OED 1975ǯʹߤ˱ѸäܸͳñФƤߤ̩ܸͳñΤߤʤ餺餫ηܸͳƤܸȴطäƤñȤȤǡˤǽФΤޤΤǡ餺 *
73줬줿ޤ10ǯߤñƤߤ褦
1970ǯ25ˡۡBetamax, gaman, money politics, reiki, sashiko, shishito, tsutsumu, katsu, katsu curry, mechatronics, shosha, kanban, karaoke, tamari, tonkotsu, butoh, Ginsu, hamachi, Midori, shuriken, uncanny valley, washi, mokume gane, nikkeijin, omakase
1980ǯ22ˡۡomotenashi, shojo, Pac-Man, okadaic, shonen, skin lady, softnomics, ankimo, bukkake, kaiju eiga, Kumon, anime, kaizen, tokkin, mecha, zaitech, izakaya, Nintendo, omurice, karoshi, manhwa, functional food
1990ǯ17ˡۡhentai, chindogu, otaku, cosplay, santoku, fan service, mangaka, compensated dating, enjo kosai, bokeh, emoji, Tamagotchi, cosplayer, hikikomori, keitai, visual kei, Tabata
2000ǯ5ˡۡSudoku, hallyu, tokusatsu, amigurumi, kintsugi
2010ǯ4ˡۡwashi tape, chimaek, mukbang, isekai
ǯ头ȤηɬΤǤϤʤѤʸϤޤꡤʸݥåץ㡼֥㡼ӥͥϢͥåȴϢؤήƤäƤ褦ˤߤ롥ΤȤƹΰСƤ뤬Ȥ櫓¿ΤϿʸϢǡ10ۤɤͿƤ롥
ʻȤƤϡͽ̤ۤꡤۤܤ٤Ƥ̾gaman ֲפưȤơokadaic ֥ʻˤΡפϷƻȤäƤƤʤλǽñΥ줿ưʪγ̾ Halichondria okadai ͳ褹Ȥˡ٤ˤĤƤϺǹӤ5ĤƤΤ emoji Τߤ32碌52ʤ˱Ѹä夷ƤȤ⤤롥
ܸñαѸؤήθˤԡϤĤȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡOED κϿ˴ؤˤͿƤΤǰ쳵ˤϸʤĴ줿ͤΤߤȽǺȤʤС1970ǯ夫1990ǯˤƤȤäƤ褤
ϢˤĤƤϡҰʲΥƥĤ⤴Ȥ
hellog #5467. OED 3åץǡȤܸ줫μѸ줬23ää (2024/04/15)
inohota OEDOxford English Dictionaryˤκǯ3ΥåץǡȤΥơޤܸͳαѸ졪 (2024/05/26)
heldio #60. Ѹäܸ줿 (2021/07/31)
heldio #1331. īǤϱѸäܸ夲ޤ --- 50ǯDZѸä⥷ѸĤҲ (2025/01/20)
egg פˤĤܥ֥ϤȤƼǥDz٤夲ƤѤ뤿ˡޤرѸ츻ŵ٤εҤǧƤOED egg, n.' ⻲ȡˡ

Ҥ̤ꡤűѸǤŪ ǣġ ѤƤѸťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳ egg ˸졤֤ƤäȤץФƤ롥ޤCaxton Eneydos (1490) νʸˤ롤ȿζ¸˴ؤѸ˾ͭ̾ʰäˤĤƤƤ롥
egg ᤰ뤳2ĤˤĤơޤǾʤ̥ƥĤäƤΤǡޤȤƤʤ֡heltube YouTube: heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥؤΥƤƤΤǡǽ˵Ƥˡ
(1) ťΥɸͳ egg
heltube #182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2025/01/18)
heldio #182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2021/11/29)
hellog #340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1])
hellog #2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])
hellog #3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ ([2020-03-22-1])
hellog #4820. ťΥɸϱѸ˾äȤפʸ ([2022-07-08-1])
inohota ֤⳰졩Ѹͥƥʤ֤ΤʤѸ줿 (2022/07/08)
(2) ᤰ Caxton ΰ
heltube heldio #183. 륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá (2025/01/19)
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá (2021/11/30)
hellog #337. #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges եȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
hellog #4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ ([2022-07-19-1])
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
츻 (etymology) ˤĤơǶεȤơ#5737. 츻etymology, veriloquium ([2025-01-10-1]) ȡ#5739. Ū˹ͤ³ָ츻Ȥϲס ([2025-01-12-1]) ǹͤ etymology ȤѸ켫ΤˤĤƸƤ롥
ñ etymology ϡꥷüȯƥ졤ťեͳơѸäȤȤϹ٤ŪѸǤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ etymology ιܤǤ롥

OED etymology, n. ǤϡʬŪ˥ե줫顤ʬŪ˥ƥ줫äΤȤơĤޤ "Of multiple origins" ȤƲᤷƤ롥줾ηϩˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
< (i) Middle French ethimologie, ethymologie (French etymologie) established account of the origin of a given word, explaining its composition (2nd half of the 12th cent. in Old French; frequently from early 16th cent.), interpretation of a word, that which is revealed by such interpretation (c1337), the branch of linguistics concerned with determining of the origins of words (1622 in the passage translated in quot. 1630 at sense 5, or earlier),
