OED ȯ륳ʴϢϿεĤɤýȤʸȤäƤ褤ι⤵Ǥ롥ˤ褳ۤɥåĥꥢ륿μҲŪͤϡޤ긫ȤʤɤǤȶ줷ʤ뤫⤷ʤΤաʲĤפʵԥååפ롥
(1) New words list July 2020: 7οʵˤΰ
(2) Social change and linguistic change: the language of Covid-19: ܲΥʲҤΤߤʤ餺Ūʱ¡1417衼åѤλҤޤˤͳ褹äŪ⤹Ф餷夲ƤñȡCovid-19, WFH, elf-isolation, self-isolating, infodemic, shelter-in-place, social distancing, elbow bump, WFH, PPE, personal protective equipment, pestilence, pest, pox, pock, smallpox, epidemic, Black Plague, Black Death, self-quarantined, yellow fever, Spanish influenza, Spanish flu, poliomyelitis, polio, AIDS, SARS, coronaviruses Ȥʤ롥
(3) July 2020 update: scientific terminology of Covid-19: Ȥ櫓ʴϢΰŪʳŪѸ줬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ʳŪ¤餫ˤʤˤĤѤäƤȤޤ˸߿ʹԷǤ롥ʥ륹̣ Covid, C-19, CV-19, CV, corona ʤ͡ˤ뤳ȡܲ⤦1Ĥξά rona ꥫѸ䥪ȥꥢѸǥȥɤˤʤäƤƤȤ夲Ƥ (cf. #1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1])) ʤCovid-19, n. ΤǶ줿褦
(4) Using corpora to track the language of Covid-19: update 2: ѥѤǯ46ˤƤΥȥɥɤĴҲ𤵤Ƥ롥ȥɥɤΥꥹȤϡޤˤλǤФƤ뤳Ȥ褯ʬ롥ۤڼ¤ñꥹȤϸȤʤҲȸζä٤طĤ줿롥
ꥹѸǤ Covid-19 ֻꥫѸǤ COVID-19 ֻ¿Ȥ̤ⶽ̣6ΥꥹȤˤϡʴϢʶ "Black Lives Matter" ˴ؤ racism, injustice, police brutality, defund, Confederate statues ʤɤ⸽롥ʰ̣Ǥ©ФƤޤꥹȤǤ롥

ܥ֥ǡ6Ⱦˡ#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1])#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1])#4062. ƥ spirare ©ˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2020-06-10-1]) ε⤽ο OED3 ԽԤμˤ spirit ιܤ˴ؤ֥ That's the spirit: revising 'spirit', n. for OED3 åפƤ
spirit ϡΤΤʤĶŪʻؼоݤ¿Ǥꡤʸ˾פǡĻ٤⤤ñʤΤǡOED ΤʤǤ礭ΥȥȤʤäƤ롥ԽԤȤƤϡΤ褦¿˴ؤƸνˤ뤫ȤΤȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ñξˤϡ¿ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡѸˤˤȤɤޤäƤ¤ꡤʣθֽȤȤޤ̣ʤʤΤºݡ͡ʸ14 Wycliffe αˤƽФƤ롥Ū§פ OED ΥݥꥷȤơ¿̻Ū˴طŤΤϤޤޤ OED ⤽ΥեˤƥˤˤޤǿƧ߹ळȤϤʤΤǡνϤʤǺޤä褦ǤʸᤷʤƸʬꡤʤ٤ŪʽܻؤƻԺʤɡޤޤԽϤͻҤε֤Ƥ롥
ۤˡǤǤ spirit ιΤȤǰƤ Holy Spirit ǤǤΩθФȤΩƤ줿ȤʸŪʰյˤƽפʲԤȤ٤
OED Τ褦ʡޤ philology ܤΤԽԤο͵ܤˤΤ褦ɸ崶εäOED ζҤƤϼԻˤޤĤϫ褯ʬ뵭Ǥ롥ᡥ
ͥåȾνդǤϡASAP = "as soon as possible" CUL8R = "see you later" ʤɤΥե٥åƬ (initialism) ȸƤФäʾάˡѤ롥#817. Netspeak ˤάɽ ([2011-07-23-1]) ͡ϡ#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1]) #860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡƸŪʸѲηȿǤΤȤܤƤ롥
Τ褦ʥե٥åƬ줽ΤΤϼ¤ϸ夫¸ߤƤꡤȯۤΤΤ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤդ٤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3935. ե٥åƬ⤭ߤˡ ([2020-02-04-1]) ǸȤ
ɸ OMG = "oh my God" ⡤츫ȶǯΥͥåȾοˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤOED ˤȽϤʤ1917ǯΤȤǤ롥
Quot. 1917 is perhaps with punning reference to the Order of St. Michael and St. George, which at this point had had no Grand Master or Chancellor for several years: these were appointed on 4 Oct. 1917.
1917 J. A. F. Fisher Let. 9 Sept. in Memories (1919) v. 78 I hear that a new order of Knighthood is on the tapis---O.M.G. (Oh! My God!)---Shower it on the Admiralty!!
