إ2 (Henry II; 1133--89ǯ1154--89ǯ) ϡPlantagenet īγġɲˤơ12ȾФ衼åѤǡи塼 (the Angevin Empire) ΡֹפǤ롥塹ηѾϤ˲äꥨΡȤη뺧ˤäƳϡ䳰ˤäڤޤᡤꥹޤϰ뤳ȤˤʤäŪˤϡϿޡʷ͡p. 73Ρ֥塼פˤμȤꡤϰϤϥåȥɹԥ̮͡˵ڤǤꡤϤȤƤйեͥĶƤ

إ2ϡǼܳŪƳˡνٲסȽ٤γȽԤ䶵ø¡ͳԻԤǧĤʤɿζӤĤ٥ʶ٥åȤȤΩꡤŪʳĥȤ¦̤Ϥ뤬ѲɾƤ褤Ѹˤδ餤СɲǤʤ顤եͤǤ뤳ȤĥեDz̤Ȥܤ (47) ۩
إϡ֥ɲǤϤä褷ƥɿͤβǤϤʤäפȤɾƤ롥ץ˥åȲȤϡȤηȤ֥岦ȡפȤƤФ뤬ξϡޤο͡ĤޤեͤDz̤ե饤륵ޤǤθդȤʤ⡤˥ɤθդʤäϤ⤷ʤäΥɤˤν¤⡤˰ޤǤΦˤ˾ãΤμʤǤäȤ븫⤢롥बûޥ (Curtmantle)פΥ˥åͥǸƤФ줿Τ⡤ޤǤĹ֤Ȥϰۤʤ롤塦ΥޥȤȤˤ롥
μΡ֥ե֤פϡΥޥȤȥץͥåȲȤˤƤʤλ¤äإ2ϡθѤ©ҤΥ㡼1٤СΥޥǥȥɤˤƤǤϤȤ (cf. #3447. Richard I Υںߴ֤6ۤɡ ([2018-10-04-1])) ϽǤϤʤեåȥηڤפǤ롥
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
㲦 Henry II Υ塼Ѥҿ (Coeur de Lion or Lion-Heart) Richard I (1157--99߰ 1189--99) ϡ֤ˤϿ͵ι⤤奤ɲ1ͤǤ롥3˻äƥ륵ܻؤ路ƥǥȤʿ֤⡤ϩκȤᤨ졤ʿˤ褦䤯Ƶ״ʥꥢ͡δؿΤ
ɤԤȤƤϡˤҤɤפǤ롥߰10ǯۤɤδ֤ΤۤȤɤʤɤΤΦ䤷Ƥꡤɤؤˬ2Τߡںߴ֤Ϥ鷺6ȤǤ롥ʤ顤#1204. 12ΥɲΡֱѸϡס ([2012-08-13-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤϰڴؿʤäʤߤˡޥ٥ꥢ˻äƤϡ٤⥤ɤϤƧǤʤȤ顤˾
ˤѤΤ˼ڶϹ˴٤ä Richard I ϡǼݤ뤿˹ (Great Seal) βȤä٤ʤʤȤ䲦μپϡʤ̵ˤʤ롥ι뤳ȤˤäơޤǤȯԤƤ̵ˤ롤ĤޤڶȿΤˤȤǤ롥⤷ΤϡްƤβλǤ롥ιƤݤˤϡΩ夬ä饤餯ʤʬ碌ƥ饤2Ƭ礦ްƤäȻפ롥Ȥινݤˤϡ⤭ѤΥ饤3ƬƤ롥οްƤϡ˥ɲȤ˼ѤƤϤοްƤǤꡤºݤ˸ߤǤѤƤcf. #433. Law French ȱѹϡ ([2010-07-04-1])ˡ
βˤĤơ (67--68) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
衼åѤϤϡ˻äΤδ֤ǡϤϤɥĵΤΤΤˡƹεΤ۾ʤۤɴؿơ줬ȤۤɤˡƹؤϤڤ˹丫ǤϤ뤬㡼ɰκǽζ̼˸ݤΥǥϡ褷ƥޡȤʤΤȤϻפʤ㡼ɤϤܤˤ¾οʤϥǥ˻ɷ㤵ơܤΥˤߤ褦ʽݤѤΤǤϤʤ
βϡй Richard I κŪԤħǤȤä櫓줬ꥹˤޤǰѤƤȤΤʤȤǤ롥ʤԤϤβˤ Dieu et mon droit ʿȤ郎ˤȤեΥåȡϡRichard I ǤͺӤͳ褹ȤRichard I ϡꥹϻˤˤƤʱƶϤؤäȤ
ѸˤδϡRichard I ۤɤޤǤ˥̵뤷ƤȤ¤ܤϱѸФ̵ؿȤȤǤ⤢äθŪ̵ؿˤꡤѸ⳰Ĥ뤳ȤʤͳãˡΤޤޤѲѰۤΤĤġ˭ʸؤĹƤäΤǤ롥
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
åΥեå粦¹륢륹Athelstan; ߰ 924--40ǯˤϡåˤȤɤޤ餺¾κǽΥɲȸƤ֤٤¸ߤǤ롥937ǯΥ֥ʥ֥դ襤Ƿۤեå粦äȯŸˡŵԻڥˡߤ¤ƱʤɤζӤŤͤ (20--21) ˤС
륹ˤȤäƺθӤϡΤιɾIJIJεȤ⤤٤ؤ֤ȤǤ륹ʹߤιϡΩˡפ˿Ȥ褦ˤʤꡤΤŪͭϼԤȤβĤ褦ˤʤäʶʥޥˤ̤ΩˡԤϡΡ֥ꥢΥɥλϻǯˤ䥦åΥͲλϻ塻ǯˤˤ⸫줿륹Ϥ絬ϤʤΤȤꥹȶνפʹԻǤ륭ꥹȹºסʰˡסʻͷˡסʸˤŪ˳Ť褦ˤʤä
줬ָͲġסʥƥʥ⡼ȡˤȸƤФΤǤ롥ɳϤɽԤĤǡ٥ȥ衼ʶ¿λʶ罤ƻĹʥޥˤͭϵ²²ʥˤ餬ʤ褦ˤʤꡤŪ⡤Τ˴ؤ볰ɱꡤˤΧˡˡ˴ؤ˶ĤƤβĤ˽ޤ褦ˤʤäͭϼԤˤȤäڤȤʤäΤ貦λफ鼡ηѾޤǤδ֤꤬ʤ褦ĴȤޤ˲̷ѾϤ˴ؤǤä
ͲĤϡΥꥹȶԻȤϴؤΤʤˤ⾤줿פβĤǤϽդη˴ؤ̤ˤ˹Ԥʤ줿ޤ夬ȤȤˡʼԤʼʽˤ˷褦ˤʤäƤä
륹ָ֤ͲġפϡűѸǤ witenagemōt ȸɽ witena + gemōt 2줫ʤʣǤꡤ witena ϡָ͡ɾİפ̣̾ wita ʣ°ʷǤ롥̾ϡѸ̾ wit cf. űѸư witan Τסˤƻ wise ȸ츻Ū˴ϢƤ롥
gemōt ϡֲġפ̣̾켫ΤƬ ge- ̾ mōt ʬ롥ge- Ͻɽ魯ƬǡѸʹߤ˼岽üƤäyclept, yclad, alike, among, enough, either, handicraft, handiwork ʤɤ첻˺פĤmōt ϡ츻Ū meet ʲˤȴطƤꡤǤ moot Ȥǡֵ;ϤΤפ̣ƻȤѤƤ롥
äơwitenagemōt ΰ̣Ϥޤˡָͤ礹ġפǤ롥ʤѸǤѸȤƤȯ /ˈwɪtnəgəˌmoʊt/ Ȥʤ롥
ΥޥʹߤεIJ (parliament) ˤĤƤϡ#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ȡ#2335. parliament ([2015-09-18-1]) ȡޤīηϿޤǯɽˤĤơ#2620. īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) ȡ#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ɤ
ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ
#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) Ǥ褦ʰꥢ1ʹߤˤĤơܤֹڤӲޡ̻˰ɽפ (626--31) ˸ĤΤǷǤƤޡ̻ˤξޤǴޤޤƤΤĶ̣
| ڤӲޡ̻ | ǯ | 뺧 | ߰ | ǯ | ޡ̻ˤνп | |
| Υޥ | ||||||
| ꥢ1 | 1027? | 1050? | 1066--1087 | 1087 | ||
