾ȤƤβͤ⤢ˤϤ뤬¿ξ硤åפ뤳ȼΤŪǤ롥͡ϥåפΤˤ虜虜ޤäꡤ磻ɥ硼򸫤ꤹΤǤ롥
(109--10) ǽҤ٤Ƥ뤬蘆ˤϡ֤äɡפȤ줬ĤȤ¿ϻͿԤδ֤˿̩ʿʹִطʤ solidarity ФŪʤǤꡤºݤˤ蘆Ƥ̩⤱Сsolidarity Ϥ˹ޤ롥
ޤ蘆γϡͿԤΡֵζͭפȤ⿼طʾġp. 110ˡҳˤ蘆ǥޤޤ䤹Τϡ͡Ʊ褦˴Ūʾˤ뤫Ǥꡤξ褹뤿ξͭȤ⤢뤬ʾˡ԰¤ä뤿ˤߤʤȰˤȤ롥蘆߽Ф solidarity ޤȤϸߤ˽Ĺ礦طˤ롥
(113--14) ϡåפ3Ĥεǽ˸ڤƤ롥ޤ־ǽפ롥åפΤΤͤˤĤƤξǤȤȤǤϤʤΥåפ鲿餫ζФˤϡŪʾȤˤʤ롥ˡֽĵϤηǧǽפ롥ͤϤ르åפ¾ͤȶͭ뤳ȤǿĤФꡤ«򶯤᤿ꤹΤǤʤ accommodation_theory ȤϢ롥#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡǸˡ֥󥿡ƥȤεǽפǤ롥ͤϲä¥ʺޤȤơñ˳ڤΤȤƥåפ롥
ʤ顤蘆䥴åפϸѤ (discourse) 1ĤǤ롥äơ嵭ΥåפεǽϡεǽΰǤ⤢Ϥοʹִط۵ǽȤȤǤСϢơ#1771. ܼŪʵǽ1ĤȤƤ phatic communion ([2014-03-03-1])#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) ε׻ȡ

ؤ蘆Ȥϲ١ҡӡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-24-1] [2017-01-14-1]

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2015-02-02 Mon

#2107. ɥĸ T/V distinction ά [german][politeness][euphemism][t/v_distinction][personal_pronoun][historical_pragmatics][honorific][face][iconicity][solidarity]

Ѹˤˤ2;̾˴ؤŪꡤ T/V distinction ȯãȿϡt/v_distinction ΤĤεǼ夲ƤϡĤ˵äƥɥĸ T/V distinction ˤָ
ɥĸˤϡT/V distinction ˤĤƲַɰˡ§פι󶡤Ƥ롥ɥĸ du/Sie 2ʬˡϡ;ޤˤФ夤̤ȤƤ2ʬˡǤꡤ˻ޤǤˤϡȤ櫓ˤʣʳиƤ17--18ˤϡ͡ؤΤˤɤɽȤФ褤ΤפǺߡ2;̾ˡ٤餵׻夬³ƤҲŪ԰ʻȸƤǤ褤ʲϡ (145) ΤޤȤ᤿֤ҤȤФɥĸƾ̾λŪȯãפɽǤʾѺѤߡˡʤˤ̾ۤɡμҲŪʬ⤤뤤ϼʬ±ʴطˤ뤳Ȥ򼨤

