ܼͭ̾ŪʵǽϡʪĿͤꤹ뤳Ȥˤ롥ΤȤ˰ϤʤΤˤ John Smith ڰϺϤ뤫⤷ʤξ줽ξǤϡʪꤹΤ John Smith ڰϺȤ̾ǽʬʤȤۤȤɤǤ롥ͭ̾κǤϡidentification Ǥ롥
ͭ̾ˤϡεǽ̤ŪȴϢοտ路ħĤ롥Ω (100--08) ϡˤƸͭ̾줬˰ƤˤѤʤ顤ͭ̾ħȤưʲ4ۤɤ˿Ƥ롥
(1) ͭ̾ϰ̳ǰȤƤΥ˥ե⤿ʪĿͤľŪ˻ؼ롥ʤ˥ե (signifié) ʤ˥ե (signifiant)ʥ˥եǤ롥
(2) ͭ̾ԲǽǤ롥
(3) ͭ̾ϸΤʤˤ볰θƤ롥
(4) ͭ̾ϰ̣εǤ롥
(1) ϡüŪ˸иͭ̾ˤϰ̣ʤȤȤ̾ΤäƤ褦ʾħǽ礤ƤȤȤǤ롥ǡؼоݤΤǤ롥ؼоݤꤹΤͭ̾Ǥ뤫顤ΤʤΤǤ롥̣뤤ϥ˥ե⤿ˡؼоݤľܤ˻ؤȤǤȤΤͭ̾κǤΩäħȤ#1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle ([2014-03-01-1]) οޤǤСդľܤǷФ褦ʥ
(2) ʲħ⡤(1) ήФΤǤ롥(2) θͭ̾Բǽϡͭ̾ˤȤỌ̇̄ʥ˥եˤʤǤ롥ȤΤϡ˥եϡʤۤȤɡƱ˥եˤäưۤʤ褦2ĤεɤδϢŤǤ롥äơ˥եʤͭ̾ˤϡȤ̵Ǥ롥̾ Smith ϡ결סڤϡڡפǤ뤫顤̣ȵ뤳ȤǤ̾ȤѤȤ˰̣ϰռ뤳ȤϤʤ¾ؤˤäợ̾äȤϤʤ
(3) ϡͭ̾줬ʶʤǤˤ⤫餺塼ξ褦ʺۤηϤȤƤθηϤˤϤޤ֤ŤʤȤҤ٤ΤǤ롥줬ηϤǤȤȤϡäǤС¾θȤμȤựŪʴطˤŪ¸ߤˤʤȤȤǤ롥㤨СˡפȤ̾ϡֽפȤ̾Ȥΰ̣ˤƸηΰ֤ƤΤǤꡤդޤǤ롥ηϤϡȤựˤΩܸȤƤΤȤͭ̾ϰ̣⤿ʤΤǤ뤫顤ȤựΩӤηϤˤȤ߹ޤ줨ʤͭ̾ϡŪʰ̣ͳˡľܤ˳λؼоݤȤǡˤʤ⳰ȤϢΤǤ롥ͭ̾Ȥϡ塼ŪʸηϤΤʤΤʰ֤Ť⤿ʤȥФȥΤζ֤ˤðۤ¸ߤǤ롥
(4) ϵŪǶ̣ŦǤ롥ͭ̾ϡΤ˥˥եϤ⤿ʤ˥եäƤʾ塤Ū˵κۤݤäƤ롥ȾȤǤƤ֤٤ΤǤꡤʤȤθǤϤΤ褦ˤߤȡͭ̾ˤϰεȤʤ٤餫Υ˥ե褦ȤϤƯΤʤΤǤϤʤȤ⵿Ƥ롥ͭ̾Υ˥եб륷˥ե̵Ǥ뤫餳η٤餫Υ˥ե鲡Ƥ롤ȤͤǤ롥ϡ̣ (signifiance) βˤۤʤʤΩ (104--05) ϡͭ̾ΰ̣ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ʸʸ˵ϲؤƤˡ
˶̣Τϡˤͭ̾Ǥ롥̾θ줬˰̣ˤäƽƤΤˤợ⤿ʤҶʥ˥եӤǤͭ̾ϡζ˥եᤶƲƤΤΤޤޤʾǰˤȤ館졤ǥΥ٥Ǥϵդ¿ƤޤĤޤꡤͭ̾ϥΥ٥ǥ˥ե⤿ʤ椨ˡΤΥեޤ졤ƱˤߤˤȤʤäƥեƤΤǤ롥
#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1])#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ʤɤǡ̾θͭ̾첽ϰ̵̣ﲽȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤȼöͭ̾ˤʤȡ٤ϰ̣Ŷ褦Ȥͭﲽ˸ưȤȤͭﲽ̵ﲽΤαʱΥפ鷺ˤʤ
Ω (100) ϡָͭ̾Ȥʻ뤫ϡ줾θ⤫Ӥ餻ƤޤФǤȤäƤ褤פȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Ω ظ١˼ҡ1990ǯ
轵ѹΥ٥ӡ Princess Charlotte ꤬ѹܤʨƤ롥Prince William Kate Middleton ʤեȥ͡ Charlotteߥɥ͡ϡ褯ͤȴ졤֤ˤɾ Elizabeth Diana Ǥ롥̤ˤϡιդ Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ (cf. #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]), #1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1]))

Charlotte ϡCharles θ캬˽ܼĻؾ (diminutive) դ֤ͳ褷־Ƥ襤 Charles פۤɤǤ롥θ캬ϵŪˤϥޥĸ *karlaz (man) ͳ褷줬ƥ Carolus ȤƼѤ졤˸ťեȯŸǸƬҲ [k] [ʧ] ȸ (palatalisation) θҲäťեβѸؼѤ졤ߤ [ʧɑːlz] ϢʤäƤ롥
եäեǤ13˻ [ʧ] [ʃ] ؤ (fricativisation) ʸä s ȯߡƱ̾ [ʃaʁl] ȯƤ롥ƱͤˡCharlotte ⸽եǤȯǻϤޤ [ʃaʁlɔt] Ǥ롥αѸΥ٥ӡ̾⡤ǻϤޤ [ʃɑːlət] 顤եŪȯȤȤˤʤ롥嵭ޤȤȡѸ̾ Charles ˻äƸťեŪʶ̾ Charlotte äƸեŪʶΤȤ롥
ѸˤեѸ <ch> ֤Τ˻ [ʧ] [ʃ] ȤϡФмѻˤΤѤ롥㤨 chance, charge, chief, check, chair, charm, chase, cheer, chant ϤѸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤchampagne, chef, chic, chute, chaise, chicanery, charade, chasseur, chassis ϤѸäΤǤ롥㤨ƤκƼѤͿʤɡɬ⤳ε§ˤƤϤޤʤ⤢Τǡܰ¤ˤȤɤƤCharles Charlotte λҲκۤˤĤƤŪ˾ܤĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤΰ㤤Ȥϡͭ̾˿ȼ䤹ήԤϹȿǤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
ʤޥĸ *karlas (man) ϡľܤ뤤ϴܤ˸Ѹ churl carl ޤƤ롥̣Ρˡפֿʬ㤤ˡפؤȲƤΤ⤷դˡ̾ Charles Charlotte ϡѹο͵ˤꡤषͤޤäƤȤʡˡ
եѸǯ˴ؤƤϡ#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1])#1291. եѸμѻκ ([2012-11-08-1])#1209. 1250ǯȤեѸζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" ([2013-03-08-1])#678. ƥ衼åŪ18ΥեѸ ([2011-03-06-1])#594. ѸʹߤΥեѸħ ([2010-12-12-1]), #2183. ñȥեñ (1) ([2015-04-19-1]), #2184. ñȥեñ (2) ([2015-04-20-1]) Ȥ줿
(pet name) 俷 (term of endearment) ϡŪˤ hypocorism ȸƤФ롥ꥷ hupo- "hypo-" + kórisma (cf. kóros (child))) ƤꡤҶ䤹ɽȤȤǤ롥Ѹ hypocorism κˤϤĤ뤬ŵŪʤΤ Robert Rob Τ褦˸ûΤǤ롥ε#1950. ʤ Bill William ΰΤˤʤΤ ([2014-08-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡƬ˲ѰۤȼΤ⤢ꡤEdward Ned (cf. mine Ed), Edward Ted (cf. that Ed?), Ann Nan (cf. mine Ann) Τ褦ǤȤΰʬϤȤ뤳Ȥ롥
ۤˡ (hypocoristic suffix) -y -ie ղä Georgie, Charlie, Johnnie ʤɤ㤬ꡤȤ櫓̾˹ޤ롥ޤṳ̂Ĥ Elizabeth Betty, William Billy, Richard Ritchie ʤɤ¿ΰ۷Ȥ -sy, -sie ⤢ꡤElizabeth Betsy/Bessy, Anne Nancy, Patricia Patsy ʤɤˤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ (542) ˤСŪˤϡղäδ15溢 Charlie ʤɤåȥɤǻϤޤꡤ줬16ʹߤ˳Ϥ˹ޤäΤȤ롥ޤظʸˡŵ (670) ˤСϰΤǤ뤫̾ǤϤʤä18̾ȤƤǧ褦ˤʤä