| ޥƥ֡ե | 1031 | 1050? | 1083 | եɥ | ||
| ꥢ2 | 1060? | 1087--1100 | 1100 | |||
| إ1 | 1068 | 11000 | 1100--1135 | 1135 | ||
| (1) ޥƥ֡åȥ | 1080 | 1100 | 1118 | åȥ | ||
| (2) ǥ饤֡롼 | 1102 | 1121 | 1151 | ե | ||
| ƥ | 1097? | 1115 | 1135--1154 | 1154 | ||
| ޥƥ֡֡˥ | 1103? | 1115 | 1152 | Υޥ | ||
| ץ˥åȲ | ||||||
| إ2 | 1133 | 1152 | 1154--1189 | 1189 | ||
| ʡ֡ơ | 1122? | 1152 | 1204 | ե | ||
| 㡼1 | 1157 | 1191 | 1189--1199 | 1199 | ||
| ٥ꥢ֡ʥ | 1174 | 1191 | 1230? | ڥ | ||
| 1167 | 1189 | 1199--1216 | 1216 | |||
| (1) ٥롦֡ | ? | 1189 | 1217 | | ||
| (2) ٥롦֡졼 | 1188 | 1200 | 1246 | ե | ||
| إ3 | 1207 | 1236 | 1216--1272 | 1272 | ||
| ʡ֡ץ | 1226? | 1236 | 1291 | ե | ||
| ɥ1 | 1239 | 1254 | 1272--1307 | 1307 | ||
| (1) ʡ֡ƥ | 1244 | 1254 | 1290 | ڥ | ||
| (2) ޡåȡ֡ե | 1282? | 1299 | 1318 | ե | ||
| ɥ2 | 1284 | 1308 | 1307--1327 | 1327 | ||
| ٥롦֡ե | 1292 | 1308 | 1358 | ե | ||
| ɥ3 | 1312 | 1328 | 1327--1377 | 1377 | ||
| եåѡ֡Ρ | 1314? | 1328 | 1369 | եɥ | ||
| 㡼2 | 1367 | 1382 | 1377--1399 | 1400 | ||
| (1) ֡ܥإߥ | 1366 | 1382 | 1394 | ܥإߥ | ||
| (2) ٥롦֡ | 1389 | 1396 | 1409 | ե | ||
| | ||||||
| إ4 | 1367 | 1380 | 1399--1414 | 1413 | ||
| (1) ᥢɥ֡ | 1370 | 1381 | 1394 | | ||
| (2) 祢֡ʥ | 1370? | 1403 | 1437 | ڥ | ||
| إ5 | 1387 | 1420 | 1413--1422 | 1422 | ||
| 㥵֡ | 1401 | 1420 | 1437 | ե | ||
| إ6 | 1421 | 1444 | 1422--1461, 1470--1471 | 1471 | ||
| ޡåȡ֡ | 1429 | 1444 | 1482 | ե | ||
| ƥ塼 | ||||||
| إ7 | 1457 | 1486 | 1485--1509 | 1509 | ||
| ꥶ٥֡衼 | 1465 | 1486 | 1503 | | ||
| إ8 | 1491 | 1509 | 1509--1547 | 1547 | ||
| (1) 㥵֡饴 | 1485 | 1509 | 1536 | ڥ | ||
| (2) ֡ | 1507? | 1533 | 1536 | | ||
| (3) ⥢ | 1509? | 1536 | 1537 | | ||
| (4) ֡졼 | 1515 | 1540 | 1557 | եɥ | ||
| (5) 㥵ϥ | 1521? | 1540 | 1542 | | ||
| (6) 㥵ѡ | 1512? | 1543 | 1548 | | ||
| ɥ6 | 1537 | 1547--1553 | 1553 | |||
| ᥢ1 | 1516 | 1554 | 1553--1558 | 1558 | ||
| եڡ֡ڥ | 1527 | 1554 | ʥڥ1556--1598 | 1598 | ڥ | |
| ꥶ٥1 | 1533 | 1558--1603 | 1603 | |||
| ƥ奢Ȳ | ||||||
| ॺ1 | 1566 | 1589 | 1603--1625 | 1625 | ||
| ֡ǥޡ | 1574 | 1589 | 1619 | ǥޡ | ||
| 㡼륺1 | 1600 | 1625 | 1625--1649 | 1649 | ||
| إꥨåޥꥢ | 1609 | 1625 | 1669 | ե | ||
| ƶƥ奢Ȳ | ||||||
| 㡼륺2 | 1630 | 1662 | 1660--1685 | 1685 | ||
| 㥵֥֡饬 | 1638 | 1662 | 1705 | ݥȥ | ||
| ॺ2 | 1633 | 1660 | 1685--1688 | 1701 | ||
| (1) ϥ | 1637 | 1660 | 1671 | | ||
| (2) ᥢ֡ǥ | 1658 | 1673 | 1718 | ꥢ | ||
| ᥢ2ʶƱ | 1662 | 1677 | 1689--1694 | 1694 | ||
| ꥢ3ʶƱ | 1650 | 1677 | 1689--1702 | 1702 | ||
| 1665 | 1683 | 1702--1714 | 1714 | |||
| ץ硼֡ǥޡ | 1653 | 1683 | 1708 | ǥޡ | ||
| ϥΡ | ||||||
| 硼1 | 1660 | 1682 | 1714--1727 | 1727 | ||