μ˵Ƥ1994ǯΤΤǤꡤߤܳŪʻѤȯü Netspeak ˤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʤǤϸ夫ȤϸʤΤΡ100ǯۤɤˤؤäƤȤϸ
Υե٥åƬˤĤƤϡܲ OED ΥڡýեåƥĤȤƼ夲Ƥ롥ˤ⤷ƥĤʤΤǡҤɤ嵭1917ǯν㤬 Winston Churchill ˰Ƥ줿ǤλäȤϡ
OED OED Text Visualizer ȤʪġäƤ롥˱ʸƥȤꤲȡOED ξ˴Ťظdzñ˥դ졤ǯȸ츻饤ǻŪɽƤȤΤĤΤ褦ʥġ뤬줿ʤ뤤ïäƤ줿ˤʤȻ䤬̴Ƥ褦ʸ츻ɽġǤ롥ޤǤŪˤϽʬ˲ǽäܳŪ˼ȤԤʤä OED Ƥ줿ȤΤϡǤ롥ȯΥ١ǤȤȤǡϤʸ500ޤǡޤ1750ǯʸαʸǤʤ٤ʤɤ¤Ϥ褦ʬ˳ڤ롥
ɴʹϰ츫ǡ#3276. Churchill We Shall Fight on the Beaches ([2018-04-16-1]) ꡤ308줫ʤʸ1Ǥߤ1940ǯαʤΤǡǯźĤ Vizualize ܥåȡΤ褦ʿޤ֤ʲådzˡ

ƥȤ˸ñʥޡˤХ֥ɽƤ롥Х֥κΰ֤Ϥθνǯбϸ츻ˡ礭Ʊƥ٤б롥Х֥˥ޥ褻Сθξܤ롥
̤Τ˲ˤϡñ줬 token ١ lexeme ١ǥդ줿졤CSV JSON ǥɤǤΤǡ夫ץѤƾܤʬϤ뤳ȤǽǤ롥
䡤äѸˤθˡɤɤѤäƤ
BLM ưä褦˳ȤäƤ롥ƤʤɤǤϡͺ̤ؤιĤΥ㡼Ȥơ˴ؤŪʱͺŪ˿ʪƼ˲űư깭Ƥ롥ʿŪˡդؤȵڤ⸫ƨʤ713Υ־εITѸѻߤưslave٤ϡإե٤إץꥫ٤ɤǡäȻפämaster, slave, whitelist, blacklist ʤɤɽŬڤǤȤơITȳˤ leader, follower, allowlist, denylist ̤ɽִưäƤƤȤ
Ƽ˲űȡΡֿPC (political_correctness) Ȥ٤2ĤθݤϡȤƤ褯Ƥ롥ޤҲĬήˤꡤ¸ŪɽʬŪ˼Ū˼겼ƤȤ̤Ƥ롥
⤦1ĤζϡȤɽ겼줿ȤˤꡤΤ˰츫Ϥʤʤä褦ˤߤ뤬褷꤬褵줿櫓ǤϤʤȤȤͥƥ֤ˤСΥΤʤʤ뤳ȤǤäƲäΤפФʤʤ櫓Ǥꡤ֤ưռŪ褬ߤʤäˡĤưפ˺dzǽ⤢Ȥ
Ƽ˲űȡֿPCפˤϴñӤǤʤ⤢롥ƼϤä겼СΤ˿͡ܤˤ뵡Ϥʤʤ롥master slave ȤɽϡITѸȤƤϹ褦ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ̤ΡΡ˸ȤƤϸǤꡤޤ̤͡θˤΤܤ뤷ˤäƤ롥СƼϻ볦äФΰյŪͺˤƱͤ˸ʤʤʤ褦˻פˤդϤ˴˾ä뤳ȤϤʤ̤θȤƤǤϤ졤Ѥ餺Ѥ³ȤȤषռΤϺĤ뤳Ȥ¿cf. #1338. ֡ε ([2012-12-25-1])ˡ
ܲƼ˲ű˴ؤơƼʪۤݴɡŸ뤳ȤǶ顦ǺȤƳ褫٤Ƥ뼱Ԥ⤤롥ɰƤȻפ
ǤϡդˤĤƤϤɤITѸˤ master slave ִˤĤƤϡ̤ɽִơ֥ϥפǤϡϤǤʤƼʪۤݴɡŸΤƱͤˡդʪۤߤϡѸξǤ OED Τ褦Ū§˴ŤˡֺŪϿƤȤ OED ŪˤϴŪʥ٥μȻפäƤ뤬ǤϤʪŪ¸ߴΤʪۤȤϰۤʤꡤŪˤ¸ߴѸ˸¤餺äʪŪ¸ߴΤָդʪۡפˤȤ褤ʤȾפäƤ롥
νѸ (world_englishes) μϿɡåȥɱѸ (scottish_english) ϱѸˤˤ̤ʰ֤Ťˤ롥ȤΤϡɱѸСåȥɱѸϡľŪ˸űѸͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ롥ŪˤϥꥹäѸΡ¤ä1ѼˤʤȤ̤ŪˤߤХɱѸ¤ǺĹϢ³ؤͳѼʤΤǤ롥άˤˤĤƤϡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) Ȥ줿
ͳ Scots English ˤĤƤϡOED ɤŨƲŪʼԻƤ롥2ľҲ𤷤褦1ĤϡDOST Craigie et al. Ԥ A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue Ǥ롥СϡåȥɱѸ줬ɱѸȤϰۤʤΩѼȤȯŸ顤ΩäƤä1700ǯޤǤǤ롥ˤϻˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ1600ǯޤǤŪ˼ϿƤȤäƤ褤17ʬˤĤƤϥåȥɤòϰѼμȤʤäƤ롥
ޤԻˤˤĤŤͤƤȤ⤢롥ԻȾˤϡƱθ츻̤ΤǤۤʤˤϡۤʤ븫ФΩƤȤˤΤƤR ι˺ݤäƤϿԽĹ Dareau ΤȤ to till ƱФΤʤǰʤɰۤʤˤΤ뤳ȤˤʤäطʤˤϡԻȤ˴ؤ֤ɯä褦
1700ǯʹߤΥåȥɱѸôƤΤ⤦1ĤμSND Scottish National Dictionary Ǥ롥Ū§ΩäԻƤ뤬åȥɱѸ줬ǤΩܼۤäƤоݤȤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ϰѼMȤ٤֤ŤȤʤäƤ롥
DOST SND 碌ơåȥɱѸǤ OED ȤߤʤƤ褤ºݡξԤ Dictionary of the Scots Language ̾ΤȤ礵졤饤ǥǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ʤߤˡLALME LAEME б롤ŤåȥɱѸˤĤƤϿޤƤ A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (LAOS) Ȥ饢Ǥ롥
ʾ塤Durkin (1152--53) ȤƼɮ
Craigie, William A., Adam Jack Aitken, James A. C. Stevenson, and Marace Dareau, eds. A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. Oxford: OUP, 1931--2002. Available online as part of Dictionary of the Scots Language at https://dsl.ac.uk/ .