OALD8 δ "Common first names" Ȥ䤬ꡤά̾䰦ΤΤˤĤƤϡǺܤƤ롥ʲФΤˤʳ̤դΤϡ̤λͿΡˡ
1. Female names
| Abigail | Abbie |
| Alexandra | Alex, Sandy |
| Amanda | Mandy |
| Catherine, Katherine, Katharine, Kathryn | Cathy, Kathy, Kate, Katie, Katy |
| Christina | Chrissie, Tina |
| Christine | Chris |
| Deborah | Debbie, Deb |
| Diana, Diane | Di |
| (Dorothy) | (Dol) |
| Eleanor | Ellie |
| Eliza | Liza |
| Elizabeth, Elizabeth | Beth, Betsy, Betty, Liz, Lizzie |
| Ellen, Helen | Nell |
| Frances | Fran |
| Georgina | Georgie |
| Gillian | Jill, Gill, Jilly |
| Gwendoline | Gwen |
| Jacqueline | Jackie |
| Janet | Jan |
| Janice, Janis | Jan |
| Jennifer | Jenny, Jen |
| Jessica | Jess |
| Josephine | Jo, Josie |
| Judith | Judy |
| Kristen | Kirsty |
| Margaret | Maggie, (Meg, Peg) |
| (Mary) | (Moll, Poll) |
| Nicola | Nicky |
| Pamela | Pam |
| Patricia | Pat, Patty |
| Penelope | Penny |
| Philippa | Pippa |
| Rebecca | Becky |
| Rosalind, Rosalyn | Ros |
| Samantha | Sam |
| Sandra | Sandy |
| Susan | Sue, Susie, Suzy |
| Susanna(h), Suzanne | Susie, Suzy |
| Teresa, Theresa | Tessa, Tess |
| Valerie | Val |
| Victoria | Vicki, Vickie, Vicky, Vikki |
| Winifred | Winnie |
| Albert | Al, Bert |
| Alexander | Alex, Sandy |
| Alfred | Alfie |
| Andrew | Andy |
| (Anthony) | (Tony) |
| Benjamin | Ben |
| Bernard | Bernie |
| (Boswell) | (Boz) |
| Bradford | Brad |
| Charles | Charlie, Chuck |
| Christopher | Chris |
| Clifford | Cliff |
| Daniel | Dan, Danny |
| David | Dave |
| Douglas | Doug |
| Edward | Ed, Eddie, Eddy, (Ned), Ted |
| Eugene | Gene |
| Francis | Frank |
| Frederick | Fred, Freddie, Freddy |
| Geoffrey, Jeffrey | Geoff, Jeff |
| Gerald | Gerry, Jerry |
| Gregory | Greg |
| Henry | Hank, Harry |
| Herbert | Bert, Herb |
| Jacob | Jake |
| James | Jim, Jimmy, Jamie |
| Jeremy | Jerry |
| John | |
| Johnny | |
| Jonathan | Jon |
| Joseph | Joe |
| Kenneth | Ken, Kenny |
| Laurence, Lawrence | Larry, Laurie |
| Leonard | Len, Lenny |
| Leslie | Les |
| Lewis | Lew |
| Louis | Lou |
| (Macaulay) | (Mac) |
| Matthew | Matt |
| Michael | Mike, Mick, Micky, Mickey |
| Nathan | Nat |
| Nathaniel | Nat |
| Nicholas | Nick, Nicky |
| Patrick | Pat, Paddy |
| (Pendennis) | (Pen) |
| Peter, Pete | |
| Philip | Phil |
| Randolph, Randolf | Randy |
| Raymond | Ray |
| Richard | Rick, Ricky, Ritchie, Dick |
| Robert | Rob, Robbie, Bob, Bobby |
| Ronald | Ron, Ronnie |
| Samuel | Sam, Sammy |
| Sebastian | Seb |
| Sidney, Sydney | Sid |
| Stanley | Stan |
| Stephen, Steven | Steve |
| Terence | Terry |
| Theodore | Theo |
| Thomas | Tom, Tommy |
| Timothy | Tim |
| Victor | Vic |
| Vincent | Vince |
| William | Bill, Billy, Will, Willy |
ɸˤĤƤϡWilliam Will ȰŪûФ塤 rhyming slang cf. #1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1])ˤˤ Bill ȤʤäΤȻפäƤʤ /w/ /v/ /f/ /p/ ǤϤʤ /b/ ִ줿ΤϤäꤷʤRichard Dick, Robert Bob ˤĤƤƱͤˤĤƤ䤷ƤȤˡStern (262) ̤⤬ƤƤΤǾҲ𤹤롥