and its etymon (ii) classical Latin etymologia (in post-classical Latin also aethimologia, ethimologia, ethymologia) interpretation and explanation of a word on the basis of its origin < Hellenistic Greek ἐτυμολογία, probably < Byzantine Greek ἐτυμολόγος (although this is apparently first attested later: see etymologer n.) + -ία -y suffix3; on the semantic motivation for the Greek word see etymon n. and discussion at that entry.
츻Ụֿ̄ΰ̣פǤȤͤˤĤƤϡOED 2.a.i. ˤƼս롥
The idea that a word's origin conveys its true meaning (cf. discussion at etymon n.) has become progressively discredited since the 18th cent. with the increased study of etymology as a linguistic science (see sense 5). It is now sometimes referred to as the etymological fallacy.
դ٤ etymology γʬȤƤθǤ롥OED 3ϡָ츻ءפǤϤʤʻפؤc1475 ФȤƼΤ褦ˤߤ롥
3. Grammar. A branch of grammar which deals with the formation and inflection of individual words and their different parts of speech. Now historical.
Ūʡָ츻ءפθ OED 5Ф1630ǯȼ㴳٤
5. The branch of linguistics which deals with determining the origin of words and the historical development of their form and meanings.
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

37,000ͤĶɼ"Oxford Word of the Year 2024" brain rot ˷ޤޤOxford ؽǤˤץ쥹Ǥ
brain rot ϼ̤ꡥ
the supposed deterioration of a person's mental or intellectual state, especially viewed as the result of overconsumption of material (now particularly online content) considered to be trivial or unchallenging. Also: something characterized as likely to lead to such deterioration
ߺդĤIJޤСΥ饤ƥĤӤ뤳ȤˤäŪ¤ळȡפۤɤǤ礦Oxford Ĵˤȡ˺ǯβȾ٤ޤäȤΤȤǤǯؤΥ饤ʸޤ졤ĹɽȤƤޤ
brain rot νФ1854ǯǡHenry David Thoreau (1817--62) Walden, or Life in the Woods ˸ޤʸ̮ϡ"While England endeavours to cure the potato rot, will not any endeavour to cure the brain-rot - which prevails so much more widely and fatally?" ǤŪư㲼¸ݤˤ̤㥬˸ΩƤʸɾΰĤȤƤŪɽǤ롥
ܥ֥Ϥ͡ΤDZѸ˥ƥĤȯƤޤ brain rot θȤʤʤ褦դƤȻפޤ
ʤߤ˺ǯ2023ǯήԸޤФ줿Τ rizz ǤˤĤƤϡ#5342. ڤ (clipping) ˤ ([2023-12-12-1]) ȡ20ǯ Oxford ˤĤƤϡθڡɤ
German ʥɥĿ͡ˤʣ Germans Ǥ *Germen ˤϤʤʤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤƱͤ human ʿʹ֡, Ottoman ʥޥȥ륳͡, talisman ʸˤʤɤ⡤-man ϤޤǸ촴ΰǤꡤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤˡʣϵ§Ū - s Ĥ humans, Ottomans, talismans Ȥ롥*humen, *Ottomen, *talismen ȤϤʤʤ
ȼ㴳𤬰ۤʤΤ#707. dragoman ([2011-04-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̾ʣǤ롥dragoman ˤϸ츻Ūˤ -man ʣǤϤʤΤΡʣȤƤ dragomans Τߤʤ餺 dragomen Ѥ롥Ԥϰδ㤤뤤ϰʬ (metanalysis) ˴ŤŪˤϵƤƤ
˰ۤʤ륿פ夲 Norman ʣ̾ϡ츻Ūˤ north + -man Ǥꡤ餫 -man ʣǤcf. #1568. Norman, Normandy, Norse ([2013-08-12-1])ˡäơʣ *Normen Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΤȤ1Ĥ̾촴ȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäΤNormans ȤѤƤ
Ȥ Norman θˤҤȤȡĤƤʣȤ Normen ѤƤȤ狼롥OED űѸ줫κǽʸƤߤ褦
OE Þær wæs Harold cyning of Norwegan & Tostig eorl ofslagen, & gerim folces mid heom, ægðer ge Normana ge Englisca, & þa Normen [flugon þa Englis[c]a].