| եɥƥ | 1666 | 1682 | 1726 | ɥ | ||
| 硼2 | 1683 | 1705 | 1727--1760 | 1760 | ||
| 饤֡ѥå | 1683 | 1705 | 1737 | ɥ | ||
| 硼3 | 1738 | 1761 | 1760--1820 | 1820 | ||
| 㡼åȡ֡å֥륯ȥå | 1744 | 1761 | 1818 | ɥ | ||
| 硼4 | 1762 | 1795 | 1820--1830 | 1830 | ||
| 饤֥֡å | 1768 | 1795 | 1821 | ɥ | ||
| ꥢ4 | 1765 | 1818 | 1830--1837 | 1837 | ||
| ǥ쥤ɡ֡ޥ˥ | 1792 | 1818 | 1849 | ɥ | ||
| ȥꥢ | 1819 | 1840 | 1837--1901 | |||
| ץС | 1819 | 1840 | 1861 | ɥ | ||
| С | ||||||
| ɥ7 | 1841 | 1863 | 1901--1910 | 1910 | ||
| 쥰ɥ顦֡ǥޡ | 1841 | 1863 | 1925 | ǥޡ | ||
| | ||||||
| 硼5 | 1865 | 1893 | 1910--1936 | |||
| ᥢ֡ƥå | 1867 | 1893 | 1953 | ɥ | ||
| ɥ8 | 1894 | 1937 | 1936--1936 | 1972 | ||
| ʥꥹץ͡ | 1896 | 1937 | 1986 | ꥫ | ||
| 硼6 | 1895 | 1923 | 1936--1952 | 1952 | ||
| ꥶ٥Х饤 | 1900 | 1923 | åȥ | |||
| ꥶ٥2 | 1926 | 1947 | 1952-- | |||
| ץեåסޥȥХåƥ | 1921 | 1947 | ǥޡ | |||
[2018-02-24-1]ε˰³Ƥꡥε#3241. 1422ǯɥ¤ȹαѸ첽 ([2018-03-12-1]) ǰѤ Fisher ϡī15ȤƱѸι첽 Chancery Standard γΩڤ˴ͿǽˤĤơѶŪʵŸƤ롥Τ˥īβȤڵϤʤHoccleve Lydgate ˤ⤽λݤľŪʸڤϤʤʬϤľڵϤ Fisher 롥ξڵȤϡ褽 Chancery Standard ĹƤߥ˴ؤΤǤ롥
Hoccleve, no more than Lydgate, ever articulated for the Lancastrian rulers a policy of encouraging the development of English as a national language or of citing Chaucer as the exemplar for such a policy. But we have the documentary and literary evidence of what happened. The linkage of praise for Prince Henry as a model ruler concerned about the use of English and for master Chaucer as the "firste fyndere of our faire langage"; the sudden appearance of manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales, Troylus and Criseyde, and other English writings composed earlier but never before published; the conversion to English of the Signet clerks of Henry V, the Chancery clerks, and eventually the guild clerks; and the burgeoning of composition in English and the patronage of literature in English by the Lancastrian court circle are all concurrent historical events. The only question is whether their concurrence was coincidental or deliberate. (34)
ä Chaucer νʤμܤƤΤ14ǤϤʤ15äƤȤ̣Chaucer 1400ǯפθˤ褦䤯ܤƤȤΤ϶ʤΤ뤤ϡֽƱѸǰʺʤȡפ夲뤳ȤˤäơгŪ˥ɤؼ褦ȤŪʤ⤯ߤη̤ȤƤνǤǤϤʤäʴϢơHoccleve ˤ Chaucer ɾ ("firste fyndere of our faire langage") ˤĤơ#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]) ȡ
Fisher ϡΤ褦ʸϸźդƤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ĥļ䶯Ƥ롥
All linguistic changes of this sort for which we have documentation---in Norway, India, Canada, Finland, Israel, or elsewhere---have been the result of planning and official policy. There is no reason to suppose that the situation was different in England.
