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onomastics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-10-23 Mon

#5292. Cecily Clark ˤ̵̾ [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][toponymy]

̾ (name-study, or onomastics) Ȥϡˤ̾ڤФΤ̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲Ƥ顤ȤƤⵤˤʤơޤǤ롥
̾פ¤ؤοѸ˸Ԥ Cecily Clark űѸ̾ؤƳʸϤDzҤ٤Ƥ뤫Ӥ륤ȥ񤤤Ƥ롥ʬܥƥȤȤƱȵۤɡޤ񤫤Ƥ롥̾ءע̸ְע̤̾ϰ̡פȤ֤Ť3ʤʸϤ򡤤ΤޤްѤ (Clark 452--53)

7.1 General principles
7.1.1 The special status of names
Naming, although semantically a specialised function, in other respects forms part of the everyday language. Phonemic material has to be the same, and to follow dialectal and chronological paths that are related, albeit not invariably identical. The morpho-syntactic features of names must fit with general ones. Lexical material and modes of word-formation too must reflect those of the language at large. Indeed, place-names normally start as plain descriptions of the sites concerned: e.g. Kingston < cyninges tūn 'the king's estate', Pyrford < (æt pyrigan forda '(the settlement at) the ford by the pear-tree' . . . . Personal names, although less transparently motivated, likewise ultimately derive from elements of common language.
   Before becoming truly a 'name', a descriptive formation must, however, be divorced from its etymological meaning in such a way that the sound-sequence, no matter how complex its structure or plain its surface-meaning, becomes a simple pointer; 'one might claim that unintelligible names fulfil their role more directly' . . . . Bath, as a place-name, coincides in form with the common noun, and awareness survives of the Roman baths that it commemorates; but, for all that, the name's everyday 'meaning' is independent of etymology. Such independence is clearer still with names which, like London, have, since records began, apparently been opaque to their users . . . . So, likewise with personal names: Philip means 'horse-lover', and as a Christian name it recalls an Apostle; but few present-day choosers and bearers of it seem much concerned either with etymology or --- at all events in present-day England --- with biblical associations.
   Once semantically emptied, names draw partly aloof from the language at large. Although the phonological tendencies that affect them cannot be alien to those bearing on common vocabulary, the loss of denotation allows development to be freer, with compounds obscured and elements blurred and merged earlier and more thoroughly than in analogous 'meaningful' forms. Sound-developments seen in names may therefore antedate or exceed in scope those operating elsewhere in the language; and this makes any use of name-material for study of general or dialectal phonology an exercise requiring caution . . . . Morphosyntactically too, names stand apart. Being by nature 'definite', they take in normal English usage neither an indefinite article nor a definite one; an English name-form qualified by either sort of article is part-way towards reverting to common noun . . . . Only exceptionally can any name be pluralised. Place-names further differ from other classes of substantive by often showing an oblique-case form ousting the original nominative . . . .


̾ϤθηϤΰǤʤ顤ΩƤ⤤롥ϤηϤ˵۰¦̤⤢롥̾θ椷ʤ̣ؤˤĤΥ줺ˤŪ¸ߤȤ̥ŪǤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-10-21 Sat

#5290. ̾˰̣ϤΤ4Ĥ [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][toponymy][semantics]

εǼ夲#5289. ̾˰̣ϤΤ ([2023-10-20-1]) ˤĤơرμȤǵκݤˡʤ̾˰̣ΤݤǻݤʬΤȤͻ4ĤۤȻפäΤǡ˵ϿƤ
1ĤϡΥ١Ȥ Nyström ǤƤȤꡤ"A crucial point is what we mean by meaning" (40) Ȥ롥̣ȤϲˤĤƤǧΰ㤤ˤ̾˰̣Ϥ뤫פѤȤƼʥݥȤơͤƱդΤ񤷤Ǥ⤢cf. #1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1]
2Ĥϡ嵭ʿŪ̾Ȥϲפǧΰ㤤˴ؤݥȤǤ롥ä̾Ȥߤʤ̾餷ȤϲȤ䤤ϡ̾ץȡ (name_project) ̤ƤȤǤ⤢롥㤨СŵŪʿ̾̾ˤˤϰ̣ʤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ⡤˥å͡ˤ餫˰̣Τ륱¿ȡ̾ȥ˥ạ̵̊ͭ͡εΤʤƱ˰ΤʤΤȤ䤬ͯ
3Ĥϡ̾ʤ (onomasticon) Ȱ̸줫ʤá̾ lexiconˤɤٽŤʤäƤ뤫ϡˤäưۤʤȤ𤬤롥㤨п̾ǹͤȡѸ John, Tom, Mary onomasticon ˤϿƤΤΡlexicon ˤϿƤʤܸο̾Ρ֤ס֤錄ס֤פʤɤ onomasticon ˤ lexicon ˤϿƤǤ롥Сˤơ̾ޡפΰ֤ŤۤʤäƤΤǤcf. #5195. ̾ (name lemma) ([2023-07-18-1])ˡθȤ뤫ߤ뤫ˤäơ̾˰̣ϤΤפؤФäƤΤϼΤȤ⤷ʤоȤˤĤơ˰դäС˰͵򤹤륢ե٥åʸηϤѤѸʡ饸ˤȡɽŪĴ¿ѤܸʡƥӷˤȤǤϡ̾Ọ̇̄δطªϰۤʤ
4Ĥˡ̾١򤵤ϰϤ˴ؤ롥²ǤΤ̤˥å͡ʤɤο̤̾פ֥ɥפΤ褦̾⤢롥̾ΰ̣򡤤̾ʹͤ벿Ȳ᤹ΤǤСʶüǤϤ뤬˲²ȤϰϤΰ㤤ϡΤޤ̾ΰ̣٤ͭ٤κˤʤ롥ĿͤˤȤäƤ̣ͭǤ⡤¾Τ٤ƤοͤˤȤäƤ̵̣ȤΤǤ롥ȡ̾˰̣ϤΤפŪ䤦Ȥ񤷤ʤ
ܵɤߤγˤ⡤ҵ³ƤС

Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-07-1] [2023-11-17-1]

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2023-10-20 Fri

#5289. ̾˰̣ϤΤ [name_project][onomastics][voicy][heldio][personal_name][toponymy][semantics][pragmatics]

̾ؤ뤤ϸͭ̾ (onomastics) 1Ĥˡɸε롥Ϥ̾˰̣ΤɤˤĤƤϡĹ餯ͤ³Ƥ#5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)סͭˤǤ֡ڱѸˤ #15̾˰̣뤫ʤȤƵƤ롥
Nyström (40--41) ϡͭ̾ˤϹ̣ǤΡְ̣פȤơ"the maxium meaningfulness thesis" ˻ƱƤ (40) ʲ Nyström εꡤǤפ

Do names have meaning or not, that is do they have both meaning and reference or do they only have reference? This question is closely connected to the dichotomy proper name---common noun (or to use another pair of terms name--appellative) and also to the idea of names being more or less 'namelike', showing a lower or higher degree of propriality or 'nameness'. Can a certain name be a more 'namelike' name than another? I believe it can. To support such an assertion one might argue that a name is not a physical, material object. It is an abstract conception. A name is the result of a complex mental process: sometimes (when we hear or see a name) the result of an individual analysis of a string of sounds or letters, sometimes (when we produce a name) the result of a verbalization of a thought. We shall not ask ourselves what a name is but what a name does. To use a name means to start a process in the brain, a process which in turn activates our memories, fantasy, linguistic abilities, emotions, and many other things. With an approach like that, it would be counterproductive to state that names do not have meaning, that names are meaningless.


̾ȤϲפȤ䤤̾ϲ򤹤ΤפȤ̾䤦ȤפʤΤǤϤʤȤˤܤڤꡤ줫夲ƤФȡ

Nyström, Staffan. "Names and Meaning." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 39--51.

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2023-09-15 Fri

#5254. ̾ᤰä [onomastics][name_project][religion][taboo][euphemism][oxymoron]

̾ץ (name_project) ΰĤȤơͭ̾Ȱ̾ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ˤСˤϸͭ̾θͭ̾ȤäƤ褤Τ褦ʿ򲿤ȸƤ֤Ȥ䤤ϡؤĶƿؤ佡ؤΰƧ߹ळȤˤʤ롥ޤ礭ʤΤǡϡؽػŵ٤Ρ̾פι (350--51) ˰͵򤷤ƽҤ٤롥
ꥹȶǤϿ̾ߤ˾뤳Ȥ϶ػߤƤ롥ʤΡ뤤ϡְڤ٤ס̥פΤľ̾ؤ뤳Ȥϥ֡ (taboo) ȤƤϤФ뤿Ǥcf. #5251. ̾ --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-09-12-1]
ҥɥǤƱͤ˿̾ϥ֡Ǥ뤿ᡤնɽ (euphemism) ˤְ̾פ¿롥㤨С̾ϡֱﵯΤפ̣̤ηƻˤʤ
Ǥϡå顼ν¦̤ɽ魯99οΡΡפŪƤ롥å顼Ȥ̾ΤΤˤĤƤ츻⤢롥ʤߤˡϥˤĤƤƱͤʶȤƤ롥
餿ƥꥹȶοȡ̵Ķ򼨤ˡ͡ʰ̾ƽФƤΤʤˤƵˡ (oxymoron) ˤΤ¿㤨Сֵǡס̲̲סưưסĶܼסĶۡסȿФΰספʤɤǤ롥Τ褦̷ޤ̾ŤطʤˤۤϡءפȤ롥
ؤˤߤ̾ŤȤ̾ϡ䤿Ū򤹤ΤȤϤΥ줿ΤǤ롥ЪΥԤ˰̣ŤͿ뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥Ʊ (351) ˤС

ͭ̾ϡˤĤƤγ국ҤƱǤϤʤ S. A. ץ롥ͭ̾ϡʹ֤ΡִסE. ʥˤΤ褦˰쵤İΤǤ롥äơͭ̾ٹ˴򤹤ؤϡСִʤפοȸäƤΤǤ롥Ȥǡʹ֤δϡƥȤֻã֥ϥƥסƣġˤƤ롥οϡֻ̾ϡֻǤפǤ (I am that I am ᥨե եˡסʽХץȵ3:14ˤϡʤ국Ҥݤ˸Ūִͭ̾ʤפȤƤοǤǤ뤬椨ˡ˥ƥȤ򡤤ʤ̣ͿƤ롤ȤˤμʷǤ롥

֡նɽ˶ˤޤꡥ

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

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2023-09-12 Tue

#5251. ̾ --- ؽػŵ٤ [religion][onomastics][name_project][kotodama][religion][bible]

