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preposition - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-08-18 Sun

#1574. amongst -st [preposition][phonetics][euphony][analogy][suffix][morpheme][-st]

-st θź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡε#1573. amidst -st ([2013-08-17-1]) ޤᡤ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573 γƵǰäƤήǡ amongst ˤĤơ
OED ˤȡź÷15˵äƤꡤ󤲤ƤȤƤ amongest ֻ16Ƭ "1509 Bp. J. Fisher Wks. (1876) 296 Yf ony faccyons or bendes were made secretely amongest her hede Officers." ǤŤľܤΥǥȤʤäȹͤ amonges Τ褦ʷ֤ϤǤѸǹѤƤMED among(es (prep.) 򻲾ȡˡapheresis ʸƬüˤФ 'mongst 16ȾФ鸽Ƥ롥
(69) ˤСamong amongst Τ˰̣ΰ㤤Ϥʤ٤101Ǥ롥ꥹѸǤϥꥫѸ amongst λ٤⤤첻ǤϹĴ (euphony) amongst Ѥ뷹ȤŦ⤢뤬BNC ѤĴǤϤΤ褦ʷ̤ϽФʤäȤƤ롥λŦŪʤΤϡ#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ-st źäϸ³괧θƬҲȤη˵ȤȤδϢˤƤǤ롥⤷ amongst + 첻ηȤСǤϤ뤬Ʊ euphony 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ơܥ֥ǤϤޤ -st θźäˤĤ against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, unbeknownst, whilst 6ˤĤƤߤƤOED 츻ŵлξƤߤ褦

againstc1300
betwixtc1300
whilsta1400
amongstC15
amidstC15
unbeknownst1854


unbeknownst ̤Ȥơ㤬14--15˽ޤäƤ롥ޤäƤȤߤ뤫ФäƤȤߤ뤫ϴĤѸʹ -st 췲δˤ䤫Ϣ礬ȯãƤ褦˻פ롥Ϥ㤤ʤ⡤ -st 򸫽ФȤΩƤΤϹԤ᤮

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-19-1]

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2013-08-17 Sat

#1573. amidst -st [preposition][genitive][phonetics][analogy][-st]

#1554. against -st ([2013-07-29-1]) #1555. unbeknownst ([2013-07-30-1]) ʤɤε˰³-st źäꡥ
amidst ϡűѸ on middan ͳ褹Ѹ amid Ū°ʸ -es ղä amiddes ꡤˤ -t ղäǤ롥amid ν ?a1200 Layamon Ǥꡤamiddes 14Ⱦ˽ФƤ롥Ѹ줫ϡMED amid(de, amiddes (adv. & prep.) 򻲾ȡ
-t źä amidst ˤĤƤϡOED ʸĤФ "1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. 66 Warme with a softe fyre burning amidest therof." Ǥ뤬amidest ֻ15鸽Ƥ褦 apheresis ʸƬüˤη̤ȹͤ myddest ̾ȤƤǤϤ뤬Ϥ15ʸڤƤꡤamidst ߤ˱ƶäƤǽ롥̣ΤϡOED "midst, n., prep., and adv. θ C1 ˤȡ14 m 줿ֻǤϤ뤬mydmeste Ȥ֤ʸڤ뤳ȤǤ롥

 1. In the middle place. Obs.
 Only in first, last, and midst and similar phrases recalling Milton's use (quot. 1667).

[c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. Prol. 1 In the whiche gospel it is profitable to men desyrynge God, so to knowe the first, the mydmeste, other the last.]
1667 Milton Paradise Lost v. 165 On Earth joyn all yee Creatures to extoll Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.


first, last, and midst Ȥ礬ȤꡤǾ -st ȤϢۡʤ Coda ǤβˤѤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
-st θź (paragoge) against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤΤˤϡ̣Ūˡִ֡פǾϢۤ줦ǤͭƤ褦ˤפ뤷ǽȤƤⶦ̤Ƥ롥Фλ⡤-(e)s ޤơ褽Ѹ줫ѸˤƤλ˥ѥѥȸƤ롥ʤ⡤餫 (analogy) ѤƤǤ롥
ʤѸˤ amid amidst λȤʬˤĤơ (70) 국ξԤȤʸŪǡ١ˤԤΤۤ12ܰʾ٤򼨤amidst ϥꥹѸǹޤȤħ롥ޤOED ˤȡ"There is a tendency to use amidst more distributively than amid, e.g. of things scattered about, or a thing moving, in the midst of others." Ȥ̤ꡤamidst ϸŪʰ̣Ȥ줬¤Ȥ -st βŪʽŤỌ̇̄ζĴȤΤ˲餫δط򵿤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
-st źäˤĤƤϡۤˤ[2013-07-29-1]εˤĤν򻲾ȡ

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-08-18-1]

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2013-08-14 Wed

#1570. all over the world all the world over [preposition][adverb][word_order][reanalysis]

̾ʬϤˤСall over the world ˤ over ֻȲ򤵤졤all the world over Ȳ򤵤ֻ줬֤ƤѸμƵǤ뤫顤ԤȹͤΤǤϤʤȤϤäȤǤ롥ȤϤŪˤ͡ŪʬϤǽǤ롥
ŪˤߤСξɽ礭ʺϤʤ줾ζϡʸ̤ꡤƱɽ over ˽ФƤǤ˽ФƤǤΰ㤤ˤʤűѸѸǤϡֻ줬Ūθ˲ɽ⸫줿Ǥ롥䡤ֻ줬Ūθ˲פȤɽλϻ⤷ʤѸޤǤϡŪ̾ϷŪͿʤгʤʤɤ˳ѲƤꡤŪʵǽ򼨤ŪʵǽΤɽ魯ˡֻ侮ǤǤ졤᤯ź뤳ȤäѸʹߤ˳ʤष̾礽켫Ȥdzʤ򼨤ȤǤʤʤȡ̾϶᤯侮ȤȤ˹¤ʤƤȲᤵ뵡ֻŪפ뤤ϡŪֻפȺʬ (reanalysis) 褦ˤʤäȤԤθΤ̤ۤǤäȤϳΤǤ뤷¾ƤǤּפθ礬ŪǤä顤ֻŪפνǸ경ȤϼǤ롥
ˤʤֻ줬˲ŤϿषѸ˻ޤǡˤƤֻθ֤ʤٹ (213--14) ε󤲤ƤƸ褦

While the cock... / Stoutly struts his dames before.---Milton.
For having but thought my heart within. / A treble penance must be done.---Scott.
She must lay her conscious head / A husband's trusting heart beside.---Byron.
His leaves that live December through.---Housman.
As the boat-head wound along / The willowy hills and fields among.---Tennyson.
The corn-sheaves whisper the grave around.---Mrs. Hemans.