T/V Distinction in the History of German

ɽϡɥĸˤˤ2;ñ̾ηɾΤ˼߽ФƤͺۤʪäƤ롥ޥʳǤϡűѸʤɤƱͤˡ2;ñ̾ȤƤTη֤1ĤˤʤäűѸ þū б du Ǥ롥λˤϲФƤ⾤ȤФƤ du ΤߤѤƤ
9Ⱦˤʤȡ2;ʣ̾Ǥä Ihr ɰդɽñȤѤϤ᤿켫Τϡ#1126. 衼åѤμ׸ˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) #1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤե󥹸ˤˤߤ줿ݤǤꡤФиϤʣȤμ (iconicity) ˤ롥ɥĸˤǤϱѸˤ٤Ƥʤ᤯ˤˡ줿Ȥܤ٤Ǥ롥9Ⱦ˻Ϥޤä du/Ihr 2ʬˡϡ11ޤǤˤڤҲŪʸϤϰ̡ʤ power Ȥѥ᡼򼴤16ޤ¸³
16ˤʤĹˤ錄äưꤷƤ du/Ihr 2ʬˡϤ᤿Ihr ηɰդҲŪϰ̤ι⤯ʤͤˤޤǻȤ褦ˤʤäؼʤȤ der Herr, die Frau Ȥäʪ̾ΤѤϤ᤿֤ȤˤĤơ̾3;ñ̾ er sie 켫ΤƾΤȤѤ褦ˤʤä˻äơ Er/Sie, Ihr, du 3ʳƥबǤä
18ȡɥĸθƾ̾ϡϩפ¤κޤǤˤϡ̤οͤ˴ιȤ Eure Majestät Ųˤ Eure Ehre ʳղˤ Eure Gnaden ʳղˤΤ褦ˡְҸס̾סֲפʤɤ̾ʤƤ̾ˤդƾΤȯãƤν̾ȱǡ3;ν̾ sie ѤƤϤޤ3;ʣ̾ƱäˡԤˤɾΤεǽܤä˻äơSie, Er/Sie, Ihr, du 4ʳƥबä
18Ⱦˤϡ4ʳƥˤǾ̤ Sie Ǥɰα¿Ȥʤꡤؼ̾ʣ Dieselben ʺǾ̤ηɾΤȤ߽Ф졤5ʳƥDieselben ̾ȾȱǤѤʤä񤭸դ˸ꤵƤˡ̲뤳ȤϤʤä
Ѥܤ˸ơƾ̾ᤰҲκϼ«˸ǤŤǤ̤ du ˡͧҡ (Freundschaftskult) ȤҲŪʲͤդ졤ѶŪɾ褦ˤʤäƤΤdu positive politeness εǽդ褦ˤʤäȤäƤ褤ҲŪ餢뤤 power ˴ŤƾηϤʹִط뤤 solidarity ˴ŤƾηϤؤȰܹԤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (cf. #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1])ˡ19ʹߡdu Ūʾ徺ȡ٤ʾ̶ʬβäˤꡤߤ褦 du/Sie 2ʬˡؤ夤Ƥ椭ɥĸ϶μҲŪϩæФ뤳Ȥ
ɥĸˤδϢȤƤϡ#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) ȡ#1865. Ф thou ѤΤϤʤ ([2014-06-05-1]) Ǥ⿨ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿

ԡַɾΤū٤餵뷧18Υɥĸž̾ס˸硡Υߥ˥١ʹ ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡˡ罤ۡ2011ǯ143--62ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-21-1]

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2014-06-05 Thu

#1865. Ф thou ѤΤϤʤ [number][personal_pronoun][honorific][face][politeness][t/v_distinction][solidarity][sobokunagimon]