Grant, William and David D. Murison, eds. The Scottish national Dictionary: Designed Partly on Regional lines and Partly on Historical Principles, and Containing All the Scottish Words Known to be in Use or to have been in Use Since c. 1700. Edinburgh: Scottish National Dictionary Association, 1931--76. Supplement 2005. Available online as part of Dictionary of the Scots Language at https://dsl.ac.uk/ .
Williamson, Keith. A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380--1500 (LAOS). 2007. Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laos1/laos1.html .
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
#2995. Augustan Age θŪݼ ([2017-07-09-1]) ǿ졤#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1]) ǧ褦ˡ18ϸääŪ¤ƤȤ롥˸äѤȤ⤢뤷18ΤʸŪݼŪäȤȤŦƤ롥
18θŪ¤ϼȤ OED ˴Ť줿ƶǤ뤳Ȥ顤OED θüˡԻѾθ³顤ä¤Ƥ褦ˡָפˤ˥ǡäĴʤƤС¤ϸŪ¤λ¤ʤɤʤäΤǤϤʤȤǽ夷Ƥ
Durkin (1154) ϡʲΤ褦˵18Υƥȡǡ١ ECCO ϤڤƤϤ18θŪ¤ΤȤ餷ȹͤƤ롥
The availability of databases of historical texts is changing all the time, and is having a truly transforming effect on the OED's historical lexicography. There remain some areas of difficulty and of controversy. Notoriously, the coverage of 18th-century vocabulary in the first and second editions of the OED is not so comprehensive as its coverage of other periods . . . ; however, availability of the majority of surviving printed 18th-century material in electronically searchable form (especially through Eighteenth-Century Collections Online [ECCO], Gage Gengage Learning 2009) suggests that there is genuinely a dip in lexical productivity in the 18th century, at least in those varieties and registers which are reflected by surviving printed sources. In many instances where the documentation of the OED presented a gap in the 18th century, it remains impossible to fill this gap, even with the help of such resources as ECCO. Exploring and explaining this further will be a major task for English historical lexicology.
ѤǤ⼨Ƥ褦ˡ¤̤ȤʤäƤΤϡޤDZѸɸդˤ뿷θ̤Ǥ뤳ȤˤդƤʳλѰ (register) ǤϤɤäϡ̤Ȥʤ롥
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФĥäƤߤʸǤ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤʤΤ link ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ
Ѹθäˤϡ¤Ϥܸñ줬Ǥ롥ޤΤƤʤѸʼ˸˰ʹߡܸϱѸФͭϤʸԤʤΤǤ롥λ¤ˤĤƤϡ#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1])#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1]) ʤɤεǿƤ
Durkin (395--98) Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸñˤĤ OED3 ΥǡȤƤ롥礿ñˤĤƽǯƤΤǡäǯ¤٤Ƥߤ褦
bonze ˷ (1588) , tatami (1614) , furo Ϥ (1615) , bento (1616) , maki-e (1616) , mochi (1616) , mikan ߤ (1618) , sake (1687) , soy (1696) , katakana (1727) , koi (1727) , samurai (1727) , shubunkin ʸʶΰ (1817) , hiragana Ҥ餬 (1822) , yukata (1822) , hara-kiri ʢڤ (1856) , noh ǽ (1871) , seppuku ʢ (1871) , mirin ߤ (1874) , ju-jitsu (1875) , sayonara ʤ (1875) , futon (1876) , netsuke դ (1876) , shiitake (1877) , rickshaw ϼ (1879) , sashimi ɿ (1880) , sumo (1880) , tofu Ʀ (1880) , kimono ʪ (1886) , geisha ݼ (1887) , judo ƻ (1888) , nori (1892) , banzai (1893) , sushi (1893) , soba (1896) , tsunami (1897) , haiku ж (1899) , kabuki (1899) , ikebana (1901) , wasabi 蘆 (1903) , kanji (1920) , tempura ŷפ (1920) , udon ɤ (1920) , kendo ƻ (1921) , basho ФΡ˾ (1940) , kamikaze (1945) , bonsai ߺ (1950) , aikido 絤ƻ (1955) , karate (1955) , dashi (1961) , teriyaki ȤƤ (1961) , ramen 顼 (1962) , umami ̣ (1963) , ninja Ǧ (1964) , shiatsu ذ (1967) , shabu-shabu ֤ (1970) , teppan-yaki ŴľƤ (1970)
ܸ줫μѸοȤƤϡܤ1854ǯդˤȤǤޤˤϡѸʸҲ𤹤ʪ˸ˤʤäʸˤϤ깭Ѹʸ˵Ͽ褦ˤʤäȤ㤤⤢롥ܤΰʪݽѡƻؤδؿζΰ鸫Ƽ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
[2019-04-07-1]ε˰³Will you . . . ? ʸȯˤĤơOED ˤȡιʸνФ1300ǯ Vox & Wolf ȤưʪäˤȤ롥Bennett and Smithers Ǥ The Fox and the Wolf ꡤβս (l. 186) ʸ̮ (ll. 171--97) ФƤߤ褦
'A!' quod þe wolf, 'gode ifere, Moni goed mel þou hauest me binome! Let me adoun to þe kome, And al Ich wole þe forȝeue.' 175 'Ȝe!' quod þe vox, 'were þou isriue, And sunnen heuedest al forsake, And to klene lif itake, Ich wolde so bidde for þe Þat þou sholdest comen to me.' 180 'To wom shuld Ich', þe wolf seide, 'Ben iknowe of mine misdede?--- Her nis noþing aliue Þat me kouþe her nou sriue. Þou hauest ben ofte min ifere--- 185 Woltou nou mi srift ihere, And al mi liif I shal þe telle?' 'Nay!' quod þe vox, 'I nelle.' 'Neltou?' quod þe wolf, 'þin ore! Ich am afingret swiþe sore--- 190 Ich wot, toniȝt Ich worþe ded, Bote þou do me somne reed. For Cristes loue, be mi prest!' Þe wolf bey adoun his brest And gon to siken harde and stronge. 195 'Woltou', quod þe vox, 'srift ounderfonge? Tel þine sunnen, on and on, Þat þer bileue neuer on.'