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.i) anno 1066
OE Harold for to Norwegum, Magnus fædera, syððan Magnus dead wæs, & Normen hine underfengon.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.iv) anno 1049
Ť Normans Τ̤ۤʣä褦ǤϤ롥
c1275 (?a1200) Seoððen comen Normans [c1300 Otho MS. Normains]..and nemneden heo Lundres.
Laȝamon, Brut (Caligula MS.) (1963) 7115
c1325 (c1300) þus was in normannes hond þat lond ibroȝt.
Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (Caligula MS.) 7498
-man ָ̱츻Ūʣᤰϡۤˤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
laugh ʾФˤ̾ laughter ʾФˤǤ롥ư줫̾Τ -ter Ȥ츻õäƤߤƤ⡤ɬΤʤȤϤ狼ʤ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
OED laughter (NOUN1) ˤȡ -ter ˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥
a Germanic suffix forming nouns also found in e.g. fodder n., murder n.1, laughter n.2, lahter n.
嵭 laughter n.2 ȤΤϸʤַܤλҤȤޤȤޤפۤɤ̣롥פΰդư lay ̾ȤȤ
ʤߤˡرѸ츻ŵ٤ laughter ȡslaughter ܻԻˤȤƤꡤָŤ̾פ롥ư slay ʻˤб̾ȤƤ slaughter ȤȤ館Ƥ褤
¾ˤ food ʿʪˤȴϢΤ fodder n.ʲܤλˤ foster n.1ʿʪˤˤ⡤ͿƤȤλŦ롥Ǥ뤳ȤϳΤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ܥ֥ǤϺϤäȤֻ쥦ȤʤäƤޤ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸֻϼ¤˭٤Ǥإƥֻ졤ȤΤʤֻ졤٤ɤȤֻʤɡįƤǰݤޤ
Ҳ𤷤쥢ֻ1Ĥ pace ǤĴڡפ̣̾ pace /peɪs/ ǤϤʤ~ˤϼʤ (= with due deference to, by the leave of) ֻ̣ȤƤ pace Ǥȯ /ˈpeɪsi, ˈpɑːʧeɪ, ˈpɑːkeɪ/ ʤɤȤʤޤͤȰոۤʤȤ˻Ҥ٤ݤˡ~Τޤơפ֤ɽǤˤäƸĴ餫ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢Сäƿɸˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡѤˤդɬפǤI do not, pace my rival, hold with the ideas of the reactionists. The evidence suggests, pace Professor Jones, that the world is becoming warmer. ʤɤŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦Ǥ
ֻϥƥ pāx ʿ¡ǫաáġˤå pāce ڤꤿΤǤƥǤϡ̾°ʤ³pāce tuā ʤʤεĤˤˤʤɤѤޤ줬Ѹˤ⤽Τޤ pace tua ȤäƤƤޤƱͤ pace tanti viri [or tantorum virorum] ֹ̾ʤΤơѨۤʤפѸɽȤƼƤޤ
OED ˤȡФ1863ǯȱѸ˾ǤϿʲ5ʸƤޤ
1863 Mendelssohn was an artist passionately devoted to his art, who (pâce Dr. Trench) regarded art as virtù. (Fraser's Magazine November 662/1)
1883 Pace the late Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Mr. Scofield is right. (Standard 1 September 2/2)
1911 The colour [of fruit]..is a tacit invitation (pace the gardener) to the feast. (Chambers's Journal November 720/1)
1955 Nor, pace Mr. Smith, was I for one moment defending immorality in the journalist. (Times 7 July 9/6)
1995 I do not believe, pace Peirce and Derrida, that it is signs all the way down, and that, pace Dennett, there is no distinctive human intentionality, and that, pace almost everyone, thinking is fundamentally linguistic. (Computers & Humanities vol. 29 404/1)
ֻ졤ⵡäȤäƤߤƤ
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
OED Online 3˰٤ΥڡǥåץǡȤʤƤޤǿΥåץǡȤ2024ǯ3ˤΤΤǡUpdates ΰꥢǤޤ
ΥåץǡȤħŤΤϡʤܸ줫μѸǤϢȤ "Words from the land of the rising sun: new Japanese borrowings in the OED" ƤޤɬɤǤ
OED ΥåץǡȤܸ줫μѸ줬ܤ줿ΤϡޤޤȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤطʤä褦Ǥ嵭ˤȡOED Իबǯ150ǯޤءʢνпؤǤǤȤˤΥѡȥʡԤȥܤθ̤˴ŤơܸñϿȤȤΤ褦Ǥ23ܸñ줬 OED ˿Ͽ˻äΤǤο1ΥåץǡȤȤƤϤʤʤΤΤǤ23ȤϡŪˤϰʲ̤ꡥ
