ְʼδѸظإͥϤ3ۤɤФޤѸ졦˴ؤؤιֵݤΤǤϤʤޤǸԤɤϭǤΩäŪʡΤ٤ܻؤơ轵ȿ18:0010ʬưåץɤƤޤ¿˥ͥϿƤƤޤ꤬Ȥޤꤤޤ
25Ƥޤֿ⡪ go β went ͳǤYouTube ȤڤޤơΥȥǥⲾ⡪ĤƤޤʾСˡȿڲǽʲǤϤʤޤǻˤȤɤޤΤǤϤޤĹ餯ƤͤǤ
λñ㲽ƤСgo/went ˸¤餺ѸʤҤƤϸ̡ˤ˴ѻԵ§ʸܤϡޥƤʤĿͤϱѸüԽĤ֤Ƥʤ衤ȤҲؾΥȥޥȤƵǽƤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤgo Ȥ goed ǤϤʤ wentפȤ֤Τߤ˶ͭƤ礤դȽƤ뤫ɤΤȥޥʤΤǤϤʤȡ
Τ褦ʥȥޥ椬ΩƤ go/went ΥڥǤɬפϤޤۤΤɤʥڥǤɤäϤǤǤѸˤƤϡޤԵ§ŪθƤ go/went ҲŪʥȥޥȤФ졤ѤƤ롤ȤȤʤΤȹͤƤޤ
֤ʤ go β went ʤΤפȤѤʵˤϡ2Ĥ¦̤ޤ1Ĥϡʤˤä went ȤʤΤǤȤ䤤ǤؤβϱѸˤդȤȤǤ#43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])#4094. ʤ go β went ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-12-1])#4403. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ3֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΡס ([2021-05-17-1])
ʤĤޤǤäƤ go βȤ goed ѤʤΤȤ䤤ФƤϡۤʤǤ褦˻פޤ嵭μҲŪʴβǤˤĤơ#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) 䡤رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ٤ p. 78
դˤϤԵ§Ȥ櫤ФƤΤǤ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
䤿ռƤ뤫ݤˤ餺٤ϤܾۤŪʥեβǽʥեꥹˤޤǤ롥եꥹ¤ʤˤϻ¾奼ȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ塤٤κϤ˥եꥹ¸ߤƤȹͤƤ褤
Brown and Levinson (76--78) ϡեꥹ礭ȤεΥ (D)ϴط (P) (R) 3װˤäƷޤȤ꼰챺 (30--31) Ѥ뤳ȤǡҲ𤷤褦
ڥեꥹѤθ
Wx = D (S, H) + P (H, S) + Rx
Wx (weightiness): x Фեꥹ
D (distance): ä (speaker) ʹ (hearer) μҲŪΥ
P (power): ʹ (hearer) ä (speaker) Ф
Rx (rating [ranking] of imposition): ʸˤ x
Ĥޤꡤ x Υեꥹ (Wx) ϡ襳οʹִطˤäʹΡּҲŪΥ (D)סƤοʹִطˤʹäФ (P)סơx Ȥ٤ʸǤɤ٤٤ˤʤȸʤƤ뤫Ρ (R)סȤǤĻŪƯƷޤäƤȥ֥饦Ϲͤ
άȤƤϡȤƤ褯ǤǤ롥٤ȤСñʲûǤ褤ΤǤŬڤʽŤդɬפʤΤǤϤʤȤäȽϤꤦ롥3ĤǤեꥹθѤŪ˸ȤΤϡľˤQˤ⤫ʤ
3ĤǤǤ Rx ˡʸˤפȤ꤬ղäƤΤ̣ĹǤ롥챺 (31) ɾ˼褦
κǸϡʸŪʤߤǤⶽ̣ȤСιԤ˹ԤͤФơιʪäƤƤ褦ꤹ롤Ȥ٤ͤ褦ޤܤξ硤Ϥޤ굤¤ΤǤϤʤ⤷ޤ줿Ȥ빽Ѥ路ͤ¿ȤȤȤѤǤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥ळȤʤȤͤ¿ۤʤΤǤʤϤʤƤ⤫ޤʤȹͤͤ⾯ʤʤޤ줿¦⡤ʬͤˤƤ뤳ȤξڤȤƸؤ˻פʤ٤ǤʤΤȤ
ºݤ˷Ǥ뤫ɤϤȤ⤫֥饦ȤߤϡʤȤǰŪˤϤۤȤ館Ƥ롥֥饦ФȽΤʤˤϡʸθƤʤȤΤ롥褦ˡʸɤװѥȤȤ߹ޤƤꡤȽľˤʤ̸ά͡
ʤۤɡȤƤñοƤǤ롥Ϣơ#2126. FTA FTA ά ([2015-02-21-1]) ⻲ȡ
Brown, Penelope and Stephen Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ
̾ (65--72) ϡ1640--1760ǯޤǤ gentry comedy ޤॳѥǡƾ (address_term) ɽĴ
