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preposition - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-05-27 Sat

#2952. Shakespeare ȤäĶĴ too too [reduplication][intensifier][adverb][preposition][iconicity][shakespeare]

֤ޤˡפ̣붯Ĵ too ʣ (reduplication) Ĵٹ礤򤵤˶᤿ too too ʤ줬롥too Ȥֻ졦 to βỤ̄ŪʶȤ٤ǤꡤŤͤ too too ˤƤϡĴޤ˶ˤޤꡤȤäȤShakespeare Ǥ O that this too too sallied flesh would melt. (Hamlet 1. 2. 129) ȤѤƤꡤߤǤ She is too-too kind. ʤɤѤ롥
OED ˤȡĤƤ1 toto, totoo, tootoo ʤɤ֤줿Ȥ⤢äȤƻ٤򶯤ȤƤνФϤۤɸŤʤ1542ǯ㤬󤲤Ƥʤư򶯤ȤƤ a1529 ˽Фˡ

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 271, It was toto ferre oddes yt a Syrian born should in Roome ouer come a Romain.


ɽȯưŤϡĹɬפʤʣȤϷ֤Ǥꡤ֤ϰ̣ŪĴ̤롥ʣȶĴϡiconicity ʿˤǡƼ̩ܤʴط򼨤Ȥ櫓Τ䤹ˤƤϡ츽ݤȤӻȤʴϢơ#65. Ѹˤ reduplication ([2009-07-02-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ʤˤҤ٤褦˶Ĵ too Τֻ졦 ζǤ롥űѸǤ to ñȤǡ֤ξ塤ˡפΰդȤѤ뤳ȤǤƻʤɤȶȡ֤ޤ?פΰ̣ɽ魯ȤǤȤơ첻夯ûȯֻˡĹȯжĴȤƵǽΤǤ롥ʬˤ⤫餺ֻƱ to ֤³16鶯ĴΤۤ too ֤褦ˤʤꡤΩ
ˤζȼΩ̤θǧ褦ˤʤϡѸˤǤ⾯ʤ餺Ƥ롥#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2017-03-22 Wed

#2886. ʤֻܴط̾ thatפʤΤ (2) [relative_pronoun][preposition][pied-piping][word_order][syntax][determiner]

ε[2017-03-21-1]³ơ󤻤줿ɸμˤĤơѸξñ˸ϸűѸǤϤɤäΤָ褦
űѸˤ礭3ʺʬ4ˤδط̾줬ä켣 (248--49) ޤȤȡ̤Ǥ롥

(1) ̵Ѳ þe
(2) se žѡse ϴطγʤ˶ޤʡ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
(3) 嵭2ĤȤ߹碌ʣط se þese (3a) طγʤ˶ޤȡ(3b) ԻƱʤ˶ޤ礬롥

ơδطֻ̾ۤΰ֤ϡ嵭δط̾μ˱ưۤʤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥켣 (249) μݤ󤹤ȡ(1) (3b) ˤĤƤϡֻϴط˻α뤬(2) (3a) ˤĤƤֻϴطľ֤롥(2) ζ޷1ĤǤ þæt ʸ衤ñʡгʤζ޷ˤѤˤϡֻϴط˻α뤳Ȥ¿ȤĤޤꡤűѸꡤɸιʸ򤱤ƤȤȤǤ롥
ͳ꤫ǤϤʤ1޷ˤʤ þæt űѸνޤǤˡԻ̵طѤ̵ѲδطȤʤäƤȤͿƤΤǤϤʤʤħϸޤǰѤƤˡط þæt ̵ѲǤ뤳Ȥȡֻ줬Ū˲餫ͭɸʳʷ׵᤹ȤȤ褯ʤˡʤȤܤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤʤȴ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ֻ þætפ⳧̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʲ˵󤲤2ĤʸΤ1ܤϤΤ褦Ǥʱ켣p. 249ˡ

. . . fram ðam godcundum worde, ðurh þæt ðe ealle þing sind geworhte. (= from the divine word, through which all things are made) (c1000 Ælfric CHom II. 364. 14--15)
he forgiet ðæt grin ðæt he mid awierged wirð; (= he forgets the snare that he is accursed with) (c897 CP 331. 18--19)


켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ

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2017-03-21 Tue

#2885. ʤֻܴط̾ thatפʤΤ (1) [relative_pronoun][preposition][pied-piping][word_order][syntax][sobokunagimon]

313դηǼĤǡɸμǼĤǤϡϡɤȤƤƱֻ³ thatפin that . . . except that . . . ʤɤƹϤߤʤȤȴϢƤΤȤݤΥȤդƤֻܴط̾ thatפȡֻ³ thatפϡɤƱǤϤ뤬칽¤ޤäۤʤΤǡ̤Ϥޤä̤θݤȤȤ館٤ȹͤƤ롥ֻ³ thatפˤĤƤϡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ơΡֻܴط̾ thatסʤ pied-piping ƳפȸƤФ츽ݡˤƤʤˤĤƤϡѸŪˤϤɤΤ褦˹ͤФ褤Τ
ȤƤϡ¤ϡűѸ줫餢롥äȤϳΤǤꡤŪˤϴ򤵤ƤʸǤȤäƤ褤줬ˤΤʤǴΩäˤʤꡤѸǤԻѤˤĤʤäƤ롥
Mustanoja (196--97) ϡѸδط̾ that which λȤʬˤĤƤսǡԤλѤˤĤƼΤ褦ħŦƤ롥

Which, on the other hand, is preferred in connection with prepositions (this folk of which I telle you soo, RRose 743), and also when the antecedent is a clause or a whole sentence.


ͳȤǼΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Evidently because of the somewhat clumsy arrangement of the preposition in that-clauses. Prepositions occurring in connection with that are placed immediately before the verb (þet ilke uniseli gile þet ich of seide, Ancr. 30; the place that I of spake, Ch. PF 296), particularly in early ME. Less frequently in early ME, but commonly in late ME, the preposition is placed at the end of the clause (preciouse stanes þat he myght by a kingdom with, RRolle EWr. 112).