ΤۤˤϡŪʶˤƤŤ礬롥ɸ all the world over Ǥꡤall the year around ʤɤƱǤ롥ٹ (214) Ǥϡ¾ȤȤɸζˤĤƼΤ褦ʵҤΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ

Cp. I'll search all England through.---Anne Brontë; Which they keep all the year through.---Charlotte Brontë; Here I stayed the winter throgh.---Watts-Dunton. Ȳ򤹤٤Ǥ뤬ֻ¿ϸưƬˤĤƬʬΥƤޤȤʤꡤ줬žֻȤʤäΤǤ뤫顤ˡΤΤˤϤʤԻ׵ĤʤCp. all the world over, all over the world.


ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-08-1]

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2013-07-29 Mon

#1554. against -st [preposition][adverb][genitive][phonetics][link][-st]

츻Ūˤ against again ֤ä -st ϲʤΤ
űѸǡagain ongēan ʤɤη֤졤ֻͿʤ뤤гʤۤˡƬȤƹǽƤʿԤơ򼨤°ʸȼä ongēanes ʤɤη֤ԤʤƤ[2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲפ򻲾ȡˡѸˤʤȡֻȤƤ again ϡ۷ agains Ӹ³ against ȤȤ˶礷ϤᡤѸɸΩβȤƤεǽ˸ꤵƤ椯ȤȤʤäѸֻȤƤɸŪϰ̤ΩΤϡǤȯ against ä
ơagain ľ -(e)s źäϡҤ̤ꡤ첽°ʸȤƤ뤬ʤ t źäϤɤΤ褦OED against, prep., conj., adv., and n. θ츻ˤȼΤ褦ˤ롥

The development of excrescent final -t . . . was probably reinforced by the fact that the word was frequently followed by te, variant of THE adj., and perhaps also by association with superlatives in -st; compare similarly AMONGST prep. 1a, AMIDST adv., BETWIXT prep.


رѸ츻ŵ٤εҤ⡤OED ˱äƤ뤬­롥

-t Ϥ餯Ǿ -st ȺƱ줿ź (cf. AMIDST, AMONGST, BETWIXT), ޤ agains þe agains te against(e) þe (cf. hwīls þat whilst þat) ȤʤʬϤˤΤ -st ˽κǽ Layamon Brut Otho (c1300) aȝenest ȤƸCaligula (?a1200) Ǥ toȝinesˡ Trevisa 1400ǯʹ London αѸǤϹѤ졤16CȾˤʸȤƳΩagain, against Ȥ ModE -g- ֤ȯ ON αƶˤ롥


Brut νϡMED ayēn(e)s (prep.) 1(b) ꡤ"c1300 Lay. Brut (Otho C.13) 22476: He dude ase a wisman and wende a3enest [Clg: to3eines] him anon." Ǥ롥
嵭ꡤagainst -st źäˤĤƤϡ(1) Ǿ -st Ȥ䡤(2) ľ괧θƬҲ˴ؤʬϡȤƤƤȤȤǤ롥ƱźäȤ amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤ뤬νлߤεǽŪ-st ̵ͭˤ̣㡤3ҲϢ³βŪյʤɤͻơŪ٤ϢơűѸ ongēan tōgēan(es) ˴Ťơ-t źä줿֤15 toȝenes ȤƽФƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
ۤ against ˤź (paragoge) ˤĤƤϡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡޤwhilst ˤĤƤϡ#508. Dracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1])#509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) ([2010-09-18-1])#510. ꥫѸˤ whilst ξü ([2010-09-19-1]) betwixt ˤĤƤϡ#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1])#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2013-02-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2013-02-24 Sun

#1399. Ѹˤ between ΰ۷֤ʬ [laeme][corpus][preposition][me_dialect][methodology]

#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1])#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1])#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2013-02-19-1]) ³ơ LAEME Ѥ̻ŪѲʬۤĴ̤𤹤롥
Helsinki Corpus ˤ̻ŪĴ ([2013-02-19-1]) ξƱͤˡ¿ΰ۷֤ޤȤäơʳˤ첻ΰ㤤̵뤷2ʹߤλҲʤȡ⤷и첻ˤμȤ߹碌ܤlexel "between" ꤷƼФȤˡ241ĤΥȡȾȡ̤ʶʬ[2012-10-10-1]ε#1262. The LAEME Corpus ɽ (1)פǺѤΤƱˡǡ򻲾ȡʲǽǯ̡̤ν׷̤Ǥ롥

PERIODnnnnexxexnxtehnhetntxtxntxethsseynznSum
C12b181270000000000000028
C13a23419644091401010000085
C13b2032321341000102111164
C14a5132892200031000010064
Sum662172247941014321121211241

DIALECTnnnnexxexnxtehnhetntxtxntxethsseynznSum
N00192200001000000015
NEM140000000000000000014
NWM706000081400002000037
SEM1420950000030100000052
SWM3112675702001010101184
SW001630040000000010024
SE001400000000000010015
Sum662172247941014321121211241


Ѹ between Ϣʤ롤n ޤǤ̤Υפ3˼Ƥ뤬bitweonen ʤɤ "nn" פϻȤȤ "n" פ "ne" פִƤ椯ͻҤ롥Mustanoja (369) ϡ"nn" פˤĤ "The -en forms occur mainly in the more southern parts of the country" ȵҤƤ뤬ºݤˤ NEM NWM ˤ⸽Ƥ롥Ĥޤꡤ"nn" פʬۤϡǤʾ˻Ǥǽ롥 n æǡġ٤˸뤳ȤϡͽۤǤ뤳Ȥ
n ˤϱ󤯵ڤФʤbituix bitƿixen ʤɤ x λѤλ˵ǤʤȤϡHelsinki Corpus Ĵ̤礷Ƥ롥x N, SEM, SWM, SW ʬۤƤꡤ֤˶ޤ줿 NEM, NWM ˤʸڤʤʬ̯ۤΤȤ㤬ʬ¿ʤˡNorth Midlands θ¸ƥȤ˸뵡񤬤ʤäȤȤ⤷ʤѸˤĹ t ղä xte פϡѸǤ C13b SW bitwixte ʤɤη֤Ǥ鷺˸ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥
bituhen bituhe ʤɤ h ϡHelsinki Corpus ˤСűѸ쵤˿षȤΤȤäLAEME ˤСѸǤ C13a NWM ˽椹ĤäƤ褦λޤǤ˿෹ϷŤƤȸ
ĴǴФʽѸ˳Ϥ뤤ϿʹԤƤȵѲˤĤĴ٤ˤϡHelsinki Corpus ̻ŪѲŤߤˤǡLAEME Ѥơ٤ʬ̤θƷ겼Ƥ椯Τ褵

Referrer (Inside): [2014-12-19-1] [2013-07-29-1]

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2013-02-20 Wed

#1395. up and down [etymology][adverb][preposition][map]