ؽػŵ٤դ˴ؤܤĤޤ߿Ƥ꡼̾ץȡ (name_project) ܤƤ̾פ򽡶ؤδߤȡۤɤޤǤˤ⤷ڤؤϥƥ󥰤Ǥ롥

̾ȤϡªʸˡǤȤ̾ǤꡤΡȤ򼨤ѤɽǤ롥ΰ̣Ǥ̾̾ϡŪʤΡȤɽѤ̾פȡ̤ΤΡȤΤߤ򤵤ָͭ̾פȤ̤롥Ԥϡ֤θפּƸפΤ褦ˡ줾Ǥˤ⡤礹ΡʡָסˤˤⱿѤ뤬ԤϡΤʤʪˤŬѤʤԤ̣ˤ̾Ǥʿͤ̾Į̾̾ʤɡġġˡ
嵭ΰ̣ˤƤ⡤̾ϸΤ鷺ñʤˤɽȤ٥ĶŪϤΤȤưƤäаޤ򡤥ƥγʸ "nomen est omen" ̾ͽʤפ褯ɽ̾ϡʾΤΤ⤿餷̾Ϳϡ̾Ť줿Τۤ뤳Ȥˤ̤ΤǤ㤨С2:19ˡ郎ˤ䡤̵ʩȤȤѤ⡤̾ȤΤְڤ٤פǤ̥ޥޡͤˡ̥פȤʤΡ R. åȡ°Ƥ뤳Ȥ򡤤ܤ˼Ƥ롥ơˤ̾Ϳ㤨С̾ˤ䡤͡ʵˤ̾ѹ㤨С̾ˤʤɤϡˤפʵŪǤ롥ޤĹԤ˾ޤ줿νκݤˡ˾䴶դǰ᤿̾դꡤžˤ錄¸³ä̾ҤˤĤȤä⡤ʸ̱²˸¤ΤǤϤʤʡˤƥꥹȤͿ֥ޥ̥ȤȤˡסʥޥˤʡ1:23ᥤ7:14ˤȤä̾ʤɤ⡤äΰĤª뤳ȤǤ褦


̾ˤϡְڤ٤ס̥פȤʤΡפȤƤ°ȤŦϰ̣ĹǤ롥̾ϡưƻȤƤߤȡ̾ˤʤȤ⤤뤬ʤΤȤȤ館ΤǤСݤ̥ǤоݤˤʤΤǤ롥
ؤˤ̾εȤƺǤפʤΤϡʡˤ̾äȤ⥿֡ζоݤǤ롥
ؤΤĤޤ߿꡼Ȥơʲε⻲ȡ

#5221. ֵפȤϲ (2) ([2023-08-13-1])
#5230. ֽθա --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-22-1])
#5233. ָդν --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-08-25-1])

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-15-1]

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2023-09-11 Mon

#5250. ̾϶ḽˤĤ줿Τճ¿ [name_project][onomastics][oronymy]

ͭ̾ؤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơThe Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming ɤ߿ʤƤcf. #5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1])ˡ֤Ȼ̾ (oronym) 򰷤8ϤޤǤɤ夤
8ϤǤϡޤƬä줿ϤνȤ뻳ˤʤŤ̾ĤƤ˰㤤ʤȻפǤǤʤ褦᤯̾ĤƤȤƤ⡤ϿۤɤΩä¸ߤǤϤʤä餷ο͡ϻʹ֤ˤȤäƷкŪΩʤΡͿʤΤȤȤ館Ƥ᤬롥Drummond (115) Ѥ롥

Historically, high ground was economically marginal, although it may be (sic) have been used for pasture (especially of a transhumant nature), hunting, or mining. However, over the last century and a half, the human activity of climbing mountains simply for pleasure has led to a greater focus on their names, with in some cases new names being coined, either to replace an older extant name, or to fill a gap where no name existed.
   The historic marginality resulted in a relative lateness in the recording of oronyms (hill and mountain names). In the British Isles, for instance, whilst most major rivers and many settlements were on record by the eleventh century, only Snowdon (Snawdune 1095) and The Cheviot (Chiuiet 1181) appear to have been recorded by the twelfth century. Scotland and England's highest peaks, Ben Nevis and Scafell respectively, were first recorded in the sixteenth century (1590s and 1578); Mont Blanc was not apparently recorded as such until the seventeenth century, superseding the older name of Mont Maudit (still used for its subsidiary summit) . . . . Relatively lower peaks were recorded earlier . . . . This pattern is logical from the point of view of those who worked the land, or owned the productive areas, in that the lower hills or mountains closer to them, and more easily accessible for transhumance, would be significant enough to name and record. Conversely, the names of the highest and less accessible summits were of little interest until relatively modern times.


ʤۤɡ̾ĤƤΤȤϡ⤽ڤȤƤлϿΤ¬̤ʤɤȯãΡƶḽŪʸʤΤ⤷ʤ̾ؤΤ⤷򶵤ƤϤǤ롥

Drummond, Peter. "Hill and Mountain Names." Chapter 8 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 114--24.

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2023-09-09 Sat

#5248. ˥å͡ͻ뤿ڤ [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][voicy][heldio][brainstorm]

#5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]) ǡͭ̾ˤĤƹͤƤȤ̾ץȡ (name_project) Ҳ𤷤ޤԥС4̾ǻϤƤǤ4̾ȤϡϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˡڹʷܳرءˡ޽¤ءˡƻ䡤δǤ
ΥץȤ˴ؤ٥Ȥ͡˳ŤƤȻפäƤޤ1ƤȤơܥ֥Ǥ#5241. ˥å͡ --- 9319:00 Voicy heldio Τ ([2023-09-02-1]) ǹΤ̤ꡤ93 heldio Ϥޤ94ˤϤμϿ򥢡Ȥۿޤ#826. ˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡˡǤ60ʬĶĹܤǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİФȡ



˥ꥹʡγ󤻤Ƥ˥å͡μͤȤˡץȥСȤäƤȤǤεʤ˥˥å͡ȤΩƤƤߤΤǤ򳫤ƤߤȡޤȤ˹ͻˤϤޤ˹ΰʬ깲ƤǤȤä餫äȤʤ뤳Ȥи礷ĤĩߤޤˤƥСȼλ㤨錄ꡤ˼«Ƥ褦˻פޤ
ȤϤ˥å͡ڤ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤƤ褯ʬޤʲפĤ¤վ񤭤ޤʤϡVoicy heldio ץߥꥹʡۿͥˤ96ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #28heldio/helwa Υꥹʡߥ˥ƥϥ֥쥹ȽĤǤǸҤΤˤʤޤˡ

ҲŪΥ
ؼоݤμࡤɥᥤʿ͡ϡʡ롤ԻԤΰ̾ϡ¾ΥȡΡ
ˡcf. euphemism for taboo)
ʸɽʸˤʤɡʸʸ
ħ
ؾʤɤ
̾դͤï¾ͤˤĤΤʬǤĤΤ
̡
̻ŪѲ
˥å͡ϰϡߥ˥ƥ
1ĤλؼоݤФ˥å͡μ¿ʤʰؿط롩
Τξ
̾ϡŪʡץ٥롤˥å͡ϤͤʪΡʬŪªץ٥
ʴ̾ˡʡʻˡ֡
ǤΤ̾ػ

¾ڤޤޤϤǤΤǡͻ³ƤȻפޤޤϺΥ٥1Ƥľܡܤ˻äƤ˴դޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-14-1] [2023-09-10-1]

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2023-09-08 Fri

#5247. ̾Ѳ¿̾ [hydronymy][onomastics][toponymy][name_project][polynymy][language_change][terminology][sign][semiotics]

Ϣͭ̾˴ؤϤƤ롥
̾̾ˤ褯ߤ뤬ƱؼоݤǤʤ顤ˤäưۤʤ̾ǸƤФ륱롥̻Ū̾Ѳ (name change) Ǥ롥ƱˡƱؼоݤФʣ̾ͿƤ륱롥Ū¿̾ (polynymy) Ǥ롥ͭ̾ǤϤʤ̾ǤС줾ָ֤ (onomasiological change) ȡƱ (synonymy) б
ε#5246. hydronymy --- ̾򸦵椹ʬ ([2023-09-07-1]) ǻȡѤ Strandberg (111) Ǥϡ̾ name change polynymy ˤĤơȤȤƳʤƤ롥

Name change is a common phenomenon in the history of hydronyms. In England, Blyth was replaced by Ryton, Granta by Cam, Hail by Kym, Writtle by Wid, etc. During a transitional stage of polynymy, there must often have existed both an older name and a new one. Trent (< Terente) is an alternative name for the river Piddle in Dorset. In Denmark, an older Guden and a younger Storå(en) were for a long time used in parallel for the same river.
   Polynymy may also involve the simultaneous existence of different names for different parts of a (long) river. There are, for example, cases where the upper and lower reaches of a river have different names. The upper part of the Wylye in Wiltshire, England is called the Deverill, and the source of the French river Marne has the name Marnotte. A present-day name for a long river may have replaced several old ones denoting different stretches of it. The Nyköpingsån is a long and large river in Sweden; its name is formally secondary, containing the town name Nyköping. Two lost partial names of the Nyköpingsån (Blakka, Sølnoa) are recorded in medieval sources, while others, like *Sledh and *Vrena, may be or probably are preserved in names denoting settlements on the river; the current partial name Morjanån most likely goes back to an OSwed. *Morgha.


̾ǤСƱʪܤ˲̾ (name change)˥å͡䤢̾ʣ (polynymy) Ȥͭ̾κΰյϡؼоݤƱ̾ˤ깱Ū˳ݤˤϤȹͤƤ̾Ѳ¿̾ϡषεդԤΤǤ롥̣򤽤븽ݤ

Strandberg, Svante. "River Names." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 104--14.

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2023-09-07 Thu

#5246. hydronymy --- ̾򸦵椹ʬ [hydronymy][onomastics][toponymy][name_project]

ͭ̾ (onomastics) ΤʤǤϡ̾򸦵椹ʬȤ̾ (toponymy) 롥̾ؤȶᤤо¡Τʤɤο̾򰷤ʬ롥̾ (hydronymy) hydronymy ϡ衼åѤǤ˳ؤ͸ųؤȤϢưƽפʬȤƤꡤǸؤβ̾ᤰä "alteuropäische Hydronymie" β⤬ƤʤɡĹѤ롥
#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ϥɥ֥å7ϤȤʤ "River Names" ɤ߽֤뤪⤷äƳؤ֤Ȥ¿äȤ櫓 hydronymy ˤ֤פȤħȿǤ˶̣򤤤󥰥ɤɥĤǤ hydronymy Ȥв̾оݤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ǥ󡤥ǥޡΥ륦Τ褦̲Ū˸о̾оݤȤʤȤơϰϷΤȿǤΤ
Strandberg (104) Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Hydronymic research in a country like Sweden has concerned itself to a very great extent with lake names; these can be as old as river names and contain the same words or roots. River names formed from names of lakes are common in Sweden. In Denmark and Norway, too, much research has been done on lake names. For topographical reasons, in areas of Europe such as England and Germany more attention has been paid to river names than to lake names.