顤ֻܴط̾ thatפι¤ط̾ that 夷ƤѸˤϤǤ򤱤Ƥ餷Ȥ뤬ʤʤΤȤϻĤ롥طཾṽ¤˸¤餺̾μṽ¤ˤƤ⡤ĤƤֻ줬ɬŪ֤Ȥϸ¤ʤäȤͤȡֻȴطȤϡŪֻΰ֤˴ؤȤƤȤ館ɬפΤ⤷ʤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-01-1] [2017-03-22-1]

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2016-10-10 Mon

#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ [preposition][vowel][article][phonetics][productivity]

ѸǤϡȤȶ⤿ʤֻ on ˼岽Ƹ n Ȥo a ȤƸ㤬ʤʤϡan/a, mine/my, none/no ȤǽΤۤƸǤ maiden/maid, lenten/Lent, open/ope, even/eve (see #2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1])) ʤɤˤߤѰۤȤƱ˰ȤǤǽΥڥˤĤƤϡ³θƬҲǻϤޤ n Ĥꡤ첻 h ǻϤޤ n æ뷹ΤäȤΤƤ뤬on ξˤѸǤ餯褦ʬۤäΤǤϤʤƧǤ롥ֻ on ˤĤ¾ȰۤʤΤϡɸѸǤ n ݻǧƤʤȤȤǤ롥
on n æ֤ϡSwift Why did you not set out a Monday? Τ褦˶Ѹˤ⸫졤Ĺ餯Ūä褦in ˤĤƤ⡤16--17ä괧Ǥ i' Ѥ졤i'th' Τ褦˸줿θˤƿषn 渳 n ΧˡפΤϡJespersen (32) ˤС"due to analogy assisted by the spelling and school-teaching" ȤΤȤǤ롥⤳ȻפäƤ롥
ɸѸˤ o a η֤ʤäȽҤ٤¤ƬȤƤ¿ηƻ졤졤ֻʤɤ˺פȤɤƤ롥abed, aboard, about, above, afoot, again, ajar, alive, amid, apace, around, ashore, asleep, away, awry ʤ¿󤲤ۤa- ƬϸǤͭƤꡤʤ꼫ͳ˿뤳ȤǤ (see #2706. ܼ ([2016-09-23-1]))
ޤtwice a day ʤɤ a ϶Ūˤ괧1ĤˡȤȤ館Ƥ뤬ŪˤϤޤ on n æ֤Ǥ롥
ʤo'clock o' on ǤϤʤ of νǤ롥a cuppa tea (< a cup of tea) ⻲ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

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2016-10-02 Sun

#2715. thanks to [preposition][word_formation]

ѸΡ?Τǡ?η̡ˡפɽ魯 thanks to . . . ȤɽŪȯã䶦Ụ̄ˤĤƼĴٻϤƤߤĴޤѸˡˤĤƹͤƤߤĤʸ󤲤褦

Thanks to you, I was saved from drowning.
Thanks to Ulysses' wisdom, the Greek army was able to conquer Troy.
The plane was delayed two hours, thanks to bad weather.
It was all a great success --- thanks to a lot of hard work.
I was late to the dinner, thanks to a New York cabbie who couldn't speak English.
The railway system is in chaos, thanks to the government's incompetence.

ŪˤʸƬʸΤ̤ǡäʸξˤϸ夫ź뤫Τ褦Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿褦
thanks to ϡQuirk et al. (9.10) ˤС2줫ʤʣֻǤ롥2Ǥ to ³ʣֻ1ĤȤƥꥹȥåפƤꡤۤˤ according to, as to, close to, contrary to , due to, near(er) (to), next to, on to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous, prior to, pursuant to, up to ʤɤ󤲤롥ʣֻǤȤȤ館ϡüԤŪˤɽ̾ thanks ֻ to ȤʬϤ򤷤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤްդ뤬thanks ΡִաסޤȤƤΡ?Τפΰ̣ޤäͿƤʤȸڤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ξڵȤơ?νˤ餺פۤɤΰ̣Ѥ no thanks to . . . ɽ롥Ǥϡ̾ȤƤ thanks vs no thanks ȤޤˤꡤΩ to դơʣֻˤڤǤȹͤ롥no thanks to ʸ⤤Ĥ󤲤褦ƤϤäͤƤʤäȤΤѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦

We managed to get it finished in the end --- no thanks to him.
It was no thanks to you that we managed to win the game.
At long last we made it, no thanks to you.
The vote passed, no thanks to the mayor.

ʸʸŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤͤȡ A, (no) thanks to B ȤѥϡA, for which I should say (no) thanks to BA, for which (no) thanks should be given to B ȥѥե졼ǤǤ롥󡤤Ū˸ԤŪˤĤŤޤäԤȯãȤȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤŪˤȯãϡӡĴ٤ɬפ롥OED ˤȡȤ1631ǯʸ㤬󤲤ƤꡤۤɸŤΤǤϤʤȤ狼롥³ˡѤ thanks be given to . . . ʤ롤ᤫΩˡʤɤȯŸǽΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2016-09-19 Mon

#2702. Jane does nothing but watch TV. watch ϸ줫 [infinitive][preposition][conjunction][contamination][syntax][but]

913դǷǼĤɸμ䤬󤻤줿Jane does nothing but watch TV. He does something more than just put things together. Τ褦ʸ˸2ܤư watch put ϸäƤ뤬ϸȹͤ٤ʤΤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϡ (bare infinitive) 礭ʬ4δĶǸ롥1ĤϡưγưʤɤŪ˸³ΤǡThey made her pay for the damage. The crow saw Gray score two magnificent goals. तǤ롥ҤȤĤϡʬʸ䤽˽ऺ빽ʸˤ What the plan does is ensure a fair pension for all. Turn off the tap was all I did. ʤɤʸ˸롥ˡI had said he would come down and come down he did. Τ褦ʷ֤ʸʤɤˤ⸫롥Ǹˡɽ魯ֻ (but, except) ˸³ She did everything but make her bed. Τ褦Ѥ (Quirk et al. 15.15; Biber et al. 11.2.2.3)
ɸμ˴ϢΤϡκǸˡΤȤǤ롥but, except ֻ³Ȥ¾ˤüʿ񤤤򼨤ɤΤ褦ʬϤ٤Ͻפ̡Ūˤϸ줬³üֻȤ򤷤Ƥ⤦1Ĥ (more) than ѤʸˤĤƤ⡤ֽ̣פǤϤʤbut, except ʿŪˤȤ館줬³ֻ˶ᤤΤȹͤƤI would rather [sooner] die than disgrace myself. Τ褦ʸ⻲ȡˡˡϢ I intend to build the boat as well as plan it. ʤɤ碌ƹθ
but, except ˤĤƤϡֻ̾Τ褦˿񤦤ȤǤ㤨 He does everything in the house but [except] putting the children to bed. Τ褦˸ư̾򽾤뤳ȤǤ롥ޤĤto 򽾤⤢ꡤNothing remains but to die. I have no choice [alternative] but to agree. ʤɤ⤢Τǡ䤳
θ˴ؤ뿶񤤤ü԰ϡbut, except ֻŪˤ³ˤѤ뤳ȤȴϢ˰㤤ʤŪˤϤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤΤ褦ʹ¤ƤΤܤĴ٤Ƥʤʸ contamination ƤΤǤϤʤ롥#737. ʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ˵󤲤 (4) ʤɤ⻲ȡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

