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onomastics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-12-17 Sun

#5347. ̾ؤ򤫤ФƿǤޤǤδۤ [name_project][onomastics][voicy][heldio][personal_name][toponymy][hydronymy]

βƤˡ̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲ޤפĤǻϤ᤿ʤˤ⤢餺ΥץȤǤο֡˱Ѹˤδ̾ (onomastics) 򤫤ФޤޤޤΰǤǿƱǤ heldio ꥹʡγʤɤȤε̤ơĤ⤷ʬäƤޤʲվ񤭤ޤ

̾ؤδؿκ߽ϸʸȤ˰ۤʤ롥㤨СꥹǤ̾θ츻˴ؿΤФơꥫǤ̾դưؤδؿޤϤˤĤ̾ (hydronymy) ˤĤơꥹΦǤϲ̾ͻоݤˤʤΤФơ̲ϸо̾礿ؿоݤȤʤ
ͭ̾첽 (onymisation) ϰ̸Ūʼġ̾줬ġɤΤ褦ˡʤͭ̾첽Τ
̾ؤˤ񤭸աʸˤϤˡܸ̾ؤˤƤϤƽפΤ̾ؤǤʸȤιͻŪ
Ѹ̾ˤˤ (last name, family name, surname, by-name) ȯŸӾˤϡɬŪʤΤǤϤʤäȥե쥭֥äȤ¤϶̣
̾ؤϸ¤ʤغŪʬǤ (cf. #5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1])#5334. Ѹ̾ؤ֤̤ Cecily Clark 󡪡 ([2023-12-04-1]))#5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥɡ ([2023-12-09-1])#5343. onomastics ̾ءˤоݤȼ --- Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵ ([2023-12-13-1]
̾ΤϡҲνŪοŸȤȤ礭ƤƤcf. ʹ֤Υߥ˥ƥͥåȥιꡤߥ˥󵻽ѤȯŸĿͼιޤꡤǥƥƥռζٲ̾
Ū̾ͻݤˤϡ1͡1Ĥ̾פȤŪɳդȤƤϤʤޤĤƤϸŪ̾ȻŪ̾ζϤäۣä
ѸˤܿˤȤСѸäˤν̿ޤǤȸ롥¤ϱѸ̾ˤ⡤Ƥν̿ޤǤϤʤѸ̾⡤̾ܿơ㤷դ뤲ƤȤ櫓Ѹ̾̾դΰݻȤ˲η֤ä
ѸޤǤϿ̾ˤˤĤ³ȯۤäϲȷϤǤϤʤĿͤꤹΤŪǤä (heraldry) ˤ̤Ǥ롥

פĤϢͤƤߤޤ줫̾ؤ򤫤³Ƥޤ

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2023-12-16 Sat

#5346. Ѹ˱Ѹ̾Ƴ줿ط [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][norman_conquest][prestige][sociolinguistics][by-name]

ɸˤĤƤϡĤ hellog Ǽ夲Ƥ

#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#5231. űѸο̾ˤϲȷϤɽ魯 (family name) Ϥʤäɡ ([2023-08-23-1])
#5338. Ѹ˿̾ˤ⤿餵줿2ĤοȤλ ([2023-12-08-1])

Υޥ塤Ѹ̾ (last name, family name, surname, by-name) Ƴ줿طʤȤơŪˤ2ŦƤ롥1Ĥ first name μबꤵ줿̡ǤϸĿͤǤʤʤäȡ⤦1ĤϡǤˡŪ൭ܤ˴ؤŪνŪװǤ롥
⤦1դäʤСΥޥΦǤϡʤʬŪˤϥ󥰥ɤǤˤǤѤ뽬ˤϤäȤ¤ŦƤȤϽפǤ롥嵭ޤᤳդλˤĤơClark (553) ʷƤƤ롥

Patently, such baptismal-name patterns were scarcely adequate for social identification, far less for administrative and legal purposes. By-naming --- that is, supplementation of baptismal names by phrases specifying their bearers in genealogical, residential, occupational or characteristic terms --- became, in England as elsewhere, a general necessity. Such specifying phrases had been in occasional use among English people since well before the Conquest . . . , and all signs are that shrinkage of the name-stock would in any case have soon compelled their general adoption. The Norman Conquest may well, however, have acted as a catalyst to the process, in so far as it brought in a new aristocracy among whom, as is clear not only from Domesday Book but also from the early records surviving from the settlers' homelands in Normandy, France and Flanders, use of by-names, and of territorial ones especially, was already widespread, with even more tentative movements towards family naming . . . . The prestige thus accruing to use of a by-name would hardly have hindered wider adoption of them among the general native population.


ѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ²ѤȤˤ˰ҿ (prestige) Ϳ졤줬̱κѤ¥ȤˤʤäȤҲŪװ⡤⤦1ĤطʤȤƲƤȤǤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.