ʪήϤǤ롥ĤٰͤƤޤäѤͤΤФ̤꤫äΤ礤ϵƤӻߤչߤϵΤϵͤȤʬæФ褦Ȼʤ롥ϵˤޤǤΰԤˤĤ褦ȡϵϤεˤʤꡤѤʹߤȴꤦ褦ˤʤ롥ǡWoltou nou mi srift ihere, / And al mi liif I shal þe telle? (ll. 168--69) Ȥϵȯˤʤ櫓
նʸ̮ǤΤȤˡư줬¿ѤƤꡤѤϵݤ礤Τʤΰջ֤տޤΤäƤȤݤ롥βսϡwill ΰջ֤ΰ̣Ǽȡ֤ʤˤϻʹȤջ֤ޤǤлϿΤ٤Ƥʤ˹𤲤ޤ礦פȤʤ롥Ǥʸ̮餫ϵϸѤʹƤ餤ȻפäƤ롥äơɤߤäơ֤ʹƤʡϿΤ٤Ƥʤ˹𤲤ޤ礦פȤǽȤʤ롥Ȥΰջ֤䤦ȤȰȤϡ̣Ūˤ϶ϺǤꡤǡʤƤȹͤ櫓顤Ǥξΰ̣¸ƤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ľθѤϡȤϼ뤫Τ褦 Nay! . . . I nelle. Ǥ롥ѸǤ Will you hear my shrift now? Ф No, I won't. Ƥ褦ʤΤʤȤѤϡϵȯʹȤջ֤뤫פȤȲʤդˤεФ No ƤΤǤ롥ϵȤƤϰΤĤǸäΤ⤷ʤˤϵȲᤵƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ºݡϵϤ뤫Τ褦ˡNeltou? ʤΰջ֤ʤȤˤ֤Ƥ롥
⤷ϵ¦˰ΰ̣ƤȤƤ⡤ΰȤްդϡʸ̮˻٤ƽƸतü첽줿Ūް (particularized conversational implicature) Ǥäơ̲줿Ūް (generalized conversational implicature) ǤϤʤޤƤ䴷Ūް (conventional implicature) Ǥʤ褦˻פ롥λ Will you . . . ? ʸνȤߤʤȤѤ餺ǽ⤷ʤ줿ʸ뤤ȤΩɽȤߤʤˤ᤹
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Ѹˤˡư will Ѥɽ魯ȤơWill you do me a favor? ʤɤɽ롥ŪƤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤäƤ Will you shut up? Τ褦ˤ䤭Ĥ̿Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ŪʻؼȤ Will you sign here, please? Τ褦ˤѤ졤ݥ饤ȥͥμ٤˱ѤΤǡȤʤΤϰճŪˤ̤ΰդȤʤΤǡΰտޤΤˤˤ please դȤ¿
ɽεϡ2;Τΰջ֤䤦ջ̤ȤƤ Will you . . . ? ˤȹͤ롥ŪĤΤǤϤʤޤΰջ֤ºŤ䤦ȤκۤȤΤǡʬ餫ǫʸˤʤ뤫ʸγƤʤ顤ºݤ˹ԤʤäƤΰꡦ̿ᡦؼȤȤǡݥ饤ȥͥθŵŪȯù (indirect speech act) λȤ롥
OED will, v1. ˤȡI. The present tense will. ΤȤ6bˡˡƤ롥
b. In 2nd person, interrog., or in a subord. clause after beg or the like, expressing a request (usually courteous; with emphasis, impatient).
a1300 Vox & Wolf in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 64 Thou hauest ben ofte min i-fere, Woltou nou mi srift i-here?
a1400 Pistill of Susan 135 Wolt þou, ladi, for loue, on vre lay lerne?
1470--85 Malory Morte d'Arthur i. vi. 42 Sir said Ector vnto Arthur woll ye be my good and gracious lord when ye are kyng?
1592 R. Greene Philomela To Rdr. sig. A4 I..craue that you will beare with this fault.
1600 Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 43 Will you shog off?
1608 Shakespeare King Lear vii. 313 On my knees I beg, That you'l vouchsafe me rayment, bed and food.
1720 A. Ramsay Young Laird & Edinb. Katy 1 O Katy wiltu gang wi' me, And leave the dinsome Town a while.
1823 Scott St. Ronan's Well III. iv. 96 I desire you will found nothing on an expression hastily used.
1878 T. Hardy Return of Native III. v. iii. 144 Oh, Oh, Oh,..Oh, will you have done!
ɽȤƤ Will you . . . ? ưν°˸ will ȯãǽΤŪˤϤꤽOED ǤС°4Ĥ1592ǯΤΤǤꡤ֤طդΤ褦ˤߤ롥ޤ1300ǯȤʤᤤ餯ɽȤ夷Τ϶ѸäƤǤϤʤȤŪʵǽް (implicature) İ̲ȤΤϡ˸˾ˤĤƲ뤿ؤ̯ǤꡤΤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤϢơ#1976. ŪްդȤ¾͡ʴްա ([2014-09-24-1])#1984. ŪްդỌ̇̄Ѳ ([2014-10-02-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϢˤƤ "aureate termes" ʤ뤤 aureate_dictionˤȴϢơOED aureate, adj. ιƤߤޤ1ȤƸ˶ᤤ "Golden, gold-coloured." Ȥ졤c1450ν㤬Ƥ롥³Ƹ2ˡƤʸءؤѤŪʸǺܤƤ롥
2. fig. Brilliant or splendid as gold, esp. in literary or rhetorical skill; spec. designating or characteristic of a highly ornamental literary style or diction (see quotes.).