I may mention here the phenomenon termed by Sundén pseudo-ellipsis (Sundén, Ell. Words 141 sqq.). Bob has been considered a hypochoristic [sic] shortening of Robert. But why should R- be changed into B-? Sundén points out that there existed in OE the proper names Boba, Bobba, Bobing, and in ME Bobbe, Bobin, Bobbet. Robert was introduced into England through the Norman conquest; a shortening of Robert gave Rob or Robbe, which are also instanced in ME. We have thus Bobbe and Robbe, of different origin, but both of them proper names. It is reasonable to assume that the two names were confused, and Bobbe apprehended as a short form of Robert. Sundén is able to show that a similar process is probable for William --- Bill, Richard --- Dick, Amelia --- Emy, Edward or Edmund --- Ted, Isabella --- Tib, James --- Jem, Jim, and others. We have here a double process: shortening plus phonetic associative interference . . . .
̷⤷ʤRobert Ƴ Bob Ȥ̾äȤСrhyming slang ͳǤ첻ŪʴϢˤΤǤ졤Rob Bob ϢŤ줿ȤƤԻĤǤϤʤ
̼ϾɴȤ̾ŪȯǤ3⡼ǤĹΤǡ֤פȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢С֤ߡפȸƤ֤Ȥ⤢롥Ԥ֤פǤϤʤΤϡ¿ʬ֤ߡפΤۤŪʽҤ̾Ȥ¿ˡʹƤꡤ䤹顤Ĥδ֤ˤžƸ경ƤޤäΤʤȼʬϤƤˡΤ䤢̾ϡؼоݤʤФʤʤȤ¤ΤȤǤΰθͷӤȹͤ뤫顤衤¿¤˭ʤΤΤϤǤ롥
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ε#1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1]) ǰä̾Ʊ餤ťΥɸ줫αƶȤƤΤˡɤ̾롥ˤĤƤϡ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) ϿޤǤƾҲ𤷤ΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ΤťΥɸ -by ղä Derby, Grimsby, Rugby, Thoresby, Whitby ʤɤ̾Ǥ롥600ʾ -by ̾ǧƤꡤʬۤ the Danelaw ФäƤ뤳Ȥ顤ťΥɸ "farm; town" ̣ by αƶ餫ʤ褦˸ (Baugh and Cable 98) ޤ6ä the Five Boroughs ˽椷ƤȤ (Miller 103)
ԤȤ Miller (102--04) ˤС餬ťΥɸϢ -by Ѥ̾Ǥ뤳ȤϳΤʤ⡤̾ΥѥƱΥǥʥǰŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤ10--11˺줿 the Danelaw -by ̾ˤǤȤƿ̾ΤĤΤ¿ǥʥǤϡֿ̾ -byפΥѥϸߤ˻ޤǤۤ¿ʤĤޤꡤ̾ the Danelaw ˤ Anglo-Scandinavia ȼΤΤǤꡤषǥʥˤƱ̾ the Danelaw ε͢ǤϤʤȡMiller (104) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥
Personal names are rare as satellites of -by names in Sweden, but more common in Norway . . . and in southern Denmark and south Schleswig. Fellows Jensen . . . argues that since most of the -by formations with personal name in Sweden and Norway postdate christianization, and those in south Schleswig postdate the Viking period, the name-type spread back to Denmark from the Danelaw, as suggested by Hald . . . . In any event, the Danelawl type seems not to have been based on a pre-existing Scandinavian type. Moreover, of 207 place names for which an Old Norse cognate existed, the substitution of the cognate for the native English form was close to perfect . . . . Anglo-Scandinavian settlements thus have an identity of their own . . . .
βޤȤС̾Ϣ -by ΤϸťΥɸǤֿ̾ -byפȤ̾Υѥ the Danelaw ȼȯãΤǤꡤΥѥϸ˥ǥʥڤص͢줿ȤȤˤʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ̾ˤ褯 -son (ex. Johnson, Tomson, Williamson, Wilson) ϸťΥɸ (patronymy) ͳ褹ȤΤѸˤǤ롥κϡ8Ⱦ˽졤줿 the Danelaw ˡȤ櫓 -son Ŀ̾ǻʬۤƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ʲˡCrystal (26) ʬϿޤǺܤ롥

Ͽοϡ줾νޤФȹͤۤʤοɽ魯ɤ˽椷Ƥ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥä Yorkshire Lincolnshire Ǥ6Ķ̾ťΥɸαƶΤǤ뤳ȤѸνο̾Ͽ狼äƤˡʬۤʤȤϡ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) ˷ǺܤťΥɸͳ̾ʬۤɽ魯ϿޤɤŨ롥Baugh and Cable (99) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
It may be remarked that a similarly high percentage of Scandinavian personal names has been found in the medieval records of these districts. Names ending in -son, like Stevenson or Johnson, conform to a characteristic Scandinavian custom, the equivalent of Old English patronymic being -ing, as in Browning.