ʸϤΤȤ˸롥ʹ֤Ͽ塤Ȥ櫓ø夬ʤΩʤϿʹ֤μҲưˤȤäƤפǤꡤϢưƿ̾ˤͿΤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ȤƤ⡤ʤʬȤƤ hydronymy ˡܤƤcf. #5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]

Strandberg, Svante. "River Names." Chapter 7 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 104--14.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-08-1]

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2023-09-06 Wed

#5245. ϤˤäƤԤϴ¸̾¸Τ֤Τ [name_project][onomastics][toponymy]

轻̱ΤϤˡ鿷ԤäƤŪȤȤ⤢Сưή夤ȤȤ⤢ˤ¸̾ȤؿԤäƤơҲŪͥȤʤä硤ϤΤޤ޴¸̾ʱˤƳˤ¸Τ뤤ϼθ̾դή˽äƿ̾Ф֤Τ
ȤƤξΥѥ󤬤褦̱ɺήʤɡηаޤˤäƥѥ󤬰ۤʤΤɤϵ;Ϥ뤬¸ִξǽǤ롥ϡ٤̾Ȥ̵̣ͭ̾ȴϢŤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
¸̾˸Ūʰ̣ɤ߹ޤΤǤС򺬵ȤƲ¸롤뤤ѴȤѶŪʷ꤬ʤ뤫⤷ʤ̾˼ʰ̣ɤ߼ʤΤǤСϿԤˤȤäƤϡƱΤεˤǤդ뤤ϾöŪưŤˤꡤѤΤݤDz¸뤳Ȥ⤢СŬ˼̾դʤȤȤ⤢
ߤСˤϥΤ褦˸櫓ºݤǤˤƥäΤ⤷ʤ̾ϡ̣ĸȤ⡤ؼоݤΤߤĵȤ̤Hough (87) ϤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Since names can be used without understanding of semantic content, incoming groups of speakers characteristically take over some of the existing names while creating others of their own. This means that in almost all areas where successive phases of migration have occurred, the names represent a palimpsest of formations from different languages and time-periods.


̾Ρ̵˰̣ᤰȤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])
#5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1])

Hough, Carole. "Settlement Names." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 87--103.

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2023-09-05 Tue

#5244. ٤θűѸ̾ [oe][toponymy][anglo-saxon][name_project][onomastics][history][chronology][farming]

ε#5243. ۶θűѸ̾ ([2023-09-04-1]) ǡ̾ˤꡤϤɤλ˳󤵤줿Τ꤬꤬礬ȽҤ٤
Tysoe, Wensley, Thursley, Friden, Harrow, Weeford ʤɤϡ1Ǥ۶ʤȤ뤿ᡤ󥰥ǤȤ櫓Ťؤ°ȾҲ𤷤礦ɵդΥ⤢롥㤨СפФ٤ wīc ޤ̾ϡȤΩˤĤ줿Τȹͤ뤬ϥ󥰥ɤȻˤ˴դߤ8ʹߤΤȤȿ¬롥ĤޤꡤƱűѸǤŪ٤γǤ뤳Ȥ롥Hough (98) ϢսѤ롥

. . . some elements may be dated to a later phase of settlement on semantic or other grounds. Place-names from OE wīc 'specialized farm' are indicative of established farming communities, and are considered unlikely to have been coined before the eighth century AD. Examples from England include Butterwick (butter), Cheswick (cheese), Gatwick (goats), and Shapwick (sheep); examples from Scotland include Berwick (barley), Hedderwick (heather), and Sunwick (pigs).


󤲤Ƥϡʬ䤹ΤȤȤ⤷ʤʤ򻺤줬¿̾ͭ̾θϡŪŪʸǤϺѤߤʤȤȤǤ롥

Hough, Carole. "Settlement Names." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 87--103.

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2023-09-04 Mon

#5243. ۶θűѸ̾ [oe][toponymy][anglo-saxon][christianity][name_project][onomastics][history][chronology][heathenism]

̾ιǤΰ̣ҤȤȤˤäơɤλˤ̾Ĥ줿Τ㤬롥Ʊ꤬̤֤̾ƤꤹΤǡǿŤ˲᤹ɬפ뤬̾椬˳ؤʤ¾ʬ˹׸Ƕ̣
Hough (98) ˤȡꥹȶΥ󥰥ɤθűѸ̾ˡ۶οʤɤ̾ѤƤΤȤΤ褦ʥǤϡŤϤǤȲᤷƤ褵

Also indicative of early settlement are place-names referring to religious or other customs that were later superseded. Place-names referring to Anglo-Saxon paganism represent an early stratum which must pre-date the conversion to Christianity around 627. In England they fall into two main groups: those containing the names of pagan gods, and those containing a word for a heathen shrine or temple. Examples of the former are Tysoe (Tiw + OE hōh 'heel; hill-spur'), Wensley (Woden + OE lēah 'wood, clearing'), Thursley (Thunor + OE lēah 'wood, clearing', and Friden (Frig + denu 'valley'); examples of the latter are Harrow (OE hearg 'temple') and Weeford (OE wēoh 'shrine' + ford 'ford). The absence of either type from the corpus of Old English place-names in Scotland is usually taken to indicate that the Anglo-Saxons did not move north until after the conversion to Christianity, although this has been challenged on the grounds that pagan names are also absent from large areas of England . . . .