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2016-02-11 Thu

#2481. Help yourself to some cake. ˤֻ to [preposition][syntax][dative][cognitive_linguistics][sobokunagimon]

к۰꡼Сɤμǡ27դεȤhelp oneself to Ȥɽˤ to ˤĤơȤ꤬Ƥ롥Ѥֻ줬ʤ to ʤΤȤ䤤ϳΤѤʵǤ롥кβŪͤƤꡤ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡľܤеɹ뤬äȤդ­ȤƸŪѸŪ¦̤饳ȤƤߤ褦Ȼפ
Ѹ help ܸΡֽפˤԤäб褦˴졤ͤɽ魯ľŪ줬³ΤȤФ롥ŪϸűѸǤгʡľŪˤǤϤʤͿʡʴŪˤ°ʤäȤ顤ȤƤϡ֡ʿ͡ˤ˼ߤס֡ʿ͡ˤΤصפס֡ʿ͡ˤΩġפۤɤäȻפ롥ѸޤǤͿʤгʤ˷Ūͻ礷Ƥޤäˡߡʤζ̤ϤۤȤɴʤhelp ѤƼθˡ乽ʸˤϡͿʤ̣ĤäƤ褦˴롥嵭Τ褦濴Ūʰ̣ϡ֡ʿ͡ˤΩġפȤŪʤΤǤ뤫顤Ū̾ʸ̮ǤϡΩĤΤʤصʤΤɤΤ褦˽ΤˤĤ­ɬפǤ롥ǡФСhelp + Ūפθˤϼ硤ֻ硤礬³?Ǥ褦˿ͤ˼ߤƤפۤɤ̣뤳Ȥˤʤ롥help him out (of the trouble), help her with her homework, help them across the street, help us (to) carry the luggage (see #971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1])#972. help + פλỤ̄ ([2011-12-25-1])) ʤɡǤ help Ū줿̣ͤ塤³ղȷӤĤưФưȤʤäƤꡤʸΤȤơֿͤ?뤳ȤƤפ̣Ū˺ʬϤ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥Сhelp him out he (be) out ΤǤꡤhelp her with her homework she (do) her homework ΤǤꡤhelp them across the street they (go) across the street ȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤhelp θˤϡJespersen Τͥط (nexus) ŵŪ³Τ褦˹ͤȡʪδؤ Help yourself to some cake. ʤɤǤϡyou (come up) to some case ʤξּסˤȤȤˤʤꡤ̤Ȥơּͳˤ夬꤯פΰ̣Ȥʤ뤳Ȥʬ
OED help ... to ... ιʸˤõȡֻ to Ūϡɬʪ˸¤ʤä褦褦Ǥ롥Ѹ Wycliffe ˡνȤƵ󤲤ƤꡤǤ to ŪȤƤϰʪʳʪ⤢뤷ʤɤ⤢롥षʪŪ˼ˡϡѸˡŪʾ嵭ˡȯãΤΤ褦OED Ǥϰʪν1688ǯˡ
⤷Τϡ餯ΰʪǤˡʬ夷19Ƭˡʪ help Ū˼ꡤͤ to Ū˼롤 help some cake to yourself εž礬뤳ȤǤ롥

1805 Emily Clark Banks of Douro II. 191 A goose..which [she] carved and helped to every person that chose to have any of it.


ϡǧΰ̣ǤФм夲 John loaded hay onto the truck. vs John loaded the truck with hay. ˤߤŪֻθظݤפcf. ܸΡ֥ڥ󥭤ɤɤפȡ֥ڥ󥭤ɤɤסˡʤŪ transposition ˤĤƤϡ#1775. rob A of B ([2014-03-07-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
θ塤19Ⱦư̾ helping Ĥաפΰ̣̾ȤȤΩƤȤˤ⿨Ƥ (cf. a second helping 2ܡˡˡޤľܤδطϤʤThomas Carlyle (1795--1881) ¤ self-help ʼΩˤ줿Τ⤿ޤƱ1831ǯǤ롥Samuel Smiles (1812--1904) ̾ Self-Help (1859) ϡ椬Ǥ¼ľ (1832--98) Ωԡ (1871) Ȥ˷ؽȤƥ٥ȥ顼ȤʤäͤƤߤСּΩפδܤϡȤǿäƤ뤳ȡפǤ롥help ... to ... ˡʪòΤ⤦ʤ褦ʵ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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2016-01-23 Sat

#2462. an angel of a girl (2) [metaphor][rhetoric][word_order][syntax][preposition][reanalysis][syntax]

³ɸɽˤĤơQuirk et al. (1284--85) ˤιʸ⤵Ƥ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦

   A special case of prepositional apposition is offered by singular count nouns where the of-phrase is subjective . . ., eg:

      the fool of a policeman
      an angel of a girl
      this jewel of an island

This structure consisting of determiner + noun (N2) + of + indefinite article + noun (N1) is not a regular prepositional postmodification, since N1 is notionally the head, as can be seen in the paraphrases:

      The policeman is a fool. [note the AmE informal variant some fool policeman]
      The girl is an angel.
      This island is a jewel.

The whole part N2 + of + a corresponds to an adjective:

      the foolish policeman
      an angelic girl
      this jewel-like island

The natural segmentation is reflected in variant spellings, as in the familiar AmE expression a hell of a guy (nonstandard spelling: a helluva guy).
   In this construction, the determiner of N1 must be the indefinite article, but there is no such constraint on the determiner of N2:

      ''a''                    ''a policeman''
      ''the''     ''fool of''   *''the policeman''
      ''this''                  *''policeman''
      ''that'' 

Also, N2 must be singular:

   ?*those fools of policemen

The possessive determiner actually notionally determines N1, not N2:

   her brute of a brother ['Her brother was a brute..']