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2023-12-14 Thu

#5344. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ [name_project][onomastics][voicy][heldio][helwa][naming][notice]

1211ʷˤ18:00̾ץȡ (name_project) ΥС4̾ǡ̾դ (naming) ˤĤƤ٤ꤹ Voicy heldio Ϥޤ饤ǻäꥹʡγͤˤϡ夲˹׸ꡤ꤬Ȥޤ
ͻҤϡ13ʿī̾ۿȤƤ⤪ϤޤΤǡܥ֥ɼԤγͤ⡤Ҥ֤ΤȤˤİ#926. ̾դݤϤݥȡ̾ץȴ #2ۡ1211ʷΥˡǤ60ʬۤɤβǤˡ



ϡ̾դפȤʹ֤餷԰٤ܤ˥ꥹʡ̾դ˴ؤƴ󤻤ƤȤɤ߾夲ĤġС4̾Ǥ줳ȥ奢ˤ٤ꤷޤʹ֤ϲ̾ĤΤ̾ĤưϲɤŻ뤷̾դΤʤɼͳ˸礤ޤȤ櫓ֵ11ơޡ䡤ե̾򤤤դ٤ʤɤ䤤夬ޤ
heldio ϡ̾ץȤ2ƤȤƤϤޤƱСˤ heldio 1Ƥϡ#5248. ˥å͡ͻ뤿ڤ ([2023-09-09-1]) ǤޤȤ᤿̤ꡤ9#826. ˥å̾͡ץȴ #1ۡˡȤƤϤޤ碌ƤİйǤ
⤽⤳̾ץȤȤϲʤΤˤĤƤ hellog #5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1]) heldio ۿ#799. ̾ץȡΩ夲ǰϿ with Ͻؤڹ󡤸޽¤򤴻Ȥ
Сϰʲ4̾ǡץȴϢ٥Ȥ򳫤ƤȻפäƤޤꤤޤ

- ޽¤ء
- ڹʷܳرء
- Ͻؤʥեꥹرؤۤ
- δʷء

ʤߤ˾嵭θ塤2ȾΤƥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Ǥ٤³ԤϿޤ֡ڱѸˤ #66ʸȥե̾Ȥǡ޽ϡĤ3ͤǸ³ƤޤˤؿΤϡҥ֥ץ󤷤ƤǤİС

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2023-12-13 Wed

#5343. onomastics ̾ءˤоݤȼ --- Bussmann Ѹ켭ŵ [name_project][terminology][onomastics][personal_name][toponymy][hydronymy]

̾ץȡ (name_project) Ω夲طǡonomastics ̾ءͭ̾ءˤĤޤ߿ʤؤǤ롥 Bussmann θѸ켭ŵ onomastics ιƤߤʲ˰ѤʬγפĤǤ

onomastics
Scientific investigation of the origin (development, age, etymology), the meaning, and the geographic distribution of names (⇒ proper noun). Onomastic subdisciplines include anthroponymy (the study of names of bodies of water), and toponymy (the study of geographic place-names), among others. Because place-names and personal names are among the oldest and most transparent linguistic forms, they are an important source of hypotheses about the history of language, dialect geography and language families. More recently, sociolinguistics (name-giving and use in society), psycholinguistics (psycho-onomastics and the physiognomy of names), pragmalinguistics and text linguistics have taken an active interest in onomastics. Onomastics also offers new insights into historical processes (pre- and early history, folklore, among others) as well as geography and natural history.


嵭ΰѤΤʤ "the physiognomy of names" ̾οءפʤɤ¸ߤˤ϶ä򸦵椹ʬʤΤ̾ˤޤĤ벻ȥ᡼䡤̾βʤɤޤޤΤʤɤۤߤޤʤ
̾ؤμȤϡ#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) #5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥɡ ([2023-12-09-1]) ǿƤ̤ݥƥ󥷥ϤޤޤȤäƤ

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-17-1]

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2023-12-12 Tue

#5342. ڤ (clipping) ˤ෿ [word_formation][shortening][abbreviation][clipping][terminology][polysemy][homonymy][morphology][typology][apostrophe][hypocorism][name_project][onomastics][personal_name][australian_english][new_zealand_english][emode][ame_bre]

ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲



ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)

CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:

(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.

Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-30-1]

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2023-12-09 Sat

#5339. Ѹ̾ؤμϰϤȥȥ [name_project][onomastics]

̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơѸ̾̾դ˴ؤ뵭ɮ뵡Ƥcf. #5217. ̾ץȡפΩ夬ޤ ([2023-08-09-1])ˡϱѸ̾ (English onomastics) μϰϤȥȥɤǧ٤Coates β "The discipline of English onomastics" (317) ꤹ1Ѥ

Current onomastic work in the United Kingdom seeks to explain the linguistic origin of personal and place-names or to assess the historical significance of their distribution, and in the latter case as applied to personal names it is a tool of genealogy, and genealogical methods help refine historical-linguistic analysis. There have been small amounts of recent work on the social psychology of personal naming and nicknaming. There is sporadic work on literary onomastics (dealing with proper names for characters and locations in fictional works), but more in North America. In English-speaking countries beyond the British Isles, and indeed also in Ireland, Wales and Scotland, there is considerable interest in the heritage of names derived from languages that have been partly or totally displaced (for instance in North America and Australia), and in the cultural contexts in which naming has taken place, information about which tends to be of greater interest than in England, where the contexts of naming that generate most interest are medieval. In the words of William Bright: 'American onomatologists ... have given greater emphasis to "the motivation of the namer" --- to the "human activity" of naming.