1430 Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy Prol. And of my penne the traces to correcte Whiche barrayne is of aureat lycoure.
1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 186 Your [Homer and Cicero's] aureate tongis both bene all to lyte For to compile that paradise complete.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes ii. 1847 If I erre, I will beg indulgence of the Pope's aureat magnificence.
1819 T. Campbell Specimens Brit. Poets I. ii. 93 The prevailing fault of English diction, in the fifteenth century, is redundant ornament, and an affectation of anglicising Latin words. In this pedantry and use of 'aureate terms', the Scottish versifiers went even beyond their brethren of the south.
1908 G. G. Smith in Cambr. Hist. Eng. Lit. II. iv. 93 The chief effort was to transform the simpler word and phrase into 'aureate' mannerism, to 'illumine' the vernacular.
1919 J. C. Mendenhall Aureate Terms i. 7 Such long and supposedly elegant words have been dubbed ???aureate terms???, because..they represent a kind of verbal gilding of literary style. The phrase may be traced back..in the sense of long Latinical words of learned aspect, used to express a comparatively simple idea.
1936 C. S. Lewis Allegory of Love vi. 252 This peculiar brightness..is the final cause of the whole aureate style.
1819ǯ, 1908ǯɾŪʸϡareate terms ŪȤͥƥɾ롥ޤ1919ǯ Mendenhall ʸϡareate terms Τ⤦1Ĥɽ路Ƥ롥
٤Фʤ顤ñθ츻ϥƥ aureāus (decorated with gold) Ǥ롥ʤַ˴͡פɽ魯 poet laureate aureate ȵӱƧबɽ1429ǯ Lydgate ФǤʤ laureat poete ηǤϤ Chaucer ˸Ƥˡ
Dixon (242--44) ꡤѸ˴ؤ뼭ˤάǯɽǤ롥ޤǼפʼ (dictionary) Ѹ콸 (glossary) ˹ʤäƤΤաȤ櫓18ʹߤˤϡǵƤʤ¿μǤ줿Ȥαդ줿줾Υȥä˵ܤΤʤñ켭ؤƤꡤǯϽǤǯɽ魯
| c725 | Corpus Glossary. Latin to Latin, Old English, and Old French. |
| c1000 | Aelfric's glossary. Latin to Old English. |
| 1499 | Anonymous. Promptorium Parvalorum [ms version in 1430]. English to Latin. |
| 1500 | Anonymous. Hortus Vocabularum [ms version in 1440]. Latin to English. |
| 1535 | Ambrogio Calepino. Dictionarium Latinae Linguae. Monolingual Latin. |
| 1538 | Thomas Elyot. Dictionary. Latin to English. |
| 1552 | Richard Huloet. Abecedarium Anglo-Latinum. English to Latin. |
| 1565 | Thomas Cooper. Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae. Latin to English. |
| 1573 | John Baret. An Alvearie or Triple Dictionarie. English, Latin, and French. |
| 1582 | Richard Mulcaster. Elementarie. [List of English words with no definitions.] |
| 1587 | Thomas Thomas. Dictionarium. Latin to English. |
| 1596 | Edmund Coote. The English Schoole-maister. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey. A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1613 | Academia della Crusca. Vocabulario. Monolingual Italian. |
| 1616 | John Bullokar. An English Expositor. |
| 1623 | Henry Cockeram. The English Dictionarie. |
| 1656 | Thomas Blount. Glossographia. |
| 1658 | Edward Phillips. The New World of English Words. |
| 1676 | Elisha Coles. An English Dictionary. |
| 1694 | Académie française. Dictionnaire. Monolingual French. |
| 1702 | John Kersey. A New English Dictionary. |
| 1721 | Nathan Bailey. A Universal Etymological English Dictionary. |
| 1730 | Nathan Bailey. Dictionarium Britannicum. |
| 1749 | Benjamin Martin. Lingua Britannica Reformata. |
| 1753 | John Wesley. The Complete English Dictionary. |
| 1755 | Samuel Johnson. Dictionary. |
| 1765 | John Baskerville. A Vocabulary, or Pocket Dictionary. |
| 1773 | William Kenrick. A New Dictionary of English. |
| 1775 | John Ash. The New and Complete Dictionary. |
| 1798 | Samuel Johnson, Junr. A School Dictionary. |
| 1828 | Noah Webster. American Dictionary. |
| 1830 | Joseph Emerson Worcester. Comprehensive Dictionary. |
| 1835--7 | Charles Richardson. A New Dictionary of the English Language. |
| 1847--50 | John Ogilvie. The Imperial Dictionary. |
| 1872 | Chambers's English Dictionary. Robert Chambers and William Chambers. |
| 1888--1928 | Oxford English Dictionary. James A. H. Murray et al. |
| 1889--91 | The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. William Dwight Whitney. |
| 1893--5 | A Standard Dictionary. Isaac K. Funk. [Later known as Funk and Wagnalls.] |
| 1898 | Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. [No editor stated.] |
| 1898 | Austral English. Edward E. Morris. |
| 1909 | Webster's New International Dictionary. William Torey Harris and F. Sturgis Allen. |
| 1911 | The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Current English. H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler. |
| 1927 | The New Century Dictionary. H. G. Emery and K. G. Brewster. |
| 1933 | The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. C. T. Onions. |
| 1935 | The New Method English Dictionary. Michael West and James Endicott. |
| 1938--44 | A Dictionary of American English. William A. Craigie and James R. Hulbert. |
| 1947 | The American College Dictionary. Clarence Barnhart. |
| 1948 | The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. As. S. Hornby. |
| 1951 | A Dictionary of Americanisms. Mitford M. Mathews. |
| 1965 | The Penguin English Dictionary. George N. Garmonsway. |
| 1966 | The Random House Dictionary Unabridged. Jess Stein. |
| 1969 | The American Heritage Dictionary. Anne H. Soukhanov. |
| 1971 | Encyclopedic World Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1978 | Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Paul Proctor. |
| 1979 | Collins English Dictionary. Patrick Hanks. |
| 1981 | The Macquarie Dictionary. Arthur Delbridge |
| 1987 | COBUILD English Dictionary. John Sinclair. |
| 1988 | The Australian National Dictionary. W. S. Ramson. |
| 1995 | The Oxford English Reference Dictionary. Judy Pearsall and Bill Trumble. |
| 1999 | The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Bruce Moore. |
ѸǤѤƤȤäƤ褤Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ may ʤ̵ might ȤˡäOED may, v.1 θ24Ǽ夲ƤΤɤΤäOED Ѥ褦
24. Used (since Middle English with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (sometimes when the realization of the wish is thought hardly possible). poet. Perhaps Obsolete.