Both N2 and N1 can be premodified:

   a little mothy wisp of a man
   this gigantic earthquake of a piece of music
   a dreadful ragbag of a British musical
   this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island


Ǹ this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island Τ褦ˡN1 N2 ξֽƤ褦Ǥϡ̾Τˤ濴ɤʤΤۣǤ롥ϤŪʼỌ̇̄ŪʽſϰפƤΤݤỌ̇̄бط붦ŪϻĤˤ衤̻ŪˤߤС­ϸι¤ξΩ⤦Ͽ¤ξΩäƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤΩ褫ŪɽȤʤäƤΤ⤷
ʸˡȤƤʬϤ񤷤ǧθؤ佤ؤȤƤϤξʤ̣ʸǤ롥̻ŪɤΤ褦˿ޤƤĴΤȥԥåΤ褦˻פ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-09-1] [2020-08-03-1]

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2016-01-22 Fri

#2461. an angel of a girl (1) [metaphor][rhetoric][word_order][syntax][preposition][reanalysis][syntax]

ֻ of ˡ1ĤȤơɸΤ褦㤬롥an angel of a girl ϰ̣Ū "a girl like an angel" ȥѥե졼졤ľȤɽȤʤ롥ʤΤ褦ʰ̣Τ
Ǥ of ˡϹ̣ǡƱʡ (apposition) ȤäƤ褤OED ˤȡof θ23 "Between two nouns which are in virtual apposition" Ȥꡤθβ˺ʬ줿23bˤƤˡƤ롥

b. In the form of, in the guise of.

The leading noun is the latter, to which the preceding noun with of stands as a qualification, equivalent to an adjective; thus 'that fool of a man' = that foolish man, that man who deserves to be called 'fool'; 'that beast of a place' = that beastly place.

Quot. ?c1200 is placed here by Middle Eng. Dict.; however the of-phrase seems to complement the verb and its object . . . rather than the preceding noun only as in later examples.

[?c1200 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11695 Þeȝȝ hallȝhenn cristess flæsh off bræd & cristess blod teȝȝ hallȝenn. Off win.
a1375 William of Palerne (1867) 226 (MED), So fair a siȝt of seg ne sawe he neuer are.
. . . .
1992 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Feb. 144/3 The Schramsberg offers a whirlwind of a mousse, tasting of lemon and yeast.


MED Ƥ㤬ΤǡMED of (prep.) 򻲾ȤƤߤȡƱͤ "quasi-appositional relationship" ɽ魯ˡȤƸ19b(b) "in the form of (sth. or sb.)" Ȥߤ롥ʬʸ⤢ꤽ15ȾФ "a faire body of a woman" Ȥ餫ʳߤȡ٤ȤѸˤƱˡȯãƤȤϳΤǤ롥
"a faire body of a woman" ϸ֤ΡʻѤ򤷤ΡפǤꡤ of ֤Ω body ΤϤäȤȤ³뤦ˡbody of a βΤȤƸ³̾ woman 򽤾褦˴褦ˤʤäƤΤɸ an angel of a girl ǤСϸ־ΡʻѤ򤷤ŷȡפ̣ɽäȻפ뤬angel of a βΤȤƷƻ angelic ۤɤεǽơ³ girl ˤäƤΤȤŪ˺ʬ (reanalysis) 줿
ŪˤСa [X] of a [Y] ι¤ˤơŪˤ [X] äʬϤФ [Y] Ȥʤꡤ"a [X]-like Y" ۤɤ̣褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ūʹ¤ϡOED ǤϰʲΤ褦˸23aˤưƤꡤߤޤǤѵȤʤäƤ롥

a. In the person of; in respect of being; to be; for. Obs.

The leading noun is the former, of the qualification of which the phrase introduced by of constitutes a limitation; thus 'he was the greatest traveller of a prince', i.e. the greatest traveller in the person of a prince, or so far as princes are concerned. The sense often merges with that of the partitive genitive. . . . .

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 3434 Þe hǣhste eorles..curen heom enne king of ane cnihte þe wes kene.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 4980 Hadden hii anne heuedling of on heȝe ibore man.
a1470 Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 119 He was a ryght good knyght of a yonge man.
1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. *4v, Cæsar..the greatest Traveller, of a Prince, that had ever been.
1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 20 Dec. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1278 Allowed to be the best scholar of a gentleman in England.


ʬ23aȸ23bˡʸ̮Τ˶̤뤳Ȥ񤷤褦˻פ롥ŪʴߤСŪξǧ߽ФƤ褦ˤפ롥̤ȤơƱ˷ƻ콤Ǥ⤢ľȤǤ⤢걣ȤǤ⤢Ի׵ĤɽޤƤ롥صŪ an angelic girl Ȥϥѥե졼ǤΤΡan angel of a girl Ϳ뽤Ṳ̄礭ۤʤ롥
ŪʬϤ㡤ڤؤˤĤƤϡ#2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]) ȡ#2343. 19ˤ a lot of ȯ ([2015-09-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-09-1] [2020-08-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-10-19 Mon

#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ [onomastics][personal_name][word_order][syntax][metonymy][genitive][preposition][sobokunagimon]

ɸϡ̾פθ뤷ƤܸüԤˤȤäơѤʵǤ롥ܸǤϡڰϺסѸǤ John Smith ȤʤΤϤʤ
üŪˤСξˤ뽤、θκۤͳǤ롥Ǥñʡַƻ̾פȤ˴ؤƤѸǶ̤Ƥ뤬ʬʤĹΤˤʤȡܸǤϡֽ、פȤʤΤФơѸǤֻطפ⤫٤Ф狼褦ˡ、ܽפθȤʤ롥ڲȤΰϺפܸǤϡڡʤΡ˰Ϻפ뤬֥ߥȤΥפѸ褦Ȥ John (of) Smith Ȥʤ롥֤ΡפǤС*Smith's John Τ褦˽ͭʡʸŤ°ʡˤѤСܸˡֽ、פȤʤ⤢äΤǤϤʤȤ䤬롥ʤμʤ򤱤줿Τ
ε#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ (surname) Ѥ褦ˤʤäͳ1Ĥϡ̾ (first name) ΤߤǤϿʪǤʤǽޤäǤ롥ɤȤƤǶΤǤ̱ΤˤʪϽפʥ٥Ǥɤ John ʤΤ̤ɬפϤäǡȥ˥ߡθ̾俦̾ʤɤŬʼ̻ȤѤơ֡ΥפʤɤȸƤ֤褦ˤʤäκݤαѸǤθϡä̾ʤɤѤˤϡX's John ǤϤʤ John of X ̤ä̾ England's king Ȥϸ鷺 the king of England ȸ̤Ǥ롥ڤΰϺפ֤ΡפάơڰϺפȤʤäꤵΤƱͤˡ John of Smith ֻ of ά John Smith Ȥʤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʴϢơ°ʤȱ°ʤ̻ŪʬۤˤĤƤϡ#1214. °̾ΰ֤θ경ˡ ([2012-08-23-1])#1215. °̾ο of ȯã ([2012-08-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ˤäꤵֻ줬æȤٻ뺬ȤƤϡof ǤϤʤȤƤ⡤Uppiby (up in the village), Atwell, Bysouth, atten Oak ʤɤֻߤᤤѻ뤳Ȥ󤲤롥#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե󥹸줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) ˾Ȥ餷Ƥ⡤󥰥ɤˤե󥹸 de Lacy ʤɤϤ̤ǤäΥѥˤǼǼԤϽͭο̾¿äȤ¿פʤλˡֻϤ褽üƤȤˤʤ롥
ѸγϤȡե󥹸 de 䡤бɥĸ von, van ʤɤϡФп̾˻ĤäƤ롥Ρ֤Ĥʤפֻο񤤤ϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤ褦

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-09-05 Sat

#2322. I have no money with me. me [reflexive_pronoun][personal_pronoun][preposition]

ѸˤơƱλؼоݤؤ̾ϡ̾ñ̾ǤϤʤ -self ȼƵ̾η֤ȤʤФʤʤȤΤ§Ǥ롥Ȥñ̾ȺƵ̾ǤդȤ礬롥֤ɽ魯ֻŪȤѤ륱ǡQuirk et al. (359) ˤСΤ褦㤬󤲤롥

She's building a wall of Russian BÒOKS about her(self).
Holding her new yellow bathrobe around her(self) with both arms, she walked up to him.
Mason stepped back, gently closed the door behind him(self), and walked down the corridor.
They left the apartment, pulling the spring lock shut behind them(selves).

ˡƱؼоݤǤʤ顤ñǤդɤ̳Ȥ礹餢롥ϤֻŪȤѤǡɸʸɽ롥Quirk et al. (360) ǤϡΤ褦ʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

He looked about him.
She pushed the cart in front of her.
She liked having her grandchildren around her.
They carried some food with them.
Have you any money on you?
We have the whole day before us.
She had her fiancé beside her.

ŪˤߤСñⵡǽŪˤȤƵ̾Ǥ롥ŪطʤάҤСѸޤǤϡưŻߤɽ魯ư (ex. fare, go, run; rest, sit, stay) 䴶ɽ魯¾ư (ex. doubt, dread, fear, repent) ϡñκƵ̾ȼΤ̤ä17ˤϤθˡϿषñκƵ̾ѤȤʤäƤäϡp. 36ˡϢơ#578. go him ([2010-11-26-1])#1392. ͿʤκƵ̾ ([2013-02-17-1])#2185. Ƶ̾Ѥưɽο ([2015-04-21-1]) ⻲ȡ
Τ褦ñहʤǡͣĤӤΤǤλǤ롥ĤäͳȤƤϡ̾˶Ĵΰ̣Ƥ餺ŪˤûΤޤ줿ȤȤͤ롥ʸˤƶĴƤΤϡषֻΤۤΤȤϡ"Pat felt a sinking sensation inside (her)." Τ褦ˡ̾줬ά礹餢뤳Ȥ¬롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-04-1] [2022-02-25-1]

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2015-07-14 Tue

#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ [preposition][passive][grammaticalisation][hc]

ɸˤĤľܡܤˡ#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1351. ư֤ưѤ줿 through at ([2013-01-07-1]) Ǽ夲ƤѸ줫ѸˤƤλ by of ζˤĤơPeitsara ʸɤΤǡη (398) ѤƤ

   I hope to have shown, firstly, that the by-agent prevailed in English in the 15th century, i.e. two centuries earlier than suggested so far. . . . The necessary consequence of the first conclusion is that agentive by can hardly have been rare before 1400.
   Secondly, it appears that there has not been a development from a general agentive of into a general agentive by in Middle English, but the two variants have existed side by side (possibly together with some others excluded from this study) fro some time. They were, however, not in free variation in the 15th and 16th centuries but had become specialized, partly according to the type of text and partly according to the semantic fields of the participles in the passive clause. This specialization was more complicated than, and partly different from, that described by some scholars, and it apparently involved foreign influence.
   Thirdly, the Middle English period was particularly favourable for the gradual grammaticalization of by in agentive function because of the heavier functional load of the preposition of and the lack of special grammaticalization for by.


ʸ1992ǯΤΤǤꡤ2015ǯθߤ餹ȺǿȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΥϥƥġȤäƤ褤 Helsinki Corpus Ѥ㸦Ȥơܤ٤ΤǤϤ롥ԸȽŪɾġ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤by 15ޤǤ˼ư֤ưɽ魯ֻȤư̲ĤĤäʤƴްդȤƤϸʸˡˤȡ of ƱƱͤˡͭʤʣװˤäƻȤʬޥʡʪȤƵǽƤȤ餫ˤ
Ѥ2κǸʸˤ褦ˡPeitsara ϱѸǤֻ򤬥ƥե󥹸θˡ˱ƶǽˤڤǤ롥ƥ de of ˡե󥹸 par by 줾δͿͤ줽ºݤˤ Peitsara ϤǤͤùĴϤƤʤ̤ʰոҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤθ椬ԤȤƱͤˡֻ򤬡ưʲʬˤΰ̣ˤ¸Ƥ餷ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤ⺣ĴԤ롥

Peitsara, Kirsti. "On the Development of the by-Agent in English." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 379--99.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-09-1] [2020-08-04-1]

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2015-04-08 Wed

#2172. űѸƳ³ [oe][conjunction][preposition][syntax][case]

Mitchell and Robinson (83--86) ꡥƳ³󤹤롥Non-prepositional conjunctions Prepositional conjunctions ʬ롥ޤԤ顥

[ Non-prepositional conjunctions ]

ǣr"before"
būtan"but, except that, unless"
gif"if"
hwonne"when"
nefne, nemne"unless"
"now that"
"until"
sam . . . sam"whether . . . or"
siþþan"after, since"
swā þæt"so that"
swelce"such as"
þā"when"
þā hwīle þe"as long as, while"
þanon"whence"
þǣr"where"
þæs"after"
þæt"that, so that"
þēah"although"
þenden"while''
þider"whither"
þonne"whenever, when, then"
þȳlǣs (þe)"lest"


Prepositional conjunctions ΰϡֻθ þæt Ŭڤʳʷ³ơʤѲ subordinating particle þe 뤤Ѳ þæt ³Ȥ⤢ˡΤ³ȤƵǽΤǤ롥for ˤȤСfor þǣm, for þam, for þan, for þon, for þy, for þi, for þæm þe, forþan þæt ʤɡѤ롥

[Prepositional conjunctions]

æfter + dat., inst.Adv. and conj. "after".
ǣr + dat., inst.Adv. and conj. "before".
betweox + dat., inst.Conj. "while".
for + dat., inst.Adv. "therefore" and Conj. "because, for". For alone as a conj. is late.
mid + dat., inst.Conj. "while, when".
+ acc.Conj. "up to, until, as far as" defining the temporal or local limit. It appears as oþþe, oþþæt, and oð ðone fyrst ðe "up to the time at which".
+ dat., inst.Conj. "to this end, that" introducing clauses of purpose with subj. and of result with ind.
+ gen.Conj. "to the extent that, so that".
wiþ + dat., inst.Conj. lit. "against this, that". It can be translated "so that", "provided that", or "on condition that".