ꥹƤȤDZѸ̾ؤΥȥɤۤʤäƤơϰˤؿκ߽ȿǤƤ궽̣⤽̾ (onomastics) μϰϤȤϡ#5187. ͭ̾ؤΥϥɥ֥å ([2023-07-10-1]) Ǥ⼨ȤǤ롥Ѹ̾ؤμ⡤嵭ΰѤʾ˹ȤõƤƤ褤
ΤӰѤ Coates ʸˤϡˤ hellog Dz٤ڤƤ롥ʲε򻲾ȡ

#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե󥹸줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#2382. Ѹ̾ؤ񤷤 ([2015-11-04-1])
#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1])
#4538. ͭ̾ϰ̡ ([2021-09-29-1])
#4539. 󥰥̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1])
#4542. Ѹο̾Υȥɡ ([2021-10-03-1])

Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-17-1] [2023-12-13-1]

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2023-12-08 Fri

#5338. Ѹ˿̾ˤ⤿餵줿2ĤοȤλ [name_project][me][oe][onomastics][personal_name][by-name]

#5299. Ѹ̾ؤѸηϡ ([2023-10-30-1]) ǡClark ˵äơűѸ줫Ѹˤƿ̾Τ礭ѤäȤǧcf. #5297. űѸ̾ؤѸηϡ ([2023-10-28-1])ˡ(1) ĤƤ "idionym" "baptismal name" ؤƤƤäȡ (2) ץä "by-name" ˸Ū "family name" ؤȯŸƤäȤ2פǤ롥
Ѹ̾οȤ⤤뤳2ѸΤɤΤ餤Υߥ󥰤塦ΩΤΤ˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤǤʤޤǽȯŸħClark (552) ϡ1ܤ1250ǯ2ܤ1450ǯȤߤƤ롥

This twofold shift in English personal naming was a specifically Middle English process. Among the mass of the population, the name system of ca 1100 was still virtually the classic Late Old English one, modified only by somewhat freer use of ad hoc by-names . . .; but ca 1450 a structure prefiguring the present-day one had been established, with hereditary family names in widespread use, though not yet universally adopted. As for the ousting of pre-Conquest baptismal names by what were virtually the present-day ones, that had been accomplished by ca 1250. This series of changes involved several convergent processes.


绨ĤˤС1ܤοϽѸ (1100--1300) δ֤˸ǤޤäƤ2ܤοϼ˸Ѹ (1300--1500) ȯŸƤäȸ󥰥Ū̾դ鸽Ū̾դؤѲ濴Ȥʤϡۤܤ줤Ѹ (1100--1500) ȤäƤƤ褤Ȥˤʤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-31-1] [2023-12-16-1]

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2023-12-04 Mon

#5334. Ѹ̾ؤ֤̤ Cecily Clark 󡪡 [onomastics][oe][name_project][toponymy][personal_name][evidence][philology][methodology]

ǯβƤΩ夲̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ̾ (onomastic) ʸɤൡ¿ʤäƤ롥 hellog Ǥ⡤Clark 򻲾ȤƸűѸ̾ؤ˴ؤϤƤ
Clark ʸκǸǤ롥Ѹ̾ؤ򸦵椷褦Ȼפä顤μȳи礬롤ȤΤȡʡḷȡˤߤƤΤäޤɤǤƱѸ̾ؤؤδؿʲĤ줿ɼԤκǸΤܤˤơ֤䡼᤿פȤʤʤȡ餬ҥҥ䤹ۤɤǤ롥

Because lack of context makes name-etymology especially speculative, any opinion proffered in a survey or a name-dictionary must be considered critically, as basis for further investigation rather than as definitive statement. Anyone wishing to pursue historical name-studies of either sort seriously must, in addition to becoming conversant with the philology of the relevant medieval languages, be able to read Medieval Latin as well as modern French and German. Assessing and interpreting the administrative records that form the main course-material is the essential first step in any onomastic study, and requires understanding of palaeographical and diplomatic techniques; competence in numismatics may on occasion also be needed. Onomastic analysis itself involves not only political, social and cultural history but also, when place-names are concerned, a grasp of cartography, geology, archaeology and agrarian development. Any student suitably trained and equipped will find great scope for making original contributions to this field of study.