ƾΤϡ礭 negative politeness ظ "deferential type" positive politeness ظ "familiar type" ˶ʬ롥ϡ2;̾Ǥ you thou ζ̤̾ʶˤǤСȤ Lord dear ζ̤ (cf. #2131. ƾθΥݥ饤ȥͥɸ ([2015-02-26-1])) Ūʻ¤ȤƤ⤷Τϡ̾̾ʶˤθƾΤѲ˴ؤơĴ줿Ѹ顤θθѸӸѸˤơۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ̾Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 negative politeness Ż뤵줿Τ褦 thou ǤϤʤ you ̲Ȥ̾ʶˤǤϡष dear ̾ (first name) ǤθƤӤΤ褦 positive politeness Ż뤵ơߤ˻äƤ롥̾ (69) λŦȤꡤnominal address terms Ѳ pronominal address terms ѲȵդȤȡפǤ롥
2;̾˴ؤơʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ǰ̲ΤˤĤƤϡ#1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1])#1336. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ (2) ([2012-12-23-1]) ˤƤ˿ää褦˻פ롥Ĥޤꡤʤ̾ʶˤθƤӤɽǤϡष̩ (familiarity) ķ (solidarity) 줿Τ϶뤤ŪʥХȤȤ
̾ ҡ3ϡ˸ˤʸˡȸѲסʸˡ --- Ÿ ---ٽ ¼ݺ ƻͺԡˡĬҡ2005ǯ59--74ǡ
Ѹ˸θԤǡűѸȯù (speech_act) ȤƤ Thomas Kohnen ˤСʸˤƤϸŪʰ̣Ǥ negative politeness ϤۤȤ¸ߤʤäȤä̿ȯù٤ˤơűѸǤϸŪʥݥ饤ȥͥάѤ줺ľŪ Ic bidde eow þæt . . . (I ask you to . . . ) þu scealt . . . (thou shalt . . .) Ѥ줿ȤʸǤϡnegative politeness ϻ¾ǧʤ褦
solidarity ʤ positive politeness άϡuton (let us) ʤɤɽꥹȶŪʸ̮ʤɤǤǧ뤬ȤΩäƻѤ櫓ǤϤʤäɤ饢ʸűѸǤϡͼΥݥ饤ȥͥǤ츽٤ƱƤäȤȤ̸Ūˤ٤ŪꤵƤݥ饤ȥͥѸθŤʳˤƻ¾ԺߤäȤȤϡ̣ǥåȯǤ롥Lenker (328) ˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Politeness as face work may thus not have played a major role in Anglo-Saxon society. This highlights the intrinsically culture-specific nature of phenomena like politeness and suggests in accordance with other cross-cultural studies that the universal validity or significance of politeness theory --- as devised by Brown and Levinson . . . --- is a gross mistake. Negative politeness in particular is fundamentally culture-specific, reflecting the typical patterns of today's Western, or even more particular, Anglo-American, politeness culture . . . . The study of Anglo-Saxon pragmatics thus does not only affect our understanding of the historicity of verbal interaction but also challenges issues of universality.
Lenker, Ursula. "Old English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 21 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 325--340.