This appears to have developed from the hypothetical use (sense 20a).
c1325 (?c1225) King Horn (Harl.) (1901) 166 (MED) Crist him myhte blesse.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 1607 (MED) Ay moȝt [a1500 Trin. Dub. mot] he lefe, ay moȝt he lefe, þe lege Emperoure!
1600 Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ii. 88 Lord worshipt might he be, what a beard hast thou got.
1720 Pope tr. Homer Iliad VI. xxiv. 261 Oh!..might I..these Barbarities repay!
1852 M. Arnold To Marguerite in Empedocles 97 Now round us spreads the watery plain---Oh might our marges meet again!
might νиȯã˴Ϣơ may ɤΤ褦˴ͿƤΤƤʤΤϡ⤷Ǥ롥嵭 OED ȤƸڤƤ20aȤΤϾˤˡǤꡤĤޤ If S might V ɽȤƤ Might S V Ȥ칽¤ΤȤؤmay ʸˤĤƤΤ褦ȯãʹȤʤΤǡĤޤȤOED might may εʸϤ줾ۼηϩȯãȹͤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τˡ1720ǯ might I Τ褦1;ñѤ륱 may ʸǤϸȤʤΤ褦 might ˡϸ̩ˤСֵפȤ̤ȯù٤ɽ路ƤΤ⤷ʤ
might ˤ֤Ƥʤ⸫뤳Ȥ顤־֡ǤϤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϤǤʤ뤤ϡθʳ may εʸȹήȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ might ϸޤǤ˻¾ѤȤʤäƤȤʤѤȤʤäΤˤⶽ̣롥
#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1])#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1])#2484. may ʸǤޤǡס ([2016-02-14-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˿Ƥ may ιʸΩ1Ĥϡ°ˤˡI wish that S may V Τ褦ʹʸˤȯã˵뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ OED ϤΤ褦˹ͤƤꡤ (82) Stage 3 Stage 4 ؤοܤˤƱȯãäȤߤƤ褦OED ǤϤλѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ֤ƤΤФơϤ⤦Ѹ֤ƤȤ㤤롥
may ιʸθȤ뽾°ˤˡˤĤơOED ǤϸűѸ줫鸽ѸޤǤmay, v.1 θ9b˵Ƥ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
b. In clauses depending on such verbs as beseech, desire, demand, hope, wish, and their allied nouns. . . .
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) x. 258 Hwæt wilt ðu þæt ic þe do? He cwæð: drihten þæt ic mage geseon.
1432 Charter Educ. Henry VI in Paston Lett. (1872) I. 32 The said Erle desireth..that he may putte hem from..occupacion of the Kinges service.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. xxiv Graunt that they maie both perceaue and knowe what thinges they ought to do.
1636 in M. Kytö Variation & Diachrony (1991) 111 I desire they may goe for shares and victuall them selves.
1771 [T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 197 But, perhaps, I mistake his complaisance; and I wish I may, for his sake.]
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 218 He humbly hopes, presumes it may be so.
1908 W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. p. vii I hope that the book may be of service to students of all the social sciences.
1970 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 42/2 Through the new page.., we hope that a contribution may be made toward stimulating new thought.
1984 Guardian 27 Jan. 26 They found a shovel raising hopes that the lost men may have dug themselves into a snow hole.
μˤ뵧 may ιʸˤĤƤϡOED ϸ12ΤȤǵƤꡤ1521ǯȤƤ롥#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) ǤǺܤ12ΤѤƤ
12. Used (with inversion of verb and subject) in exclamatory expressions of wish (synonymous with the simple present subjunctive, which (exc. poet. and rhetorically) it has superseded).
This use developed from sense 9b, as is shown by early examples, such as quot. 1521, in which the subject precedes may, and antecedent formulae (e.g. quot. 1501) which have a that-clause.
[1501 in A. W. Reed Early Tudor Drama (1926) 240 Wherfore that it may please your good lordship, the premisses tenderly considered to graunt a Writ of subpena to be directed [etc.].]
1521 Petition in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 5 Wherefore it may please you to ennacte [etc.; cf. 1582--3 Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) II. 265 Maye [it] pleas yo(ur)r worshipes to caule].
1570 M. Coulweber in J. W. Burgon Life Gresham II. 360 For so much as I was spoyled by the waye in cominge towards England by the Duke of Alva his frebetters, maye it please the Queenes Majestie [etc.].
1590 Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. A5v Long liue Cosroe mighty Emperour. Cosr. And Ioue may neuer let me longer liue, Then I may seeke to gratifie your loue.
1593 Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Diijv Long may they kisse ech other for this cure.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. sig. ⁋3 Long may he reigne.
1637 Milton Comus 32 May thy brimmed waves for this Their full tribute never misse.
1647 Prol. to Fletcher's Womans Prize in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. sig. Qqqqq2/1 A merry Play. Which this may prove.
1712 T. Tickell Spectator No. 410. ⁋6 But let my Sons attend, Attend may they Whom Youthful Vigour may to Sin betray.
1717 Entertainers No. 2. 7 Much good may it do the Dissenters with such Champions.
1786 C. Simeon in W. Carus Life (1847) 71 May this be your blessed experience and mine.
1841 Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. viii. 121 'May the present moment,' said Dick,.. 'be the worst of our lives!'