donburi (n.), hibachi (n.), isekai (n.), kagome (n.), karaage (n.), katsu (n.), katsu curry (n.), kintsugi (n.), kirigami (n.), mangaka (n.), okonomiyaki (n.), omotenashi (n.), onigiri (n.), santoku (n.), shibori (n.), takoyaki (n.), tokusatsu (n.), tonkatsu (n.), tonkatsu sauce (n.), tonkotsu (n./1), tonkotsu (n./2), washi tape (n.), yakiniku (n.)
ܸüԤȤƤϥĥåߤɤܤdzڤǤä귡äƤߤƤ
tonkotsu ȤϤʤ2ĤθФΩäƤ롥桹Τڹסʥס顼ˤ tonkotsu2 ̤ tonkotsu1 ⤢ȤԤϲΤȤʬޤ
donburi θ츻ǡܸ֤ɤ֤פϡ֤֤ȡפ̣ˡȴطΤǤϤʤȤꡤܸθ츻ޤdzؤ٤Ƥޤ
katsu ֥ġפ "boomerang word"
kintsugi ֶѤפݵѤΰդˤȤɤޤ餺ŪѤؤȾڤƤ
isekai ְפ tokusatsu ûפϡܤΥ֥Ȥ٤Ͽ
OED ˤܸѸȤƤϡOED ΰʲε⻲ȡ
Words of Japanese origin
From anime to zen: Japanese words in the OED
#4621. ⡼ --- ܸ줫ΰ̲ؤι ([2021-12-21-1]) ǡܸβñ̤Ȥ⡼ (mora) νѸƳ McCawley (1968) ˿줿Daniels, p. 63 ȡˡ
McCawley ܸβ mora νѸƳǥꥸʥäΤΡmora Ȥǰؤ˻ǽοͤǤϤʤOED mora, NOUN1 ˤȡ 3.b. ѸȤƤ mora ǤꡤФ1933ǯȤ롥ʲˤθιѤ롥
3.b. Linguistics. The smallest or basic unit of duration of a speech sound. 1933-
1933 In dealing with matters of quantity, it is often convenient to set up an arbitrary unit of relative duration, the mora. Thus, if we say that a short vowel lasts one mora, we may describe the long vowels of the same language as lasting, say, one and one-half morae or two morae. (L. Bloomfield, Language vii. 110)
1941 In many cases it will be found that an element smaller than the phonetic syllable functions as the accentual or prosodic unit; this unit may be called, following current practice, the mora... The term mora..is useful in avoiding confusion, even if it should turn out to mean merely phonemic syllable. (G. L. Trager in L. Spier et al., Language Culture & Personality 136)
1964 Each of the segments characterized by one of the successive punctual tones is called a mora. (E. Palmer, translation of A. Martinet, Elements of General Linguistics iii. 80)
1988 The terms 'bimoric' and 'trimoric' relate to the idea that these long vowels consist of two, respectively three, 'moras' or units of length, rather than the single 'mora' of short vowels. (Transactions of Philological Society vol. 86 137)
McCawley ѤƤʤΤǰǤ롥ˤ衤mora Ҥ뼭ǤȤϤ缭ǤϤʤ OED ñǤۤɰפǰǤϤʤΤΤ褦Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ
#4624. ܸΥ⡼鴶С ([2021-12-24-1])
#4853. ȥ⡼ ([2022-08-10-1])
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
McCawley, James D. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
֤ΤۤͥʵְʼδѸظإͥסˤκǿư褬ޤֺǽܸͳαѸϡޤ hikikomori enjo kosai ⡪---ν-֥ʥסֳסڰʼδѸظإͥ 209ۡǤѸäܸñˤ⤷Ƥޤ߿ܸ줬¿ФƤΤǡ䤹꤫ȻפޤäȤѸˤǤ
ưǤŵȤ OED ΤۤA Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords Ȥ⤷ѤƤꡤҲ⤷ƤޤμˤĤƤϡǶ hellog Ǥ#5410. A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords --- Ѹäܸñμ ([2024-02-18-1]) ˤƼ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴ɤ

ƱƬɤǤߤޤ礦 (ix--x)
A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords is a lexical index of terms borrowed from the Japanese language that are listed in standard English dictionaries and in publications that analyze new words. Therefore, this dictionary covers both the loanwords that have withstood the test of time and those whose test has just started.