줢뤤ֻ up ϡޥĸ *upp- ʥ op, ɥĸ auf, ťΥɸ uppˡ ˤϰĸ *upo ̤롥ϡֲءפǤꡤѸΡ־ˡפؤĤʤΤ̣ȤˡϢƥ sub 䥮ꥷ hupó ϵǤֲפơֲˡפθ뤳Ȥˤʤäsub- ʲ, super- ʾ, hyp(o)- ʲ, hyper- ʾ ʤɡ岼줿ȯãǤʴϢơ[2010-04-14-1]ε#352. ƥ /s/ ȥꥷ /h/ б׵ڤ[2010-04-12-1]ε#350. hypermarket supermarketפ򻲾ȡˡʤѸ over Ʊ̤롥
Ѹˤ up б down ϡ츻ޤä̤ΤȤˤ롥űѸ of dūne (from the hill) Ǥꡤadūne Ƚ̤ޤäˡθƬ첻üơűѸˤ dūne ȤƸƤ롥Ĥޤꡤ졦ֻ down ϡƱ۵ȤƼˤ̸ФȤƵ󤲤Ƥ̾ down ä˥󥰥ӤŬ뾮⤤ϡˤȡ츻ŪˤϴϢƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥󥰥ˤ North Downs South Downs ȸƤФӤäƤ뤬 down Ǥ롥֤ȤϹ⤯ƾˤΤ顤줬 down ȤΤ̯ʤΤ

Map of North Downs and South Downs

űѸ dūne ʵ֡ˤͳϤ餯ΦΥȸ *dūnom ʺ֡ˤˤꡤ˱ѸȤʤޤ衼åѽؤȼѤ줿ȹͤ롥ؼ줿֤ե󥹸ͳ dune Ȥơ18˺ƤӱѸäƤΤȤΰ̣ϡֺ֡פä
ʤĸˤޤ̤СѸ town down Ʊʸֺ֡פ򻲾ȡˤǤꡤ츻Ūˤ downtown Ȥ̯Ȥ߹碌Τ褦˻פƤ롥
夫褯狼ʤʤäǤ

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2013-02-19 Tue

#1394. between ΰ۷֤ʬ̻ۤŪѲ [hc][corpus][preposition]

#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1]) ڤӺε#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤([2013-02-18-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥbetween Ūʰ۷֤ʬۤHelsinki Corpus ǤäĴƤߤĴη̡ѥ between η֤Ȥ 97 types, 793 tokens ǧ줿ʲϤ97ΰ۷֤֡Ǥ롥

be-twen, be-twene, be-twix, be-twyen, be-twyn, be-twyx, be-twyxe, betuen, betuene, betuh, betuih, betuixt, betun, betux, betuyx, betwe, between, betweene, betwen, betwenan, betwene, betweoh, betweohn, betweon, betweonan, betweonen, betweonon, betweonum, betweox, betweoxan, betwex, betwi, betwih, betwihn, betwinan, betwinum, betwioh, betwion, betwix, betwixe, betwixt, betwixte, betwixts, betwne, betwoex, betwonen, betwuh, betwux, betwuxn, betwyh, betwyn, betwynan, betwyne, betwyx, betwyxe, betwyxen, betwyxte, bi-tuine, bi-twen, bi-twene, bi-twenen, bi-tweohnen, bi-tweone, bi-tweonen, bi-twexst, bi-twext, bi-twihan, bi-twixst, bituen, bituene, bituhe, bituhen, bituhhe, bituhhen, bituien, bituih, bituin, bituix, bitunon, bitweies, bitwen, bitwene, bitwenen, bitwenenn, bitweon, bitweone, bitweonen, bitweonon, bitweonum, bitwex, bitwexe, bitwien, bitwih, bitwix, bitwixe, bitwixen, bitwyxe


793η֤δǤޤȤƽפΤưפǤϤʤϸʳˤ첻ΰ㤤̵뤹뤳Ȥˤ2ʹߤλҲʤȡ⤷и첻ˤμȤ߹碌ˤäƽפ㤨С"nm", "nn", "x", "xt" Ȥפϡ줾 betweonum, betweonan, betwyx, betwixt ʤɤη֤ɽ롥ʲɽϡHelsinki Corpus ˤʬ򻲾Ȥε󤬤ʤä O1 ʸűѸ1ˤλ10ˤ̻ŪѲ󤷤ΤǤ롥


nmnnnnexxexnxtxtexstxtshhnhnnheseiSum
O214100130100003140000064
O35221605600000048000000147
O41153022000000300000044
M10284813010000041900068
M2015321110000000010042
M300431241801040000001083
M40041125621600000000156
E1001266200253000000000108
E2002344000316000000000104
E30054800014001000000077
Sum206712520015625572154182819111793


between Ϣʤ n ķ֤ϡűѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤǰӤƼήɤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥betwix ʤɤ x ⡤űѸ줫Ѹޤ n ɤŨۤѤƤ뤬Ѹ xt 󤬽и˵ڤӡŤ x ϱƤƤ椯h ϡűѸǤäűѸ쵤˿षƤ椯
Ѹ˴ؤƤϡˤʬۤκĴɬפ

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2013-02-18 Mon

#1393. between Ū۷֤˭٤ [preposition][etymology]

#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1]) εǡbetween θ츻򸫤between Ϣʤ֤Τۤbetwixt Ϣʤ֤ǧűѸѸˤϤ˰ۤʤ⸫줿
㤨СűѸ bitwih Ѹ bitwihe(n) Τ褦 h ĤΤǧ롥ϡűѸκƷ "two" ̣ȾǤгʷ *twîhn Τ褦 h ޤǤȤͳ褹롥Ѹ˸ -e(n) ϡbitwene(n) ʤɤη֤˴ŤDzä줿Τh ޤˤĤƤϡMED "bituhhe(n (prep.)" 򻲾ȡޤbitweies Τ褦ʷ֤Ѹʸڤ롥ϡ嵭 bitwih ʤɤη֤°ʸä줿Τȹͤ롥MED "bitweien, bitweies (prep.)" 򻲾ȡ
Τ褦ˡäѸˤϰ۷֤ҤᤤʬۤƤMustanoja (369) ˤФ줾δ֤˰̣ζ̤ϤʤäȤѸˤΩ֤ˤĤơMustanoja ΰѤä󤷤褦

BETWEEN(EN); BETWEIEN (BETWEIES); BETWIX(EN), BETWIXT, BETWUX); BETUH

Between(en), from OE betweonum, and betwix(en, betwixt, betwux, betwixen), from OE betweox (-ix, -ux), are both found throughout the ME period, as in betweien (betweies), which results from a contamination of between with the numeral tweien. Betuh, a continuation of OE betweoh (-uh, -ih), survives only in earliest ME. The -en forms occur mainly in the more southern parts of the country. There do not seem to be any noticeable differences in meaning between these words.
All the ME functions of these prepositions survive in present-day uses of between. In the sense 'among' between and betwix seem to occur somewhat more frequently in ME than today: --- þatt time þatt he come himm sellf Bitwenenn hemm to spellenn (Orm. 9422); --- the pitous joye . . . Bitwix hem thre (Ch. CT B ML 1115).


