轵Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơɸμݤ2ۿޤ#1096. ʤο䤷ֻƤ with Ͻؤޤˤ#1097. ʤο䤷ֻƤ with khelf ڵƣ蘆ǤѸˤ椹4ͤ˹ֻȤͳҤͤȤβäΤǤ¿Υꥹʡγ饳ȤȤȤˡƥꥹʡȼο䤷ֻƤޤ
¤Ϥδ褽ΤΤϥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˼»ܤƤΤäΤǤ夬äΤ heldio Ǥ»ܤƤߤǤδ5Υ֥ͭۿˤƤϤƤޤڱѸˤ #135ۤʤΡֿ䤷ֻפϲǤ̵㿶ˡ֡ڱѸˤ #136ֿۡ䤷ֻײο֤ˡ
äȤСؤμǤƱ䤤Ƥꡤ1--2֤ۤɤϡֿ䤷ֻפǻ伫Ȥ夬äƤΤǤ¿ˤܤˤʤֻ⤢ꡤܶɤˡ¿Τǵˤʤֻ⤢ꡤ줾פפǤޤ
̤Ȥơ͡ʿ䤷ֻȤͳޤäƤޤޤޤȻפޤΤǡܥ֥ɤߤγˤ#1096. ʤο䤷ֻƤ with ϽؤޤˤΥǥꥹʡβץɤǤǡƱΥˡȤο䤷ֻȤͳǤФȻפޤ
ͤޤǤˡ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) ˬ䤤СѸֻˤϾʤȤ194Ĥۤɤ뤳ȤʬȻפޤ椫顤ȻפäΤӡȤˤꤤޤ
Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä
ˤ֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХեδѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿƤ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦
Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.
ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ ([2023-11-07-1]) ΰѤˤڤä褦ˡ̾ϸŤϰ̳ʡʸűѸʹߤͿʡˤη뤳Ȥ¿äƱֻͤȼä뤳Ȥ⡤Ϥ¿äϹͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥ȡͿʸֻ줬Τޤ̾Τΰ˼ޤƤޤФƤ롥ˡηȾ˺ȡʬ (metanalysis) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻʪ̾˻ĤäƤ롥
Clark (476--77) ˤȡ㤨 Attercliffe ϸűѸ *æt þǣm clife (DB Atecliue) "beside the escarpment" ͳ褷Byfleet ϸűѸ bī flēote "by a stream" ˡBygrave ϸűѸ bī grafan "beside the diggings" ˤ줾ͳ褹롥
괧 the ΰ̾˼ޤƤޤ⤢롥㤨 Thurleigh ϸűѸ (æt) þǣre lēage "at the lye" ̤롥Noke Ѹ atten oke ˡ켫ΤϸűѸ *(æt) þǣm ācum "at the oak-trees" ̤Ȥ顤Ƭ n ϷζΡѷ˰ƤȤ롥Rye Rea ƱͤǡűѸ (æt) þǣre īege/ēa "at the water" ΰʬϤˤȯãɽ魯
⤦1Ķ̣Τ Scarborough, Edinburgh, Canterbury ʤɤ˸ borough ֻԡפΰ۷֤űѸμʡг -burg ͳ褹Τ -borough/-burgh Ȥʤ뤬Ϳ -byrig ͳ褹Τ -bury Ȥʤ롥
ʣˤĤƤƱͤɤ줬졤Hastings -s ʣʡгʷ̤뤬Barking, Reading ʤɤʣͿʷ̤ȤʸűѸʣͿʷ -um 줬ʳŪ˼岽ƾüˡ
ʾ塤ֻ졤졤ʷȤʣ߹礤̾η֤ʣ˭ʤΤˤƤȤʬ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

ܤ6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
ܽˤĤƤܥ֥ Voicy heldio Dz٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤϡ6ϡ20ʸˡŪʸŪѲפɮ줿üʰءȤ heldio ̤⤷ޤ#824. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- üȤ (1)ꤷ40ʬĶǤäꤪääƤޤ
2023ǯθߡ20αѸΤˤСֲαѸפȤʤޤ¾ϻ䤿Ū˿ƤѸƱΤȹͤޤ100ǯ;λ֤ͤСʤ٤ʸѲϤäƤϤǤ1901ǯ2023ǯαѸȤǤϡߤ̤ʤȤϤʤˤ衤Ϥ̯ʥϤϤǤѸʸˡˤΤѲƤΤǤ
ѸˤȤȡűѸѸΤ褦ʸʸ椹ʬȤݤ뤫⤷ޤľǯѸѲɤΤΩɤʱѸ˸ΰǤüΤä⡤ѲΥʥߥåʣΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽˤĤƤؿäϡҰʲΥƥĤˬ䤷ƤФȻפޤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
hellog #5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-27-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ
伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿƤߤޤǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