Ϣơ³űѸֻˤĤơ#30. űѸֻȳʡ ([2009-05-28-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2014-12-19 Fri

#2062. bytwyste ???? [preposition][pearl][blend][contamination][-st]

between ΰ۷֤ˤˤĤơ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1])#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1])#1807. ARCHER between betwixt ([2014-04-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ betwixt Ϣʤ֤ޤᡤ¿ΰ۷֤űѸ褪ʤƤפʰ۷֤Ϥ褽䥳ѥƤĤäϳ줬äMED bitwix(e (prep.) ˡ۷֤ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ -twist OED Ǥ⡤Ѹΰ۷֤ȤƤ bytwyste Ƥ롥MED ˤ OED ˤ۷֤ȤƤθڤǡΤʤˤϳ֤줺ǧƤʤä14ȾκȤ Pearl ɤǤȤޤ bytwyste ˽Ф路Τǡ⤷Ƥӱ֤˸Τǡababababbcbc εӱफʤ12Ԥ (ll. 457--468) ޤ뤴ȰѤ褦

'Of courtaysye, as saytz Saynt Poule,
Al arn we membrez of Jesu Kryst:
As heued and arme and legg and naule
Temen to hys body ful trwe and tryste,
Ryȝt so is vch a Krysten sawle
A longande lym to þe Mayster of myste.
Þenne loke: what hate oþer any gawle
Is tached oþer tyȝed þy lymmez bytwyste?
Þy heued hatz nauþer greme ne gryste
On arme oþer fynger þaȝ þou ber byȝe.
So fare we alle wyth luf and lyste
To kyng and quene by cortaysye.'


¾ˤ⤶äõ -twist Ϥΰ۷֤ϸĤäƤʤΤǡPearl Τ㤬ΤȤͣǤ롥η֤εˤĤƤϡ bitweies Τ褦 s ǽ֤ t źä줿 (paragoge) Ȥͤ뤷bitwixte Τ褦 /kst/ ķ֤ /k/ üΤȤͤ롥뤤ϡξͻ礷 (blending, contamination) βǽ⵿롥ɽŪˤ츻Ū <t> θźäȸ뤬ñʤ벻ѲʤΤʤɤȤŪ¦̤ͿƤΤ;Ϥ

Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.

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2014-03-07 Fri

#1775. rob A of B [preposition][syntax][word_order]

å of ȸƤФ롤ֻ of ˡ롥ɸιʸϡABåפȤդˤʤ뤬ܸȤѸؽԤδФȤƤϡषBAåפʤΤǤϤʤȴ졤ɤˤ¤꤬Ѹˤƶˤ٤ι⤤ֻ of ϡʬΥֻ off ƱǤꡤŪˤԤԤǤȤˤʤĤޤꡤof ˤ off ˤ衤ŪʸʬΥåʤΤ顤ɸιʸ take A from B ۤɤΰ̣ȤƲǤΤǤмȤºݤΰ̣ϡ take B from A ǡǤ롥
1ǯۤΤȤˤʤ뤬к۰ˡιʸ˴ؤ򤤤ܤΤĤαʸˡǡιʸˤĤơA B ؤ transposition ȤݤȤž⤬ƤȤҤΤ褦ˡΤ of ̾礬ž֤Ƥ褦˻פΤǡľŪ˼줽ˤϻפ롥Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡžñ˼櫓ˤϤʤ褦ΤȤˤޤȤ᤿кؤܥ֥Ƿ֤ˤʤΤʲˤʸϤǺܤ롥

OED ʻĴ٤¤ꡤŪ transposition λ¤ͤߤ뤳ȤϤǤޤǤ
ޤtransposition ȤݤäȤȤ¾ڤǤ뤫ɤrob ˤȤäƸƤƤߤޤrob him of money Ȥʸϡtransposition ä̤Ǥȼĥ뤿ˤϡ

(1) б rob money of him Ūˤäȡ
(2) rob money of him ΥפŪǤ뤳

2򼨤ɬפȹͤޤ
(1) ǤOED dzǧ¤ꡤΤ rob money of him ιʸŪˤ¸ߤޤֻ from ¿褦Ǥof ⤢ޤ (OED rob, v. 5) MED ǤƱͤ˳ǧޤ
(2) Ǥrob him of money rob money of him ϽФϤ줾 a1325c1330(?a1300) Ǥ٤ΰ㤤Ǥϡɤ餬ŪΩäƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ褦˻פޤʤdeprive ˤĤƤϡԥפ c1350ԥפ c1400 (?c1380) ǤΤǡ̤˿ȤСdeprive him of money ΩäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ưˤĤƤѸdzǧǽξʸ¸ƤȹͤƤ褵ǤΤǡtransposition λ¤ϡɤξڵ˰͵򤹤뤫ꡤŪˤϳǧǤʤȤˤʤޤ
ʾꡤtransposition β⼫ΤѲ뤳ȤϤǤʤŪˤᤤ㤬ȯС(2) ƹͤưŤˤϤʤޤˤΤΡtransposition äѶŪ˼ĥ뤳ȤϤǤʤ褦˻פޤ
⤦äޤȡrob deprive ϼѸʤΤǸűѸˡޤ̤뤳ȤϤǤޤ󤬡bereave ˤĤƤǤΤ̤뤳ȤǤޤbereave him of money ʤɤιʸǡűѸǤ of money ʬ°ʤɽ蘆Ƥޤ줬Ѹʹߤ of ִ줿ȤΤѸˤǤǤMustanoja 88ˡbereave money from (out of) him ιʸ (of ΤߤȤʸϤʤ褦Ǥˤ14˽Ƴǧޤưξˤϡ餫 bereave him of money ΥפŪΩäƤޤbereave ȡrob deprive ɤޤʿŪ˹ͤƤ褤ΤȤϤޤ⤷Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤȤС (2) μĥФѶŪȿڤȤʤޤ
ξڵ󶡤ƤƤ OED Ȥof, prep. 5a(b) ǡå of ˡ "by a kind of transposition" ȤƸڤƤΤˤʤޤ祤ʤȤǤ͡
¾åưηŪĴ٤ʤкǽŪʷФȤϤǤޤ󤬡ʳǤϡŪʴϡtransposition ȤˤϻǤޤ