Τ褦ʰ۶Ū̾åȥɤˤǧʤȤ̣ĹǤ롥

Hough, Carole. "Settlement Names." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 87--103.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-05-1]

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2023-09-02 Sat

#5241. ˥å͡ --- 9319:00 Voicy heldio Τ [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][voicy][heldio][helwa][notice]

#5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤȶʸ֤ȤȤ̾ʡͭ̾ˤ˴ؤ븦ץȤưƤޤ (cf. name_project) ֡khelfʷѸ˥ե˥С Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Υꥹʡ򴬤ǡ̾ˤĤƽIJ̵Ԥ˹ͤƤȻפäƤޤܥ֥ɼԤ⡤̵̾˲ääƤФȡ
ץȤˤĤƤϡheldio ˤ#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ󡤸޽¤ǤҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤİ
̾ץȡפκǽθ٥ȤȤơ9319:00 60ʬۤ Voicy heldio ۿͽǤѡʥƥϡ̾ץȡפμץСǤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤˡڹʷܳرءˡ޽¤ءˡƻ䡤δ4̳̾ޤ
Τ֥˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡǤ830 heldio ̾ۿˤ#821. ˥å͡ --- 93 19:00--20:00 Τ˥ꥹʡγؤθƤӤۿޤΤǡΩߥ󥰥åפȤơİ



嵭ۿΥ̤ơꥹʡγˡ˥å͡˴ؤ͡ʾͻ󤻤ƤƤޤǤ¿ΥȤƤƤƤޤľޤǼդƤޤΤǡɤɤ󤻲Ǥϡ󤫤ΥȤɤ߾夲ʤɤʤ顤˥å͡ŸƤȻפäƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-09-1]

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2023-08-24 Thu

#5232. ̾̾θȤƤ Domesday Book [domesday_book][oe][norman_conquest][manuscript][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][toponymy]

#5227. űѸ̾Τθ ([2023-08-19-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤDomesday Book ϸűѸ̾ΰλǤ롥
Domesday Book ȤϲǤСWilliam I 1086ǯ˺餻󥰥ɤΤۤĴĢʸ뤤ˤǤ롥⿽ΩƤ;ϤʤŰŪĴֺ֤꤫ǸοȽפˤʤ館 "Domesday Book" ̾դ줿̾12溢ޤǤˤϰŪʸƾΤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥
͡ȿäΤΡĴϻŻκ٤®ǡˤƤ餯ǤʹŪʶӤäĴ7--8ͤΰѰˤäƼ»ܤ졤ơۤʤϰôơľܼԤνΤ˴ؤܺ٤Ի񤫤鲦ν񵭴Ρ줬 Domesday Book Ǥ롥
ñ Domesday Book ȸƤФƤ뤬ºݤˤϰۤʤ2ĤδΩäƤ롥1 (Great Domesday) ϡEssex, Norfolk, Suffolk ٤ƤνϿޤǤ롥3Ĥν˴ؤƤϡǤϤʤ2 (Little Domesday) ¸Ƥ롥
Domesday Book ̾ȤƤβͤȡֻѾաפˤĤơClark (453--54) ⤷Ƥ뤳ȤѤ褦

For late OE name-forms of both kinds Domesday Book (DB) is the prime source; for many place-names, those from the North especially, it furnishes the earliest record extant . . . . DB proper consists of two volumes (recently rebound as five), always part of the state archives and now housed in the Public Record Office, wherefore they are together known as the 'Exchequer Domesday'. The two sections are, it must be emphasised, of different standing: 'Little DB', which deals with Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, represents a redaction earlier and fuller --- therefore more useful to onomasticians --- than that of 'Great DB', which deals with the rest of the Conqueror's English realm. There are also various related records, usually known as 'satellites', some (like Exon DB) official, others private . . .; on matters ranging from administrative procedure to orthography, these supplement the information given by the Exchequer volumes. Although DB as it stands results from a survey undertaken in 1086, roughly half the material there dates back to pre-Conquest times. Based as they were upon enquiries made by several panels of commissioners who collected documentary as well as oral evidence and interrogated alike French-speaking post-Conquest settlers and survivors of the pre-Conquest land-holding classes, the extant DB texts, in which the commissioners' returns have to varying degrees been recast, need careful handling. At the orthographical level, basic to onomastic study, they are notoriously unreliable. For one thing, not all the scribes used the traditional OE orthography . . . . For another, working conditions were unpropitious: name-material, unlike common vocabulary, cannot be predicted from context, and so the DB clerks, interpreting utterances of witnesses from varied linguistic backgrounds, sometimes perhaps toothless ancients, and editing drafts that bristled with unfamiliarities, were liable to mishear, misread, misunderstand, miscopy or otherwise mangle the forms. Only lately has appreciation of the types and degrees of scribal error in DB made progress enough for former broad assumptions --- for instance, about 'Anglo-Norman influences' --- to be gradually replaced by recognition of specific auditory and visual confusions.


Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-08-23 Wed

#5231. űѸο̾ˤϲȷϤɽ魯 (family name) Ϥʤä [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][alliteration][patronymy][by-name]

űѸο̾ˤϡ family name last name פϤʤ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ褦ˤʤΤϥΥޥΤȤǤ롥
ȷϤ°ɸȯۤޤǤʤä櫓ǤϤʤä˲ȤηˤĤƤϡ̾ƱҲǻϤƬ (alliteration) ηȤвħ (sound_symbolism) DzȷϤ򼨺ƤޤȤʤȤӤDZ椫ǤϤʤ
Clark (458) Τ褦󤲤Ƥ롥

Despite the lack of 'family-names' in the modern sense, kinship-marking was a main motive behind old Germanic naming . . . . Thus, royal genealogies, whose partly mythical character makes them likely to show idealised forms, regularly exhibit runs of alliteration, as in the West Saxon sequence: Cerdic, Cynric, Ceawlin, Cuða, Ceada, Benbeorht, Ceadwalla . . . .