1֤ hellog Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǥֻ (preposition) ܤ뵡ޤ¿椫ֻ쥦פȸƤȯƤޤֻˤؿΤϡҤο֤ε֤äƤФȻפޤ
ƱήǡճΤֻȤ sans Ҳ𤷤ޤwithout եֻǥեǤ sans /sɑ̃/ ȯޤѸȤƤֻ̤ /sænz/ ȯޤե줫餽Τޤ줿ɽֻϡ㤨 sans doute ֵʤ /sɑ̃ duːt/ Τ褦ˡեȯޤǤʤˤϱѸ첽 /sænz/ ȯޤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤ뤤Ͼ̤ᤫ connotation ѤޤʸƤߤޤ礦
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. ֡Ϸܤơ˻ʤܤʤ̣ʤвʤסShakespeare, As You Like It II. vii)
a wallet sans cash
There were no potatoes so we had fish and chips sans the chips.
He came to the door sans shirt.
She went to the party sans her husband.
She would not be happy with people seeing her sans makeup.
He was wearing running shoes, sans socks.
ƤߤȡʤʤȤäƤߤʤֻǤ͡
OED sans, prep. ˤȡѸǤνФϽѸ Kyng Alisaunder Ǥ
c1300 K. Alis. 134 Of gold he made a table Al ful of steorren, saun fable.
Shakespeare ˡϤŪȤƥեñȼäƤꡤХեδɽΤޤޱѸ˼ΤΤ褦Ǥ (ex. sans delay, sans doubt, sans fable, sans pity, sans return)ѸˤŪֻȤȯãΤϡθͷӤŷͤ桼⥢ƺƳȤäƤ褵Ǥ
ε#5063. ֻ̾ʳʸ뤷ָֻפˤʤ ([2023-03-08-1]) Ǽ夲ֻ notwithstanding ~ˤ⤫餺פˤĤơ⤦겼Ƥߤֻ (preposition) ǤʤŪθ֤뤳Ȥ⤢ȤѤnotwithstanding + NP NP + notwithstanding ʸơƤߤ褦
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.
Notwithstanding his love of luxury, his house was simple inside.
They started notwithstanding the bad weather.
His relations with colleagues, differences of opinion notwithstanding, were unfailingly friendly.
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.
She is an intolerable person, her excellent work notwithstanding.
̣ȤƤϡin spite of despite ѶŪǶȿФްդΤФnotwithstanding Ͼ㳲뤳Ȥż٤Ǽ夤ޤʼĥäġ
Ȥ Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one. Τ褦ñΤѤۤ³Ȥ I went notwithstanding (that) he told me not to. Τ褦ʻȤ⤢롥
OED ˤȡñ1400ǯ˽ФΥޥťե non obstant뤤ϸŵʹߤΥƥ non obstante ΤʤȤ롥פˡʬΩʬ칽ʸȤơ֡㳲Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤפۤɤ̣ɽʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ֻȤȤΩȤаޤǤ롥ֻŪϡͳȤƤϤȤʬ칽ʸμ뤿ˡ֤뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥ櫓
ֻΤۤ졤³ȤƤˡ餫鸽Ƥ롥ĤƤߤ褦
c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 113 (MED) And ȝut notwiþstondinge al þis..religiouse men and wommen trauelen..to make hem semliche to cursed proude folk.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vi. 23 This notwystondyng, alwaye they be in awayte.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 5474 Not-wiþstondynge þat he trouþe ment, ȝit for a worde he to exile went.
?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 22 (MED) Which synne worþily askide and disceruede a peyne þat schulde haue noon eende, notwiþstondynge þe deede of synne had eende.