Fisher, John H. "A Language Policy for Lancastrian England." Chapter 2 of The Emergence of Standard English. John H. Fisher. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996. 16--35.
#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1])#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ1422ǯ˥ɥ¤ȹ (Brewers' Guild of London) ĻϿȷʸˤƥ줫Ѹؤڤؤη꼫ΤϥƥǵϿƤ뤬ݤϰʲΤ褦ʤΤäFisher (22--23) ¹Chambers and Daunt αѤ롥
Whereas our mother-tongue, to wit the English tongue, hath in modern days begun to be honorably enlarged and adorned, for that our most excellent lord, King Henry V, hath in his letters missive and divers affairs touching his own person, more willingly chosen to declare the secrets of his will, for the better understanding of his people, hath with a diligent mind procured the common idiom (setting aside others) to be commended by the exercise of writing; and there are many of our craft of Brewers who have the knowledge of writing and reading in the said english idiom, but in others, to wit, the Latin and French, before these times used, they do not in any wise understand. For which causes with many others, it being considered how that the greater part of the Lords and trusty Commons have begun to make their matters to be noted down in our mother tongue, so we also in our craft, following in some manner their steps, have decreed to commit to memory the needful things which concern us [in English]. (Chambers and Daunt 139)
Henry V ˸ڤƤ뤳Ȥ¬̤ꡤκǤˡȥåץǽդαѸ첽ϩȤƤ餷ޤΤɨ Chancery ˤơ "Chancery Standard" ̾դ뤳ȤˤʤɸѸνդ˨Τ褦ʤΤиƤȻפ롥դαѸ첽äơˤȽ̱ȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤäΤ϶̣ˤ1422ǯϡ15ȾαѸ˾žˤƾħŪʰ̣ǯȤϢơ#3225. īαѸ첽Τ⤯ߤ Chancery Standard ([2018-02-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
Fisher, John H. "A Language Policy for Lancastrian England." Chapter 2 of The Emergence of Standard English. John H. Fisher. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996. 16--35.
Chambers, R. W. and Marjorie Daunt, eds. A Book of London English. Oxford: Clarendon-Oxford UP, 1931.
ϢʤѸνդˤɸಽưϡ1400ǯ˻ϤޤȹͤƤ褤Ǥ14餽ʳȤ٤ư줿15äդ꤫顤餯ŪưŤääƸ߲ƤŪưŤȤϡʩɴǯ (hundred_years_war) κˤäơīֱѸᥤɤιפռȤǤ롥ȤʤСʤѰۤˤƤڥɸಽܻؤ٤ǡ夫μƤɸಽưˡ¦ΰ첡ä뤳Ȥˤʤäīγ Henry IV 鲦̤Ѥ Henry V ϡ1415ǯ襤ˤ뾡Ǥ˹ҤȯȤεªƱѸθҤ褦ȱưΤǤ롥Chancery Standard ϡΤ褦ʷаޤޤ줿Τȹͤ
ΰϢήˤĤơBlake (11) ϼΤ褦ˤߤƤ롥
Some scholars believe that the Lancastrians actively promoted the cause of English in order to increase their appeal to merchants and commoners against the aristocrats who were the leaders of the rebellions against them. Even if this is true, it is not likely that the kings would actively promote a standard as such. At best they would encourage the use of English as the national language, but this in turn would enhance the prospects of a standardised variety of London English being adopted as the variety to be used nationally. In order to follow this policy, the kings would have to rely on the forms of language most accessible to them, and that meant using one of the standardised forms of English used in the Chancery or some other government agency. From 1400 onwards the idea that there should be a single form of 'English' based upon the language of London and its environs became predominant.
ŸƤϡīϡѸɸಽ褦ؤȤϡޤǹȯȤȤŪŪΤ˱ѸȤ褦ؤˤʤȤȤ餯θ˱Ѹ줬ɸಽƤäΤϡ¦ŪǤϤʤष̤Ȥߤ٤
Ϣơ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1])#1207. Ѹνդ ([2012-08-16-1]) ⻲ȡ
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
1410ǯ夫30ǯˤơɸѸľܤĤʤäƤȤ Chancery English ˨꤬Ф롥ɸѸηͤǡ̵뤹뤳ȤΤǤʤפʻǤ롥
ѸδȿɸѼηĬήϡ1413ǯ Henry IV ɷȤƽƱѸǰĤȤϤޤ롥1417ǯˤ϶̼ (Signet Office) Henry V μѸȯԤϤ1422ǯˡǤϥɥξ¤ȹ礬θȤƱѸѤ褦ˤʤäεĻϿѸǽ褦ˤʤΤ⡤ۤƱ1423ǯǤ롥ơ1430ǯˡˡģ̼ɤαѸѼήǡEast Midland ˴פĥ͡ (koine) Ūʽդ˺ѤΤǤLancaster īηαѸѤˤĤƤϡ#1207. Ѹνդ ([2012-08-16-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
λĬήˤơ Chancery Standard ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤѼʤˤѤΤҲŪƶϤķ缫Ȥ䤽μդǤä礭Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (274) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Chancery English has a precursor in the form of English used by Henry V's Signet Office, the king's private secretariat which travelled with him on his foreign campaigns. It is significant that the selection of the variety which was to develop into what is generally referred to as the Chancery Standard originated with the king and his secretariat: the implementation of a standard variety can only be successful when it has institutional support.
⤦1ġHenry V ѶŪ˱ѸѤطʤˡŪäΤǤϤʤȤܤ٤Ǥ (Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade 274)
. . . the case of Henry V possibly reflects not so much a decision made by an enlightened monarch and his council as political and practical motives: by writing in English, Henry first and foremost identified himself as an Englishman at war with France, while at the same time seeking to curry favour with the the English-speaking merchants, who might be prevailed upon to finance his campaigns.
1410ǯ夫1430ǯˤƤαѸθѲˤɸѸطʤˤϡҲŪϤư餯ͿƤȻפ롥λɸŪʤΤȤƺѤƤȤˤʤ¿ֻ֤嵭Τ褦˺̤ƤǽȤȤΤäƤɬפ
ֻСlight knight ˤߤ <gh> 2Ż (digraph)ʬ˷θȤ <t> ǤϤʤ <d> Ѥ뽬1;ñ̾ˤߤ I ʸѡ¾ which, should, such, much, but, ask ʤɤ Chancery English ħݻƤ롥֤ˤĤƤϡ2;ñ̾ȤƤ ye/you3;ʣ̾ȤƤ they, them, theirƵ̾ȤƤ self/selvesؼ̾ʣ thosetho ˡˡ -ly-liche ˡˡʬ -n λѤ䡤ưθʣ̵-n ˡˤʤɡ¿뤳ȤǤ롥
Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ
| 1066 | The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England. |
| 1204 | King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent. |
| 1258 | King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament. |
| 1337 | The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism |
| 1348--50 | The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century |
| 1362 | The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English. |
| 1381 | The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest. |
| 1384 | John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible). |
| 1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry. |
| 1476 | William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty. |
Algeo and Pyles (86--87) ꡤűѸμפʽǯɽ
| 449 | Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians began to occupy Great Britain, thus changing its major population to English speakers and separating the early English language from its Continental relatives. |
| 597 | Saint Augustine of Canterbury arrived in England to begin the conversion of the English by baptizing King Ethelbert of Kent, thus introducing the influence of the Latin language. |
| 664 | The Synod of Whitby aligned the English with Roman rather than Celtic Christianity, thus linking English culture with mainstream Europe. |
| 730 | The Venerable Bede produced his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, recording the early history of the English people |
| 787 | The Scandinavian invasion began with raids along the Northeast seacoast. |
| 865 | The Scandinavians occupied northeastern Britain and began a campaign to conquer all of England. |
| 871 | Alfred became king of Wessex and reigned until his death in 899, rallying the English against the Scandinavians, retaking the city of London, establishing the Danelaw, and securing the position of king of all England for himself and his successors. |
| 991 | Olaf Tryggvason invaded England, and the English were defeated at the Battle of Maldon. |
| 1000 | The manuscript of the Old English epic Beowulf was written about this time. |
| 1016 | Canute became king of England, establishing a Danish dynasty in Britain. |
| 1042 | The Danish dynasty ended with the death of King Hardicanute, and Edward the Confessor became king of England. |
| 1066 | Edward the Confessor died and was succeeded by Harold, last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, who died at the Battle of Hastings fighting against the invading army of William, duke of Normandy, who was crowned king of England on December 25. |
#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ǸűѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤΡּεפΥ٤˽ΥåȥΥä褦
ؼȩΥåȥɲ James VI (1566--1625) 1580ǯ˱ʸǡּεפ Scots ǺƤܿͤˤΤΤ London, British Library, MS Royal 18 B.xvi, f. 44 ˳ǧ롥James VI English English ǤϤʤ Scots (English) ǽȤˤ餤ƤͻҤϤʤƲǤCrystal (125) Ƹ褦
THE LORDIS PRAYER
Ô michtie father that in heauin remainis
thy noble name be sanctifeit alwayes
thy kingdome come, in earth thy will & rainis
euen as in heauunis mot be obeyed with prayse
& giue us lorde oure dayly bread & foode
forgiuing us all oure trespassis aye
as we forgiue ilk other in lyke moode
lorde in temptation lead us not ue praye
but us from euill deliuer euer moire
for thyne is kingdome ue do all record
allmichtie pouer & euerlasting gloire
for nou & aye so mot it be ô lorde.