2;̾ you thou Ѹ˾ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲Ƥ you thou personal_pronoun 򻲾ȡˡѸѸޤǸ줿ɾΤ you ȿƾΤ thou λȤʬϡ#673. Burnley's you and thou ([2011-03-01-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ٤ꤷ褦Ȥʣܥ롼ȤƤϡҲŪΩ줬μԤФƤϷɾΤ you Ѥ٤Ȥ롥Ȥꥹȶ̤ФƸƤӤˤϡѸǤϿƾΤ thou ѤΤǤ롥ΤȤҲŪΩ줬μԤɽΤ̯ǤϤ뤬ˤηɰդ򼨤оݤȤơɾΤ you ͽۤ줽ʤȤʤʤʤΤ¤ϡѸǤϤʤΥե󥹸ȥɥĸʤɤ򻲾ȤȡϤФƿƾΤ tu, du 򤽤줾Ѥ봷롥
Ūˤϡpoliteness ˴Ť T/V distinction ޤ¸ߤʤä塤㤨иűѸˤϡꥹȶΤͤοؤθƤӤϡʤñ thou ѤƤȤ¤롥ŪˡѸʹߤ³ȤȤϤꤽޤͣǤ뤳ȤĴ뤿ˡñǤ thou Ф줿Ȥͤ⤢롥夫ȤϤT/V distinction Ƴ夷ζŪʴФȤơФ thou ȸƤӤΤϼȤϤޤäפʤäΤѤʵ䤬襤Ƥ롥
Ф1Ĥβϡ#1564. face ([2013-08-08-1]) Ƴ positive face 뤤 solidarity-face ΩƤ褦Ȥ politeness ιͤǤ롥εǡֱѸ T/V distinction äοƤߤ thou ȷɤ you ϡۤʤ졤 face ºŤ politeness ι԰٤ȤȤˤʤפȽҤ٤褦ˡƾΤ thou λѤϡɾΤ you λѤȤϰۤʤäǤϤ뤬Ʊ褦˥ݥ饤ȤȤȤǤ롥Ԥʿˤ positive face ΩƤ԰٤Ǥꡤߤ solidarity ΤΩġʬΤȤ thou ȸƤӡƤߴäƤƤΤ顤οθդºŤƼ졤餫Ƥߤ thou ȸƤܤ褦Ȥˤʤpositive politeness negative politeness ˤĤƤϡWardhaugh (292) Τ褦Ƥ롥

Positive politeness leads to moves to achieve solidarity through offers of friendship, the use of compliments, and informal language use: we treat others as friends and allies, do not impose on them, and never threaten their face. On the other hand, negative politeness leads to deference, apologizing, indirectness, and formality in language use: we adopt a variety of strategies so as to avoid any threats to the face others are presenting to us.


(19) ϡɥĸǿɾΤ Sie ǤϤʤƾΤ du ǸƤִˤĤơpositive politeness ȤѸƳˡΤ褦˰פƤ롥

ȤСʤդ˹ͤƤϤɤǤ礦ꥹȶ򿮤Ƥͤϡ俲ʤɡΤʾ̤ǿͤˤ򤷤ޤޤʤȤ䡤ʤǤȤɤƤ⤫ʤ˾Ȥ⡤ͤˤ򤷤ޤĤޤͤϡ͡ˤĤǤ⤤ơȶ˴Ƥ¸ߤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦Ĥ⤽Фˤƿȶ顤֥ɥפĤΤȤ⤤ޤ
ȤȤϡɥĸǤϡ֥ɥפĤäȤäơɰդɽ路ƤʤȤˤϤʤʤΤǤƤߤɽºɤɽȤϤ󤼤طʤơܸΤ褦ˡºɤɽĤȿƤߤʤʤäƤޤʤɤȤȤϤʤΤǤƤߤΤɽĤäơʤķɰդɽ魯ȤǤΤɥĸʤΤȤΤǤϤʤǤ礦


Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
ҡܸˤϤɤƷɸ줬¿Ρ١ꥹۡ1997ǯ

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2013-11-10 Sun

#1658. 륯֥륯μҲ [sociolinguistics][dialect][diglossia][map][solidarity]