1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 274/1 Which proves notwithstondyng, yat hie and myghti Prince my Lord of Glouc'..and your oyer Lordes..will not take upon hem declaration for my said place.
ʤֻΤȤȤʤư withstand Ƭ with ϡ̤Ρ~Ȥäˡפΰ̣ǤϤʤŤ~йơפۤɤΰ̣ɽ路Ƥ롥
ε#5062. ֻŪפˤСֻ (preposition) ̾줢뤤̾ۤΤȤ롥Τˤϡ̾ (noun phrase) ۤȤäƤΤ褤ºݤˤŵŪֻȤߤθˡ츫Ȥ̾ǤϤʤ̤ΤΤ³⾯ʤʤ㤨СHuddleston and Pullum (599) 4Ĥ褦
i The magician emerged [from behind the curtain]. [PP]
ii I didn't know about it [until recently]. [AdvP]
iii We can't agree [on whether we should call in the police]. [interrogative clause]
iv They took me [for dead]. [AdjP]
줾ֻθˡֻ̤硤, ᡤƻ礬³ƤȤʤäƤ뤬Τ褦ʤֻ줬̤ˤΰۤʤʸȤ櫓ǤϤʤֻ줴ȤˡɤΤ褦ʸ뤫ޤäƤ롤ȤȤǤ롥㤨 until ۤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ϻۤǤʤդ on ۤǤʤϼ롥礦ɸġưˤäƻۤǤʸΥפޤäƤΤƱȤǤ롥
ޤŪˤСֻʸ֤ΤǤʤ餳֡ȸƤФˡֻˤĤƤʸθ֤뤳Ȥꡤθ¤ˤƤϡָ֡ȤƤ٤ΤǤ롥Huddleston and Pullum (631) ꡤnotwithstanding apart/aside (from) ۤʤѤƤʸ褦
i a. [Notwithstanding these objections,] they passed ahead with their proposal.
i b. [These objections notwithstanding,] they passed ahead with their proposal.
ii a. [Apart/Aside from this,] he performed very creditably.
ii b. [This apart/aside,] he performed very creditably.
ֻˤϡ褦ʡ餷ʤֻʤˡˤˤդɬפ롥Ϣ heldio #133. ֻʤ̸ֻ¸ߡ⻲ȡ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
˸줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ#107. ѸֻϤʤʤ¿ΤǤѸˤֻ줬194⤢ΤǤűѸǤ30ۤɤǤѸˤ˲ꡤֻ줬ޤƤޤäΤǤ礦12ʬۤɤưǤɤİ
ưȴϢơʲδϢ hellog heldio ⤴Ȥ
hellog #30. űѸֻȳʡ ([2009-05-28-1])
hellog #947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1])
hellog #1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1])
hellog #4190. ǤޤֻϾʤʤ ([2020-10-16-1])
heldio #133. ֻʤ̸ֻ¸ߡ
heldio #260. Ѹˤֻ̤ϤɤɤƤ
heldio #343. ֻȤϲʤʤˤΡ
heldio #374. ƥ줫Ѥ줿ֻ per, plus, via
⤽ֻ (preposition) ȤϲʤΤǤ礦ѸֻŪ Huddleston and Pullum (598) Ѥޤ礦
The general definition of a preposition in traditional grammar is that it is a word that governs, and normally precedes, a noun or pronoun and which expresses the latter's relation to another word. 'Govern' here indicates that the preposition determines the case of the noun or pronoun (in some languages, certain prepositions govern an accusative, others a dative, and so on). In English, those pronouns that have different (non-genitive) case forms almost invariably appear in the accusative after prepositions, so the issue of case government is of less importance, and many definitions omit it.
ŪֻȤ館Ω⤢ꡤֻȤϲȤ䤤ϻפΤۤưפǤϤޤ194ढȤϤޤǾʸǤϤޤʤʤοʻǤ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Ѹˤϡư (verb) Ⱦ (particle) Ȥ߹碌ʤư (phrasal_verb) ¿¸ߤƤ롥Ȥ櫓ѽФŪŪʰ̣ĤΤ¿칽¤¿ͤʷ뤿ᡤФбѸؽξɤȤʤ롥
㤨 run up Ȥ߹碌ɽͤƤߤ褦Ūˤ4ĤΥѥ˶ʬ롥
(1) A girl ran up. ֤뾯äƤ
ran up ΤȤ1Ĥμư롥
(2) The spider ran up the wall. ֤ΥɤФäƤä
ư ran ֻ up the wall Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥
(3) The soldier ran up a flag. ֤ʼΤϴǤ
ran up Ȥ߹碌ˤ1Ĥ¾ưŪ롥ξ硤 up ̾Ū a flag ΰ֤ϥС֥ǡThe soldier ran a flag up. θǽŪ줬 it Τ褦̾ξˤϡष The soldier ran it up. θΤߤƤ롥
(4) Would you mind running me up the road? ƻϩޤǼ֤˾褻ƤäƤޤ
¾ư run ֻ up the road Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥
run up Ȥ߹碌Τߤ˸ꤷƤ⡤Τ褦4Ĥηǧ롥¾ư¾ξȤ߹碌ΤθСȤƤ8ĤηꡤʣȤʤ롥
Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơޤˤ̤#557. ޤˤ̡supply A with B with äפޤ --- إ˥¼ŵٿǤӡꤷơsupply provide ʤɤư줬 give Ʊ褦 SVOOʤ2Ū칽ʸư (ditransitive_verb) ˤʤĤĤȤѲˤĤơοǤӤʤ鴿̤
ȴϢơѸ2Ūư졤Ӽ줽ǼʤưֻѤɬפΤưʤɡˤƤߤŪʰ뤳Ȥܻؤ櫓ǤϤʤHuddleston and Pullum (309) ʬȻѤˤʤ
ޤʸ2Ĥι give פưʸȤ5ʬह롥
| Oi + Od | Od + NON-CORE COMP | |
| i a. I gave her the key. | b. I gave the key to her. | [Oi or to] |
| ii a. *I explained her the problem. | b. I explained the problem to her. | [to only] |
| iii a. I bought her a hat. | b. I bought a hat for her. | [Oi or for] |
| iv a. *I borrowed her the money. | b. I borrowed the money for her. | [for only] |
| v a. I spared her the trouble. | b. *I spared the trouble to/for her. | [Oi only] |
pay, provide, serve, tell; bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, promise, read, send, show, teach, throw; do, find, make, order, reserve, save, spare; ask, envy, excuse, forgive; allow, charge, fine, refuse, wish
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ ([2022-07-25-1]) ˰³worth ʻʬˤĤơHuddleston and Pullum (607) ˤȡޤ worth 㳰ŪʷƻǤȤεҤ롥
As an adjective, . . . worth is highly exceptional. Most importantly for present purposes, it licenses an NP complement, as in The paintings are [worth thousands of dollars]. In this respect, it is like a preposition, but overall the case for analysing it as an adjective is strong.
ǤϡHuddleston and Pullum ϲä worth ƻŪȷŤƤΤޤǽŪȤ2ŦƤ롥1ĤϡŵŪʷƻ餷 become ˤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡʬ칽ʸŪˡ˽ҸȤƵǽǤȤȤǤ롥줾ʲ2ĤʸˤäƼ롤ֻǤϤʤȤȤ
What might have been a $200 first edition suddenly became [worth perhaps 10 times that amount].
[Worth over a million dollars,] the jewels were kept under surveillance by a veritable army of security guards.
ѲӽȤߤȡworth Ϸƻ餷ʤIt was more worth the effort than I'd expected it to be. Τ褦ӵʸϲǽǤϤ뤬worth 켫Τΰ̣ˤĤӤƤΤɤˤĤƤϵ롥ƱͤˡIt was very much worth the effort. Τ褦 worth ĴƤ뤫Τ褦ʸϤ뤬ζĴ worth ٤ĴƤΤ롥
⤦1ġ̯ŪʬϤ롥worth ֻǤдط̾ź뤳ȤǤ뤬ƻǤͽۤ롥ơͽۤäƤΤ
This was far less than the amount [which she thought the land was now worth].
*This was far less than the amount [worth which she thought the land was now].
嵭ƤŪɾʤСworth ŵŪʷƻȤϤֻŪħĤΤΡǤɤ餫ȤзƻȤȤˤʤꤽʪޤäǤ뤳ȤϾΤĤġ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
khelfʷѸ˥եǡworth Ϸƻ줫ֻ줫Ȥ꤬줿ŪˤϸűѸηƻ졦̾ w(e)orþ ̤뤳ȤʬäƤ뤬Ѹ worth ŪʬϤʤСɤʬϤǽǤ롥
ޤֲͤפȤΤʸŪʰֲ̣͡פΰ̣б̾⤢뤳Ȥ顤ƻȤߤΤȤո롥˸§ȤŪˤֻ᤹Τ褦ʿȤΤºݤˡĤα¼ȤȡƻȼäƤΤ⤢СֻȤΤ⤢롥
̤˱ѸؤǤϡΤ褦ƤΤ prototype Υץ롥ŵŪʷƻ졤ŵŪֻ˴ѻŪħ餫ꥹȥåפƤθ졤ξǤ worth ˤĤơɤʻħ¿ͭ뤫ˤäơƻŪǤȤֻŪǤȤäȽǤΤǤ롥
ʬϼΤʤʤ⤷Τ̤ worth ᤹Ȥ㳰ŪħġְۼʡƻȤߤƤHuddleston and Pullum (546--47) ˤС褦ʰۼʷƻ֤Ȥ (un)like due 롥ʲʸǡѳ̤˳äʬ줾ȼäƻȤʬϤ롥
The book turned out to be [worth seventy dollars].
Jill is [very like her brother].
You are now [due $750]. / $750 is now [due you].
ˤΥꥹȤ near ä뤳ȤǤ
Ϣơ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1])#4436. ƻΥץȥס ([2021-06-19-1])#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ȡ
ʻʬѸȤƤϡƻζʬͭ̾ˤĤƤϡ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1])#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ ([2016-01-02-1]) ʤɤȡ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ε#4764. Ūʷʬεȼ ([2022-05-13-1]) ³ʬεˤĤơ
ιʸ Jespersen (407) "dangling participle" "loose participle" ȸƤӡڡˤ錄äƵƤ롥Ȥ櫓 pp. 409--10 Ǥϡ"perfectly established" ΤȤ allowing for, talking of, speaking of, judging by, judging from, saving, begging your pardon, strictly speaking, generally speaking, counting, taking, considering 㤬Ƥ롥
pp. 410--11 Ǥϡ˴ֻ˶ʤäΤȤơѸʹߤ˭٤ʸȤȤ˵Ƥ롥ιͻΤˤ⡤˰ѤƤ
22.29. A loose participle sometimes approaches the value of a preposition. This use is with possibly doubtful justice ascribed to French influence by Ross, The Absolute Participle, 30. Examples: Ch B 4161 as touching daun Catoun | More U 64 Now as touchyng this question . . . But as concernyng this matter . . . | Caxton R 11 touchyng this complaint | Hawthorne S 247 I am utterly bewildered as touching the purport of your words | Caxton R 54 alle were there sauyng reynard | Gay BP 40 . . . a Jew; and bating their religion, to women they are a good sort of people | Hawthorne Sn 51 barring the casualties to which such a complicated piece of mechanism is liable | Quincey 116 one may bevouack decently, barring rain and wind, up to the end of October | Scott I 31 incapable of being removed, excepting by the use of the file | Di Do 239 Edith, saving for a curl of her lip, was motionless | Dreiser F 292 what chance would he have, presuming her faithfulness itself | Defoe R 2.190 his discourse was prettily deliver'd, considering his youth | Hope D 77 Considering his age, your conduct is scandalous | Thack N 5 there may be nothing new under and including the sun.
Cf. also regarding, respecting (e.g. Ruskin S 1.291) | according to (Caxton R 57, etc.) | owing to | granting (Stevenson JHF 103 even granting some impediments, why was this gentleman to be received by me in secret?).
Cf. pending, during, notwithstanding 6.34.
On the transition of seeing, granting, supposing, notwithstanding with or without that to use as conjunctions, see ch. XXI; on being see above 6.35.
ˤȡʬϥեбʸαƶη̤Ȥߤʤ⤢褦εǤߤȤűѸ˥롼Ĥõ뤳ȤǤʾ塤ʤȤե줫αƶΤߤ˰͵ǤϤʤ
ѤκǸʬˤ褦ˡޤǤ˴ֻ첽뤤³첽Τ㤢Τǡjudging from ͻäơΤ褦ʻˤܤۤäƤɬפ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.
#4754. ʬ ([2022-05-03-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡjudging from Τ褦˴ɽȤ夷Ƥʬ (dangling participle) 㤬롥speaking of, strictly speaking, considering, including ʤɤ֤ȤȸʬȤƻϤޤäɽʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ФơǽŪֻ˶ᤤΤȯŸƤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
칽¤ˤĤơVisser (1075) 1䤤Ƥ롥ŪɽϤǤ˸űѸˤäȤΤȤ
>>
1075 --- Types 'Speaking of daughters, I have seen Miss Dombey' 'This is, strictly speaking, no quibble'
Here follow a number of instances of the use of non-related free -ing adjuncts which have nowadays begun to be generally considered established usage. In this case the adjunct never takes the having + past participle or the being + past participle form. Some of the adjuncts are more or less halfway in their development to prepositions, e.g. 'talking of' = 'apropos of'.
It seems worth while to cite the following Old English passage as being a kind of forerunner of the idiom under discussion: Ælfric, Gen. 13, 10, 'eall se eard . . . wæs mirige mid wætere gemenged swa swa godes neorxna wang and swa swa Egipta land becumendum on Segor' (Auth. V.: as thou comest unto Zoar). A Middle English instance is: c1450 Cov. Myst. p. 387, 'My name is great and marveylous, treuly you telland.'
Visser ƱǡѸ¿Ĥġ16δϢɽƤ롥allowing, begging, considering, counting, excluding, excusing, granting, including, judging, letting alone, reckoning, speaking, supposing, taking, talking, waiving
Ʊˤϡ겼ƤäơɬŪ˸ŤΤǤϤ뤬ͭѤʻʸ¿Ҳ𤵤ƤΤǡդ꤫饹ȤΤ褵
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
Ѹ an angel of a girl ŷȤΤ褦ʾפΤ褦 of ѤʸˤĤơ#2461. an angel of a girl (1) ([2016-01-22-1]) #2462. an angel of a girl (2) ([2016-01-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥ뤬ܸˤ̣Ū㤬Ȥ˽вä (83) ˤȡܸȱѸ͡ʥ齸ȤƼΤΤƤ롥
(1) a. αžʡǤ뱿žꡨcf. ž
b. žνʡ᱿žǤcf. *ž
(2) a. a village like a jewel
b. a jewel *(of) a village
(3) a. λ⤵ʤ3000ȥǤ롥
b. λ3000ȥ*ʤΡ˹⤵Ǥ롥
(4) a. It rose with great rapidity until it reached the height of 400 feet, ...
b. Lead-glazed earthenware; height 7 feet, 10 1/2 inches over-all.
c. Asher smiled quizzically, as he spread his broad brown hands before his face and drew himself up to his full six feet *(of) height.
(83) ϡʸˡȤߤ˰͵Τ褦ʹʸ̾ŪҼʸפȸƤʬϤƤ롥̾ǰ̣Ū˼ȽҸʬ֤Ǥ礬ꡤκݤ˷Ҽof ֤Ρסˤ빽ʸΤȤǤ롥(1a), (2a), (3a), (4a, b) ǤϷҼʤʤ뤤ϵ̳ŪǤϤʤˤ(1b), (2b), (3b), (4c) ǤϷҼ̳ŪȤʤȤħ롥ޤŪ˸ԥ롼פԥ롼פƤȤ⤢Ȥϸԥ롼פŪʽи칽¤ʣ̤ȤߤƤꡤʣŪʸפȸƤǤ (92)
(3), (4) Τ褦˿̤ñ̤˴ؤ̾칽¤ʾ p. 83 ǡּ̾칽ʸפȸƤǤˤϡܸǤѸǤΤʣȻפäƤ a jewel of a village an angel of a girl ꤬ӤĤȤͽۤ⤷ʤä⤷ΤϡΤ褦ͽ۳δϢƤˤ롥
of ؤ¾ȤƤϡ#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1])#4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹټԡס ([2020-08-04-1]) դ⻲ȡ
˧Ѹ̾ŪҼʸ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡסإ쥭οʥץٴ ƻ Ϻԡˡǡ2019ǯ81--111ǡ
Baugh and Cable (242--43) Shakespeare 濴Ȥ륨ꥶ٥īαѸˤĤơֻ (preposition) ѤΥѥȰۤʤܤƤ롥
Perhaps nothing illustrates so richly the idiomatic changes in a language from one age to another as the uses of prepositions. When Shakespeare says, I'll rent the fairest house in it after threepence a bay, we should say at; in Our fears in Banquo stick deep, we should say about. The single preposition of shows how many changes in common idioms have come about since 1600: One that I brought up of (from) a puppy; he came of (on) an errand to me; 'Tis pity of (about) him; your name. . . . I now not, nor by what wonder you do hit of (upon) mine; And not be seen to wink of (during) all the day; it was well done of (by) you; I wonder of (at) their being here together; I am provided of (with) a torchbearer; I have no mind of (for) feasting forth tonight; I were better to be married of (by) him than of another; and That did but show three of (as) a fool. Many more examples could be added.
³ʬ Baugh and Cable (243) ϡѸθΤߤʤ餺̤αѸˤθˤͭĽפʻŦƤ롥
Although matters of idiom and usage generally claim less attention from students of the language than do sounds and inflections or additions to the vocabulary, no picture of Elizabethan English would be adequate that did not give them a fair measure of recognition.
ʡۤʤαʸɤǤȡΤֻѤΥѥѲѰۤˤ϶ä롥ޤʣƸ椷褦Ȥˤʤʤ餤̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤ˰ʤ褦˱Ǥ롥
ޤѸˤֻ̤μब³ƤȤ¤롥ֻϤФĤǤ뵡ǽȤʬव뤬ݡμŪäƤ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1])#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) Ȥ줿
ֻεǽˡѲѰ֤ۤƤư֤ưֻʸѸǤΥǥեȤ byˤ˸¤äƤ⡤#1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1351. ư֤ưѤ줿 through at ([2013-01-07-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1]) Τ褦˵ϤĤʤȤơ#4383. be surprised at ǤϤʤ be surprised by ¤ήԤäƤƤ ([2021-04-27-1]) Ȥ̣ȥԥå⤢롥ơޤȤƤؤ⤷μºݤͤȤʤʪǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
γʸֻʬߤƤ⤽η֤ߤ̾ʶˤǤʸǤƯˤߤȤƵǽƤޤֻ (preposition) ĤƤʬ䤹⤷ޤĤƤޤ̾ʶˤʤΤ˵ǽȤΤϲäƤ褦˻פޤΤ褦ϱѸǤӤˤȤޤޤ
I got up at five this morning.
Every day they run ten kilometers.
He repeated the phrase twice.
She lives just three doors from a supermarket.
We cook French style.
You are all twenty years old.
They travelled first-class.
嵭Τ褦ŪѤ̾ϡŪˤŪг (adverbial_accusative)ŪͿ (adverbial dative)Ū° (adverbial_genitive) ʤɤȸƤФޤܥ֥ǤŪʴ͡˼夲ƤǤ
رˤɽ줿ֱѸƳ2021ΤΥƥֻ줤ʤǤϡ˱Ѹˤδäɤߤ䤹ƳŪƥĤǤűѸλʤ顤Ǹϡ̾줬ƯȤΤϡѲ˭ǤäűѸˡˤĤäΤʤΤǤפäƤޤ
űѸ̾ʶˤѲŪѤƤΤѸʹߤ˳ѲäⲽŪĤäƤȤϡ褽̤ȹͤƤޤǡǤϤʤȤפäƤޤȤ櫓֤֡֡˴ؤ줬̾ʶˤȯãȤȤϡŪʳѲǰƬˤȤ⡤̸ŪˤդƤ褦˻פ뤫ǤܸΡֺסֺסס轵סǯפϤȤû֡סȾס̤ʹפסɭסաפŪˤŵŪ̾Τ褦ˤߤޤǽŪˤѤ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ礦
嵭ƥ㼨Ƥ褦ˡűѸˤ̾줬гʡͿʡ°ʤ˶ޤȤѤƤ¿ޤ㤨 hwīlum ("sometimes, once"; > PDE whilom) ʤɤϡ츻Ūˤϸ -um ʣͿʤɽ魯ȤϤǤ˸űѸλǸòƤȹͤޤ̾ hwīl (> PDE while) ʶޤΤǤȤռϡűѸüԤˤ鵩äΤǤϤʤΤǤޤοԤơűѸˤ̾ͳ hwīlum ǤȤǧƤʤ⤷ǧ뤳ȤäȤơˤΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ѸʹߤγѲοबˤĤʤŪ̾ʶˡפγ˹ȤǧĤĤ⡤ŪаޤȤ̵طˡ֤֡֡ʤɤɽ魯̾ʶˤ첽뷹ϰŪˤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
4̤ƤֱѸƳ2021⡤ޤ֤ˤɤ夭ޤرȳαѸ˥ߤΥСֱѸ˥ƥġפȤǯٽΥڡŸƤޤ
46˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡ#4362. ֱѸƳ2021פץޤ ([2021-04-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť1ˡǤѸؽԤï⤬ be surprised at ǤǶǤ be surprised by ¿ʤäƤȤλ¡ʡˤŦرˤ륳ƥĤǤ
ƺåפ줿ΤϡƱˤ2be surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť2ˡǤϸѸνѼ˾ƤֶŪפƤǤϤ褤ѸỤ̄Ȥ⤤̻ŪפʥץǤʬϤǤʤΤȤäλ¤餫ˤʤޤѸƳȤƥʥǤҤɤ
⤽ƶ˻ɷ18--19դʬۤϤɤäΤȡѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 ǤäȸƤߤޤ70ǯߤ3ʬ(be ưϤƻꤻsurprised at surprised by ǥҥåȿñӤƤߤޤ
| Period | surprised at | surprised by |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 | 158 | 40 |
| 1780--1850 | 189 | 55 |
| 1850--1920 | 157 | 30 |
41ˡ#4357. ǯ٤αѸƳڡϤޤ ([2021-04-01-1]) ư衤ѸˤγؤӤ¥³Ƥޤͤ³ΤǤ©ڤ줷ƤޤޤȤȤǡʸʸظʤ˺ҤƤѸˤ칶를ߤγϤڤ뤳Ȥˤޤμݤǡ¤ϤǤ˺ֱѸƳ2021ʤΤΩ夬äƤޤ
ΥߤˤƱѸˤؤֳ´¾δطԤʤˤեब¸ߤƤꡤ khelf (= Keio History of the English Language Forum) ȾΤƤޤʤ顤ۡڡ⤢ޤΤǤδζϼԤϡۤʤ̤ khelf СǤ
δˤĤơֱѸƳ2021ڡžܤޤ
2021ǯ٤Ȥޤǯ٤ khelf ȤƤγưϤƤޤ
ǯٽ45ϡⶵ̿ͤ⿷ؤӤѶŪˤʤǤǡѸˤ칶䤿 khelf СرȳΥ濴ˤȯȤʤäơѸˤȤʬȤ̥Ϥ˹٤餫Ρ֥ƥġפ1Ĥĥ־˸ɽƤȤֱѸƳ2021ΩƤޤ
45ʷˤϤ5ܤޤǡƤͽǤ֤ʤ˿ȶʥȥԥåѸˤˤʤΤפȤ֤¾ΤʤˤĤƿ˳䤷Ƥ뽸ĤΤפȤ͡˴Ƥ餤Ѹˤ˴ؿäƤ館ФȻפޤ
ƥĤϥեǤƥԡƿ̾ˤǤ khelf СرȳΥ濴ˤγؽ桦ưˤȤϤꤤפޤ
åץɤ줿1ƥĤϡرˤbe surprised atäȶäΤϤ⤦Ť1ˡǤѸؽԤǤɬؽƤϤνϸ be surprised at ֻ at ˴ؤơճʻ¤餫ˤޤΰճʻ¤ѥȤ餫ˤȤƤǤαѸ˸ΥȥɤǤ World Englishes λƤꡤȤƤ⻲ͤˤʤޤư֤ưѤֻˤˤĤƤϡܥ֥ ##1333,1350,1351,2269 ⤴Ȥ
ܥ֥⡤ֱѸƳ2021åפƤ륳ƥĤϢưDZѸˤ̥ϤȯؤƤȻפޤȤɤ⡤ꤤפޤ
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