ΥѡޥǤʤȱѸ̾ؤθ̳ޤʤ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-17-1]

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2023-12-03 Sun

#5333. űѸ̾Ǥκ --- -ham, -hamm, -holm; -bearu, -beorg, -burg, -byrig, -borough [old_norse][name_project][etymology][onomastics][toponymy][inflection][oe][polysemy][homonymy][synonym]

űѸ̾2Ǥʤ (dithematic) ¿ä2Ǥˤϡ¼סĮפʤɤΰ̾ (generic) 뤳Ȥ¿⤽ͭ̾ϲ䤹Ȥ櫓2ǤϸбΤǼ岽䤹ȡ-ham ¼פʤΤ -hem ֱפʤΤ -holm ֲߡפʤΤŪ˶̤ˤʤäƤ롥-bearu Ωס-beorg ͡ס-burg/-byrig/-borough ֻԡפˤĤƤƱȤʥåǶڤ줿3Ĥΰ۷֤ˤĤƤϡ#5308. ̾ǤֻդͿʷĤ뤳Ȥ ([2023-11-08-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
űѸ̾ؤᤰ롤ʲֻΥޡȤϡClark ǤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥嵭2ĤˤĤƤβѤ롥

(2) OE -hām 'village', OE -hamm 'site hemmed in by water or wilderness' and also the latter's Scandinavian synonym -holm all fall together as [m̩]. Not even pre-Conquest spellings always allow of distinguishing -hām from -hamm: if dat. forms in -hamme/-homme survive, they tell in favour of the latter, but often etymology has to depend upon topography . . . . Distinction between -hamm and -holm is complicated by their synonymity, and their likely interchange in the medieval forms of many Danelaw names. . . . PDE spellings are again often unhistorical, as in Kingsholm < OE cyninges hamm 'the king's water-meadow' . . . . Confusion is further confounded by occasional unhistorical spellings of [m̩] < OE or Scand. dat. pl. -um, as in Airyholme and Howsham . . . . (Clark 486--87)


(4) Reflexes of OE -bearu 'grove' and -beorg 'mound' are partly merged not only with each other but also with those of -burg/-byrig, so that PDE forms in -barrow can represent -bearu or -beorg, ones in -bury can represent -bearu or byrig and ones in -borough can represent -beorg or burg . . . . (Clark 487)


Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-12-02 Sat

#5332. ˭ϤϸűѸ̾ϤϤϸťΥɸ̾ [old_norse][name_project][etymology][onomastics][toponymy][oe]

űѸθȾ8Ⱦаʹߡ󥰥ϥ󥰤˿å줿ϰϡ˥ǡͤˡΧŬѤϤȤ̣ Danelaw ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϰˤϡťΥɸǤޤ̾¿ĤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϺε#5331. ťΥɸͳ̾2ñ°ʷ ([2023-11-30-1]) Ǥ夲ۤˤ#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) #1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1]) ʤɤˤƤ
󥰥ϡDanelaw Ȥʤˡ襱ȿͤǤϤǤꡤ˥󥰥ͤ褷ƽ夤ϤǤ롥äơǤ¿ϤȸѸ̾դƤ󥰤ϤޤǤθˤäƤΤǤꡤǤťΥɸǤѤƿ̾ͿȤϤۤ¿ʤäϤˤ⤫餺ťΥɸǤޤ̾ʤ餺ĤäƤȤȤϡ(1) ¸̾ťΥɸǤ֤뤤 (2) ޤ̾դƤʤäϤ˸ťΥɸ̾ͿȤȤˤʤ롥
δ顤Clark (484--85) ̣ŦͿƤ롥Danelaw ̾˴ؤ¤ꡤ˭ϤˤϸűѸ̾Ϳ졤ϤϤˤϸťΥɸ̾ͿƤ뷹ȤΤ

The distribution in England of Scandinavian, Scandinavianised and hybrid place-names coincides almost exactly with the Danelaw as specified in Alfred's treaty with Guthrum . . . . This implies such names to stem mainly from the late ninth-century settlements, rather than from the wider Cnutian hegemony. Throughout the area, however, Scandinavian names co-exist, in varying proportions, with purely English ones. So, in attempts to clarify the picture and its bearing on settlement history, sites to which the various types of name are applied have been graded according to their likely attractiveness to subsistence formers. Those adjudged most promising bear either purely English names or else the sort of hybrid ones in which a Scand. specific, often a personal name, qualifies an OE generic; a finding consonant with the view that often the latter sort of name represents partial Scandinavianisation of a pre-Viking OE one. Sites bearing purely Scand. names, especially ones based on the generic -, mostly look less promising; and the villages concerned have often indeed prospered less than ones with names in the two previous categories. The main river-valleys are dominated by OE names, whereas Scand. forms appear mainly along the tributaries. These name-patterns are taken to imply two modes of settlement: one by which pre-existing English villages acquired Viking overlords, whose names some at least of those that had changed hands thenceforth bore; and another by which Viking settlers adopted lands previously uncultivated. As yet, it remains unclear what chronological relationship is to be postulated between the two processes.