Ω֤϶ʹߤ˲äƤ椭Ǥϸ betwixt between ؤȴ˼«Ȥ뤬ɤΤ褦ʷаޤǼ«ΤHelsinki Corpus Ĵ٤Ƥߤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2013-02-15 Fri

#1390. between among λȤʬ [preposition][prescriptive_grammar]

ε#1389. between θ츻 ([2013-02-14-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡbetween among λȤʬϡѸθˡȤ̾Ǥꡤ¿ʸˡ仲ͽǿƤ롥̤˱ʸˡˤֻλȤʬ񤷤äƼפǤ⤢ΤֻܼŪʰ̣򤹤뤳ȤοǤ롥Ǥϡbetween among Τ줾ħṬ̌Ȥϲ
ξֻγƼˡˤĤƤ OED ʬƾܺ٤˵ҤƤΤǡ򤸤äɤΤ褤λͽȡbetween ϸŻ뤷among ϽŻ뤹ȤäħŦƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ between 2ȤȷӤĤפʤΤ2ȤȷӤĤбǤ롥among ϡ2礭ʿȷӤĤ䤹ΤϳΤפʤΤ϶ŪʸġιȤȤΤȴϢŤȤȤ
among 3ʾפ̣ˡγˤȤƤĤΤǤСamong the soldiers ȤĤ˸Ŀͤդä *among the soldiers and John ȸºݤˤϸʤޤ*the relations among a, b, c, d, and e ʤɤȸ̤˹󤹤뤳ȤǤʤϽθ§ȿ뤫ȹͤ롥
դˡbetween 3ʾפŪ˼ͤȡˤϸ뤷ޤ2αĹˤȤ̣Ǥ3ʾǤ򤵤롥the divisions and conflicts between the various parts of Christendom, the fullest collaboration between all nations, a white and shining road between the singing nightingales, with long pauses between the sentences ʤɤ᤹ȡʤۤɤŪ3ʾǤ뤬ޤ2Ȥñ̤ĴȤȤ߹碌ܿǰƬ֤Ƥɤ롥
between Ū빽οȡߤδ֤δطˤĤơŪʴɵ椷ʥǥޡ͸ԤȤߤBolbjerg ʸ롥ۤŰŪ˰¸ between äʸϤʤϰפϤʤ¤ȤƤ롥˵󤲤Τޤ between ̣positive, negative, synthetic, analytic, midway, front, complex, reciprocity, interrelation ʤɤȤäȼѸȳǰȤơֻˡ򤭤줤ʬषΤǤ롥Ǿܺ٤Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤǤʤ (Bolbjerg 132) ˵󤲤Ƥ wires between the houses between the teeth ˤȤäơ6ĤˡޤȤ褦


wires between the housesbetween the teeth
MIDWAY"wires lying between the two houses""a fishbone between the teeth" (two)
FRONT"wires (being extended) from one house to another""the distance between the teeth" (two)
RECIPROCITY"wires connecting two houses""nip a cigar between the teeth" (one in lower, one in upper jaw)
TWO-ROW SYSTEM"(overhead) wires (for tramcars) between two rows of houses""with a handkerchief between the teeth" (lower and upper jaw)
ONE-ROW SYSTEM"wires between houses in a row (like railway carriages)""the interstices between the teeth" (lower or upper jaw)
ABSTRACT CONNECTION"(telephone) wires connecting all houses individually""the similarity between the teeth" (types of teeth)


Bolbjerg (132) ϡbetween "feeler" ʿдˤˤȤơȤ롥

Thus between, inherently dual in character, has the function of a feeler, i.e. it establishes a relation from one element to another or others individually. It cannot grasp a heap-like area, but must seek units one by one. It is a linguistic organ of touch built as a line. The feeler may act as a medium, as 'something between', i.e. an intermediate element with relations to either side. Or it may create a distance, or 'nothing between'. Finally it may function synthetically: feeling its way along by touching left and right, thus establishing a path between two rows of objects, --- or analytically: touching each of a number of objects individually or severally for examination.


Bolbjerg ʸɤǻʤˤޤȤȡbetween Ͽȴطֻ졤ʤֻǤꡤްդamong ϾֻǤꡤްդ롤ȤȤˤʤ
ǥޡˤϡ#1074. Hjelmslev θء ([2012-04-05-1]) Τ褦Ūʸؤ뤬Bolbjerg ⤽ʤˤѤǤ뤫Τ褦˻פ碌ʸä
ʤbetween ζ̡ʬۤˡˤĤƤϡ#1068. choose between war or peace ([2012-03-30-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Bolbjerg, A. "Between and Among: An Attempt at an Explanation." English Studies 30 (1949): 124--32.

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2013-02-14 Thu

#1389. between θ츻 [etymology][preposition][prescriptive_grammar][metanalysis]

ʸˡǤϡbetween among λȤʬˤĤơԤϡ2ĤΤΤδ֡סԤϡ3İʾΤΤδ֡פΰ̣˻Ȥ٤ȤƤ롥ξԤζ̤εҤϡºݤλѤ˾Ȥ餷Ūʴ¿Խʬ٤§ȤƤͤ¿ε§εäΩĴפϡbetween θ츻ˤ롥츻 "by two" Ǥ뤫顤Ūˤ2ĤΤΤƤϤʤʤȤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ⤦ܤ between θ츻ߤƤߤ褦űѸǤϡbetwēonum η betwēon ηȤäԤθȾ -twēonum Ͽ twā (two) ʣͿʷбԤθȾ -twēon Ʊʣгʷб롥Ԥηϡbetwēonan ʤɤΰ۷֤ȯãѸ bitwene(n) ȤʤꡤԤη˸¤줿Ѹ bitwen Ȥʤäμ岽ȾüˤꡤɤΤȤ15ˤ2ͻ礷 between Ϣʤ֤ΩĤޤꡤbetween ϡűѸ̤2η֤Ѹˤͻ礷̤󤹤뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ between the seas ʤɤιʸϡbe sǣm twēonum "by seas two" ȤƸ뤳Ȥ顤 "by" "two" ̡ŪǽôäƤȹͤ뤬"by two seas" Τ褦ܤ֤¤Ȥˡ1Ĥʣֻʬ (metanalysis) ˻äΤˡto us-ward to-ward us ΰʬϤ롥
ơbetween ˤϡŤᤫƱ줬롥betwixt Ǥ롥ϸűѸ betwēox ͳ褹뤬Ⱦ -twēox ̤ȡޥĸ *twa "two" + *-iskaz "-ish" ˤɤĤ2ĤۤɤΤΤδ֡פȤ褦ʡȤäΤűѸǤ betwux, betyx ʤɤΰ۷֤äѸǤ bitwix(e) ʤɤη֤ͥȤʤä1300ǯˡDracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1]) #739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ -t źä졤줬̲ʤѸθˡbetwixt and between ʤɤäĤϤäꤷʤˤȤ礬롥
Ѹˤ֤ʤɤϡMED "bitwēne (prep.)" "bitwix(e) (prep.)" 򻲾ȡ
ʤƬ˽Ҥ٤ between among εŪʻȤʬˤĤơOED "between, prep., adv., and n." ϸ19ˤơŪʴʰոҤ٤Ƥ롥

In all senses, between has been, from its earliest appearance, extended to more than two. . . . It is still the only word available to express the relation of a thing to many surrounding things severally and individually, among expressing a relation to them collectively and vaguely: we should not say 'the space lying among the three points,' or 'a treaty among three powers,' or 'the choice lies among the three candidates in the select list,' or 'to insert a needle among the closed petals of a flower'.