©Ҥ̣̾ son ϸűѸ sunu Ȥ¸ߤƤꡤޥˤ¾Υɥ衼åѽˤƱ줬롥ΤϢȤѤ뽬ϸűѸˤϤʤä̲ǤϸťΥɸƱ sunr ϢȤѤ̾Ǥ Amundsen, Andersen, Jacobsen, Jespersen, Nielsen ʤɤ̾¿ߤ줿Ѹ̾ -son ղäϡűѸθťΥɸȤܿˤäƳ줿ŤǤѤäȤߤʤȤǤ롥
Ѹ줫 -son դο̾˽ФȡAcheson, Anderson, Cookson, Davidson, Dickinson, Dodgson, Edison, Ellison, Emerson, Harrison, Henderson, Hudson, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Jonson, Larson, Madison, Magnusson, Robinson ʤ¿롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
#1735. ʥ̾ͳ ([2014-01-26-1]) ȡ#1736. ꥹ̾ͳ ([2014-01-27-1]) ³ơϥꥫν (state) ̾ͳˬͤ롥ޤϡäϿޤ顥

츻̤50ߤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥Ⱦꥫ轻̱θͳ褹롥
| Number | Origin |
|---|---|
| 28 | American Indian |
| 11 | English |
| 6 | Spanish |
| 3 | French |
| 1 | Dutch (Rhode Island) |
| 1 | from America's own history (Washington) |
| Alabama | Choctaw "I open the thicket" (i.e. clears the land) |
| Alaska | Inuit "great land" |
| Arizona | Papago "place of the small spring" |
| Arkansas | Sioux "land of the south wind people" |
| California | Spanish "earthly paradise" |
| Colorado | Spanish "red" (colour of the earth) |
| Connecticut | Mohican "at the long tidal river" |
| Delaware | named after English governor Lord de la Warr |
| Florida | Spanish "land of flowers" |
| Georgia | named after George II |
| Hawaii | Hawaiian "homeland" |
| Idaho | Shoshone "light on the mountain" |
| Illinois | Algonquian via French "warriors" |
| Indiana | English "land of the Indians" |
| Iowa | Dakota "the sleepy one" |
| Kansas | Sioux "land of the south wind people" |
| Kentucky | Iroquois "meadow land" |
| Louisiana | named after Louis XIV of France |
| Maine | named after a French province |
| Maryland | named after Henrietta maria, queen of Charles I |
| Massachusetts | Algonquian "place of the big hill" |
| Michigan | Chippewa "big water" |
| Minnesota | Dakota Sioux "sky-coloured water" |
| Mississippi | Chippewa "big river" |
| Missouri | Algonquian via French "muddy waters" (?) |
| Montana | Spanish "mountains" |
| Nebraska | Omaha "river in the flatness" |
| Nevada | Spanish "snowy" |
| New Hampshire | named after an English county |
| New Jersey | named after Jersey (Channel Islands) |
| New Mexico | named after Mexico (Aztec "war god, Mextli") |
| New York | named after the Duke of York |
| North Carolina | named after Charles II |
| North Dakota | Sioux "friend" |
| Ohio | Iroquois "beautiful water" |
| Oklahoma | Choctaw "red people" |
| Oregon | Algonquian "beautiful water" or "beaver place" (?) |
| Pennsylvania | named after William Penn and Latin "woodland" |
| Rhode Island | Dutch "red clay" |
| South Carolina | named after Charles II |
| South Dakota | Sioux "friend" |
| Tennessee | Cherokee settlement name, unknown origin |
| Texas | Spanish "allies" |
| Utah | Navaho "upper land" or "land of the Ute" (?) |
| Vermont | French "green mountain" |
| Virginia | named after Elizabeth I, the "virgin queen" |
| Washington | named after George Washington |
| West Virginia | named after Elizabeth I, the "virgin queen" |
| Wisconsin | Algonquian "grassy place" or "beaver place" (?) |
| Wyoming | Algonquian "place of the big flats" |
ε#1735. ʥ̾ͳ ([2014-01-26-1]) ³ơϥꥹν (county, shire) ̾εˤĤơޤϡäϿޤǤOrdnance Survey - Outline maps ꤷ1972--1996ǯε콣̾äϿޤǤ롥ޤåƳ (65KB) 뤤ʤ (260KB)뤤PDF (243KB) Ȥʤɤ

ʲν̾ͳϡCrystal (143) ˤȤŤWestern Isles, Highland, Central, Borders ʤɡΤΤϾάƤ롥ʤ饱Ƚͳ褹뽣̾¿
| Avon | "river" |
| Bedford | "Beda's ford" |
| Berkshire | "county of the wood of Barroc" ("hilly place") |
| Buckingham | "riverside land of Bucca's people" |
| Cambridge | "bridge over the river Granta" |
| Cheshire | "county of Chester" (Roman "fort") |
| Cleveland | "hilly land" |
| Clwyd | "hurdle" (? on river) |
| Cornwall | "(territory of) Britons of the Cornovii" ("promontory people") |
| Cumbria | "territory of the Welsh" |