American standard dictionaries keep records of borrowings from the Japanese language; most of them, however, do not furnish quotations. A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords adds a special contribution by providing illustrative quotations from many entries. These quotations were collected from books, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, and databases, all of which were published or distributed in the United States between 1964 and 1995. They give details about the entry, demonstrate how it is used in a natural context, and indicate the degree of its assimilation into American English.
Recent studies report that Japanese is the second most productive source of new loanwords to English, which indicates that the English-speaking world is paying attention to Japan more closely than ever before. The entries and illustrative quotations present the aspects of Japan that Americans have been exposed to and have adopted. Karaoke, for example, first appeared in English in 1979, when English-speaking societies observed and read about a karaoke fever in Japan. Today, Americans find themselves enjoying karaoke. Karaoke showcase, a weekly television talent contest, appeared on 120 U.S. stations in June 1992. A phenomenon like this is shown in this book in the form of lexical entries.
The impact that Japan has made on America covers all aspects of life: aesthetics, architecture, arts and crafts, astronomy, biology, botany, business management, clothing, economics, education, electronics, fine art, food and food technology, medicine, oceanography, pathology, philosophy, physics, politics, religion, sports, technology, trade, weaponry, zoology, and so on. Some entries are not accompanied by a quotation; nevertheless, when dictionaries record words they indicate that these words are somehow linked to people's everyday lives. A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords is also meant to be fun to read. I hope that it will provide the meaning for Japanese words the reader has come across on many occasions, and that it will be an occasion for happy browsing.
μ̥Ϥϡʸ˭٤ʤȤޤ "happy browsing" ˺Ŭʡɤ뼭פǤ
Toshie M. Evans, ed. A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997.

įƤǤ⤷褷˰ʤξҲǤToshie M. Evans ˤԽ줿ѸäܸñϿ뼭 A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords Ǥ1997ǯ˽ǤƤޤ hellog Ǥ#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ǻȤ̤Ǥ820ܸͳΡֱñפȥƤޤñ˸Ф줬ƤǤʤ¿θˤϡ1964ǯ1995ǯδ֤˥ꥫǽǤ줿줿ʸդƤꡤؤŤǤ
ʷϵΤäƤˡֲȭפ hibachi ΥȥƤߤޤ礦
hibachi [hibɑːtʃi] n. pl. -chi or s, 1. a brazier used indoors for burning charcoal as a source of heat.
In an old-style shop, the selling activity took place in a front room on a tatami (straw mat) platform about one foot above the ground level. Customers removed their shoes, warmed themselves by sitting on the floor next to a hibachi (earthen container with glowing embers) and were served tea and sweets. (Places, Summer 1992, p. 81)
2. a portable brazier with a grill, used for outdoor cooking.