Fowler's (106) Ǥ⡤Ūʶ̵̤뤳ȤƤ롥 (176) Ǥϡbetween 3İʾΤΤѤˡϼǧ뷹ꡤäƹǤϤηפȤ롥

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

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2013-02-13 Wed

#1388. inorganic for [preposition][syntax][metanalysis][germanic]

Ѹʸˡˡto ΰ̣μɽ魯ˡfor + ̾פ֤빽ʸ롥 for ϼȤʸˡŪʵǽôäƤˤ¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤΤǡ"inorganic for" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥for . . . to . . . ʸεȯãϱѸˤǤ˰ƤѸΤ褦Ʊʸ򹭤ͳѤǤϥޥϤƤʤͳʻȤ "Hearne was no critic. A hasty and ill-natured judgment might conclude that it sufficed for a document to appear old for him to wish to print it." ʤɤ󤲤ʤ顤Zandvoort (265) inorganic for ޤ๽ʸˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥

Both in familiar and in literary style this construction has branched out in so many directions that not only has it become one of the most distinctive features of modern English syntax, but on occasion, too, one of those that may be employed to give to an utterance a somewhat esoteric turn.


ǼͳȸƤǤΤϡ"It is absurd for us to quarrel." Τ褦ŵŪˡΤߤʤ餺͡Ķ˸줦뤫㤨С"The rule was for women and men to sit apart." Τ褦ʼǤˡ"For us to have refused the loan would have been a declaration of economic war." Τ褦ʾ濫뤤Ϸ̤ˡ"She longed for him to say something." "I always wanted so for things to be beautiful." Τ褦ưθ֤ˡ"I am not afraid for them to see it." Τ褦˷ƻθ֤ˡ"There were cries for the motion to be put." Τ褦̾ȴؤäŪɽ魯ˡʤɡZandvoort (268) ϡinorganic for ΤˡηŪ˵Ҥʸˡ񤬸ʤʤǡKruisinga ̤ιֵΡȤ˼ƤʷˤŪͤҤ򸫤Ĥ仿

Prepositional Object and Stem with to.
Type: I shall be glad for you to help us. --- With regard to the facts of Living English it must be understood that the constr. is a supplementary one to the plain object & stem. the two are really parallel: a) the plain obj. & verbal stem are used with verbs; b) the preposit. object & stem is used with nouns & adjectives chiefly, and as a subject & nom. predicate, i.e. in practically all the other functions when a stem with to can be used at all. Finally the prep. obj. with stem is found with verbs, in a more or less clearly final meaning (see quot. in Shorter Acc.: pushing the glasses along the counter nodded for them to be filled).


"It is absurd for us to quarrel." ʤɤιʸεˤĤƤϡѸˤǤ "It is absurd for us | to quarrel." "It is absurd | for us to quarrel." Ȥʬ (metanalysis) ˤΤȤƤ롥Zandvoort (269) ϡΰʬϤǽȤʤ뤿ˤ for us absurd θ˸뤳ȤɬפǤꡤѸθǤϤξƤȤŻ뤹롥ɥĸ䥪Ǥϡ for us ʬϷƻ˸ΤǤꡤʬϤϤʤƱ²ȤӤ˴Ťιʸεˤ "the fixity of English word-order" (269) ȤޤɬפȤμĥϤ롥

Zandvoort, R. W. "A Note on Inorganic For." English Studies 30 (1949): 265--69.

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2013-01-07 Mon

#1351. ư֤ưѤ줿 through at [preposition][passive]

ε#1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1]) #1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1]) ǿʤä⤦2ĤФ夲٤ֻ줬äthrough at Ǥ롥
through ˤĤƤϡOED through, prep. and adv. 7b ˡǤѤȤƤǤ뤬ư֤ưȤƤθͿƤ롥 c900 Bede Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum 顤ǽ1598ǯΤΤǡ8㤷󤲤ƤʤޤMED ϡư֤ưˡȤƤϸΩƤƤʤѸǤˡˤĤơ֤󤫾ܤΤ Mustanoja (408) Ǥ롥

Indicating the agent of a passive verb through is not particularly common in OE, and in ME it loses ground steadily: --- þuruh me ne schulde hit never more beon iupped (Ancr. 38); --- in Rome throu an þat hight Neron . . . Naild on þe rod he [Peter] was (Cursor 20909, Cotton MS); --- alle cristen folk been fled fro that contree Thurgh payens (Ch. CT B ML 542; it is impossible to say for certain whether been fled is an active or passive form).


at ˤĤƤϡ (355) ˤСѸǡ֤Ƥޤư¤ư (passive agent) 򤢤魯 Prp ȤƵ뤳ȤסMED Ǥϡ9 "Of means or agency: by means of, through; by (sb.)." Ȥ뤬įƤߤȡư֤ưȤƲǤ뤫ɤɬΤǤϤʤOED ǤϸΩƤƤ餺Mustanoja ˤ⵭Ҥʤat ư֤ưˡäƤɤ路ʤäƤ
ʤ15ˤ of by ζˤĤơ (358) 궽̣ҤդäƤ15ˤʤȤȤ˸Ǥ by of ݤƹԤ褦ˤʤ (Cely/PL/Shillingford/Stonor Ǥ of:by1:14ˡ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ38ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-09-1] [2015-07-14-1]

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2013-01-06 Sun

#1350. ư֤ưѤ of [preposition][passive][french_influence_on_grammar]

#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ֻΤof ܤof ϡűѸν꤫1600ǯޤǡưֻȤƹȤ줿θ of by ִƤäḽѸΤĤɽˤĤƤˡκפȤɤƤ롥ٹ (277) ˵󤲤Ƥ

Then was Jesus led up of the spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. --- Matthew, iv. 1.
The poor sinner is forsaken of all. --- Eliot.
. . . while bream, beloved of our ancestors, cannot be recommended highly. --- Clifford Cordley. (in Chambers's Journal, Feb., 1916)
The observed of all observers --- Shakespeare Hamlet, III. i. 162
Thus she drew quite near to Clare, still unobserved of him --- Hardy Tess, XIX


OED of, prep. γսѤ褦

14. Introducing the agent after a passive verb.

The usual word for this is now by (BY prep. 33), which was prevalent by the 15th cent.; of was used alongside by until c1600. Of is subsequently found as a stylistic archaism in biblical, poetic, and literary use, and in certain constructions, e.g. 'on the part of'. In Old English of was less used than from (both of which, however, retain connotations of separation or origin): cf. German von from, of.