1892 Catholic News 27 Feb. 5/5 May this smash-up of his facts remain as a warning to him.
1946 W. H. Auden Litany & Anthem for S. Matthew's Day May we worship neither the flux of chance, nor the wheel of fortune.
1986 B. Gilroy Frangipani House vii. 30 May your soul never wander and may you find eternal peace.
1712ǯǡLet my Sons attend, Attend may they ȤʬǴ let ȵ may Τ褦֤ƤΤŪǤ롥#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1])#3416. may ȴ let ΰ̣Ū ([2018-09-03-1]) ȡ
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
ε#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǽ夲 Durkin ʸǤϡѸûˤμ¾ŪĴϡOED HTOED Ȥ2ġȤäƤǤ礭ʺȼȤơˡ꤬Ƥ롥 (405--06) ˡ꤬Τ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǰѤ롥
One of the most striking and well-known features of lexical data is its extreme variability: as the familiar dictum has it 'chaque mot a son histoire', and accounting for the varied histories of individual words demands classificatory frameworks that are flexible, nonetheless consistent in their approach to similar items. Awareness is perhaps less widespread that the data about word histories presented in historical dictionaries and other resources are rarely 'set in stone': sometimes certain details of a word's history, for instance the details of a coinage, may leave little or no room for doubt, but more typically what is reported in historical dictionaries is based on analysis of the evidence available at time of publication of the dictionary entry, and may well be subject to review if and when further evidence comes to light. First dates of attestation are particularly subject to change, as new evidence becomes available, and as the dating of existing evidence is reconsidered. In particular, the increased availability of electronic text databases in recent years has swollen the flow of new data to a torrent. The increased availability of data should also not blind us to the fact that the earliest attestation locatable in the surviving written texts may well be significantly later than the actual date of first use, and (especially for periods, varieties, or registers for which written evidence is more scarce) may actually lag behind the date at which a word or meaning had already become well established within particular communities of speakers. Additionally, considering the complexities of dating material from the Middle English period . . . highlights the extent to which there may often be genuine uncertainty about the best date to assign to the evidence that we do have, which dictionaries endeavour to convey to their readers by the citation styles adopted. Issues of this sort are grist to the mill of anyone specializing in the history of the lexicon: they mean that the task of drawing broad conclusions about lexical history involves wrestling with a great deal of messy data, but the messiness of the data in itself tells us important things both about the nature of the lexicon and about our limited ability to reconstruct earlier stages of lexical history.
츻ϾήưŪǤ뤳ȡǯϾ˹ˤ餵Ƥ뤳ȡǯϸʤɤˤ뿿νǯ٤Ƥǽ뤳ȡŵȤʤäƤʸΩǯѤ뤳˻ŦƤڵ (evidence) ˡνϡѸûˤʤ餺Ȥ̤ʸؤθԤʤݤ˾˰ռƤ٤ΤФǤ롥OED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡOED Ǥ顪˸ǽʥġǤϤʤ⤤Ƥ뤳Ȥΰյ礭
Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.
ѸäˤѸγ礬⤤Ȥϡܥ֥¿εǼ夲Ƥλ¤˴ؤƤȤ櫓ܤ٤ŪħȤơѸ줬ܸäˤޤǤƤȤ㤨С#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) ȡˡӸˤСѸ줬ܸäȤϡ˵ȤФǤʤ٤ϴѻΤ¤Ǥꡤ褷ФлŦƤ褦ˡѸ줬ðۤǤɾ뤳ȤϤϤǤʤȤϤΤ褦ʻ㤬̸Ūˤ "unusual" (Durkin 391) ǤȤΤⷹȤƤϳΤǤ롥
Durkin ϡɸ䤤٤ OED HTOED ѤƼ¾ŪĴԤʤäޤ'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' ȸƤФ̸ŪͭȤܸäΥꥹȤȤ100γ˿Ūʰ̣Фˡγơΰ̣ѸûˤˤƤɤΤ褦ñʷˤˤäôƤξˤäƱꤷñθ츻ʼѸ줫ݤʤɤξܺ١ˤϿƤơߡѸ줬100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τɤ줯餤СƤΤФη̤ϡDurkin (392) ˤм̤ꡥ
To summarize the results of this exercise very briefly . . ., looking in detail at the 100-meaning 'Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary' in this way suggests that, while only twenty-two of these meanings appear never to have been realized by a loanword in the data of the OED as summarized in the HTOED, there are only twelve cases where a good case can be made for a loanword being the usual realization of the relevant core meaning in contemporary English:
(from early Scandinavian): root, wing, hit, leg, egg, give, skin, take; (from French): carry, soil, cry, (probably) crush
ѤС100γ˿Ūʰ̣Τ78ޤǤʬŪǤ첿餫μѸˤäôƤȤȤ顤Ѹ줬˿Ūʰ̣ΰʤäƤȤȤʬ롥μѸ줬Τ褦ʳ˿Ūʰ̣ΰɽ魯ñ췲ΤʤǤŵŪɽŪʸǤ뤫ɤǤꡤΤ褦ʿȡ嵭12ۤɤ˸ꤵȤȤ
äȤ⡤ạ̈ˤĤƲäơֳ˿פִܡפȤߤʤΤǤꡤˤäƷ̤οͤѤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤꤽ¾ˤĤơʲΤ褦ʵ͡˼夲ƤΤǻȤ
#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1])
#1961. ܥ٥ơ ([2014-09-09-1])
#1965. Ūʸǡ ([2014-09-13-1])
#1970. ¿٤شط ([2014-09-18-1])
#2659. glottochronology lexicostatistics ([2016-08-07-1])
#2660. glottochronology ȴܸá ([2016-08-08-1])
#2661. Swadesh (1952) ǯѤ200 ([2016-08-09-1])
#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1])
#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1])
#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])
Durkin, Philip. "The OED and HTOED as Tools in Practical Research: A Test Case Examining the Impact of Loanwords in Areas of the Core Lexicon." The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Merja Kytö and Päivi Pahta. Cambridge: CUP, 2016. 390--407.