| Derby | "village where there are deer" |
| Devon | "(territory of) the Dumnonii" ("the deep ones", probably miners) |
| Dorset | "(territory of the) settlers around Dorn" ("Dorchester") |
| Dumfries and Galloway | "woodland stronghold"; "(territory of) the stranger-Gaels" |
| Durham | "island with a hill" |
| Dyfed | "(territory of) the Demetae" |
| Essex | "(territory of) the East Saxons" |
| Fife | "territory of Vip" (?) |
| Glamorgan | "(Prince) Morgan's shore" |
| Gloucester | "(Roman) fort at Glevum" ("bright place") |
| Grampian | unknown origin |
| Gwent | "favoured place" |
| Gwynedd | "(territory of) Cunedda" (5th-century leader) |
| Hampshire | "county of Southampton" ("southern home farm") |
| Hereford and Worcester | "army ford"; "(Roman) fort of the Wigora" |
| Hertford | "hart ford" |
| Humberside | "side of the good river" |
| Kent | "land on the border" (?) |
| Lancashire | "(Roman) fort on the Lune" ("health-giving river") |
| Leicester | "(Roman) fort of the Ligore people" |
| Lincoln | "(Roman) colony at Lindo" ("lake place") |
| London | "(territory of) Londinos" ("the bold one") (?) |
| Lothian | "(territory of) Leudonus" |
| Man | "land of Mananan" (an Irish god) |
| Manchester | "(Roman) fort at Mamucium" |
| Merseyside | "(side of the) boundary river" |
| Norfolk | "northern people" |
| Northampton | "northern home farm" |
| Northumberland | "land of those dwelling north of the Humber" |
| Nottingham | "homestead of Snot's people" |
| Orkney | "whale island" (?) (After J. Field, 1980) |
| Oxford | "ford used by oxen" |
| Powys | "provincial place" |
| Scilly | unknown origin |
| Shetland | "hilt land" |
| Shropshire | "county of Shrewsbury" ("fortified place of the scrubland region") |
| Somerset | "(territory of the) settlers around Somerton" ("summer dwelling") |
| Stafford | "ford beside a landing-place" |
| Strathclyde | "valley of the Clyde" (the "cleansing one") |
| Suffolk | "southern people" |
| Surrey | "southern district" |
| Sussex | "(territory of) the South Saxons" |
| Tayside | "silent river" or "powerful river" |
| Tyne and Wear | "water, river"; "river" |
| Warwick | "dwellings by a weir" |
| Wight | "place of the division" (of the sea) (?) |
| Wiltshire | "county around Wilton" ("farm on the river Wylie") |
| Yorkshire | "place of Eburos" |
#1733. Canada ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-24-1]) ӡ#1734. Canada ιϡ ([2014-01-25-1]) ǥʥ夲ϥʥν (province) Ƚལ (territory) ̾ˤĤơ
ʥ2̤ѤؤΦȤȤƤ103ལʤ롥Nunavut 1999ǯΩ줿Фνལǡ̱¿轻̱²Ǥ롥

Northwest Territories ʸ̤ʤΤǽ츻ŵˤĴ٤12ʽ˽̾Ǥεե٥åȽ˷Ǥ롥
Alberta ϡQueen Victoria 4ܤ̼ Princess Louise Caroline Alberta ˤʤࡥ
Brunswick ϡGeorge II, Duke of Brunswick ˤʤࡥ
Columbia ϡϥɥѲҤλ Columbia District Ѥ줿֥֥ϡפΰա
Labrador ϡݥȥ lavrador (yeoman farmer) ͳ褹Ȥ졤John Cabot ̿̾Ȥꤵ뤬̤ܡ
Manitoba ϡ轻̱θ Algonquian manito bau (spirit straight) ꡥ manito ϡ1698ǯ˱Ѹ manitou ȤäƤꡤ֡ʥ르²Ρ⡨Ķϡפɽ魯
Newfoundland ϡֿȯϡפȤ John Cabot ˤ̿̾줿Ρ
Nova Scotia ϡƥ "New Scotland" ΰա
Nunavut ϡ轻̱θ Inuit "our land" ̣롥
Ontario ϡ轻̱θ Iroquoian Oniatariio (the fine lake) Υեꡥ
Prince Edward ϡGeorge III 4ܤ© Prince Edward Augustus, the Duke of Kent ˤʤࡥ
Quebec ϡ轻̱θ Algonquian kabek (the place shut in) ꡥ
Saskatchewan ϡ轻̱θ Cree kisiskatchewani (swift-flowing river) ꡥRocky ̮ȯƤ줿̾
Yukon ϡ轻̱θ Athapascan yukon-na (big river) ꡥ١Ƥ줿̾
ͭ̾ (onomastics) Ͽ̾̾θ츻ʤɤ椹ʬǤ롥Ȥ櫓̾θ anthroponomastics̾θ toponomastics (toponymy) Ȥƶ̤⤢뤬Ԥο̾϶ onomastics ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥źο̾դ¿ָСˤƿ̾椬1ĤΩʬ뤫狼롥㤨СCrystal (218--20) ˤ뤳ʬؤûȥįƤߤ褦