֥ʸפȾΤ볰ϡФܸȤȤʤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#1617. ܸˤ볰 ([2013-09-30-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ʤɤˤƤ
#1617εǿ줿褦ˡȤ櫓ֹԤβʡ˴ؤ빭εϡɤǤ뤪ǯθɽѤ뤳Ȥ貿ڤˤʤФʤʤϤפˤ⤫餺줬¿ѤƤ븽¤Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿֤ǯθɽפȤϡ䤹¸ǤθɽǤȤ뤤ϾʤȤ̤դʤɤεΤȤİƤҲŪʴä solidarity Ϣӡˤδȡ⤦ο꤬ꤽȤȤʬ롥 (190) ϡϢӡפ֤ȤƤΡӽפˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ܤΤꤳȤФ˥ʸѤΤϤ줬狼ʤԤʤɤӽ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸ줬ʤΤϡ̣狼ʤȤǤϤʤϢӤӽι¤Ҳ˺ФƤޤȤǤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ¿Τǯ꤬ʸΰ̣ǤʤȤ쥳ߥ˥ʾˡǯ꤬ΰ̣ǯĤȼҲŪˡϢӡפǤʤȤꡤäȸСӽפƤޤȤ꤬Ȥ
μҲŪϡǯȥʸ˸¤餺˼Ѹ줬ȤˤФ륢ѸθŪ (purism) ˤäơŪͭʤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥㤨СѸΡ֥(inkhorn_term) ˤƤ⡤ƥѸϡ̱̽ĶȤǸ쥳ߥ˥ª뤳ȤǤ뤬ʾˡƥμؤʤ̱̽δ֤ȤҲŪʴްդäªۤ⤷ʤ
ʼإХ륳ߥ˥ΤαѸس١ؽDz2015ǯ
ؤ蘆Ȥϲ٤ɤҲؤΥߥ˥ǥΩ줫Ρ蘆 (rumor) ʬϤҲŪʴؿäɤߥ˥صŪˡƻŪ (instrumental) ʤΤȼŪŪ (consummatory) ʤΤʬȡ蘆ϸԤΤۤܶᤷƤ롥Ŀͤ˴ؤ뤦蘆Ǥ르åפͤȡƤ˾ȤƤβͤ⤢ˤϤ뤬¿ξ硤åפ뤳ȼΤŪǤ롥͡ϥåפΤˤ虜虜ޤäꡤ磻ɥ硼ꤹΤǤ롥
(109--10) ǽҤ٤Ƥ뤬蘆ˤϡ֤äɡפȤ줬ĤȤ¿ϻͿԤδ֤˿̩ʿʹִطʤ solidarity ФŪʤǤꡤºݤˤ蘆Ƥ̩⤱Сsolidarity Ϥ˹ޤ롥
ޤ蘆γϡͿԤΡֵζͭפȤطʾġp. 110ˡҳˤ蘆ǥޤޤ䤹Τϡ͡Ʊ褦˴Ūʾˤ뤫Ǥꡤξ褹뤿ξͭȤ⤢뤬ʾˡ¤ä뤿ˤߤʤȰˤȤ롥蘆߽Ф solidarity ޤȤϸߤ˽Ĺ礦طˤ롥
(113--14) ϡåפ3Ĥεǽ˸ڤƤ롥ޤ־ǽפ롥åפΤΤͤˤĤƤξǤȤȤǤϤʤΥåפ鲿餫ζФˤϡŪʾȤˤʤ롥ˡֽĵϤηǧǽפ롥ͤϤ르åפ¾ͤȶͭ뤳ȤǿĤФꡤ«ꤹΤǤʤ accommodation_theory ȤϢ롥#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) ȡˡǸˡ֥ƥȤεǽפǤ롥ͤϲä¥ʺޤȤơñ˳ڤΤȤƥåפ롥
ʤ顤蘆䥴åפϸѤ (discourse) 1ĤǤ롥äơ嵭ΥåפεǽϡεǽΰǤ⤢Ϥοʹִط۵ǽȤȤǤСϢơ#1771. ܼŪʵǽ1ĤȤƤ phatic communion ([2014-03-03-1])#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) εȡ
ؤ蘆Ȥϲ١ҡӡ2014ǯ
Ѹˤˤ2;̾˴ؤŪꡤ T/V distinction ȯãȿϡt/v_distinction ΤĤεǼ夲ƤϡĤ˵äƥɥĸ T/V distinction ˤָ
ɥĸˤϡT/V distinction ˤĤƲַɰˡ§פιƤ롥ɥĸ du/Sie 2ʬˡϡ;ޤˤФ夤̤ȤƤ2ʬˡǤꡤ˻ޤǤˤϡȤ櫓ˤʣʳиƤ17--18ˤϡ͡ؤΤˤɤɽȤФ褤ΤפǺߡ2;̾ˡ٤餵夬³ƤҲŪʻȸƤǤ褤ʲϡ (145) ΤޤȤ֤ҤȤФɥĸƾ̾λŪȯãפɽǤʾѺѤߡˡʤˤ̾ۤɡμҲŪʬ⤤뤤ϼʬ±ʴطˤ뤳Ȥ

ɽϡɥĸˤˤ2;ñ̾ηɾΤ˼߽ФƤͺۤʪäƤ롥ޥʳǤϡűѸʤɤƱͤˡ2;ñ̾ȤƤTη֤1ĤˤʤäűѸ þū б du Ǥ롥λˤϲФƤ⾤ȤФƤ du ΤߤѤƤ