The use of of is most frequent after past participles expressing a continued non-physical action (as in admired, loved, hated, ordained of), or a condition resulting from a definite action (as in abandoned, deserted, forgotten, forsaken of, which approach branch II.). It is also occasional with participial adjectives in un-, as unseen of, unowned of. Of often shows an approach to the subjective genitive: cf. 'he was chosen of God to this work' with 'he was the chosen of the electors'. In other senses the agent has passed into the cause, as in afeard, afraid, frightened, terrified of; or the source or origin, as in born of. English of and by correspond somewhat to French de and par.


be afraid of ϡǤϸȤªƤ뤬Ѹ˥ե󥹸줫ä֤Ӥפ̣ư affray ѤŵŪʼɽ̾ĤˤʤޤѤνΤۤ˿Ƥ born(e) of ˤĤƤϡ#966. borne of ([2011-12-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2012-12-20 Thu

#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ [preposition][passive][timeline]

Ѹư򼨤ΤѤ줿ֻˤϡby, from, mid, of, with ä٤ƤƱ褦٤ѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤˤ꤬줿
űѸǤϡȤ from ޤФ of ưɽ魯ΤѤƤΤ from 14ޤǻѤ줿ѤƤäof ϸűѸν꤫Ѹˤĥ1600ǯդޤǤϺǤ⹭Ѥ줿˸ѸϢʤ by ߤƤߤȡư򼨤ˡϡűѸǤ⤽餷㤬äȻŦƤϤ뤬Ϥäꤷʤʲ Mustanoja 3ܤΰѤ򻲾ȡˡư by Ѹڤ褦ˤʤΤ14꤫Ǥꡤ15--16ˤƳ礷of ȸ¤٤ۤɤˤʤ롥ΤۤưֻȤƤϤۤΩʤ13ʸڤ with Ѹǻ mid ⤢롥
줾줬Ѥˤʤäƻ٤ʤɤξܺ٤̤Ĵ绨Ĥ˻¤٤ƤߤȼΤ褦ˤʤ

       1000      1100      1200      1300      1400      1500      1600      1700
from :************************************** - - -
of   :*************************************************************** - - -
bi   : - - -                                    *******************************
with :                        - - *** - -
mid  :                   - - *** - -

Mustanoja ꡤֻδϢ뵭ҲսѤƤ

From its function to indicate a person as a source of an action, first as a giver or sender, from develops into a preposition of agency in OE. In this function it occurs down to the 14th century: --- he wæs gehalgod to biscop fram þone ærcebiscop Willelm of Cantwarabyri (OE Chron. an. 1129); --- I . . . am sett king from hym upon Sion (Wyclif Ps. ii 6; am maad of hym a kyng, Purvey). (385--86)


To express agency of is used less frequently than from in OE, but it begins to gain ground towards the end of this period and becomes the most popular preposition expressing agency in connection with a passive verb down to c 1600. It is possible that this use of of has been promoted by the influence of OF de. Examples: --- ich wolde þet heo weren of alle alse heo beoþ of ou iholden (Ancr. 21); --- is alle biset of helle muchares (Ancr. 67); --- if he wolde be slayn of Symkyn (Ch. CT A Rv. 3959); --- enformed whan the kyng was of that knyght (Ch. CT F Sq. 335). (397)


Wülfing II, p. 338, quotes a doubtful OE instance of be denoting agency with a passive verb, and R. Gottweiss (Anglia XXVIII, 1905, 353--4) calls attention to what he calls 'signs of the use of be with the passive' in Ælfric's homilies. BTS, be 20, quotes an example from the OE Gospel of St Luke (þa þing þe be him wærun gewordene 'quae febant ab eo,' ix 7). Cf. active cases like þat was agan þære bi þan kaisere (Lawman A 27982). Unambiguous ME instances where by indicates the agent of a passive verb occur from the end of the 14th century on (I praye Jhesu shorte hir lyves That wol nat be governed by hir wyves, Ch. CT D WB 1262; --- ne hadde he ben holpen by the steede of brass, Ch. CT F Sq. 666). This use becomes increasingly common in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the Cloud (MSS of the early 15th---early 16th century) of is a little more frequently used to denote agency than by. It may be assumed that the use of by to indicate the agent of a passive expression is promoted by the influence of French par. (374--75)


With begins to occur as a preposition of agency in the 13th century: --- heder was þat mayde brouȝt With marchaundes þat hur had bouȝt (Flor. & Bl. 408); --- he was with þe prestes shrive (Havelok 2489); --- and with twenty knyghtes take, O persone allone, withouten mo (Ch. CT A Kn. 2724). (420)


. . . instrumental mid is occasionally used to express agency in early ME: --- a lefdi was þet was mid hire voan biset at abuten (Ancr. 177). (394)


Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2012-08-10 Fri

#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ [preposition][semantic_change]

[2011-11-30-1]ε#947. Ѹֻפǵ󤲤褦ˡѸˤϿ¿ֻ줬¸ߤ롥¾ʻ줫žѤ줿ΡȤ߹碌ʣŪʤΡѤ줿Τʤɡ츻μϤޤޤŪʤΤ٤㤤Τ碌ȡä200Ĥۤɤ롥
Ǥϡֻ줬Ť餢äȤȡǤϤʤűѸǤϡ[2009-05-28-1]ε#30. űѸֻȳʡפǾҲ𤷤30Ĥۤɤǧˤʤȡ¾¿ֻѸʸȯȤˤʤ롥ŪˤϡĤäΤ
MED Spelling Search ꡤ"\(prep\.|prep\.\)" ȸƤߤȡ254ֻФȤǤʤѸֻ줬ȯȤȡäϤñǤϤʤꥹȤįȡǤȤ߹碌ʣŪֻ䤽ΰ۷¿ɸѸäƤʤΤ¿ѤƤ¿ֻϡѸʹߤ˸줿ȹͤ롥
ġֻνǯ OED ʤɤðǰĴ٤Ƥ椱Ф褤ΤޤǤϹԤʤäƤʤˡ˿Ƥ Schmitt and Marsden (66) εҤѤ褦

In Early Modern English, many prepositions still had a far wider range of meanings than they do today. Now they are quite restricted in use, with consequent difficulties for learners. One reason for the changes is that many new prepositions and sprecialized prepositional phrases came into use in later Middle English and Early Modern English, meaning that the scope for each word became smaller. For example. several earlier functions of by were taken over by near, in accordance with, about, concerning, by reason of, and owing to; for came to be replaced often by because of or as regards; and prepositional but became almost wholly replaced by unless, except, or bar (though it survives in the phrase all but you).