Luxembourg ϡ#1374. 衼åѳƹ¿ѹǤ ([2013-01-30-1]) ˤ줺¿ѹǤ롥Ʊθ¾¿ιʣǤ롥Luxemburgish, German, French 3ˤ롤diglossia ʤ triglossia ҲȤƸڤǤ
Luxembourg Ͽ͸50ͤۤɤιǡ̱¿ƱΥǥƥƥô륯֥륯ȤäθϸŪˤϥɥĸ1ѼȤȤǽʤۤɤεΥüԤΩ1Ǥȼĥ롥ޤܤ⤽Τ褦ʸ򼨤Ƥ1984ǯ衤3ѸȤƤˡ΢֤СɸɥĸʤɤθҤѼܤ (Ausbau language) ϡΩ򶼤뤿ᡤݻĥ뤿ˤϹȤθ⤬ɬפȤȤʴϢơ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ӡ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) ε򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦˥륯֥륯ϥ륯֥륯μפȤƵǽƤ뤬ޤDz̸ȤƵǽƤȤդФ̸ɸɥĸǤ롥Ƹ޽ʸءʹХ륯֥륯줬񤫤뤳ȤϤʤ̩ˡʤŪɤ߽񤭤ΤɸɥĸǤꡤΤ˻Ҷɸɥĸعǽɬפ롥عǤϡɸɥĸ϶޲ȤƤƳ뤬˿ʤȺ٤ϥե󥹸줬޲Ȥʤ롥ιǤϥե󥹸ϺǾ̤θȤƵǽƤꡤΤۤIJ¿θɸǤե󥹸줬Ѥ롥ĤޤꡤŵŪʥ륯֥륯ͤϡäˤϥ륯֥륯̾ɤ߽񤭤ˤɸɥĸ򡤹IJǤϥե󥹸ѤʾʤȤ3ѼԤǤȤȤˤʤ (Trudgill 100--01) Wardhaugh (90) ѤƤ2002ǯοͤˤС˥륯֥륯üԤ80%ɥĸüԤ81%ե󥹸üԤ96%Ȥ
嵭Τ褦ˡ륯֥륯ϥ륯֥륯ˤƼפ줫IJ̸ȤƵǽƤ櫓ƱΤĤ⤦1ĤνפʼҲŪǽǤ "solidarity marker" εǽ˺ƤϤʤʤ
륯֥륯θˤĤƤϡEthnologue Luxembourg 򻲾ȡ

Linguistic Map of Benelux

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-24-1]

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2013-08-08 Thu

#1564. face [face][politeness][terminology][euphemism][honorific][phatic_communion][t/v_distinction][solidarity]

#1559. в񤤤̤ΰ ([2013-08-08-1]) ǿ줿 Goffman face-work ϡǯθҲؤܤ politeness ˤͭ˾ȤߤʤƤ롥
ˤ륳ߥ˥ˤ衤¾μҲŪʸήˤ衤ͤŪŪʥͥ륮䤷ʤ餽˽Ƥ롥ʤͤϤ虜虜Τ褦ʤȤ򤹤ΤҲ񤫤ݤ¤ƤޤǡήޤΤϤʤߵˤΤȤΤǤǤ뤬㤨 phatic communion ʸŪѡˤϤɤΤ褦ˤߵ­˴طȤΤꥫμҲؼ Goffman ϡͤϤߤ face ȤǰäƤꡤºŤ礦Ȥ԰ (face-work) ˤäƼҲĤǤȼĥGoffman (213) ˤȡface ȤϼΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥

The term face may be defined as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes---albeit an image that others may share, as when a person makes a good showing for his profession or religion by making a good showing for himself.


ܸˤܤ򼺤ס̻ҤŤ󤺤פʤɤɽΤ face γǰʬ䤹Ѹˤ "to lose/save face" Ȥ롥
face-work ιҤϡHudson (113--14) ʲ̤˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The basic idea of the theory is this: we lead unavoidably social lives, since we depend on each other, but as far as possible we try to lead our lives without losing our own face. However, our face is a very fragile thing which other people can very easily damage, so we lead our social lives according to the Golden Rule ('Do to others as you would like them to do to you!') by looking after other people's faces in the hope that they will look after ours. . . . Face is something that other people give to us, which is why we have to be so careful to give it to them (unless we consciously choose to insult them, which is exceptional behaviour).