ܤޤॢ̾ζ̤ΤƱͤˡΤǤ last name (surname, family name) first name (given name, Christian name) ζ̤롥#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸҲˤƤܤˤƤ⡤ζ̤̾ȤʤäΤϡۤɸŤǤϤʤˤƤ⡤ѸǤ last name firs name ʤɤȤ˴ŤƾΤϸ䤹㤨ܡϥʤɤǤ̾Ȥ̤Ǥꡤμ̾Ūʤ櫓ǤϤʤѸǤ middle name Ȥ3̾դ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤȤ櫓ꥫǤϥե٥å1ʸ middle name ߤ롥middle name ϥ衼åѤǤŪʤޤ3Ĥ̾դƤˡͥŪˤɤ̾ǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ϡҲˤäưۤʤäƤ롥Ѹ David Michael Smith Ȥͤ David ǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ɥĸ Johann Wolfgang Schmidt Ȥͤ Wolfgang ǸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿
̸Ū˻ޤߤ̾դȤƤ褯ΤƤΤˡ (patronymy) 롥̾Τǡ Ivan ©Ҥ Ivanovich̼ Ivanovna ̾դ졤̾δ֤֤褦ʾ礬Ǥ롥ɸǤΤǻΤΤޤȤʤΤǡ塤Ѳ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥衼åѤˤΤϡ?Ρ©˻ҡפ̣ܼղäɽ蘆뤳Ȥ¿줴Ȥ˰ʲΤ褦㤬롥
| LANGUAGE | AFFIX | EXAMPLES |
|---|---|---|
| English | -ing | Browning, Denning, Gunning |
| Norse, English | -son | Anderson, Jackson, Morrison |
| Scots | Mac/Mc- | MacArthur, MacDonald, McMillan |
| Irish | O' | O'Brien, O'Connell, O'Connor |
| Welsh | Ap | Apjohn, Apreys, Powell (< Ap Howell) |
| French | Fitz- | Fitzgerald, Fitz-simmons, Fitzwilliam |
| Russian | -ovich | Ivanovich, Shostakovich |
| Polish | -ski | Korzybski, Malinowski |
| Arabic | Ibn | Ibn Battutah, Ibn Sina |
θ츻ǤϡɸΤ褦ʥɤμפʲ̾ϡȷϤθͳ褹ȤƤ5˥ͤɤϤäƤȤˡβ̾轻ΥȿͤѤȤKitson (36) ˤȡ̾ϥȸθؤ alteuropäisch "Old European" ̤Ȥ롥
ˤϡHumber 12ήƤꡤThames ֤β̾¿ (ex. T(h)ame, Teme, Team, Tamar, Tavy) Φ衼åѤܤƤ⡤ϤꡤΤ褦̾νĤʬۤƤ롥̾ؼԤΤǤϡ̾衼å˷֤뤳ȤϾQΰǤꡤθ츻ζ븻ȤƤ alteuropäisch ʤ줬ꤵƤ롥
Kitson (38) ˤС̾ΤʤǤפʲ̾ϤȤ櫓ݼŪǤꡤ̱²ˤäִ뤳Ȥʤ塹ѤƤ椯ʸȯԲķǤȸ뤬ʹˤȤäƺǹ٤νǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤɤοʹֽĤޤǽ̾Ϳ٤оݤö̾ĤƤޤСۤɤưŤʤ¤ꡤ̱²ԤܽԤؤ⤽ΤޤѾ뤳Ȥ¿
. . . it seems to hold pretty generally that of all classes of place-names, main river-names are the most resistant to change. In taking over a substantial body of river-names from their predecessors the Anglo-Saxons exhibited behaviour typical of immigrant populations worldwide, as Mississippi and Ohio bear witness. Yet the attitude of Anglo-Saxons to Celts, at least among their ideological leaders, at least by the end of the settlement period, was of not borrowing anything (or at least not admitting they had borrowed it). For Celts, who were certainly not autochthonous in Britain, and who are not known to have developed any colonialist ideology stronger than Vae Victis!, to have taken over no names at all from their predecessors would be preposterous. (Kitson 38)
츻ΤǤʤ֥ƥ̾ϡФХȸ쵯ȼ롥ΤʤˤϡޤǥȸͳǤꡤŪˤԸ (alteuropäisch) ͳ褹Ȥߤʤ٤Τ¿ΤǤϤʤäȤ⡤εΤˤ alteuropäisch Τä餫ˤʤФʤʤ
ʤKitson ϡ̾ݼ̾ؤˤ "uniformitarian principle" (38) ȾΤƤ롥ʸΥȥ˴ޤޤƤ "Linguistic Theory" ϡ "uniformitarian principle" ȤδϢUniformitarian Principle ưˤˤĤƤϡ[2010-11-04-1][2012-07-26-1]εȡ
Kitson, Peter. "Notes on Place-Name Material and Linguistic Theory." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 35--55.
ε#1184. ͭ̾첽 ([2012-07-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Coates onymisation ˤĤơפȤ2⤹롥
(1) Coates ˤä onymisation ϰ̣Ǥȡϡ[2012-05-09-1]ε#1108. 쵭̵ͭפǸڤ̵ﲽפˤۤʤʤǿ줿褦ˡ쵭̵ﲽͭﲽ̻Ū̵¤ΥȤȤθȡͭ̾Ȱ̾δ֤αޤ̵¤˷֤ΤʤΤ⤷ʤεϡ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) εǤߤĹˤθѲѤˤؤȤ롥
(2) ͭ̾ϲŪפ䡤̸ˤϸʤ㳰ŪʲѲ뤳Ȥ¿Ūˤϡεǿ줿褦ˡͭ̾ä phonological space Ū˹ȤƤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ˸ؤˡδϡѲ˴ؤͭ̾㳰ŪʿϡֲѲݤˤϡͭ̾Ȥ뤳ȤդפȤȤʤ롥Coates (33) ϡHogg Ʊݤθڤٻʤ顤"using name material in argumentation about phonology (and morphology) needs caution, because name material can contain chronological and systemic anomalies with respect to its matrix language" ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥㤨СűѸ geat "gate" ϡYeats, Yates ʤɤȯֻκפĤƤ뤬ɸѸǤϸťΥɸ gat ͳ褹Ȥܤ gate äƤHogg 69; [2009-11-19-1]ε#206. Yea, Reagan and Yeats break a great steak.פ⻲ȡˡ
Coates, Richard. "to þære fulan flóde . óf þære fulan flode: On Becoming a Name in Easton and Winchester, Hampshire." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 28--34.
ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ
Hogg, Richard M. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language: Vol. 1 The Beginnings to 1066. Ed. Richard M Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 67--167.