9Ⱦˤʤȡ2;ʣ̾Ǥä Ihr ɰդɽñȤѤϤ켫Τϡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) #1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤեˤˤߤ줿ݤǤꡤФиϤʣȤμ (iconicity) ˤ롥ɥĸˤǤϱѸˤ٤Ƥʤˤˡ줿Ȥܤ٤Ǥ롥9Ⱦ˻Ϥޤä du/Ihr 2ʬˡϡ11ޤǤˤڤҲŪʸϤϰ̡ʤ power Ȥѥ16ޤ¸³
16ˤʤĹˤ錄äưꤷƤ du/Ihr 2ʬˡϤIhr ηɰդҲŪϰ̤ι⤯ʤͤˤޤǻȤ褦ˤʤäؼʤȤ der Herr, die Frau Ȥäʪ̾ΤѤϤ֤ȤˤĤơ̾3;ñ̾ er sie 켫ΤƾΤȤѤ褦ˤʤä˻äơ Er/Sie, Ihr, du 3ʳƥबǤä
18ȡɥĸθƾ̾ϡϩפ¤κޤǤˤϡ̤οͤ˴ιȤ Eure Majestät Ųˤ Eure Ehre ʳղˤ Eure Gnaden ʳղˤΤ褦ˡְҸס̾סֲפʤɤ̾ʤƤ̾ˤդƾΤȯãƤν̾ȱǡ3;ν̾ sie ѤƤϤޤ3;ʣ̾ƱäˡԤˤɾΤεǽܤä˻äơSie, Er/Sie, Ihr, du 4ʳƥबä
18Ⱦˤϡ4ʳƥˤǾ̤ Sie Ǥɰα¿Ȥʤꡤؼ̾ʣ Dieselben ʺǾ̤ηɾΤȤ߽Ф졤5ʳƥDieselben ̾ȾȱǤѤʤäդ˸ꤵƤˡ̲뤳ȤϤʤä
Ѥܤ˸ơƾ̾ᤰҲκϼ«˸ǤŤǤ̤ du ˡͧҡ (Freundschaftskult) ȤҲŪʲͤդ졤ѶŪɾ褦ˤʤäƤΤdu positive politeness εǽդ褦ˤʤäȤäƤ褤ҲŪ餢뤤 power ˴ŤƾηϤʹִط뤤 solidarity ˴ŤƾηϤؤȰܹԤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (cf. #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1])ˡ19ʹߡdu Ūʾ徺ȡ٤ʾ̶ʬβäˤꡤߤ褦 du/Sie 2ʬˡؤ夤Ƥ椭ɥĸ϶μҲŪϩæФ뤳Ȥ
ɥĸˤδϢȤƤϡ#185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) ȡ#1865. Ф thou ѤΤϤʤ ([2014-06-05-1]) ǤƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ԡַɾΤū٤餵뷧18Υɥĸž̾ס˸硡Υߥ˥١ʹ ԡ̾ ҡ ŵҡˡˡ罤ۡ2011ǯ143--62ǡ
2;̾ you thou Ѹ˾ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲Ƥ you thou personal_pronoun ȡˡѸѸޤǸ줿ɾΤ you ȿƾΤ thou λȤʬϡ#673. Burnley's you and thou ([2011-03-01-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ٤ꤷ褦Ȥʣܥ롼ȤƤϡҲŪΩ줬μԤФƤϷɾΤ you Ѥ٤Ȥ롥Ȥꥹȶ̤ФƸƤӤˤϡѸǤϿƾΤ thou ѤΤǤ롥ΤȤҲŪΩ줬μԤɽΤ̯ǤϤ뤬ˤηɰդоݤȤơɾΤ you ͽۤ줽ʤȤʤʤʤΤ¤ϡѸǤϤʤΥեȥɥĸʤɤȤȡϤФƿƾΤ tu, du 줾Ѥ봷롥
Ūˤϡpoliteness ˴Ť T/V distinction ޤ¸ߤʤä塤㤨иűѸˤϡꥹȶΤͤοؤθƤӤϡʤñ thou ѤƤȤ¤롥ŪˡѸʹߤ³ȤȤϤꤽޤͣǤ뤳ȤĴ뤿ˡñǤ thou Ф줿Ȥͤ⤢롥夫ȤϤT/V distinction Ƴ夷ζŪʴФȤơФ thou ȸƤӤΤϼȤϤޤäפʤäΤѤʵ䤬襤Ƥ롥
Ф1Ĥβϡ#1564. face ([2013-08-08-1]) Ƴ positive face 뤤 solidarity-face ΩƤ褦Ȥ politeness ιͤǤ롥εǡֱѸ T/V distinction äοƤߤ thou ȷɤ you ϡۤʤ졤 face ºŤ politeness ι٤ȤȤˤʤפȽҤ٤褦ˡƾΤ thou λѤϡɾΤ you λѤȤϰۤʤäǤϤ뤬Ʊ褦˥ݥ饤ȤȤȤǤ롥Ԥʿˤ positive face ΩƤ٤Ǥꡤߤ solidarity ΤΩġʬΤȤ thou ȸƤӡƤߴäƤƤΤ顤οθդºŤƼ졤餫Ƥߤ thou ȸƤܤ褦Ȥˤʤpositive politeness negative politeness ˤĤƤϡWardhaugh (292) Τ褦Ƥ롥