ε򿶤֤äƤߤȡȤƤ transposition äȤʤäȤƤ餺ˤΤޤä褦ʴǤ롥äĴ٤Ƥߤɬפ롥
ʤrob åˤƱʸưȤƤϡclear ҤŤˡcure ʼŤˡdeprive åˡempty ʶˤˡrelieve ʼƤˡrid ʼˡstrip ʤϤȤˤʤɤ롥碌ƹθ٤

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2014-01-03 Fri

#1712. as regards [preposition][conjunction][impersonal_verb][corpus][clmet]

ɸνϸϡĥäʸΤǡ?˴ؤƤϡ?ˤĤơʤȡˡפΰ̣Ѥ롥ŵŪˤ "As regards the result, you need not worry so much." Τ褦˿ƳΤѤ롥ǽŪˤֻȤäƤ褤
ʣֻϡŪˤϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǽ褦ˡѸȯãƤ٤ as regards ϽѸǤϤʤѸǤȯãȹͤ롥OED regard, v. ˤȡ 8b ˤˡҤƤꡤȤƤ1797ǯ "A distinction is made, as regards moral rectitude, in the minds of many individuals." Ȥʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

b. as regards, as regarded (now rare), as regarding: with respect or reference to


Ʊưθʬ줫ȯŸ regarding, prep. ƱͤѤ뤬νȤƤ1779ǯ " The servant was called, and examined regarding the import of the answer he had brought from Madame la Comtesse." ʸ󤲤Ƥ롥̾˸³ regarding ˤĤƤ17㤬ꡤ줬ʬʤΤֻʤΤꤹ뤳Ȥ񤷤
ǯκ٤Ϥˤ衤as regards regarding ѸˤʤäƺդưͳֻǤȲ᤹뤳Ȥ礭ʰϤʤOED ˵ܤΤ as regarding ޤơư regard ֻʣΰ۷18Ⱦդ˳ȹͤ롥
Τ٤#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ ([2013-10-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0 (CLMET3.0) ˤꡤas regards 򸡺Ƥߤas regarding 2ۤɥҥåȡˡ70ǯ֤Ȥ˶ڤä٤ޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤä

DecadeFrequencyCorpus size
1710--17805 (5)10,480,431 words
1780--185070 (18)11,285,587
1850--1920347 (6)12,620,207


OED ⾯᤯18ȾФ㤬ǧ롥ʸįƤߤȡ⤷Ȥ1Ϥ so [as] far as regards . . . ȤǸƤʾɽǤä˼٤ϡ(in) so [as] far as regards . . . ηǸˡ"so far as regards the present subject", "as far as regards your knowledge", "so far as regards our present purpose" ǡǤ롥2ˤƱ㤬¿Ȥͤȡas regards as far as regards ξάȤȯŸ夷ƤȤͤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤ as regards ʣֻȤƤȤ館ƤꡤŪʬϤ̣ϤʤŪʴؿ餢ŪʬϤСas Ͻ°³Ǥꡤʤ;ιʸƳƤȤȤˤʤ롥regards ˸³̾ϤޤưŪʬϤ롥

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2013-12-13 Fri

#1691. than ѤȤƤ as [conjunction][comparison][preposition]

than ϷƻӵθѤΤ̾Ǥ롥 as [so] . . . as ΤΤ褦ˡas äоݤ򼨤ӵ as åȤ๽¤롥ʸˡ˾Ȥ餻иѤȤʤ뤬Ūʸڤ뤷ߤǤǸ롥OED as, adv. and conj. B. 5 ǤϡΤ褦ˤ롥

5. After the comparative degree: than. Now Eng. regional (Yorks.), Sc. regional, Irish English (north.) and U.S. regional.
   [Compare German besser als better than, classical Latin tam...quam as..as, plus quam more than.]


ʸ⡤c1300ǯν㤫顤Ѹ˻ޤ15㤬夲Ƥ롥MED as (conj.) θ 3(b) ΤȤˡ3Ĥʸ󤲤Ƥ롥Ĥ˵󤲤褦

c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) l. 38 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 48 (MED), Fellere þing nis non ase wumman ȝware heo wole to vuele wende.
?a1425(1373) * Lelamour Macer (Sln 5) 67b: Also this erbe haviþ mo vertues as endyue haþe.
(1460) Paston 3.241: I hadde never more neede for to have help of my goode, as I have at this tyme.
a1475(?a1430) Lydg. Pilgr.(Vit C.13) 2914: Hys lordshepe was nat mor at al, As ben thys lordys temporal.
?a1600 Marriage Wit & Wisdom (1846) iii. 27, I had rather haue your rome as your componie.
1893 H. A. Shands Some Peculiarities of Speech in Mississippi 17 Illiterate whites..say: 'This is better as that', 'I'd rather have this as that', etc.


ʤthan ѤȤƤ as ˤĤƤϡٹ (447) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ϺˤƤϤޤѸǤϤ뤬ˤϤʤ¿Ѥ줿Τǡθνˤ⻶롥
ȤС
Darkness itself is no more opposite to light as their actions were diametrical to their words.---James Howell.
I rather like him as otherwise.---Scott.


ƥ졤ɥĸǤ⸶ξӵξȤǤƱ³Ѥ뤷ե󥹸 que ⤽Τ褦¾٤ȡषѸ줬 as than ̤ۤפΤǤϤʤȤפƤ롥ӵ as than ٤ŪˤŪǤϤäѸ줫ѸˤƤʬۤĴ٤Ƥߤͤꤽ
as than θ츻ˤĤƤϡ줾#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) ڤӡ#1038. then than ([2012-02-29-1]) 򻲾ȡޤӤֻ to ˤĤƤϡ#1180. ޥ󥹷ӵȶӴֻ to ([2012-07-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-08-1]

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2013-10-20 Sun

#1637. CLMET3.0 between betwixt ʬۤĴ [corpus][lmode][preposition][clmet]

ǯ3 Leuven ؤ Hendrik De Smet ˤ The Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, version 3.0 (CLMET3.0) 줿ԼԤ˥᡼ǻѵĤ館̵ǥɤѤǤ롥1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸ쥳ѥǡ3,400줫ʤ른Х󥹥ѥǤ CLMETEV 1500줫˳ˡץ졼ƥȤȥդƥȤۤƤꡤ70ǯ֤ʬ3ĤλʬȤ˥ҥåȿ Perl ץȤ°ƤꡤȤꤢȤΤǤ롥ѥιϰʲ̤ꡥ