ήϤϥեѸ̾ήϤϱѸ졦ťΥɸΥϥ֥å̾ήϤϥեťΥɸ̾
ˤۤɤ줤ʬۤƤΤɤϻˤʬʤ⤷

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-12-01 Fri

#5331. ťΥɸͳ̾2ñ°ʷ [old_norse][name_project][etymology][onomastics][toponymy][inflection][genitive][oe]

󥰥̾˸ťΥɸͳ褹ǤޤޤƤˤĤƤϡ#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) #1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ
̾ǤˤϿ̾ʤɤ°ʷ륱¿֡ĮפȤä̾դťΥɸǤ̾ñ°ʷˤθ롥o 촴̾Ǥ -ss ā 촴ν̾Ǥ -aR Τ§θʤѷΡˤºݤ Danelaw θűѸ̾˳ǧ롥
Clark (483) 򤤤Ĥ󤲤ƤΤdzǧ

In the districts most densely settled by Vikings --- mainly, that is, in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire --- survival in some specifics of Scand. gen. sing. inflexions bears witness to prolonged currency of Scandinavian speech in the milieux concerned . . . . Both with personal names and with topographical terms, genitives in -ar occur chiefly in the North-West: e.g. Lancs. Amounderness < Agmundar nes 'A.'s headland' and Litherland < hliðar (hlið 'hill-side') + -land . . . . Non-syllabic Scandinavian-style genitives in [s] are more widespread: e.g. Yorks. Haxby < DB Haxebi 'Hákr's estate' and Lincs. Brauncewell < ME Branzwell 'Brandr's spring'.


ܿζ޸Ū˻¸ƤΤϸͭ̾餳̸ǤϤΤ褦ʻϤۤȤɤߤʤȻפ롥Τ褦¦̤̾ (onomastics) ̥ϤǤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-11-29 Wed

#5329. űѸ̾˻Ĥʤƥΰ仺 [name_project][etymology][onomastics][toponymy][oe][roman_britain][celtic]

ޥ󡦥֥ƥθ³űѸ̾ˤϡפΤۤƥκפʤºݡʥƥͳ̾ϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ʬŪǤȤĤäƤΤϤcf. #3440. ޷λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1]
Clark (481) Lincoln, Catterick, camp, eccles, funta, port, wīc ʤɤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ΤΤȤƤޤΩʤ

Unlike those once-Romanised areas that were destined to become Romance-speaking, England shows hardly any place-names of purely Latin origin. Few seem to have been current even in Romano-British times; fewer still survived . . . . PDE Lincoln is a contraction of Lindum Clonia, where the first element represents British *lindo 'pool' . . . . Whether Catterick < RB Cataractonium derives ultimately from Latin cataracta in supposed reference to rapids on the River Swale)(sic) or from a British compound meaning 'battle-ramparts' is uncertain . . . .
   The main legacy of Latin to Old English toponymy consisted not of names but of name-elements, in particular: camp < campus 'open ground, esp. that near a Roman settlement'; eccles < ecclesia 'Christian church'; funta < either fontana or fons/acc. fontem 'spring, esp. one with Roman stonework'; port < portus 'harbour'; and the already-mentioned wīc < vicus 'settlement, esp. one associated with a Roman military base', together with its hybrid compound wīchām . . . . Names involving these loan-elements occur mainly in districts settled by the English ante AD 600, and often near a Roman road and/or a former Roman settlement . . . .


󥰥ɤ̾˴ؤ¤ꡤƥϡʸѸʹߤ˴ͿƤ˥ե󥹸Ʊͤˡ׸ʤƤʤäȤäƤ褤

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-11-27 Mon

#5327. York Ǥߤָ̱̾츻 [name_project][etymology][folk_etymology][onomastics][toponymy][oe][roman_britain][celtic][diphthong][old_norse][sound_change]

#5203. ָ̱̾츻 ([2023-07-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̾ˤָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ؤ䤹餯ϡ̾ޤͭ̾ˤϡؼоݤְ̣ϤʤפʤˤĤƤε򻲾ȡˡ̾θ츻ŪˤȤäƤƬˤȤʤ롥
Clark (28--29) ˡYork Ȥ̾˴ؤָ̱츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥

. . . 'folk-etymology' --- that is, replacement of alien elements by similar-sounding and more or less apt familiar ones --- can be a trap. The RB [= Romano-British] name for the city now called York was Ebŏrācum/Ebŭrācum, probably, but not certainly, meaning 'yew-grove' . . . . To an early English ear, the spoken Celtic equivalent apparently suggested two terms: OE eofor 'boar' --- apt enough either as symbolic patron for a settlement or as nickname for its founder or overlord --- and the loan-element -wīc [= "harbour"] . . ., hence OE Eoforwīc . . . . (The later shift from Eoforwīc > York involved further cross-cultural influence . . . .) Had no record survived of the RB form, OE Eoforwīc could have been taken as the settlers' own coinage; doubt therefore sometimes hangs over OE place-names for which no corresponding RB forms are known. The widespread, seemingly transparent form Churchill, for instance, applies to some sites never settled and thus unlikely ever to have boasted a church; because some show a tumulus, others an unusual 'tumulus-like' outline, Church- might here, it is suggested, have replaced British *crǖg 'mound' . . . .


York ̾ˤĤƥޥ󡦥֥ƥʸξڵ򤬤ʤäȤ顤줬ָ̱츻ǤǽȴȤǤʤäȤȡ̾츻ʸ̵ͭȤɤ֤ۤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤ˸űѸ Eoforwīc York ؤθѲˤĤƤϡClark (483) ɲŪʲ⤬ΤǡѤƤ

OE Eoforwīc was reshaped, with a Scand. rising diphthong replacing the OE falling one, assibilation of the final consonant inhibited, and medial [v] elided before the rounded vowel: thus, Iorvik > York . . . .


Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-11-17 Fri

#5317. ֱѸ̾ (English names) Ȥϲ [name_project][onomastics][personal_name][toponymy]

̾ʸͭ̾ˤ˰̣ΤȤ䤤̾ (onomastics) ɽʤǤ롥Ϣ hellog Ǥ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#5289. ̾˰̣ϤΤ ([2023-10-20-1])#5290. ̾˰̣ϤΤ4Ĥ ([2023-10-21-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ȴϢο⤦1Ĥϡ̾θ°뤫Ȥ䤤Ǥ롥London ϱѸäΰʤΤפܸäΰʤΤJohn ϺפϤɤ̾Ϥɤθˤ°ƤʤȤ⡤٤Ƥθ°ƤȤ뤫⤷ʤcf. #2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) ε⻲ȡˡ
ȤСEnglish names ʱѸ̾ˤȤɽ⡤ľˤϼʤ褦˻פ롥 English names ˤĤƤ Coates (331--32) β۲򡩡ˤϰʲ̤ꡥ

   Talking of English names, as I have just done, raises a whole further problem to which there is no easy answer. What is an English name? A name like that of Athens, Georgia, is an English name in the sense that it was bestowed by English-speakers, and preserved as institutionalised in an English-speaking community. In that sense it is hard to call it a Greek name, whilst (ignoring changes during the transmission of the name via Latin and French to modern English) there is a more obvious sense in which that of Athens, Greece, is Greek. (This is reflected by differential translatability; Athens, Greece, is translatable into French (etc.) whilst Athens, Georgia, is not.) For the purposes of this chapter, I shall define an English name as one coined using English-language material; allowing for the fact that namers make use of borrowed onomastic elements (e.g. in place-names -ville, -burg, in given-names -ine, -ette - see below). But I shall want to mention English-transmitted names such as the Athens just mentioned, at least in passing, because their usage tells us something about the English language during the period in question: namely what the naming strategies of English-speakers were.
   I doubt whether the notion 'English name' can ever be made fully coherent, and still embrace all the names bestowed by English-speakers and used in an English-language context; but the above will serve as a guide to my intentions in the pages which follow.


English names ͤϡ̣ΤΤǤ롥English names θϡ̤ϱѸҲˤ̾դ԰٤ȡη̤ȤƤ̾äθȤȤ館ƤƤ褤

Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.

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2023-11-08 Wed

#5308. ̾ǤֻդͿʷĤ뤳Ȥ [name_project][onomastics][toponymy][dative][preposition][metanalysis][determiner][article]

ε#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ ([2023-11-07-1]) ΰѤˤڤä褦ˡ̾ϸŤϰ̳ʡʸűѸʹߤͿʡˤη뤳Ȥ¿äƱֻͤȼä뤳Ȥ⡤Ϥ¿äϹͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥ȡͿʸֻ줬Τޤ̾Τΰ˼ޤƤޤФƤ롥ˡηȾ˺ȡʬ (metanalysis) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻʪ̾˻ĤäƤ롥
Clark (476--77) ˤȡ㤨 Attercliffe ϸűѸ *æt þǣm clife (DB Atecliue) "beside the escarpment" ͳ褷Byfleet ϸűѸ bī flēote "by a stream" ˡBygrave ϸűѸ bī grafan "beside the diggings" ˤ줾ͳ褹롥
the ΰ̾˼ޤƤޤ⤢롥㤨 Thurleigh ϸűѸ (æt) þǣre lēage "at the lye" ̤롥Noke Ѹ atten oke ˡ켫ΤϸűѸ *(æt) þǣm ācum "at the oak-trees" ̤Ȥ顤Ƭ n Ϸζ޸Ρѷ˰ƤȤ롥Rye Rea ƱͤǡűѸ (æt) þǣre īege/ēa "at the water" ΰʬϤˤȯãɽ魯
⤦1Ķ̣Τ Scarborough, Edinburgh, Canterbury ʤɤ˸ borough ֻԡפΰ۷֤űѸμʡг -burg ͳ褹Τ -borough/-burgh Ȥʤ뤬Ϳ -byrig ͳ褹Τ -bury Ȥʤ롥
ʣˤĤƤƱͤɤ줬졤Hastings -s ʣʡгʷ̤뤬Barking, Reading ʤɤʣͿʷ̤ȤʸűѸʣͿʷ -um 줬ʳŪ˼岽ƾüˡ
ʾ塤ֻ졤졤ʷȤʣ߹礤̾η֤ʣ˭ʤΤˤƤȤʬ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-03-1]