Υåȥɲ James VI 1603ǯ˥ɤΥīγĤȤƥɲ James I Ȥʤ櫓ΤȤ˿òμԤȤȤˤ Scots ɥε˱֤ȤȤʤäϤƥɤ̱ϡҤѼȤǧΤȯˡʤȤ⤢ΥåϴȤդˤСScots ΥɱѸ첽Ϥޤäִ֤Ȥ⤤
η˴طȤơ#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1])#2128. "than" ȤƤ nor or ([2015-02-23-1])#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
ε#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1]) ˰³ѸΥԡɤˤĤƤꡥ
William I 1066ǯΥΥޥdzΥޥīϡѸȥեܿ⤿餷³ơHenry I Stephen λŪФˡ1154ǯ Henry II ץͥåīϡΤȥեιʬʤ륢塼иʩޤξ¦ڤĤȤʣ֤ˤꡤɤθʣʹߡѸϡե̩ܤʴط³¸ߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤʤäȤ뤫θ14--15ɴǯ˻ޤʱʩط³طť²Τ褦˿ʤǤʤСѸȥեδط⡤ƥɤˤѸ⡤̤ΥɤäƤǽ⤤
Τ褦ʤȤͤƤȤˡHenry I Stephen © Eustace ĥᥦʥ (lamprey) ˴ʤäȤäɤа桤p. 41ˡˤ if ۤȤȤǡĥåȤꤴʲĥåĴǡʼºݤ˥ĥȤʤΤǡ˺ƸƤߤ
ƱѵǤĥᥦʥ (lamprey) ȥʥ (eel) ʪŪˤϤޤä̵ط̾ѷǤޤƤϤʤ
ĥᥦʥ (lamprey) Ǥǥݥå¤äΥޥī King Henry I ȡKing Stephen © Eustace 2͡Υޥīβ²äơʤ˥ĥᥦʥäΡ
ĥᥦʥ (lamprey) Eustace ʤä顤Henry II ˲̤Ϥ餺ץͥåīʤä⡥ȡɤϥեȤۤαѸϤäᤫä⡥θαѸˤϤɤʤäƤȤ
ץͥåīγ Henry II ΥեͭˤꡤեȤť¤δط³櫓ǡǹαѸ٤ʤäˡѸϤ٤ξǤˤֲлϼϡŪʽȯϤǹǤ쵤ˤʤȤ˹Ǥȹͤ롥
Ȥơĥᥦʥʤä顤षѸϤ⤦ĹڤƤ⡪ơȤʤ뵡路Ƥ⡪ʾ塥
֥ĥᥦʥѸˤĥΡ֥ϥåαѸ?ˤ if ʲΡˡפꡤ#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1]) ɤ
Henry II ϰԤκƻդ̵뤷ƥĥᥦʥ̤˿³Ȥ顤ιʪäΤˤϡ䤹˺Τ⤷ʤ
ĥåɤե\@chariderryu Υĥåե
а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ
ꥹƾΡؼΤˡMajesty Ȥι椬Ѥ롥̾ͭʤȼYour Majesty, Her Majesty, His Majesty, Their Majesties, the Queen's Majesty, the King's Majesty ʤɤȻȤ롥Your Majesty 2;̾Ǽ뤬ưФƤ3;ñǰפȤüˡ
Ѹˤ Your Majesty ʤɤΡֽͭ + MajestyפȤɾΤηϡƥбɽˤʤäѸѤƤʿԤ Your Grace Your Highness ʤɤƱѤƤа (87) ˤСYour Majesty λѤΩΤϡ塼īγ Henry VII μ (1485--1509) ˤƤäȤ
塼īγĥإϡȤΤĤѤ꿷ߤꤷΤʤ˲ºΤ롥ޤǤϡºΤ Your Grace ä Your Majesty ˲ᡤȹ֤Ȥä衤ˤ Your Majesty ȸƤӤΤ롼ˤʤäƤ롥
ºݤˤϥ塼īθ³η礿⡤Ӥ Your Majesty ȸƤФƤ櫓ǤϤʤ褫 Your Grace, Your Highness ѤƤ˥奢īǤ⡤ James I Ф Your Majesty ¤ Your Highness ̵̤ѤƤOED majesty, n. θ2ˤСYour Majesty 17ΤȤäȤJames I μθȾˤϳΩ褦
It was not until the 17th cent. that Your Majesty entirely superseded the other customary forms of address to the sovereign in English. Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I were often addressed as 'Your Grace' and 'Your Highness', and the latter alternates with 'Your Majesty' in the dedication of the Bible of 1611 to James I.
塼ī饹奢īˤơߤ˽ʣʤ⡤褽 Your Grace Your Highness Your Majesty ȰܤѤäƤȤˤʤ롥ꤷвߤ졤θҤ褤ޤäƤǤ롥1ĤŤˤʤäƤƤ褦Ƕ̣
а ҡؿ⡡ꥹβ١Ͻн˼2007ǯ
ɻˤˤν𤲤1ȤСХ (the Wars of the Roses; 1455--85) ʤ̾դϡ Sir Walter Scott (1829) ΤΡˡε²֥ХϤ Lancaster ȤХ York Ȥ2ɤʬơ̷ѾäǤ롥30ǯˤ錄襤ξȶȤϿԤɤϵ뤬Ȥ Lancaster Ȥ Henry Tudor Henry VII ȤƲ̤˽Ȥˤʤä襤Ǥϵ²¤ᡤ϶뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˾ͳ餬ҲŪƬȤʤä
Хϡɤæ餷ƶؤߤʤƤϴȤơкѡҲ˾ΰյդƤ뤬ѸˤδϤɤΤ褦ɾǤGramley (98--99) ϼΤ褦ɾƤ롥
. . . the series of wars that go under this name [= The Wars of the Roses] sped up the weakening of feudal power and strengthened the merchant classes since the wars further thinned the ranks of the feudal nobility and facilitated in this way the easier rise of ambitious and able people from the middle ranks of society. When the conflict was settled under Henry VII, a Lancastrian and a Tudor, power was essentially centralized. From the point of view of the language, this meant that the standard which had begun to emerge in the early fourteenth century would continue with a firm base in the usage which had been crystallizing in the London area at least since Henry IV (reign 1399--1413), the first king since the OE period who was a native speaker of English.