Double stamped steel hibachi, lightweight & portable. Goes with you to the backyard or even the beach for tasty cookouts? (Los Angeles Times, Jul. 7, 1985, Part I, p. 13, advertisement)
[< hibachi < hi fire + bachi < hachi pot] 1874: hebachi 1863 (OED)
1ܤΡֲȭפΤΤʤΤǤ2Ρ֥С٥塼פˤϤޤƤޤޤ͡θȤΰ̣ѲˤĤƤϡ#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1]) ǤⰷäƤΤǡȤ
ܸ줫ѸäѸ˴ؿΤϡҰʲεɤ
#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])
#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1])
#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])
#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])
#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1])
#5055. Ѹˤˤܿ --- 8+3ˡ ([2023-02-28-1])
#5147. ֤إ饸б3 --- إ˥¼ŵ6Ǥɤǿ줿 ([2023-05-31-1])
Toshie M. Evans, ed. A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997.
ε#5366. England English θ츻ꤹ ([2024-01-05-1]) ǿ줿 England ˤĤơŪʰ۷֡ʤ뤤ϰֻˤ OED ˽äƤߤOED ˤȡθΰ۷֤礭3Ĥηʬ롥
α. OE Ænglaland, Anglaland (rare), Englalond, OE-eME Ængleland, Englaland, lOE Englæland, lOE-eME Engleland, eME Aenglelond, Englalande, Englelond, Englelonde.
β. eME Anglenelonde, Engleneloande, Englenelond, Englenelonde.
γ. ME Ægeland, Eangelond, Engelande, Engelond, Engelonde, Enguelonde, Enkelonde, Ingelond, Ingelonde, Inglond, Inglonde, Yngelond, ME-15 Englond, Englonde, Ingeland, Ynglond, ME-16 Englande, Ingland, ME- England, 15 Eingland, Eyngland, Yngellond, 16 Inglant (Irish English), 17 Englone (Irish English); Sc. pre-17 Engelande, Englande, Englonde, Ingland, Inglande, Yngland, Ynglande, Ynglond, pre-17 17- England.
αֻθ츻˺ǤᤤΤǡAngle ʥ͡ˤʣ°ʷǤ Angla land ϡˤ³ʣǤ롥ֻ <l> ʸ2١ŵŪˤ <lala> Τ褦ʷҤǸΤݥȤǤ롥
βϡʣ°ʸ趯Ѳ̾ͽۤ -a ǤϤʤѲ̾ޤڤƤȤܤ -ena ѤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡA. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §610 (7) Ȥ褦ˤȤäΤǻȤƤߤȡ֥ޡͤΡפ̣ Mierċcna (-ena) η֤ǰƬ֤ĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The adoption of g.p. -ena, -na is obscure; once adopted it caused further confusion with the weak nouns (Seaxan, Englan, &c.).
βγϡα <lala> Ϣ³äƽŲæ (haplology) ФֻǤ롥ɸ England ϢʤƤ褤#2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ȡ
ʤߤ MED Engelōnd n.[/sic] ˤȡ "Also Eng(e)land, (early) Engle(ne lond, (late) Ing(e)lond." Ȱ۷֤ͿƤ
Τ褦 England Ȥפʹηֻ֡ȤŪˤĹ餯ɤƤΤǤ롥Ϣưʲεȡ
hellog #1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1])
hellog #1436. English England ̾ (2) ([2013-04-02-1])
hellog #2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1])
heldio #16. ⤽ English Ȥñϥʥ餱
heldio #251. ʣ Englishes νи
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed ([2023-12-18-1]) εǡʻ (parasynthesis) ȤѸƳ
OED ˤ "Derivation from a compound; word-formation involving both compounding and derivation." Ȥ롥бƻ parasynthetic ȤȤˡꥷζ˴ؤܤΤʤ1862ǯ˽ФƤ롥OED ǤϷƻ parasynthetic ιܤΤۤ⤬ܤΤǡ餫⡤ʸѤ롥
Formed from a combination or compound of two or more elements; formed by a process of both compounding and derivation.
In English grammar applied to compounds one of whose elements includes an affix which relates in meaning to the whole compound; e.g. black-eyed 'having black eyes' where the suffix of the second element, -ed (denoting 'having'), applies to the whole, not merely to the second element. In French grammar applied to derived verbs formed by the addition of both a prefix and a suffix.