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2023-11-07 Tue

#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ [pronunciation][name_project][onomastics][toponymy][spelling_pronunciation][palatalisation][phonetics][dative][h]

ꥹԻ Birmingham ȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ Ǥ롥ꥹ̾ˤ褯뤳ȤĹˤΤʤȯû岽Ƥ̤Ǥ롥̾ξ -ham ƬҲæƤޤäƤ롥
Ʊ̾ΥꥫԻԤǤϡ h ¸Ƥ /ˈbɚːmɪŋhæm/ ȯ롥/h/ ¸ƤȤϡषֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ȥ褵줿ȤۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
ơꥹԻԤˤĤƤϡ⤦1Ū罰ŪȯȤ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ȤΤǤ롥ȤμդˤĤơClark (476) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Further complications arise from a sporadic palatalisation and assibilation of -ing(-) > [ɪnʤ] that affects suffix and infix alike: e.g. Lockinge, Wantage < OE Waneting (also originally a stream-name --- PN Berks.: 17--18, 481--2), and also the traditional, now vulgar, /brʌməʤm̩/ for Birmingham (PN Warks.: 34--6). Explanations have ranged from variant development of gen. pl. -inga- . . . to fossilised survival of a PrOE locative in *ingi, assumed to have dominated development of the names in question in the way that dative forms not uncommonly do . . . .


⤬Ȥȡ -ing εȤʤ޸첻ξʰ㤤ˤäơȯ /ˈbəːmɪŋəm/ 罰Ūȯ /ˈbrʌməʤm̩/ ʬƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ơΰ۷֤ɤ줬ˤäƤ1500ǯۤɤˤͭ뤫⤷ʤȤȤˤʤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-08-1]

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2023-11-04 Sat

#5304. ̾ Grimston ϸťΥɸȸűѸκǤϤʤ [language_myth][name_project][onomastics][toponymy][old_norse]

󥰥ˤϸťΥɸǤޤ̾¿ä˶̣ΤϸťΥɸǤȱѸǤߤ "hybrid" ̾Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
ɽ1Ĥ󥰥ɤ¿ Grimston ťΥɸ̾ͳ褹 Grim ˡ°ʤ s ³˸űѸͳ -ton (town) °ŵŪ hybrid ȤߤʤƤ̾ؤθˤȡϤषŵŪʸʤΤȤClark (468--69) Ѥ롥

An especially unhappy case of misinterpretation has been that of the widespread place-name form Grimston, long and perhaps irrevocably established as the type of a hybrid in which an OE generic, here -tūn 'estate', is coupled with a Scandinavian specific . . . . Certainly a Scandinavian personal name Grímr existed, and certainly it became current in England . . . . But observation that places so named more often than not occupy unpromising sites suggests that in this particular compound Grim- might better be taken, not as this Scandinavian name, but as the OE Grīm employed as a by-name for Woden and so in Christian parlance for the Devil . . . .


ǯβƤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤ̾ (onomastic) οߤǤȤȤ꤬ǤפйȤƤϡ#1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1]) ⻲ȡ

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-06-08-1]

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2023-10-31 Tue

#5300. űѸˤߤ륱ȷϿ̾ [celtic][name_project][onomastics][personal_name][oe]

5˥󥰥֥ͤƥ褷Ȥ轻ΥȿͤθŪƶ϶ϾäȤΤꥹˤѸˤŪǤ롥ȷϸαѸؤι׸ȤƤϡ̾иȤϤۤȤɤʤȤΤŵŪʱѸ˽ǤεҤǤ롥Τ褦̾㳰ǤȤ褯뤬⤦1θͭ̾Ǥ̾ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤ⤽⤳䤤ϻפ⤫٤ȤʤäClark ηˤĤƶ̣1񤤤Ƥ롥

The name Cædmon borne by the father of English religious verse represents a Welsh reflex of British *Catumandos ( . . . British Catu- is cognate with OE Heaðo- 'battle'); and its form suggests a structural compatibility between Celtic and Germanic types of name . . . . Despite his English cultural identity, Cædmon might, as an ox-herd, be supposed descended from an enslaved people. However, British names also appear among English royalty, including, for instance, the Cerdic (Welsh Ceredig < British *Coroticos), Ceawlin, Ceadda and Ceadwalla (Welsh Cadwallen) found in the Early West Saxon genealogies . . . . The element Cæd-/Cead- reappears in the names of two seventh-century brothers, both bishops, Cedd and Ceadda . . . . The name Cumbra . . . . current among West-Saxon nobility represents Welsh Cymro < British *Combrogos 'Welshman'. Taken with the story of Vortigern's invitation . . . . and with the archaeological evidence mentioned, such names imply that the first settlers arrived pacifically, perhaps married into Romano-British nobility, and sometimes names their sons in compliment to their hosts . . . . Assuming any such names necessarily indicate British blood would go well beyond the evidence; but their adoption by English royalty must mean respect for Celtic traditions.