ɸϡ#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1]) ȴϢƤꡥ19ˤѸʸؤѸˤȤʬȯãϡȯŸͻӤǿʤǤȤ¤ŦƤ (43) ƱݤΤȤΤ褦Ƥ롥
19衼åѤΥʥʥꥺΤ濴ŪäΤ Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Ի James Murray (1837--1915), The English Dialect Dictionary (1896--1905) Խ Joseph Wright Ǥä19ϱѸμءʸءʸˡβǤꡤMurray OED Խ֤λ (The Age of Empire (1875--1914)) ΰפΤǤ롥OED ϡ1888ǯ A New English Dictionary (NED) Ȥ1Ǥ1928ǯ˴뤷θä11Ȥơ1933ǯ˴̸ά
γĥȸʳؤȯŸ¹ԤƤ롥Furnivall (1825--1910) Ѹƥȶ (The Early English Text Society: EETS) ΩΤ1864ǯꥹΩ1873ǯΤȤǤäAnglo-Saxon Old English ȸƤѤΤ⡤Τ褦ʹȤȸβ뷹̵طǤϤʤ⤷ʤ
OED EDD ԻϡŪˤϷ褷ƹȥץȤǤϤʤĿŪʻȤˤʤäΤΡäƤʤ줿ȤǤϡ¾ιȥץȤ˶ᤤʤäƤȤȤǤ롥
ߡ䤿ϱѸˤޤѳؤθˤơ OED ʤβǡˤβäˤꡤ"Old English" ȤƾΤΤ褦˻ȤäƤ뤬ΥġѸ줬ΩƤطʤˡˤؤäƤ뤳ȤõƤʤФʤʤ
2ϡѸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ22--46ǡ
Ѹ̾ʼȤСJohnson (1755), Webster (1828), OED (1928) 뤬ζ֤ˤäפƤ봶ΤΤɸμǤ롥Ѹ켭ԻˤδϡɾͿ٤Ǥ롥
Charles Richardson (1775--1865) ϡɥޤˡΧؤ˸ءʸؤžʸؤŻ뤷ĤĻΤǶ˷ȤäJohnson μФȽŪΩꡤ鼭Ի˼ȤEncyclopædia Metropolitana ˤϢܤϤ塤1835ǯʬηǽǤϤᡤǽŪˤϾ崬 (1836) Ȳ (1837) ʤ A New Dictionary of the English Language 1839ǯˤϴǤǤƤ롥
μκħϡñΰ̣ŪȯŸˤäƤǤϤʤŪʰʸѤפŤ褦ȤȤǤ롥Ū§(historical principle) ˤۤʤʤνϰϤѸ Robert of Gloucester, Robert Mannyng of Brunne ޤ̤餻Ū§οʿȤäƤ褤ơˤθ§ѤŰ줵Τ OED ä櫓
Richardson Webster ˤϹɾ줿Ȥޤ"a word has one meaning, and one only" Ȥüʸˡ͡ʲս̵츻μ갷ˤߤ٤ΤʤäJohnson Webster Ȥ缭θ٤ OED ؤΤĤʤ̤¸ߤȤơѸ˾嵭٤ԻȡˤǤϤ
Knowles (141) ϡRichardson OED ؤμԻ˾ιΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The Oxford dictionary was an outstanding work of historical scholarship, but it was not the first historical dictionary. This was Charles Richardson's A new dictionary of the English language, which appeared in 1836--7, and which attempted to trace the historical development of the meanings of words using historical quotations rather than definitions. The original intention of the Philological Society in 1857 was simply to produce a supplement to the dictionaries of Johnson and Richardson, but it was soon clear that a complete new work was required.
ʾ塤رѸؿ̾ŵ (288--89) Charles Richardson ιȤƼɮ
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
19Ⱦ20ȾˤơȯŸӸؤʸؤ̤ߤĤ OED EDD ԻȤʤǤػˤȤƤߤȼ¤˲ڡȤ뤬ȹȼΥǥ٤ƤȤ¦̤˺ƤϤʤʤRomain (48) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The energetic activities of intellectuals such as James Murray, Joseph Wright, author of the English Dialect Dictionary, and others were central to the shaping of European nationalism in the nineteenth century, a time when, as Pedersen (1931--43) puts it, 'national wakening and the beginnings of linguistic science go hand in hand'. Historians such as Seton-Watson (1977) and Anderson (1991) have observed how nineteenth-century Europe was a golden age of vernacularising lexicographers, grammarians, philologists and dialectologists. Their projects too were conceived as children of empires.
Willinsky (1994) singles out the OED, in particular, as the 'last great gasp of British imperialism'. It captured a history of words that fit well with the ideological needs of the emerging nation-state. As Willinsky observes (1994: 194), the OED speaks to a 'particular history of national self-definition during a remarkable period in the expansion and collapse of the British empire'. Murray's tenure as editor of the OED coincided roughly with the period which historian Eric Hobsbawm (1987) has called the Age of Empire, 1875--1914. With the OED, Murray and other editors were engaged in establishing England and Oxford University Press's claim on the English language and the word trade more generally.
#644. OED ȥ衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭 ([2011-01-31-1]) Ƭǡ19ȾС衼åѳƹǤϡӸȯŸȤ˾äơŪ§˴Ť緿Ի褵ƤפȽҤ٤ӸȯŸȡפΤΤ衼åѤĬή˻٤ƤȤäƤ褤Ӹؤ̪δطˤäΤǤ롥
ʡ츦 OED ѤȤνǤԻ줿طʤ˻פڤȤȤϤޤʤ⤷ʤλ¤ΤäƤ٤
OED ˤĤƤΤäϡ#2451. åסOED Online ˿Ƥߤ ([2016-01-12-1]) ĥäɤEDD ˤĤƤϡ#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1])#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1])#2694. EDD Online (2) ([2016-09-11-1]) ȡ
Romaine, Suzanne. "Introduction." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 1--56.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow