ε#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1]) ʤ顤ѸˤˤƸû shorteningȤ櫓ڳ (clipping) äʸ۵1712ǯ˥ǥߡΩƤۤɤޤǤ˸Ǥʸ Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Ǥ롥#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) #141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) Ǿ줿̤ꡤSwift ϡλôȤαѸΡפͫθѸ "refine" "fix" 褦ȴޤΤä
Swift ͫθƤܤϤĤ뤬Ȥ櫓ñΤķڤʤä褦Ū˥ޥ°ֶޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1]) Ǽ褦ñΡָ캬פϤ餺ĤˤäѸˤȤäơSwift ñؤηϡޤ˼ȿ뤳ȤäǤ⡤Swift ñ뤤ϤΤˤñ첽Swift θ˴ؤϡBaugh and Cable (259) "Taking his writings as a whole, one may surmise that he would have preferred that the seventeenth century, at least after 1640, with its political, commercial, and scientific revolutions had never happened." ɾƤۤɤݼŪä
դˤСΤȤϡñ첽ˤ˵äƤڵǤ⤢롥Swift ̤˵Τϡrep (< reputation) mob (< mobile) ʤɤڳǤ롥Baugh and Cable (259) ꡤѤ褦
The things that specifically troubled the gloomy dean in his reflections on the current speech were chiefly innovations that he says had been growing up in the last twenty years. One of these was the tendency to clip and shorten words that should have retained their full polysyllabic dignity. He would have objected to taxi, phone, bus, ad, and the like, as he did to rep, mob, penult, and others. The practice seems to have been a temporary fad, although not unknown to any period of the language.
εƤȹ碌ƹͤȡSwift Ϥڳظ˴롤罰 "desire for emotive effects" ɡʤʤäΤ⤷ʤˤäޤ٤Ȥ̤Ф Swift ٤ݼŪʸؤȯŸƤäΤȻפ롥
Swift ڳؤηϡ٤ϼؤѤ줿Ƥ Baugh and Cable (259--60) Ѥ롥
Thus George Campbell in his Philosophy of Rhetoric (1776) says: "I shall just mention another set of barbarisms, which also comes under this class, and arises from the abbreviation of polysyllables, by lopping off all the syllables except the first, or the first and second. Instances of this are hyp for hypochondriac, rep for reputation, ult for ultimate, penult for penultimate, incog for incognito, hyper for hypercritic, extra for extraordinary.
Τ̤˵줿ڳϤ褽ˤϻĤʤäΤǡSwift Campbell Ƥ顤ȤƤȤmob 㳰ǡߤޤĤäƤ롥
ϢơSwift deudg'd, disturb'd, rebuk'd, fledg'd Τ褦ʲʬ -ed Ჽ⡤ñᲽǤꡤƱͤ˴٤άȹͤƤϾ嵭¿ڳȤϰۤʤꡤˤܴۤɸѸˤ夹뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#776. ʬƻ -ed Ჽ ([2011-06-12-1]) Ȥ줿
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
shortening ûˤȤϡˤƽפˤˤߤˡ1ĤǤ롥ѸˤǤߤƤ⡤Ȥ櫓Ѹ shortening ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥϡ#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1]) dzǧϢơ#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1]) Ǥûˤ͡ʼब뤳Ȥǧ#1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1])#1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1])#1102. Zipf's law ȸοա ([2012-05-03-1]) ǤϾãθΨȤûͻ
嵭Τ褦ˡûϼȤƷȤơ뤤ϾȤδϢǸΤ̤Stern ϵǽỤ̄ŪʴûβܤƤ롥Stern ϡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) Ǽ褦ˡụ̂ѲʬΤʤ˴ޤƤ롥٤Ƥụ̂Ѳȼ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤ㤨 private soldier ʼ´ˤ private ûȤ¸θʷƻˤǤ private Ͽʡ̾Ρ˸Ȥˤʤꡤδߤа̣ѲȤˤʤ롥
private soldier Τ褦ˡṳ̂θ¸θƱȤʤ뤿˰̣ѲȤȤ̤ˡrhinoceros rhino, advertisement ad ʤɤ clipping ڳˤΤ褦ˡ̤θùܤȤʤ륱롥Ǥΰ̣ǤΡְ̣ѲפϤʤ̣Ū˸٤ΤϤʤ褦ˤפ뤬rhinoceros rhino ΰ̣κadvertisement ad ΰ̣κ⤷ȤСûϰ̣ŪʴްդȤȤˤʤ롥
Stern (256) ϡûŪʲǤȤȤˡǽŪʴפʲǤȤߤƤ롥ºݡûθΤʤǺǽפΤΤϡǽŪװǤȤޤǽҤ٤Ƥ롥Stern (256) μĥѤ롥
Starting with the communicative and symbolic functions, I have already pointed out above . . . that brevity may conduce to a better understanding, and too many words confuse the point at issue; the picking out of a few salient items may give a better idea of the topic than prolonged wallowing in details; the hearer may understand the shortened expression quicker and better.
The expressive function is partly covered by signals, but a shortened expression by itself may, owing to its unusual and perhaps ungrammatical, form, reflect better the speaker's emotional state and make the hearer aware of it. Clippings are very often intended to make the words express sympathy or endearment towards the persons addressed; nursery speech abounds in nighties, tootsies, etc., and clippings of proper names, transforming them into pet names, are often due to a similar desire for emotive effects . . . . The numerous shortenings (clippings) in slang and cant often aim at a humourous effect.
Conciseness and brevity increase vivacity, and thus also the effectiveness of speech; brevity is the soul of wit; the purposive function may consequently be better served by shortened phrases.
ΤеŪʴûߤˤȤɤޤ餺ѤŪɽϡʸΤȤäǽŪ¦̤ûȤ館ƶϡStern ǡȤǤ롥֤û뤳ȤǤषǽղä⤬̣
ѤʸϤǸڤƤնɽ nighties ȴϢơ#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1]) ڤӡ#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#1364. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ ([2013-01-20-1])#1496. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ (2) ([2013-06-01-1]) ˰³Τۤɸ (The Sex/Prestige Pattern) ˤĤơ
εǸڤΤۤˡRomain (87) ϲˤҶ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Another factor seldom considered is the effect of children, with respect both to employment patterns as well as to language use in families. The Dutch study found that when a couple had children, both parents used more standard language. One of the reasons why women may adopt a more prestigious variety of language is to increase their children's social and educational prospects.
ĤޤꡤοƤϡҶ˵Ūʸո褦Ȥ뤿ˡɸŪʸˡ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤ롤ȤǤ롥Ƥ˸¤ʤȤ¿μҲŪƤƤΤۤ˴ؤ뵡Ū¿Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤκơͽˤɸಽָȴϢƤΤǤϤʤȤ
ƤƤδ֤ΰҶؤδԤκˤĤƤϤƤȤơοƤǯءĤޤؤǯؤɸŪʸոȤϹѻƤ롥դθСԤϼҲŪ㤤ѼȤȤϡͤɸŪѼ overt prestige ʸŪҡˤǧ뷹ΤФơմ䤽μԤɸŪѼ covert prestige Ūҡˤǧ뷹Ȥư̲Ǥ롥üԸĿͤĹȤߤȡǯ𤬾夬ˤäơɸŪʸոؤȥեȤƤ椯 (age grading) ȤȤ
Ѹ줫ȤƤϡͤˤʤ¯ (slang) λѤ롤¿ (multiple negation) λѤʤɤĴ̤𤵤Ƥ롥㤨СʲϤ褽ƱƤȯμǤǤǤ롥Ȥ¯ŪɽϴޤޤƤ뤬٤κܤ줿졤pp. 94--95ˡ
(1)
An adolescent: Dude, yesterday I went to this store and, man, I couldn't find the shift I wanted anywhere, man, it sucked.
An adult: Yesterday, I went to the store. I couldn't find what I wanted. Gosh! I was frustrated.
(2)
An adolescent: What the fuck is up with you, dumb ass! I told you to take that shift out 3 times. Get your ass out there.
An adult: I told you to take the trash out 3 times now. What the hell are you doing? Get your ass in gear and get out there and empty the dumb thing.