ͤˤϼ¾Ȥǧ̻ҡפ롥ʬϤʤ褦ϤƤƱˡ¾ͤ⤽ΩơĤʤ褦ϤƤ롥줬face-work θ
Brown and Levinson politeness θ衤face ˤ positive face negative face 2ब̤ȸ롥ξԤȤ˼¾ºŤɽ魯ԤϤοͤؤºŤ򼨤ȡԤϤοͤθºŤ뤳Ȥб롥ζ̤ɬʬ䤹ΤǤϤʤHudson ˤ줾 solidarity-face power-face ȸƤӤƤ (114)

Solidarity-face is respect as in I respect you for . . ., i.e. the appreciation and approval that others show for the kind of person we are, for our behaviour, for our values and so on. If something threatens our solidarity-face we feel embarrassment or shame. Power-face is respect as in I respect your right to . . ., which is a 'negative' agreement not to interfere. This is the basis for most formal politeness, such as standing back to let someone else pass. When our power-face is threatened we feel offended. . . . Solidarity-politeness shows respect for the person, whereas power-politeness respects their rights.


ƤԤ˸ƤӤ mate, love, darling, Hi! ʤɤ solidarity-politeness Ǥꡤܾοͤ˸ƤӤɾΡplease ʤɤǫɽնʸˡʤɤ power-politeness Ǥ롥Ѹ T/V distinction äοƤߤ thou ȷɤ you ϡۤʤ졤 face ºŤ politeness ι԰٤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣơ#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1]) ȡ#1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) εӡ#1126. 衼åѤμ׸ˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) ĥäε򻲾Ȥ줿ִפˤĤƤܸɤߤ䤹ʸȤƤϡܿϺΡظμҲءȤΤ٤3Ϥ󤲤Ƥ

Goffman, Erving. "On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction." Psychiatry 18 (1955): 213--31.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
ϺظμҲءȤΤ١ҡӡ2013ǯ.

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2012-05-27 Sun

#1126. 衼åѤμ׸ˤ T/V distinction ε [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][honorific][latin][history][iconicity][t/v_distinction][solidarity]

[2012-03-21-1]ε#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinctionפ Brown and Gilman βŪʸŪ˾Ҳ𤷤Brown and Gilman ʸˤϡ衼åѤμפʸ T/V ζ̤Ƥаޡ֤ˡӡѸǤζ̤ӼȤθŪʻʤɤ˻꤬ФƤꡤ˻ɷŪͤǤ롥
ʤ衼åѤμפʸǡ2;̾ˤ T/V distinction ˡͭƤΤT/V distinction εˤĤƤϤĤ⤬뤬Brown and Gilman (255) ˤ뵭Ҥ˽мΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ΥƥǤϡ2;ñ򼨤̾Ȥ tu ΤߤѤƤ4ˡ޹ؤ̾Ȥơбʣ vos ̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäˤϽ⤢뤬Constantinople Rome Τ줾˹뤬ꡤʸ̤ʣäȤͿƤȤ롥Diocletian βפˤꡤ޹κ¤ˤ2ͤƤŪˤ1Ĥ礵뤳Ȥˤʤä줫ι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤϡޤߤȤơ2ͤι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤƱȤ줿ΤǤ롥vos λѤϡδޤߤȤƤʣȿǤƤȤ롥
ޤ̤ˤС1ͤι뤬ʣȷӤĤ줿Τϡ̱ȹͤ줿ǤϤʤꥹ礬 "royal we" ѤΤƱǡ޹ϼؤ nos ȸäΤǤꡤб vos ǸƤӤ줿Τ⤦1ĤιͤȤơؼоݤñʣȤʸ̤οȤ̤ˡʸϤϤ⤽ʣ򴭵䤹ȤȤ롥Ǥ뤳Ȥʣϡiconicity ˤưפ˷ӤĤ줽
ʾΤ줫뤤Ȥ߹碌ˤꡤ2;ʣ1ͤιؤѤȯã䤬ơδѤϡΤߤʤ餺ϼ԰̤ŬѤ褦ˤʤäθȯãޥ󥹽ˤƤϡT/V distinction ϤۤηŪ˼Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤδ֡ˡɤ줬ߤ줿֤ǻ˺Ϥ뤬褽12--14ˡ"power semantics" ˴ŤηŪ T/V distinction Ω
ѸؤѸλ you thou ζ̤Ƴ줿ϢȤƤϡʲε뤤 personal_pronoun pragmatics դ򻲾ȡ