εҤˤȡȯϸѸ줫ѸˤƤǤꡤ¸ֻΰ̣ζȼäƤȤȤˤʤ롥ǰʤ餳θڤٻŵ Schmitt and Marsden ˤϵ󤲤Ƥʤä¾ʸǤñĴ٤ƤߤϢʸڤˤϤɤĤʤäGelderen (176) ˡƥͳ褹ֻ per, plus, via Ѹ˸줿ȤƤ餤Ǥʤ줾1528ǯ, 1668ǯ, 1779ǯˡǤϤʾܤȤϤ狼äƤʤ

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.

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2012-07-20 Fri

#1180. ޥ󥹷ӵȶӴֻ to [preposition][comparison][loan_word]

к۰꡼Сɤμεạ꤬̇̄夲Ƥprefer ȤưˤӤδɽ魯ֻȤ than ʤ to Ѥ롥Ʊͤˡsimilar, equal, preferable, superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, posterior, interior, exterior, ulterior ʤɤΥޥ󥹷Ϥηƻˤ⡤ӴֻȤ to Ѥ롥ä -ior ĸϰ̣ŪˤŪˤӵˤ⤫餺than ǤϤʤ to ȼ롥ˤϲ餫ͳΤŪ줦Τ
ޤͤΤϡsuperior, senior, prior Υޥ󥹷ϤθϡΤ˸츻ŪӵäƤȤϤŪˤϤΤ褦ʬϤƤ餺ޤǸòΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥θϡ -er ղä more ֤ˤŪ˷ӵɽȤϰۤʤΤȤ mental lexicon ˳ǼƤΤǤϤʤthan ȹ¤ʤΤϸԤӵɽǤꡤԤȤϷӤĤʤ§ȯãƤȤȤ⤷ʤԤϡषֻ to ΡסбסְספȤäˡαĹˤӡפˡȷӤĤƤ褦˻פʸѸ A is to B what C is to D, in proportion to, comparable to, according to, equal to ʤɤɽ򻲾ȡˡ
äơޤ OED Ĵ٤Ƥߤto θ A. VI. 21b ȤơѤǤϤ뤬ӵȤȤѤˡäȵҤƤ롥ޤǡޤФǤϤ뤬 than ѤȤƤ㤬󤬤롥
ˡMED to (prep.) Ĵ٤23ˡӵˤ than ɽȤ to ѤƤ㤬3Ĥۤɵ󤲤Ƥ롥ä˼Ѹηƻ졦˸ꤵƤ櫓ǤϤʤthan ΥޥʡꥢȤȹͤ롥Ѹ줫
Ѹξ⤦ܤĴ٤褦ȡMustanoja (411--12) ȡΤ褦ˤ롥

Closely connected with this use ['in respect to'] is the occurrence of to in the sense 'equal or comparable to:' --- was þere non to his prowesse (KAlis. 6538). This provides a basis for the use of to with the comparative degree, in the sense 'than:' --- nys none of wymman beter ibore To seint Johan þe baptyste (Shoreham i 590); --- another Decius, yonger to hym (MS Harl. 2261, fol. 225). Cf. present-day inferior to, superior to.


ӵȤȤѤ to ˤĤƤδϢڤ Mustanoja (284) ˤ⤢뤬OED, MED εҤȹ碌ơʤȤѸʹߤ˴ؤƤϡۤΩäˡǤϤʤä褦ŪӵȤȤѤƤֻʤ뤤³ˤϡ§Ȥơthan äȤäƤ褤than θ츻ˤĤƤϡ[2012-02-29-1]ε#1038. then thanפ򻲾ȡˡߤǤ than ϡ§Ȥơˡӵɽ˸ꤵƤꡤ칽¤ιǤȤƤ䤬礭Τ褦ʿ͵ than ˤȤäơsuperior, senior, prior ϡʸ츻ŪˤƱӵפȤϤ˾ۼʤΤǤϤʤäȤ⡤ϤۤñǤϤʤinferiour . . . than ʤɤŪ˳ǧΤǤϤ뤬OED "than, conj." 2.b 򻲾ȡˡ
than ӰʳˡˤĤƤϡ[2011-05-04-1]ε#737. ʸ contaminationפ (2), (6) ⻲ȡ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2012-07-04 Wed

#1164. as far as in me lies [idiom][preposition][chaucer][impersonal_verb]

Chaucer The Canterbury TalesThe Parson's Tale ɤǤơβսΩߤޤäRiversideǤˡǤ붵ǤʺפΰˤĤ⤤ƤսǤ롥

And over alle thyng men oghten eschewe to cursen hire children, and yeven to the devel hire engendrure, as ferforth as in hem is. Certes, it is greet peril and greet synne. (l. 621)


Ѥ֤ǶĴ as ferforth as in hem is Ȥΰ̣狼ʤȤϤ֤Ǥ¤פФƤ뤬ʤΤ褦ʰ̣ФΤäǡɤǤ֤ȹͤĴ٤ꤷƤͤϸѸ as far as in me lies ʤ봷ɽ뤳Ȥͤߤ᤿ϡ"as far as lies in my power" Ȥ졤ĤޤȤ "as far as I can", "to the best of my ability" ۤɤΰ̣ǤȤȤ¼ŵˤϺܤäƤ뤷NEWƣ±缭ŵ٤ˤֵڤָ¤ϤԤפб I will do all that in me lies. Ȥ褦㤬Ĥ롥Chaucer ʸ˸褦Ѹιʸϡ;μ줬ΩäƤ餺;ιʸȤߤʤ٤
OED Ǥϡlie, v.1 Ǹ 12c. ΤȤ˼Τ褦ˤ롥c1350

to lie in (a person): to rest or centre in him; to depend upon him, be in his power (to do). Now chiefly in phr. as far as in (me, etc.) lies. Also, to lie in one's power, to lie in (or on) one's hands.


MED Ǥϡlien (v. (1)) θ 11(c) ΤȤˡ"~ in, to be within the bounds of possibility for (sb., his power, his knowledge, etc.);" Ȥ롥MED 齸᤿Ϣʸ󤲤褦lie be ȤƤΤ⾯ʤʤ

(1433) RParl. 4.423a: My Lorde of Bedford..be his grete wisdome and manhede..hath nobly doon his devoir to ye kepyng yerof..as ferforth as in hym hath bee.
(1447) Reg.Spofford in Cant.Yk.S.23 290: Ye shall..trewlie serve all the kynges writtes als ferforth as hit shall be in your konnyng.
(?a1450) Proc.Privy C. 6.319: Ye shall swere þat, as ferforth as in you shall be, ye aswell in visityng and overseeing as in writing and subscribing of billes, the articles abovesaide and eueriche of þeim that touche ye shall trewely justely and faithfully observe.
a1450(?c1421) Lydg. ST (Arun 119) 2366: As ferforth as it lith in me, Trusteth right wel 3e shul no faute fynde.
a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2) 3109: It lithe in me The Sowdon to distroye.