Romaine ˤ Detroit ˤ¿ĴǤϡγ礬12аʲ73%1063%ФơͤǤ61%Ȥ졤p. 92ˡ
̤ͤˤϻҶ˵ϤɬפȤҲŪʰϤäƤꡤˤɸŪѼλѤ褦ˤʤȤϡ´ˤäƤꡤϤ롥
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ε#1458. cockney ([2013-04-24-1]) ͽ𤷤Ȥꡤ cockney ѼħŤȤ Cockney rhyming slang Ҳ𤹤롥ƳˤäƤϡ3˽Ǥ줿߷ˤضرѸεפɤι Adventure of English ɤ ٤ʸϤѤ (159)
åˡäƤɥΥȥɤǤϡ19ȾФ餷ФСֲ([Cockney] rhyming slang) ȤΤѤƤޤϡȤ headƬˤΤȤΤ head ȱƧ loaf of breadʰĤΥѥˤΤ褦ʸȤˡؤޤۤˤϡgarden gate (=eight), apple and pears (=stairs), white mice (=ice) ʤɤȤƤ褯ΤƤޤϡФвʬʤ loaf headƬˡgarden eight ΰ̣Ѥ줿ꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤΤᡤΤäƤͰʳˤǽʤΤǡȤȤϥȥɤΡְǤפѤŹޤϱȤƻȤƤޤʲβɤΤ褦ʸɽ路Ƥ뤫Ĵ٤Ƥߤޤ礦
(1) cock and henʥҥȡ
(2) bacon and eggsʥҥȡΤΰ
(3) daisy rootsʥҥȡʪ
(4) gold watchʥҥȡμ
(5) Tony BlairʥҥȡΤΰ
줾ϡ
(1) ten,
(2) legs
(3) boots
(4) Scotch
(5) hair Ǥʢåˡ
Cockney rhyming slang εˤϤ褯ΤƤʤȺԤα줫Ϥޤäǽ롥17--18ˤϤηפ졤1930ǯˤϥɥ West End ήԤ2ϥǥˤäư̤˹Τ錄褦ˤʤä
ꥹα桤Ȥ;Υ Cockney rhyming slang Ф줿Ȥ롥ɤäϼǰ줬ꥹˤŵŪʱѸθͷӤǤȤȤ狼ä
֥ȤȤƤϡCockney Rhyming Slang from London ȡΥȥ What is Cockney rhyming slang? ɤǤ
ơ߷ ⡡رѸεפɤι Adventure of English ɤ ١ء2013ǯ
ε[2010-01-16-1]Ǽ夲 buffalo ϡOED ˤ̾ȤƤνФ1588ǯȤʤäƤ롥ȤưȤƤνФ1903ǯȤä٤¯˸ꤷѤȤThe Oxford Dictionary of Slang ǤϽФ1891ǯȤäˡOED Ǥ "To overpower, overawe, or constrain by superior force or influence; to outwit, perplex" ȤͿƤ뤬ʤ̾ buffalo 餳ưΰ̣ΤäΤ褦϶ˤƶפȤϢۤƯ뤬äȾܤаޤΤꤿä
ǡʣθ츻Ҥä֤Ƥߤslang ȤȤ⤢äƤ̾줫ˡȤȤ⤢äƤޤȤʵҤʤͣ츫ĤäȤ Barnhart θ츻ΤΤǤ롥
---v. Slang. intimidate or overawe. 1903, American English, from the noun, perhaps originally transferred from the verb cow to frighten.
¸ߤư to cow ϢۤȤȤǤʤ餷Dz褷Ƥʤʤ to cow ֶפΰ̣ˤʤΤ to cow θ츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ褯Ϥ狼ʤťΥɸ kúga "to cow, force, tyrannize over" ̤ΤǤϤʤȤѸνФ1605ǯShakespeare Macbeth 5. 8. 18 Ǥ롥θ츻Ȥ̾ cow ֻפȤ̵طȤȤˤʤ뤬 buffalo פϢդ褦ˤʤäΤñˤȤƤϤ⤷
⤦ġϻפĤǤϤ뤬֤Ọ̇̄줫αƶΤǤϤʤbluff ֤ɤǤޤĥסbuffle ֺ餻סbuff Ǥġפʤɤ롥ʤߤˡbuffle buffalo û̷ȤơʸߤѤ16?18˻ȤƤ¤롥ư buffle bustle θǤꡤȤƤΤǡ줫αƶٻ붯ڵˤϤʤʤ⤷ʤ
Ǥ⡤Ȥ¯ϡؼоݤΤĥȲΤĥȤ̯ʥޥåȤޤΤȤС⸫ߤϤΤǤϤʤ
The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Ed. Robert K. Barnhart. New York: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
The Oxford Dictionary of Slang. Ed. John Ayto. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
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