ۤˡ̾ˤĤơ§ŪǤϤʤΤΡ䷻̾˴ޤޤǤͭ뷹ߤȤ (cf. (patronymy))
̾ˤĤƤϡ󤻤ϿʤŪʷϻŦˤ褦Ǥ롥㤨 Bede ˵󤲤Ƥ̾ǤСűѸ̾Τ1/7ʲˤȤɤޤȤ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-31-1] [2023-12-16-1]

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2023-08-21 Mon

#5229. űѸ˿̾ΥȥɤѤä [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][diachrony][bede][domesday_book][by-name]

ϢűѸˤ̾ܤƤ롥űѸȰˤäƤĹˤ錄ʤΤǡ̻ŪѲäȤƤ⤪ʤ̾̾դ˥ȥɤ뤳ȤϸαѸǤܸǤ褯ΤƤ̤ǤꡤűѸˤ⤽λήԤäȤƤäʤ
Clark (461) ϡBede ˤ731ǯ蘆줿 Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) William I 1086ǯ˺餻Ģ the Domesday Book ˤ̾Ӥ̾դη̻ŪѲ餷ΤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Although neither sample can be taken fully to represent contemporary usages, it is no accident that in detail the recorded stocks differ, with deuterotheme usages similar but only half the protothemes in common. Even with allowance for the greater number of name-bearers represented in DB, overall variability seems little reduced. Some change of custom has none the less taken place: the fairly even seventh-century frequency-pattern has given way to a markedly uneven one, with many names occurring just once or twice but a particular few, such as Ælfrīc, Godrīc, Godwine, Lēofwine and Wulfrīc, having each a multitude of bearers distinguished from one another by by-names (a similar pattern appears in the names of Suffolk peasants of probably ca 1100 . . .). This development parallels those seen in continental West-Germanic communities. . . .


ɬΤ̻ŪѲǤȤƶĴƤ櫓ǤϤʤClark ϸűѸˤƿ̾¿ƤʬϤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ǡμפʾ̾ϻĤäƤꡤƱ̾ξˤ̤ (by-names) դä뤳Ȥˤ̤褦ˤʤäƤȤ
̾դήԤѲظ˲äΤˤʤȤ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-08-20 Sun

#5228. űѸο̾ΰΤˤ2ŻҲΩ [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][name_project][personal_name][consonant][phonetics][shortening][hypocorism][germanic][sound_symbolism]

űѸο̾ΰ (hypocorism) ħϲȤ񿴤򤯤뤰䤤ФơClark (459--60) Ը򻲹ͤˤĤġ⤷ҥȤͿƤƤ롥˲˴ؤŦŻҲ (geminate) ΩĤΤȤ

Clearly documented hypocoristics often show modified consonant-patterns . . . . Thus, the familiar form Saba (variant: Sæba) by which the sons of the early-seventh-century King Sǣbeorht (Saberctus) of Essex called their father showed the first element of the full name extended by the initial consonant of the second, in a way perhaps implying that medial consonants following a stressed syllable may have been ambisyllabic . . . . In the Germanic languages generally, a consonant-cluster formed at the element-junction of a compound name was often simplified in the hypocoristic form to a geminate, Old English examples including the masc. Totta < Torhthelm, the fem. Cille < Cēolswīð, and also the masc. Beoffa apparently derived from Beornfrið . . . .


ŻҲҲñ㲽ȤСܸΡ֤äס֤äס֤äס֤ޤä۵롥ܸβǤϽŻҲ¥ˤΤΤŪꤵƤȤäƤ褤̾䤽ΰΤʤɤˤϤȤ櫓¿ѤƤ褦ʰݤ롥ħ (sound_symbolism) δ顤餫ŪϲǽʤΤ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-08-19 Sat

#5227. űѸ̾Τθ [oe][anglo-saxon][onomastics][evidence][philology][methodology][name_project][domesday_book]

Ϣε#5225. 󥰥̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1])#5226. 󥰥̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤ ([2023-08-18-1]) ǰѡȤƤ Clark (453) ꡤ⤽űѸ̾ (onomastics) θ (source-materials) ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤǧƤ

The sources for early name-forms, of people and of places alike, are, in terms of the conventional disciplines, ones more often associated with 'History' than with 'English Studies': they range from chronicles through Latinised administrative records to inscriptions, monumental and other. Not only that: the aims and therefore also the findings of name-study are at least as often oriented towards socio-cultural or politico-economic history as towards linguistics. This all goes to emphasise how artificial the conventional distinctions are between the various fields of study.
   Thus, onomastic sources for the OE period include: chronicles, Latin and vernacular; libri vitae; inscriptions and coin-legends; charters, wills, writs and other business-records; and above all Domesday Book. Not only each type of source but each individual piece demands separate evaluation.