ֻ in ˡߡʡǼʤȤǤƤ֤٤ˡǡѸǤϼΤ褦ʸdzǧ롥

in the capacity of interpreter = in my capacity as interpreterλʤǡ
He had something of the hero in his nature.ˤ¿ȩΤȤä
He doesn't have it in him to cheat.򤹤褦ʿͤǤϤʤ
I didn't think he had it in him (to succeed).ˤʻǤȤϻפʤä
He has no malice in him. = It is not in him to be malicious.ˤϰϰʤȤʤ
I have found a friend in him.ʻȤͧ򸫽Ф
Our country has lost a great scholar in Dr. Fletcher.ʲ椬ϥեå㡼ΤȤؼԤ򼺤ä
I have tried every means in my power.Ϥ˵ڤָ¤μʤԤ

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2012-03-30 Fri

#1068. choose between war or peace [conjunction][corpus][bnc][preposition]

ʸɤǤơthe choice is between rhyme or prose Ȥ˽Ф路between ˤ³ and ԤȤchoice θ촶˰ or ѤƤΤ餷˥缭ŵǤϡˡˤĤưʲΤ褦˿Ƥ롥

1(3) between 1980 to 1990 choose between war or peace Τ褦 and to or ѤΤ((ޤ))to from A to B䡥or choose, decide ʤɤưϢ줹Ȥ¿Ѥ롥 choice [decision] A or B ȹͤʢ2ˡ

2[̡ʬ] Ĥδ֤[]ĤΤɤ餫?choose ? peace and war ʿ¤褫Τ줫֡Ԣand or Ѥ뤳Ȥ롨 1 [ˡ](3)


OED Ǥϡ"between" 18 ̡ʬۤˡƤ뤬or Ѥʸϵ󤲤ƤʤƱMED Ǥ bitwene 7 ˡб뤬Ϥ or ʸϤʤ"between A or B" 㤬ĸ줿ΤȤ䤤ˤϡܤ˥ѥĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ѸˤĤơBNCWeb ư "{choose/V} between_PRP + or_CJC" ȤƸʸʬȤۤ8ǤϤ뤬㤬줿 Written books and periodicals Ǥ롥Ū狼䤹4󤲤褦

. . . in 1627 Emperor Ferdinand ordered all his Bohemian subjects to choose between Catholicism or exile.
The main characters are all glorified psychopaths, with little to choose between hero or villain in terms of basic humanity.
. . . Mapleton, already out of breath, had to choose between talking or using his energy to keep up.
It is for you to choose between clinical or disciplinary action.


Ʊͤˡ̾ "{choice/N} between_PRP + or_CJC" θ̤⻲Ȥ줿
"between A or B" Ϥޤ˵ʹ¤餫ä˵ʸˡǹ⤵ƤǤʤԤ줬̡򡤷ꡤȽ̣ˤ or θ촶ˤ褯Ǥ뤷or λѤˤä¿Ǥ between θꤵΤ顤Τ褦ʸˡϤष侩٤ȹͤ롥

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2012-02-29 Wed

#1038. then than [etymology][conjunction][preposition][determiner][comparison]

then Ӥ³졦ֻ than 츻ŪƱǤ뤳ȤϡޤΤƤʤߤΤ褦˷־ζ̤ΤˤʤäΤϡճȿ1700ǯǤ롥
ξεȤƤϡޥĸλؼ̾촴 *þa- åʷꤵƤ롥Ȥȡthat the ȤƱΰۤʤ޷ˤʤȤˤʤ롥åʷ "from that; after that" ۤɤ̣λؼ̾ŪˡȯŸ³Ūˡȹͤ롥ĤޤꡤJohn is more skilful; then (=after that) his brother John is more skilful than his brother. ǡǤ롥Ӥ³ȤƤˡϡťեꥸ졤ť졤ŹϥɥĸǤǧƤꡤŪ᤯ޥĸʳȯãƤ褦
OED ˤȡ̤⤢롥űѸλ³ þonne "when" ͳ褹ȤǡWhen his brother is skilful, John is more (so). Ȥ칽¤äˤʤäƤȤΤǤ롥ƥ then ɽ魯 quam ˡٻƤ롥
ߤǤ⡤then than ϼ夤ȯǤ϶̤ʤʤΤǡֻκƱ䤨ʤ (Common Errors in English Usage HP 򻲾)

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2012-02-28 Tue

#1037. ֻ save [preposition][conjunction][french][latin][loan_word][etymology][but]

[2011-11-30-1]ε#947. Ѹֻפǡmarginal preposition ȤƵ󤲤Ѹֻ1Ĥ save 롥Υ졼٥ȤƤʸ줢뤤Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿?ơפΰդǡʸϤȵ󤲤롥

They knew nothing about her save her name.
Answer the last question save one.
Every man she had ever loved, save her father, was now dead.
No one, save perhaps his wife, knows where he is.
All that remained to England in France, save Calais, was lost.


ֻϡָ̱츻Ūư save ȴϢŤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤˤϸťե󥹸 sauf, sauve 1300ǯμѤǤʤäȤ⡤ư save ȸ츻Ū˴Ϣ뤳ȤϳΤǤˡθťեñ "keeping safe or intact" ۤɤΰդηƻǡ켫Ȥϥƥƻ salvus ñåʷ salvōsalvā ؤΤܤ롥salvus "unharmed, sound; safe, saved" ΰդǤꡤ㤨 salvo iure ȤС"law being unharmed" ˡ˰ȿˤۤɤɽ路åʹʸǤꡤѸǤΩʬ칽ʸ롥
ֻ save ϤΤ褦ͳǤ뤫顤衤³̾Ϸƻ save ƱʤǤ롥ΤȤ顤̾礬гʤǤϤʤʤǸ뤳ȤǤٹ (270--71) ˤСShakespeare ޤǤϼʸ³Τ̤ۤä褦 (ex. I do entreat you, not a man depart, / Save I alone, till Antony have spoke. (Julius Cæsar, III. ii. 65--66.) ʹߤϡŪʤ׵ֻ᤹̾Ȥưռ褦ˤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
save ˤϡ餫³ȤƤˡ⤢ꡤߤǤ save that Ȥ Little is known about his early life, save that he had a brother. Τ褦㤬롥ɬ that ȼʤŤˡǤϡľ˸֤;̾줬ʤгʤˤäơ³줫ֻ줫̤줿櫓ǤꡤξʻǤ as, but, except, than ʤɤ롥ٹ (271) ϡֺǤ save ϤμгʤȼʤФʤʤĥκϤʤפȤƤ롥
ѸˤĤƤ MED "sauf (prep.)" ڤ "sauf (adj.)", 7 򻲾ȡ

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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