[2009-10-11-1]: #167. θ T/V distinction
[2009-10-29-1]: #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction
[2010-02-12-1]: #291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ
[2010-07-11-1]: #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you
[2011-03-01-1]: #673. Burnley's you and thou
[2011-07-06-1]: #800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia
[2012-02-24-1]: #1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction
[2012-03-21-1]: #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction

Brown, R. W. and A. Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1960. 253--76.

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2012-03-21 Wed

#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction [pragmatics][personal_pronoun][honorific][t/v_distinction][solidarity]

Ѹ T/V distinction ˤĤơ#167. θ T/V distinction ([2009-10-11-1]) , #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) , #1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction ([2012-02-24-1]) ʤɤǰäƤҲ˸ŪΩ줫顤T/V distinction η򸫻Ҳ𤷤Brown and Gilman θȥåɥ (118--21) 󤵤ƤΤ򻲾Ȥ롥ʲϡȥåɥ (120) ȴФT/V distinction ̻ŪѲο޼Ǥ롥

SNSSNSSNSSNS
+P +PTTVVTVTV
-P -PTTTTTVTV
+P -PTTTTTTTV
-P +PTTVVVVTV


P power ʸϡˤS solidarity ְռˤNS no solidarity ְռʤˤ򡤤줾ɽ魯1ʳǤϡT/VΤ˸ŪʻȤʬϤʤ꤬ñʤTʣʤVȤñʹޤǤä˸ϤװΤ2ʳǤ롥ʳǤϡϤŪ˾夫T/VλȤʬꤵ롥ʬθϤ̵ͭϤɤǤ졤˸ϤVʤTȤǤ롥Ϥ˺Τ2ͤΤǤϡT¾VѤȤߴŪ (nonreciprocal) ʹޤȤʤ롥
3ʳǤϡϤװ˲äְռװ롥2ͤΤְռ뤫ʤȤT/VФȤȤϡɤʾǤξԤƱ̾ǸƤӹ礦ߴŪ (reciprocal) ιޤȤʤϤ2ʳθϤȤװⴰˤѤƤʤΤǡֻǼ2ˤ power solidarity 2ĤװХåƥ󥰤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǤϸŤϤװĤ롥Ǹ4ʳǤϡϤװ졤ҤȤְռװŻ뤵빽ޤȤʤ롥
ǹͤȡʼΤϤĤƤϸϤκȿǤƤ줾TVǸƤӹä (nonreciprocal) ְռδʰۤʤְ̤ռʤȤơˤ줾VǸƤӹ礦 (reciprocal) 褦ˤʤäƤ롥ҤȿƤ⤫ĤƤϼҲŪʾ岼طȿǤƤ줾VTǸƤӹä (nonreciprocal) ²ȤƤְռ餽줾TǸƤӹ礦 (reciprocal) ɰդμŪʼҲŪϤȤľǤϤʤŪʼҲŪְռȤʿؤȥեȤƤΤǤ롥
ȥåɥ (120) ϡ֤ۤȤɤΥ衼åѤθǤϺ丢Ϥְռװͥ褵褦ˤʡפäƤꡤְֺռΤ褦ʿʹִطꤹݤͭϤװȤʤäΤϡ餯̱ŪʿȤǥĹ褿ǤפȤƤ롥
(111--14, 207--08) ϡ power solidarity ؤνեȤϡܸηɸ̻ŪѲˤ⸫뷹ǤȻŦƤ롥

Brown, R. W. and A. Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1960. 253--76.
P. ȥåɥ ظȼҲ١ȽŹ1975ǯ
ˡطɸ١ȽŹ1987ǯ

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