ɾˤȡ14Ⱦ˻ϤޤäƤѸɸಽ (standardisation) Хη̤ȤƲ졤滺餬ƬȤˤꡤ15ȾʹߤɥפȤƤä䤷ʤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤȤѸɸಽˤäȤץǤꡤѤˤȤꤽγϤ "the early fourteenth century" Υɥˤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤʡ#1275. ɸѸȯȼҲкѡ ([2012-10-23-1]) ȡˡθ塤ХޤǤ1Ⱦδ֤ˤɸಽϿʤǤޤǴʲäΤ褦ɸಽ䤫˿ʤǤȤˡХȤҲŪưꡤɸಽȤߤ벦滺餬礭ʱƶϤĤ˵ڤǡư¥ʤ줿ȤȤ
¾ŪαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϡʲεȡ
#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1])
#208. ȳ̿ȳ̿ȱѸˡ ([2009-11-21-1])
#254. ڥ̵Ṳ̃ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-06-1])
#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1])
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
#302. űѸΥեѸ ([2010-02-23-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɤȥΥޥǥܿϡΥޥͤ (norman_conquest) ˤ¸ߤȤϤޤΤƤʤΤȤϡѸȥեܿ⤽龯ʤʤ¸ߤȤȤǤꡤѸ˾ΰ̣롥
å̵ (Ethelred the Unready) κʤϥΥޥǥͤΥ (Emma) ǤꡤϥϤνΥޥǥ (Rollo) ηåɤε¹¤˥衼2 (Guillaume II)Υꥢ (William the Conqueror) οͤǤ롥̤δ餤ȡꥢϡåɤȥޤޤ줿Υɥڲ (Edward the Confessor) ˤȤäơ©ҤȤΩǤ롥
٥λˤޤ̤ (860?--932?) ϡ˥ΥޥͤȸƤФ褦ˤʤäǡͤμΤǤꡤ²Ȥ9ޤǤ̥եΥϸն꽻911ǯˤϥꥹȶΤȤˡϽΥޥǥȤե3 (Charles III) ˿òȤƼ줿ʹߡΥޥǥϺ̤ƥեɤβȤȷӤĤϤȤƬ
ơ3ܥꥷ㡼1 (Richard I) ̼ޤϡ֥ΥޥСפȸƤФۤɤǤꡤå̵ (968--1016) ȷ뺧뤳Ȥˤʤä2ͤޤ줿ɥɤϡ쥨ޤθκƺꥫ̡ (Canute) äζΤΥޥǥ˰ꡤǶˡäΥޥߤˤʤäƤơɤǥǡīȡΥɥɤΥޥǥäƤƥɥڲȤ¨̤ΤǤ롥
Τ褦طʤˤꡤɤȥΥޥǥΤĤʤϡƳ1000ǯ夫鸫줿ΤǤ롥
üȯΥޥͤη濴˲ȷϿޤƤϢơīηϿޤˤĤƤϡ#2620. īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) ȡ#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) dzǧǤ롥
衼IĹ
ꥷ㡼Iʹ
̡ȡᥨޡᥨå̵ ꥷ㡼II
ɥڲ եå
ꥷ㡼III ١Iʰˡᥢ
衼IIʥꥢ
George I ˤĤơ#2648. 17ȾθŪҤΥ֥른ﲽ ([2016-07-27-1])#2649. 奤ꥹäǤΰ ([2016-07-28-1]) ǿ줿ϡGeorge I οȤطʡŪʥѥȤˤĤƽҤ٤
Stuart ȤκǸηȤʤä Anne 1714ǯ¾ȡ̤ϥɥĤ Hanover (House of Hanover) George I (1660--1727) ˰ܤ뤳Ȥˤʤäꥹ˥ɥĿͤιޤȤΤ϶ä٤ȤΤ褦˻פ뤬ŪˤߤðۤʤȤǤϤʤäHanover īκǽιȤʤä George I James II ĹǤä̼ǡHanover ޤǤä Sophia George I Ǥ롥ǤСAnne θϡStuart ȤηͣΥץƥȤǤä Sophia ̤˽ͽäAnne ˴ʤäᡤĹˤ George I ̤ѤȤˤʤäΤǤ롥
George I ϲ̷ѾޤäƤ⡤ˤϥɥؤعԤʤäޤ벦ǤϤʤȤФƤ㥳ХȤˤŻײꤶƤǤ⾯٤̵˥ɥꤹȡղ¤Ԥʤۥå Charles Townshend (1674--1738), James Stanhope (1673--1721), Sir Robert Walpole (1676--1745) ѤȤ櫓 Walpole ˤο1717--21ǯδ֤ơ̳Ǥˤ#2649. 奤ꥹäǤΰ ([2016-07-28-1]) εǿ줿Ȥꡤ줬 Prime Minister λϤޤǤ롥
George I Τ褦Ū̵ؿäȤϡꥹ̱ФȿƤȤȴطStuart ȤΤäƤŪ̥ϤȤоŪˡGeorge I ϻŪǤʤդ礤ⰭȤƤɥĤޤäơѸޤäʤäȤȤ⡤ʤȤǤϤäꥹǤɾä
George I Ū̵ؿ˴ؤɾϤƤȤƤ⡤ꥹͤȿڤäй뤳ȤʤषȤϤФ Hanover ˰äơꥹ̳ͭǽ Walpole ǤäȤϡΥꥹȳˤȤäƤϹʷ̤⤿餷ǤϤäǤȤʤꡤΡַפɤפˤȤʤäƤä
̤ȤƤߤСѸäʤä George I ϡ18Ⱦ˥ꥹιϤ뤳ȤˤʤήοͻڤäΤǤ롥ȯŸȱѸŪڤȤδطθȡGeorge I Ѹäʤä¤⡤ʳ٤ɾ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פ롥ʾ塤 (478--90) ȤƼɮ
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
ѸˤơŪҤϤɤˤȹͤƤϡѸνȤʹߤλȤǰۤʤäƤ
Knowles (120) ˤСElizabeth īޤᡤʹߤ1ΤȷӤĤƤŪҤ17Ⱦ18ˤ滺ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤꡤߤˤޤ³ꥹˤ볬ȸѤ̩ܤʴطˤϤޤäȤ
In a hierarchical society, it must seem obvious that those at the top are in possession of the correct forms, while everybody else labours with the problems of corruption. The logical conclusion is that the highest authority is associated with the monarchy. In Elizabeth's time, the usage of the court was asserted as a model for the language as a whole. After the Restoration, Dryden gave credit for the improvement of English to Charles II and his court. It must be said that this became less and less credible after 1688. William III was a Dutchman. Queen Anne was not credited with any special relationship with the language, and Addison and Swift were rather less than explicit in defining the learned and polite persons, other than themselves, who had in their possession the perfect standard of English. Anne's successor was the German-speaking elector of Hanover, who became George I. After 1714, even the most skilled propagandist would have found it difficult to credit the king with any authority with regard to a language he did not speak. Nevertheless, the monarchy was once again associated with correct English when the popular image of the monarchy improved in the time of Victoria.