metonymy ޤ (trope) θϡ̣˹ԤʤƤǤϡФСͭ̾줬̾첽㤬夲롥atlas, bloody mary, cardigan, dobermann (pinscher), hoover, jacuzzi, jersey, juggernaut, madeira, mercury, oscar, post-it, sandwich, tom (cat), turkey, wellington (boot) ʤˤȤޤʤξάͭ̾ǰƤ̿̾ҥåȾʤʤɤˤꡤ̾첽Ƥ椯㤬롥
դβ̾줬ͭ̾첽ˤĤƤϡޤ긦оݤȤƤʤäβϡͭ̾ (onomastics) Ǥ "onymisation" ȸƤ֤٤ΤǤ롥Coates ϡűѸΰŪɽ sēo fūle flōde "the foul channel" Fulflood Ȥͭβ̾ȯŸƹԤ˼ʤ顤onymisation Ū˹ͻƤ롥ʲCoates (30--33) 褦
ޤonymisation ϡɬŪѲްդʤΤ Fulflood ξˤϡ첻ѲȼäƤ뤬the White House ʤɤϡȤʤ "the white house" ٤ä˷ŪѲƤʤʤǤ϶κۤϹθʤȤȤˡonymisation ܼϡη֤ˤΤǤϤʤ˸ͭ̾ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäƤ뤫Ȥˤ롥˸褦ˡºݤˤ onymisation ϷѲȼȤ¿ϲܼǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥
ˡͭ̾ˤʤȤȤϡȤʤɽΤäƤ̣ȤȤǤ롥sēo fūle flōde ϡ֤Ρס֤ʤסֿϩפȤŪʰ̣¤Ȥ뤬Fulflood ̾ʬϤ줺ˡľܤβؼ뵭Ȥ롥Ԥΰ̣Ѥ "semantic" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСԤΰ̣Ѥ "onymic" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ
ߡŪˤ flood ˤĤƤΡֿϩפΰ̣Ϥʤ̾ȤƤ flood ϡűѸ衤̣ѲƤṬ̌ϸͭ̾ Fulflood ΤʤˡʴʬϤС˲Ū˻¸ƤȤ롥λ¸ϡͭ̾ Fulflood ʬϤ̣ʬϤʤʤä餳ǽˤʤäΤǤꡤonymisation η̤ŵŪʸȤ롤̣Ȥˤäƻ¸ȤΤŪǶ̣
ˡCoates ϡ̣ѡʲθ顤"Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) Ƥ롥ϡ"the default interpretation of any linguistic string is a proper name" ȤǤ롥ˤϡθѤˤƤϡŪľܤʻؼ (onymic reference) ͭä˰㤤ʤȤʲŪȯۤ롥
Ǹˡonymisation ϤФзŪѲȼϲŪפ䡤̸ˤϸʤ㳰ŪʲѲȤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭ̾äϰ̸äΤ褦˲ΰ̩٤⤤櫓ǤϤʤΤǡȯ¿ΤԵ§äƤ⡤֤ͭ̾μ̤»ʤʤȤ
Using an expression to refer onymically licenses the kind of attrition, or early and/or irregular sound change . . . because the phonological space of proper names is less densely populated than that of lexical words, and successful reference may be achieved despite less phonological precision. (33)
ͭ̾줢뤤ϸͭ̾첽ȤˤĤơŪΩ줫顤ޤǾܤͤȤϤʤäΤǡCoates ʸ⤷ɤ
Coates, Richard. "to þære fulan flóde . óf þære fulan flode: On Becoming a Name in Easton and Winchester, Hampshire." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 28--34.
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ΤʤǤ̾ (toponymy) ϡؤ˳ؤǻ̩ܤʬǤ롥[2011-07-24-1]ε#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾פǤߤ褦ˡ̾ιʬۤϡ̱²ŪʹưꤢȼƤ뤳Ȥ롥ε#1012. ˤѸ줫եؤαƶ ([2012-02-03-1]) ǻȤ Martinet ʸϡե˻ĤѸ켰˹줿̾ʬۤ顤ɸεͤǤ롥
Ѹ켰̾ŵ1Ĥˡñ -ing -ham/-tonפȤ֤ (ex. Buckingham, Nottingham, Birmingham; Padington, Islington, Arlington) -ing ϱѸŵŪ (patronym) ܼǤꡤ-ham home ˡ-ton town б롥⤷Ȥˡեˤ⡤ե첽ƤʬϤ뤬Tardinghen, Bouquinghen, Tatinghem, Conincthun, Verlingcthun, Audincthun ʤɡ餫˱Ѹ̾Υǥ˴Ť̾롥⡤ե Artois ʸߤ Pas-de-Calais ΰˤˡä Boulogne Saint Omer ˤƤϰ˽椷Ƥ롥Martinet (6--7) ϿޤˤСμαѸ̾77Ĥǧ롥
αѸ̾ʬۤΤϡĤƤˡαѸüԤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤ Anglo-Frisian Ϥޥ̱²꽻ƤȤȤǤ롥ϥ֥ƥϤݤȤƤϤ̤ǤϤʤϤ˽夤ơܤ Gallo-Roman ʸ˥եȯãˤ˸ŪʱƶͿۤɤ¸ߴƤǽ⤤
Martinet ϡʾξڵȡꥹξ¦˰֤פ֤εΥθơΤ褦ʲƤƤ롥
On est tenté de poser Boulogne, au nom celtique, comme le passage normal des deux vagues d'envahisseurs celtes qui ont passé la Manche avant notre ère. La distance de Boulogne au cap Dungeness est indiquée en pensant aux Saxons qui ont peuple le Wessex. / Notre hypothèse n'exclut pas un passage plus direct par la mer du Nord, mais le Jutland est à plus de 500 km des côtes anglaises. (10)
2Ȥˤ錄äƥꥹǤȿͤοάԤ̾ηϩȤƤϡȸ̾ӤӤ֥˥ꤷȤͤå˿̱ȤͤС֥˥夫̨ͥεΥŬڤβϡ̳ۤľܤηϩӽ櫓ǤϤʤåȥɤϥꥹγߤ500ʾΥƤΤ
ͤĤƥȿͤγ֥˥夫鳤˽ФȤ롼ȤѤꥹ¦Ǥϥå̱ԹΤ褤ĹҳΥų̂ͥߤȤ櫓ꡤͤϹҳĹƤϤȤ顤[2010-05-21-1]ε#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽפϿޤdzάŪ˼褦ˡ̳ϤФۤƤΥ롼ȤꤵƤ̾ʬۤ˻٤줿 Martinet β̥Ū

Martinet, p. 9 ϿޤǺܡ
Martinet, André. "Comment les Anglo-Saxons ont-ils accédé à la Grande-Bretagne?" La Linguistique 32.2 (1996): 3--10.
[2010-12-08-1]ε#590. last name ϤĤ̳ŪˤʤäפǡΥޥʹߡɤ̾ last name դȯãȤ夲
last name ŵϡof ȼäƽпϤʤɤ̾ѤΤǤꡤκǤͭ̾ʽ1ĤThe Owl and the Nightingale l. 191 ˸ʤƺԤοͤǤϤʤȵ Mayster Nichol of Guldeuorde Ǥ롥Atkins (19) ǤϼΤ褦롥
191. Maister Nichole of Guldeforde. The full designation of Nicholas is not without its interest, pointing as it does to certain changes characteristic of the 11th and 12th centuries. Under Norman influence the single personal names of the O.E. period had become supplemented by surnames denoting, amongst other things, place of birth. Thus in the later sections of the A. S. Chron. such names as Rotbert de Bælesne 81104), Willelm of Curboil (1123), Hugo of Mundford (1123) are found.