Positive politeness leads to moves to achieve solidarity through offers of friendship, the use of compliments, and informal language use: we treat others as friends and allies, do not impose on them, and never threaten their face. On the other hand, negative politeness leads to deference, apologizing, indirectness, and formality in language use: we adopt a variety of strategies so as to avoid any threats to the face others are presenting to us.
(19) ϡɥĸǿɾΤ Sie ǤϤʤƾΤ du ǸƤִˤĤơpositive politeness ȤѸƳˡΤ褦˰פƤ롥
ȤСʤդ˹ͤƤϤɤǤ礦ꥹȶƤͤϡ俲ʤɡΤʾ̤ǿͤˤޤޤʤȤ䡤ʤǤȤɤƤ⤫ʤ˾Ȥ⡤ͤˤޤĤޤͤϡ͡ˤĤǤ⤤ơȶ˴Ƥ¸ߤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦Ĥ⤽Фˤƿȶ顤֥ɥפĤΤȤ⤤ޤ
ȤȤϡɥĸǤϡ֥ɥפĤäȤäơɰդɽ路ƤʤȤˤϤʤʤΤǤƤߤɽºɤɽȤϤطʤơܸΤ褦ˡºɤɽĤȿƤߤʤʤäƤޤʤɤȤȤϤʤΤǤƤߤΤɽĤäơʤķɰդɽ魯ȤǤΤɥĸʤΤȤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
ҡܸˤϤɤƷɸ줬¿Ρ١ꥹۡ1997ǯ
Luxembourg ϡ#1374. 衼åѳƹ¿ѹǤ ([2013-01-30-1]) ˤ줺¿ѹǤ롥Ʊθ¾¿ιʣǤ롥Luxemburgish, German, French 3ˤ롤diglossia ʤ triglossia ҲȤƸڤǤ
Luxembourg Ͽ50ͤۤɤιǡ̱¿ƱΥǥƥƥô륯֥륯ȤäθϸŪˤϥɥĸ1ѼȤȤǽʤۤɤεΥüԤΩ1Ǥȼĥ롥ޤܤ⤽Τ褦ʸƤ1984ǯ衤3ѸȤƤˡ֤СɸɥĸʤɤθҤѼܤ (Ausbau language) ϡΩ뤿ᡤݻĥ뤿ˤϹȤθ⤬ɬפȤȤʴϢơ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ӡ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) εȡˡ
Τ褦˥륯֥륯ϥ륯֥륯μפȤƵǽƤ뤬ޤDz̸ȤƵǽƤȤդФ̸ɸɥĸǤ롥ƸʸءʹХ륯֥륯줬뤳ȤϤʤ̩ˡʤŪɤ߽ΤɸɥĸǤꡤΤ˻Ҷɸɥĸعǽɬפ롥عǤϡɸɥĸ϶ȤƤƳ뤬˿ʤȺ٤ϥե줬Ȥʤ롥ιǤϥեϺǾ̤θȤƵǽƤꡤΤۤIJ¿θɸǤե줬Ѥ롥ĤޤꡤŵŪʥ륯֥륯ͤϡäˤϥ륯֥륯̾ɤ߽ˤɸɥĸIJǤϥեѤʾʤȤ3ѼԤǤȤȤˤʤ (Trudgill 100--01) Wardhaugh (90) ѤƤ2002ǯοͤˤС˥륯֥륯üԤ80%ɥĸüԤ81%եüԤ96%Ȥ
嵭Τ褦ˡ륯֥륯ϥ륯֥륯ˤƼפ줫IJ̸ȤƵǽƤ櫓ƱΤĤ⤦1ĤνפʼҲŪǽǤ "solidarity marker" εǽ˺ƤϤʤʤ
륯֥륯θˤĤƤϡEthnologue Luxembourg ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
#1559. в̤ΰ ([2013-08-08-1]) ǿ줿 Goffman face-work ϡǯθҲؤܤ politeness ˤͭ˾ȤߤʤƤ롥
ˤ륳ߥ˥ˤ衤¾μҲŪʸήˤ衤ͤŪŪʥͥ륮䤷ʤ餽˽Ƥ롥ʤͤϤ虜虜Τ褦ʤȤΤҲݤ¤ƤޤǡήޤΤϤʤߵˤΤȤΤǤǤ뤬㤨 phatic communion ʸŪѡˤϤɤΤ褦ˤߵ˴طȤΤꥫμҲؼ Goffman ϡͤϤߤ face ȤǰäƤꡤºŤ礦Ȥ (face-work) ˤäƼҲĤǤȼĥGoffman (213) ˤȡface ȤϼΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥
The term face may be defined as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes---albeit an image that others may share, as when a person makes a good showing for his profession or religion by making a good showing for himself.
ܸˤܤס̻ҤŤפʤɤɽΤ face γǰʬ䤹Ѹˤ "to lose/save face" Ȥ롥
face-work ιҤϡHudson (113--14) ʲ̤˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The basic idea of the theory is this: we lead unavoidably social lives, since we depend on each other, but as far as possible we try to lead our lives without losing our own face. However, our face is a very fragile thing which other people can very easily damage, so we lead our social lives according to the Golden Rule ('Do to others as you would like them to do to you!') by looking after other people's faces in the hope that they will look after ours. . . . Face is something that other people give to us, which is why we have to be so careful to give it to them (unless we consciously choose to insult them, which is exceptional behaviour).
ͤˤϼ¾Ȥǧ̻ҡפ롥ʬϤʤ褦ϤƤƱˡ¾ͤ⤽ΩơĤʤ褦ϤƤ롥줬face-work θ
Brown and Levinson politeness θ衤face ˤ positive face negative face 2ब̤ȸ롥ξԤȤ˼¾ºŤɽ魯ԤϤοͤؤºŤȡԤϤοͤθºŤ뤳Ȥб롥ζ̤ɬʬ䤹ΤǤϤʤHudson ˤ줾 solidarity-face power-face ȸƤӤƤ (114)
Solidarity-face is respect as in I respect you for . . ., i.e. the appreciation and approval that others show for the kind of person we are, for our behaviour, for our values and so on. If something threatens our solidarity-face we feel embarrassment or shame. Power-face is respect as in I respect your right to . . ., which is a 'negative' agreement not to interfere. This is the basis for most formal politeness, such as standing back to let someone else pass. When our power-face is threatened we feel offended. . . . Solidarity-politeness shows respect for the person, whereas power-politeness respects their rights.
ƤԤ˸ƤӤ mate, love, darling, Hi! ʤɤ solidarity-politeness Ǥꡤܾοͤ˸ƤӤɾΡplease ʤɤǫɽնʸˡʤɤ power-politeness Ǥ롥Ѹ T/V distinction äοƤߤ thou ȷɤ you ϡۤʤ졤 face ºŤ politeness ι٤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣơ#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1]) ȡ#1552. T/V distinction face ([2013-07-27-1]) εӡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) ĥäεȤ줿ִפˤĤƤܸɤߤ䤹ʸȤƤϡܿϺΡظμҲءȤΤ٤3ϤƤ
Goffman, Erving. "On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction." Psychiatry 18 (1955): 213--31.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
ϺظμҲءȤΤ١ҡӡ2013ǯ.
[2012-03-21-1]ε#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinctionפ Brown and Gilman βŪʸŪ˾Ҳ𤷤Brown and Gilman ʸˤϡ衼åѤμפʸ T/V ζ̤Ƥаޡ֤ˡӡѸǤζ̤ӼȤθŪʻʤɤ˻꤬ФƤꡤ˻ɷŪͤǤ롥
ʤ衼åѤμפʸǡ2;̾ˤ T/V distinction ˡͭƤΤT/V distinction εˤĤƤϤĤ⤬뤬Brown and Gilman (255) ˤ뵭Ҥ˽мΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ΥƥǤϡ2;ñ̾Ȥ tu ΤߤѤƤ4ˡؤ̾Ȥơбʣ vos ̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäˤϽ⤢뤬Constantinople Rome Τ줾˹뤬ꡤʸ̤ʣäȤͿƤȤ롥Diocletian βפˤꡤκ¤ˤ2ͤƤŪˤ1Ĥ礵뤳Ȥˤʤä줫ι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤϡޤߤȤơ2ͤι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤƱȤ줿ΤǤ롥vos λѤϡδޤߤȤƤʣȿǤƤȤ롥
ޤ̤ˤС1ͤι뤬ʣȷӤĤ줿Τϡ̱ȹͤ줿ǤϤʤꥹ礬 "royal we" ѤΤƱǡϼؤ nos ȸäΤǤꡤб vos ǸƤӤ줿Τ⤦1ĤιͤȤơؼоݤñʣȤʸ̤οȤ̤ˡʸϤϤ⤽ʣ䤹ȤȤ롥Ǥ뤳Ȥʣϡiconicity ˤưפ˷ӤĤ줽
ʾΤ줫뤤Ȥ߹碌ˤꡤ2;ʣ1ͤιؤѤȯã䤬ơδѤϡΤߤʤ餺ϼ̤ŬѤ褦ˤʤäθȯãޥˤƤϡT/V distinction ϤۤηŪ˼Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤδ֡ˡɤ줬ߤ줿֤ǻ˺Ϥ뤬褽12--14ˡ"power semantics" ˴ŤηŪ T/V distinction Ω
ѸؤѸλ you thou ζ̤Ƴ줿ϢȤƤϡʲε뤤 personal_pronoun pragmatics դȡ
[2009-10-11-1]: #167. θ T/V distinction
[2009-10-29-1]: #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction
[2010-02-12-1]: #291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ
[2010-07-11-1]: #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you
[2011-03-01-1]: #673. Burnley's you and thou
[2011-07-06-1]: #800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia
[2012-02-24-1]: #1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction
[2012-03-21-1]: #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction
Brown, R. W. and A. Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1960. 253--76.
Ѹ T/V distinction ˤĤơ#167. θ T/V distinction ([2009-10-11-1]) , #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction ([2009-10-29-1]) , #1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction ([2012-02-24-1]) ʤɤǰäƤҲ˸ŪΩ줫顤T/V distinction ηҲ𤷤Brown and Gilman θȥåɥ (118--21) ƤΤȤ롥ʲϡȥåɥ (120) ȴФT/V distinction ̻ŪѲοǤ롥
| 1ʳ | 2ʳ | 3ʳ | 4ʳ | |||||
| S | NS | S | NS | S | NS | S | NS | |
| +P +P | T | T | V | V | T | V | T | V |
| -P -P | T | T | T | T | T | V | T | V |
| +P -P | T | T | T | T | T | T | T | V |
| -P +P | T | T | V | V | V | V | T | V |
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