ŪʸűѸʸŪȤϾۤʤǧ졤̣ȤϤʸŪ椫礭Ƥ櫓ǤʤʸؤǤ󤵤Ƥ븶ϤפʤΤѤκǸˤ褦 "each individual piece" βͤõȤⶦ̤롥ͭ̾ϰ̤ñƱ꤬񤷤ᡤ;פ˿ŤפȤϤꤽ
ᤰˤĤƤϰʲε򻲾ȡ

#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])
#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵ򡤾ä䤹ڵ򡽡ؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])
#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])
#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1])

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-24-1]

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2023-08-18 Fri

#5226. 󥰥̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤ [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][anglo-saxon][oe][bede][beowulf]

ε#5225. 󥰥̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1]) ǡClark 򻲾Ȥ Bede ˤߤűѸ̾ηǧǤο̾ "themes" бäϡűѻ Beowulf Ǥ褯ѤƤñ췲ǤꡤűѸˤʸŪɤɽ魯ΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ǡ̾դμºݤäƤϡ줾 themes ΰ̣űѸ˶Ū򤵤Ƥɤʬʤ̾˹Ƥְ̣פΤϤ褯뤳ȤBeowulf θäϻθäǤꡤűѸǤäȤϡ褯Ŧ줭ȤǤ롥󥰥ʸŪɤȤʸ仺ŪɤȤäۤ褤褦ˤפ롥
ˤĤơClark ⿵Ťʸ򼨤Ƥ (457--58)

Name themes thus largely parallel the diction of heroic verse . . . . Kindred elements in the diction of Beowulf include common items such as beorht, cēne, cūð, poetic ones such as brego and torht, and also, more strikingly, compounds like frēawine 'lord and friend', gārcēne 'bold with spear', gūðbeorn 'battle-warrior', heaðomǣre 'renowned in battle', hildebill 'battle-blade', wīgsigor 'victorious in battle' . . . . Parallels must not be pressed; for rules of formation differed and, more crucially, such 'meaning' as name-compounds possessed was not in practice etymological. Name-themes might, besides, long out-live related items of daily, even literary, vocabulary: non-onomastic Old English usage shows no cognate of the feminine deuterotheme -flǣd 'beauty' and, as cognates of Tond- 'fire', only the mutated derivatives ontendan 'kindle' and tynder 'kindling wood'. Resemblances between naming and heroic diction nonetheless suggest motivations behind the original Germanic styles: hopes and wishes appropriate to a warrior society, and perhaps belief in onomastic magic . . . .


ѤκǸˤ褦ˡClark ϥ󥰥̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤȤ (1) μҲˤդ路˾ߤȴꤤ(2) ̾ˡؤοġ󤲤Ƥ롥󥰥ͭȤǤ뤬ƸФ̣̾դŪưŤȤȤ館줽
Ǿ줿̾ˤְ̣פᤰˤĤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ

hellog #2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])
hellog #5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1])
heldio #665. ͭ̾ˤϻؼоݤϤ뤱ɤ̣ϤʤǤ͡2023ǯ327

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-19-1]

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2023-08-17 Thu

#5225. 󥰥̾ι (2) [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][anglo-saxon][oe][bede]

#4539. 󥰥̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ˰³űѸο̾ˤĤ Clark ˤ뵭ҤߤƤߤ
Clark ϡBede ˤ Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) ˸215ο̾ʼ˵ͤο̾ˤˤĤƼ󤲤Ƥ롥2/3ۤɤο̾2Ĥǡ1ǡ2Ǥ򤽤줾 "prototheme""deuterotheme" ȸƤ֡ˤȤ߹碌ʤäƤꡤ "themes" ʤ뤤 "name lemmas" ȸƤǤ褤ˤμ夲ȡ85--90ۤɤ̤ʼ̤ˤΤ⤢Ȥˡ50ʾϤäѤ1ǤȤơ20ϤäѤ2ǤȤѤƤꡤ1Ǥˤ2ǤˤѤƤΤ12ढ롥űѸ̾ˤĤƤΰȤơ1ǤѤ themes Τۤ¿ͤȤ
űѸο̾ themes ϡ̾̾졦ƻȤƤѤ뤢դ줿Ǥ뤳ȤħǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ John Mary Τ褦˿̾òѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤBede ˸90ۤɤ themes ˤĤƤС70ʾ夬ޥŪǤǤꡤ2/3ۤɤ̥ޥˤߤǤǤ롥ޥηǻѤ themes ȤȤ
ѥ Bede ˸¤äƤ⡤̾įƤߤȡ˷֤복ǰˤʤäƤ롥Clark (457) 󤹤롥

Recurrent concepts and typical Bedan name-themes include: nobility and renown --- Æðel- 'noble', Beorht-/-beorht 'radiant', Brego- 'prince', Cūð- 'renowned', Cyne- 'royal', -frēa 'lord', -mǣr 'renowned', Torht- 'radiant'; national pride --- Peoht- 'Pict', Swǣf- 'Swabian', Þēod- 'nation', Wealh-/-wealh 'Celt' and probably Seax- if meaning 'Saxon'; religion --- ælf- 'supernatural being', Ealh- 'temple', Ōs- 'deity'; strength and valour --- Beald-/-beald 'brave', Cēn- 'brave', Hwæt- 'brave', Nōð- 'boldness', Swīð-/-swīð fem. 'strong', Þrȳð-/-þrȳð fem. 'power', Weald-/-weald 'power'; warriors and weapons --- Beorn- 'warrior', -bill 'sword', -brord 'spear', Dryht- 'army', Ecg- 'sword', -gār 'spear', Here-/-here 'army', Wulf-/-wulf 'wolf; warrior', and perhaps Swax- if meaning 'dagger'; battle --- Beadu-, Gūð-/-gūð fem., Heaðu-, Hild-/-hild fem., Wīg-, and also Sige- 'victory' (limitations of function apply only to the Bedan evidence). Peace (-frið), prudence (Rǣd-/-rǣd 'counsel'), and defence (Bōt- 'remedy', Burg-/-burg fem. 'protection', -helm 'protection' and -mund 'protection') are more sparingly invoked. In compound names, protothemes appear in stem-form. Inflections are added only to the deuterothemes; when not Latinised, masc. names follow the a-stems and fem. ones the ō-stems.


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Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-19-1] [2023-08-18-1]

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