1862 It is said that synthesis does, and parasynthesis does not affect the accent; which is really tantamount to saying, that when the accent of a word is known..we shall be able to judge whether a Greek grammarian regarded that word as a synthetic or parasynthetic compound. (H. W. Chandler, Greek Accentuation Preface xii)
1884 That species of word-creation commonly designated as parasynthetic covers an extensive part of the Romance field. (A. M. Elliot in American Journal of Philology July 187)
1934 Twenty-three..of the compound words present..are parasynthetic formations such as 'black-haired', 'hard-hearted'. (Review of English Studies vol. 10 279)
1951 Such verbs are very commonly parasynthetic, taking one of the prefixes ad-, ex-, in-. (Language vol. 27 137)
1999 Though broad-based is two centuries old, zero-based took off around 1970 and missile lingo gave us land-based, sea-based and space-based. A discussion of this particular parasynthetic derivative is based-based. (New York Times (Nexis) 27 June vi. 16/2)
оݤȤʤ˱ parasynthetic/parasynthesis λؤۤʤȤ𤬤褦ǡǤդνѸǤ롥ѸǤ -ed Ϳ parasynthesis ŵȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿褦-ed parasynthesis ˸ꤷƹͻˤ衤ʥѥꤽǡŪˤϤ˺ʬɬפ
Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ
Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)
ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤƤ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -edλѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥
1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)
1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)
Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷
ε ([2023-12-18-1]) ³Ԥǡgreen-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤˤĤơ OED Ȥ -ed ΤΤ롥
OED ǤưβʬȤƤ -ed, suffix1 ȡΤ褦̾ˤĤȤƤ -ed, suffix2 ̸ФΩƤƤ롥Ԥθ츻Ѥ롥
Cognate with Old Saxon -ôdi (not represented elsewhere in Germanic, though Old Norse had adjectives similarly < nouns, with participial form and i-umlaut, as eygðr eyed, hynrdr horned); appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. The function of the suffix is thus identical with that of the Latin past participial suffix -tus as used in caudātus tailed, aurītus eared, etc.; and it is possible that the Germanic base may originally have been related to that of -ed, suffix1, the suffix of past participles of verbs formed upon nouns.
εҤˤȡޥǤʶʬۤǤϤ뤬бꡤƱɳΥƥʤɤˤбǤȤȤˤʤ롥̤ķϤɤޤ̤Τ뤤ϳƸɡˤǤΩʿȯãʤΤ뤤ϰ¾ؤμѤͤΤʤɡ䤹褷ˤʤΤ褦
⤦1Ĺθ٤Ȥơ -ed ñ̾դ (ex. dogged) ʣ̾դ (ex. green-eyed) ȤηδƱΤȤߤƤ褤Τ뤤ϰۤʤΤª٤ʤΤŪˤŪˤ⡤Τ˶̣Ǥ롥
ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#171. OEDʥեɱѸ켭ŵ --- Oxford English Dictionaryˤħޤ狼ꡪǤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤Ȥʤо줷Ƥ롤ǶαѸ켭ŵ OED 줫ƳƤޤ14ʬۤɤưǤOED äƤ褯ʹɲפȤϡҤ̤طʤ OED 2Ǥ20¤Ǥޤ
ܥ֥ˤ OED ͡¦̤Ҳ𤹤뵭¿ǤOED ŪѤĴɮ⾯ʤޤcf. oed εȡˡ YouTube OED ȤϲȤƳưǤΤǡƱͤ˥ȥμݤǼɮ Voicy heldio ۿؤΥƤޤ
#304. OED ץȤΤΤ ([2010-02-25-1])
#638. ŪȤȤƤ OED Ի ([2011-01-25-1])
#644. OED ȥ衼åѤΥ饤Х뼭 ([2011-01-31-1])
#898. OED2 Web3 оɽ ([2011-10-12-1])
#2451. åסOED Online ˿Ƥߤ ([2016-01-12-1])
#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ ([2019-01-09-1])