Sub-periodNumber of authorsNumber of textsNumber of words
1710--1780518810,480,431
1780--1850709911,285,587
1850--19209114612,620,207
TOTAL21233334,386,225

Genre1710--17801780--18501850--1920
Narrative fiction4,642,670 words4,830,7186,311,301
Narrative non-fiction1,863,8551,940,245958,410
Drama407,885347,493607,401
Letters1,016,745714,343479,724
Treatise1,114,5211,692,9921,782,124
Other1,434,7551,759,7962,481,247


ߴؿäƤ between betwixt ɤˤĤơѸǤ줾줬ɤΤ褦ʬۤ򼨤CLMET3.0 ǷڤĴƤߤ°θġǸ̤ϡʲ̤ꡥ

Sub-periodbetweenbetwixt
1710--17804,869 words (464.58 wpm)657 (62.69 wpm)
1780--18505,457 (483.54 wpm)109 (9.66 wpm)
1850--19207,672 (607.91 wpm)51 (4.04 wpm)


18ϡbetween (88.11%) ¤ betwixt (11.89%) ޤ٤ΨǻȤƤ19ʹߤ˷㸺ѸˤƤѰ۷ȤʤäȤ狼롥
ʤDe Smet ƱȤ The Corpus of English Novels (CEN) Ƥ롥1882--1922ǯȤ1δ֤˽񤫤줿Ƥξ򽸤᤿Τǡû֤θѲĴȴ֤θˡӤǰƬ֤ѥȤΤ2,600줫ʤϥHTML򻲾ȡˡĴ٤ȡbetween 9,905 (98.86%)betwixt 114 (1.14%) ǤꡤΤ˸ԤϤǤ˱Ƥ

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2013-10-05 Sat

#1622. eLALME [me_dialect][lalme][preposition][map][web_service]

ε#1621. The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C) ([2013-10-04-1]) ǿ줿ѸϿ LALME βŻ eLALME ǯEdinburgh ؤꥪ饤Ǹ줿 LALME ˤä꤬ʤɡǤȤäƤ褯ǽ˭٤両ؤʤɤǡŻǤȤѤƤ椯ȤˤʤȻפ롥
ǤФƼγĥʤƤ뤬Item Number ʤɤбֹ椬ۤʤäƤΤ⤢Τդפ롥㤨Сbetween ΰ۷ʬۤˤĤơǤǤ Dot Maps 703--06, 1118--19 6ʬۿޤǺܤƤ뤬ŻǤǤ Item Number 89 ΤȤ16ʬۿޤǺܤƤ롥ºݡDot Map οŻǤˤʤä1/3ʾ
ޤ桼ϿޤȤΤܤĥ롥#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1]) ε ([2013-10-04-1]) Ǥˤ between Ū۷˴ؤơλҲ x ޤॿפѸǤɤΤ褦ʬۤƤΤꤿꤷ褦"User-defined Maps" εǽ顤"Select one or more items" "89 BETWEEN pr [North & Ireland]" ǡ"Select one or more forms" x ޤ֤Τ٤Ƥ˥å롥줫 "Make map" 򥯥åСʲΤ褦 Dot Map ȤȤߤǤ롥 Dot Map ⡤٤塼˥󥰤Ǥ롥

Map of x-Type of BETWEEN by eLALME

Ǥ Item Map Τϡ־ǤϿѤθ³顤ŻǤǤʤؼʤȤơ桼ϿޤΥɥåȤ򥯥å뤳Ȥˤꡤˤܤΰֻݥåץåפ뤳ȤǤ롥ϴ Dot Map ǤԲǽʤΤǡ桼ϿޤѲͤϹ⤤
Ҳ𤷤 LALME ϥѥ The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C) ȹ碌ơѸĤܳŪ˥ǥȤΤǤϤʤ
ʤϿ޺ȤмΡ#846. HelMapperUK --- hellog ͤαѹϿ޺ CGI ([2011-08-21-1]) ɤ

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

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2013-10-04 Fri

#1621. The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C) [corpus][preposition][me_dialect]

Υ륦 Stavanger ؤǡMerja Stenroos ᤬濴Ȥʤä The Middle English Scribal Texts Programme (MEST) ʹǤ롥Glasgow ؤ Helsinki ؤζϤΤȤˡѸΥƥȤΥѥʤǤ롥Υץ϶Ūˤ2ĤΥץȤʤꡤ1Ĥ1998ǯ Glasgow ؤΩ夲 Middle English Grammar Project αĹˤ The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C) Իǡ⤦1Ĥ2012ǯ˳Ϥ줿 Language and Geography in Middle English Local Documents (MELD) Ǥ롥
ϡԤΥץ MEG-C ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ΥѥϡѸϿ LALME ΥȤʤäƥȤŻҲȤŪԻƤ롥ǤǤѸϿ LAEME ǽ餫饳ѥդǥ饤줿ΤоŪˡLALME ǤϡԻ줿夬ˡϿޤΤǸɽ줿ˤʤä2013ǯ LALME ŻҲ eLALME ȤƥǤ褦ˤʤäϿ޺ΤȤȤʤäΤŻҲƤʤäߡΥѥե뷲MEG-C files 鼫ͳ˥ɤǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
MEG-C ϡºݤˤ LALME λȤ1350--1500ǯΥƥȤΤߤʤ餺ᤤΥƥȤޤॳѥȤĹƤ롥ĹƥȤˤĤƤ3000ΥץäƼƤƤ뤬Ԥ2011.1ǤǤϡɸȤƥȤȾʬۤɤСƤȤܤեߥ꤫ž̤ƤȤ顤LAEME Υѥ˾ȤѤϫϤǤ롥꤬ѤƤ
®MEG-C ˤäȤ򤫤Ƥߤ#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1]) Ǹ between Ū۷ʬۤΤʤǡȤ櫓ˤ x betwix(t) פѸǤɤ줯餤ѤƤ˴ؿäǸƤߤȡ104㤬 -x ǽ륿ס14㤬 -xe ǽ륿ס2㤬 -xt ǽ륿פȤ̤Ф٤ηϡHelsinki Corpus ˤ M3--M4ξڵȤۤ礹롥ߤΥѥο٤¬뤳ȤǤȤ
Ѹ⡤ޤޤġ뤬¤Ƥ롥

Stenroos, Merja, Martti Mäkinen, Simon Horobin, and Jeremy Smith. The Middle English Grammar Corpus, version 2011. 1. U of Stavanger, 2011. Online at http://www.uis.no/research/culture/the_middle_english_grammar_project/. Accessed : 4 October 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-10-05-1]

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