ȷϤ̾ӤӤ󥰥Ϥβ²ȤȤϡ轻ȿͤФؤΡ֥ꥹڥȡפäȤȤްդ --- ʤʤɷŪʻŦǤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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2023-10-30 Mon

#5299. Ѹ̾ؤѸη [name_project][me][onomastics][personal_name][terminology][by-name]

#5297. űѸ̾ؤѸηϡ ([2023-10-28-1]) ѸǤϤ롥Ѹˤʤȡ̾ΤѤꡤȼäƿ̾ؤѸȤѤ롥Clark (551--52) ꡤϢսѤ롥

Neither the structure nor the content of the Present-Day English personal-name system owes much to pre-Conquest styles. The typical Old English personal designation consisted of a single distinctive name (or 'idionym'), such as Dudda, Godgifu or Wulfstan; and only occasionally was this supplemented by a qualifying by-name (usually postposed), such as sēo dæge 'the dairymaid' or sē hwīta 'the white(-haired man)' . . . . A Present-Day English 'full name', on the other hand, necessarily involves two components; the second denoting a patrilinear family group and the first (which may consist of one unit or or several), an individual within that group. In Present-Day English usage, moreover, the familial, hereditary component is the crucial one for close identification, whereas in Old English usage, as in early Germanic ones generally, the idionym was central, any addition being optional. Beside this total change of structure, it is trivial that, out of the hundreds of Old English idionyms, only a handful, and those mainly ones which, like Edith, Edmund and Edward, were associated with widely venerated saints, are today represented among Present-Day English first-names.
   The change of system demands a change of terminology. The special term 'idionym', no longer appropriate, will be replaced by 'baptismal name' ('Christian name' is needed for a more specific sense, neither 'forename' nor 'first name' is appropriate until family naming is well established, and 'font name' is unidiomatic). For an optional identifying component, the term 'by-name' will be retained. Only when continuity between generations is demonstrable will the term 'family name' be used ('surname' is rejected as insufficiently precise).


űѸȰۤʤꡤѸǤ2ĤμȤ߹碌̾ŪˤʤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤŪʡ̾פȤŪȤʤäƤ櫓ǡűѸ줫 idionym ȤǰѸѤƤȤˤʤ롥षꥹȶҲˤ̾Ȥ baptismal name ȤǰѸ줬դ路ʤäƤ롥 baptismal name ˲äǡꤹ뤿 by-name ä褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥 by-name ϼºݾ²ȷϤɽ魯̤Ȥ¿Ѹˡ³̾ƥबޤäΤǤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. Olga Fischer. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 542--606.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-31-1] [2023-12-08-1]

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2023-10-28 Sat

#5297. űѸ̾ؤѸη [name_project][oe][onomastics][personal_name][terminology][by-name]

̾ץȡ (name_project) ȤδϢǡѸˤγƻоݤˤ̾ (name-study, or onomastics) ؤǤ롥ܲ̾ (personal_name) ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ뤬ˤäƿ̾ΤѤΤǡ˱ѸۤʤäƤ롥 Clark (456) 򻲾ȤơűѸο̾ؤˤƻȤѸηϤǧƤ

Early Germanic custom required that each individual should have single, distinctive name . . . . The system was therefore geared to constant provision of fresh forms. For students of it, the first problem is one of terminology: in this context, 'forename' and 'first-name' become meaningless, 'baptismal name' and the artificial 'font-name' are both inapplicable to pagan tradition, and 'Christian name', as well as also being inapplicable, will later be needed for a different sense. The term 'personal name' favoured for this purpose by some scholars is over-general, because 'by-names' and family-names are no less 'personal'. For convenience, the terminology adopted here will be knowingly inconsistent: simply to distinguish anthroponym from toponym, 'personal name' will be used, but where greater precision is needed the technical term 'idionym' will be brought in. A supplementary name of whatsoever kind --- genealogical, honorific, occupational, locative or characteristics --- collocated with an idionym will be called a 'by-name' . . . . The term 'nickname' will denote any characterising terms whether used as by-name or as idionym . . . .


󥰥ͤ̾ŵŪˡָ̾פȤ٤ idionym Τߤʤ롥αѸܸ̾̾Τ褦ˡ̾2फʤΤǤϤʤäơfirst-name last-name Τ褦Ѹޤʤޤꥹȶ̾˰Τ baptismal name ʤɤθƾΤŬʤ
űѸο̾ŵŪ idionym 1फʤȤϤ⤦1Ĥ̾ǤǤդդ⤢롥ؤΤ by-name ȤѸ줬Ƴ롥by-name ˤϡοʪβȷϡȡサϡʡħ򼨤Τʤ͡ʼब롥
ޤȤСűѸ̾ΥեޥåȤϡidionym (+ by-name)פȤȤˤʤ롥

Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.

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