#4122. ʪġ뤬줿 --- OED Text Visualizer (beta) ([2020-08-09-1])
#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1])
#4131. ꥹˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-18-1])
#4133. OED ˤѸ˳ ([2020-08-20-1])
#4141. 1150ǯۤƻĤʤäűѸñ OED 鳰Ƥ ([2020-08-28-1])
#4172. DzΤȶ͡٤θԤˤ OED ԻˡξҲʸ ([2020-09-28-1])
#4198. DzΤȶ͡٤Ѥޤ ([2020-10-24-1])
#5220. OED World Englishes ([2023-08-12-1])
heldio #503. OED Ū§ˤȤŤ2022ǯ32ۿ
heldio #275. ɤĹäƤΤ衤OED Ի2022ǯ33ۿ
嵭ˤ⤢ޤOED ԻᤰDzΤȶ͡١ʸ The Professor and the MadmanɬǤ
ޤ#5158. ջҡδʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2023ǯˤƾҲ𤷤ޤ ([2023-06-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʸؤȱѸ˸21.1ǤϡġȤƤ OED ˤĤƾܤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ
ηФϢ³ơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ī6ۿˤˤ delicious Ȥۿޤ
#840. delicious, delectable, delightful
#841. deleicious Ū줬ؤʤȤˤʤäƤ
Ĥơ#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ꤹ뵭ȤꡤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤǤƥư dēlectāre ͶǤ롤̥λ롤Фˤ˴Ťƻ줬͡ʷ֤Ѹ˥եͳƼѤޤʤۤˡܤ˱Ѹ¦Ƿ줿Ʊηƻ⤢ޤˡηƻִӤͿ롤Ф롤ʡڤ̣Ρ˧פʤɤΥݥƥʰ̣ɽ路ˤȤäƤ褤ñ췲Ƥޤ
Ʊ줬äƤⶥ礹ǡġ¸߰յʤޤʤˤѸˤʤΡۤȤѤʤΤФƤΤƻǤ
Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤŪˤ13Ρdelicious פ夷Ƥޤ츻Ū dēlectāre ̤ꤦƱǤʲ˰ޤ
delite (c1225--1500): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightable (c1300--): Very pleasing or appealing; delightful.
delicate (a1382--1911): That causes pleasure or delight; very pleasing to the senses, luxurious; pleasurable, esp. in a way which promotes calm or relaxation. Obsolete.
delightful (a1400--): Giving or providing delight; very pleasant, charming.
delicious (c1400?-): Very pleasant or enjoyable; very agreeable; delightful; wonderful.
delectable (c1415--): Delightful; extremely pleasant or appealing, (in later use) esp. to the senses; very attractive. Of food, drink, etc.: delicious, very appetizing.
delighting (?a1425--): That gives or causes delight; very pleasing, delightful.
delitous (a1425): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightsome (c1484--): Giving or providing delight; = delightful, adj. 1.
delectary (?c1500): Very pleasant; delightful.
delighted (1595--1677): That is a cause or source of delight; delightful. Obsolete.
dilly (1909--): Delightful; delicious.
delish (1915--): Extremely pleasing to the senses; (chiefly) very tasty or appetizing. Sometimes of a person: very attractive. Cf. delicious, adj. A.1.
Ѹˤʤä⤢ΤϳΤǤճ¿ʤ褽ٸǤȤϤ˸ĤäƤΤषäǤִӤͿ롤ʡפȤ̤ܵѤΤϡºŪˤ delicious, delectable, delightful 餤ΤΤǤ礦
Τ褦ʸä̵̸뤤;ȤäϡѸǤϷ褷ƵǤϤޤϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1])#4974. splendidious, splendidous, splendious λ --- EEBO corpus ([2022-12-09-1]) ⤴
OED Online Υեǡѹ줿ɤѲᡤΤ褦 OED ѤƤ1桼ȤƤϡʤǤäƤޤäޤǤäƤ롥ѹľˤرʤɤȡֺäͤפȤȤꤷۤȤ
ե˴뤿ˡƤʤȤ֥饦Ƥ顤ޤǵŤʤäʤɤ¿ȯǤҲ𤹤 World Englishes ι⤽1Ĥ
OED 2028ǯ˽ǤǤ100ǯޤ롥 "The OED100 project" ˸ơOED ѸؤδؿƤȤѶŪʻƤ롥OED ԻϤޤä19ȾˤϡѸϤޤֿפǤϤʤäߤǤϱѸ175ͤüԿʤBritish Council ˤĴ˥եȤƻ¾ȤʤäƤ롥Ȥ櫓100ǯ֤ȡ͡ʱѸѼ郎иɸಽˤäƤϵϲäOED Ѹᤰ뤳εѲȿǤ͡ѼǰŪ˻ȤƤ䤽ȯѶŪ˺ϿƤƤ롥
嵭ΥڡϡOED World Englishes ˴ؤϥ֤ȤʤäƤꡤĥƤ륳ƥĤɤİƤǤ⡤ٶˤʤȤ櫓ڡ֤Ƥ롤ѼΰؤΥϽפǤ롥OED ¤˿ʲƤ롪

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