After 1714 writers continued to appeal to the nobility for support and to act as patrons to their work on language. Some writers, such as Lord Chesterfield, were themselves of high social status. Robert Lowth became bishop of London. But ascertaining the standard language essentially became a middle-class activity. The social value of variation in language is that 'correct' forms can be used as social symbols, and distinguish middle class people from those they regard as common and vulgar. The long-term effect of this is the development of a close connection in England between language and social class.
⤫ƤΤϡŪҤȸŪҤϢưǤ롥ŪʷˤƤϡλƳԤȤƤϰ̤ȡ餬äϰ̤ȤϢưƤϤǤ롥ŪŪϤäƤθФդθŵǤꡤϤǤꡤۤǤϤǤ롥18ʹߤ˷פꥹϡͤ William III äꡤɥĿͤ George I Ǥäȡ˱ѸäʤͤäΤǤʴϢơ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) ⻲ȡˡ¬褦ˡꥹϼºݤ˥ꥹˤۤɴؿʤäΤǤꡤꥹ̱ˤäơŵסϡסۡפȤߤʤ櫓ʤä顤ȤĤ "Prime Minister" ʽ Sir Robert WalpoleˤФ졤ονƸߤ˻Τ顤ʤΤǤ롥ơŪҤϡͭϹ̱ɽԡ¼Ūˤ͵ʥ֥른ɽԤؤȰܹԤ
ʤ顤ϢươŪҤνߤ֥른ɽԤؤȡȤ櫓Фưռι⤤ʸϵҤؤȰܹԤơǤϤʤʬι⤤ܤΤ볬ɽԤѸᡤݤϤޤä21θոˤο "pundit" ⡤θѼԤ¾ʤʤ
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ǵ顤īʸűѸˤηϿޡEgbert William I (the Conqueror) ޤǤηޤѤ˷ǤƤ
Egbert (829--39) [King of Wessex (802--39)]
Ethelwulf (839--56)
Ethelbald (856--60) Ethelbert (860--66) Ethelred I (866--71) Alfred the Great (871--99)
Edward the Elder (899--924)
Athelstan (924--40) Edmund I the Elder (945--46) Edred (946--55) ???HOUSE OF DENMARK???
Edwy (955--59) Edgar (959--75) Sweyn Forkbeard (1013--14)
Edward the Martyr (975--79) Ethelred II the Unready (979--1013, 1014--16) Emma (--1052) Canute (1016--35)
Hardicanute (1040--42)
Edmund II Ironside (1016. 4--11) Edward the Confessor (1042--66) Harold I Harefoot (1035--40)
Edward Atheling (--1057) ???HOUSE OF NORMANDY ??? ???HOUSE OF GODWIN ???
Edgar Atheling (1066. 10--12) William the Conqueror (1066--87) Harold II (1066. 1--10)
Ѹˤγ̻ˤˤƷ礫ʤȤơ奤ɡʽ˲Ȥǯ褦2010 Compton's by Britannica ΡVol. 26 Fact-Index p. 378 äΤǤ롥
Saxon 802--839 Egbert 839--858 Ethelwulf 858--860 Ethelbald 860--865 Ethelbert 865--871 Ethelred 871--899 Alfred the Great 901--924 Edward the Elder 924--939 Athelstan 939--946 Edmund I 946--955 Edred 955--959 Edwy 959--975 Edgar 975--978 Edward the Martyr 978--1016 Ethelred "the Unready" 1016 Edmund II, Ironside Danish 1016--35 Canute (Cnut) 1035--40 Harold I 1040--42 Harthacanute Saxon 1042--66 Edward the Confessor 1066 Harold II Norman 1066--87 William I, the Conqueror 1087--1100 William II 1100--35 Henry I 1135--54 Stephen Plantagenet 1154--89 Henry II 1189--99 Richard I 1199--1216 John 1216--72 Henry III 1272--1307 Edward I 1307--27 Edward II 1327--77 Edward III 1377--99 Richard II Lancaster 1399--1413 Henry IV 1413--22 Henry V 1422--61 Henry VI York 1461--83 Edward IV 1483 Edward V 1483--85 Richard III Tudor 1485--1509 Henry VII 1509--47 Henry VIII 1547--53 Edward VI 1553--58 Mary I 1558--1603 Elizabeth I Stuart 1603--25 James I 1625--49 Charles I [1649--60 Commonwealth] 1660--85 Charles II 1685--88 James II 1689--1702 William III and Mary II (until her death in 1694) 1702--14* Anne *The United Kingdom was formed in 1707. Hanover 1714--27 George I 1727--60 George II 1760--1820 George III 1820--30 George IV 1830--37 William IV 1837--1901 Victoria Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Windsor) 1901--10 Edward VII 1910--36 George V 1936 Edward VIII 1936--52 George VI 1952-- Elizabeth II
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