ͭ̾˸¤櫓ǤϤʤͤɽ魯̾̾ȤӤĤ of ˤĤƤϡOED "of", prep. 47.a. 롥 of ΰ̣ϡ?пȤΡ?褿פǤꡤűѸ an monn of ðǣre byriȝ Ða men of Lunden byriȝ ʤɤ˸뤬11ˤɬм櫓ǤϤʤ?˽פȤ°ΰ̣ؤѲƤä
Ϣơ[2011-07-19-1]ε#813. Ѹο̾ˡפȡ
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Ѹˤ˴Ϣ륤ϿޤǡۤϿޤϤʤΤǤϤʤɤ˻ĤťΥɸǤޤ̾ʬۤɽ魯ϿޤǤ Crystal, p. 25 Ȥ˺ˡ

֤ϡ878ǯǡͤ King Alfred Eddington Ǥ餫ɥ⥢ (Treaty of Wedmore) 뤷ȤޤäΤȥǡΤζǤ롥ϥǡͤˡΧŬѤϰȤȤǡthe Danelaw ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤäɤˤϸťΥɸǤޤ̾1400ʾ夢Ȥ뤬ΤۤȤɤ the Danelaw ϰˤ줤˸ꤵƤΤŪǤ롥פʸťΥɸǤȰʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥
-by Į: Derby, Rugby, Whitby
-thorpe ¼: Althorp, Bishopsthorp, Gawthorpe, Linthorpe, Mablethorpe, Scunthorpe
-thwaite ֳϡ: Applethwaite, Braithwaite, Rosthwaite, Stonethwaite, Storthwaite
-toft ֲȲߡ: Eastoft, Langtoft, Nortoft
ΥΥɸǤʣ̾θȾʬѤƤ뤬ȾʬɬťΥɸ쵯Ȥϸ¤餺ѸǤǤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨СStorthwaite ǤȾ stor ϸťΥɸǡ礭פ̣ǤꡤȾȾξǤȤ̲ϤStonethwaite ǤȾǤ餫˱Ѹ stone Ƥꡤξ캮߷̾Ǥ롥
ʣ̾ξǤޤޤƤȤȤϡξ̱²ʿ¤˶¸Ƥǽ롥⤷ǡͤĮ¼ϤϽ̱षΤǤС̾˱ѸǤޤȤȤϹͤˤξǤ1Ĥ̾˺ߤƤȤȤϡξ̱²ηŪʺƱ˿ʤǤȤɽ路ƤΤǤϤʤơ̩ʺϡťΥɸ줬Ѹ˷פΤʤƶڤܤΤϤʤȤ˲ͿƤΤǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ѸˤüԽĤˤǻȿǤƤΤƱ褦ˡѸο̾ˤޤλνĤˤǤФ̾̾θ츻ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȸƤФ뤬ä˿̾ onomastics ˴ؤ뽼¤ȤҲ𤷤Ѹ̾Ǥʤο̾ξͤޤäȤǤ롥
Ȥ礭 first name ˤĤƤ Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of First Names surname ˤĤƤ Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of Surnames ʬƤꡤ̾γס̾θǯο͵̾奤ɷ̾ʤɡ͡ʾƤ롥
- Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of First Names: ̾פΥȡ
- General Information of English Names: ޤɤdzפ
- List of English First Names and Meanings: ̾פΥ֥饦ȸ
- Most Popular First Names: ̡ǯ̤Ρ̾פΥ
- Kings and Queens of England Chronologically: 奤ɷΡ̾פΰ
- Behind the Name: The Etymology and History of Surnames פΥȡ
- List of English Surnames and Origins: פΥ֥饦ȸ
- Most Popular Surnames: ̡ǯ̤ΡפΥ
äˡγץڡ "History" ɬɤǤ롥ҤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
űѸ̾ϸ§ȤơޥűѸͳ褹ΤäϡűѸä97%ޥϤǤ뤳Ȥб[2010-05-16-1]εָÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤפȡˡ̾2Ǥ (dithematic) 襤˴ؤä¿Ѥ줿
8ȾꡤťΥɸ̾ѸϤ-son Ĥ (patronym) νϸťΥɸͳ褹롥
1066ǯΥΥޥȸοǯδ֤ʬθűѸ̾ Richard, William, Henry ʤɤ Norman French ֤̾줿¿Ѹ˷ѾƤ롥˻ĤűѸ̾ Edward, Alfred, Audrey, Edith ʤɾǤ롥
ĤθűѸ̾ϤޤΦޥƱ֤줿Robert, Roger ʤɡ
13ʹߡο侩 John, Matthew, Mary, Peter, Luke, Stephen, Paul, Mark ʤɤ Christian name Ĥ褦ˤʤ롥̾ͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤ奮ꥷƥإ֥饤쵯¿ä
16Henry VIII ˤˤꥫȥåŪͤ̾ήԤʤʤꡤä˴Ť̾¿Ĥ褦ˤʤä
äˡ17 Adam, Eve, Daniel, David, Isaac, Michael, Noah, Rachel, Rebecca ʤɤ˴Ť̾䡤Prudence, Charity, Constance, Temperance ʤɤɽ魯̾ѤԤ¿18Ѥ줿 Hope, Faith, Joy ʤɤĤäƤ롥
17̾ȤѤ뽬줿νϥꥹ⥢ꥫǶ
18, 19ˤϸŤ̾褷Miranda, Jessica, Wendy ʤɤʸŪ̾ Hector, Diana, Arthur ʤɤŪ̾Ƴ줿
Victoria īˤ Ruby ʤ̾θäѤ̾Ƴ줿
̾Ϻ̾¸̾ΰ֤ Sidney ä Sydney ʤɡˡ¾줫μѸʤɤˤ̤Ƥ롥
Ѹ̾˴ؤƤϡ[2010-12-08-1]εlast name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤäפ[2009-09-14-1]ε֥եޥ줫Ѥؾ -kinפ⻲ȡ
last name surname, family name ʤɤȤƤФ뤬ܸ̾̾Ǥ롥ɤǤϡΥޥ last name λѤϰŪǤʤäʥʤɥ衼åѤ¾ιǤϤ٤äˡɤ last name λѤ¥줿װ͡1ĤˤϱѸ first name μबƤȤ𤬤롥ߤαѸ̾ͤƤ⡤Ʊ first name ǤϿʪθʬĤʤȤ礭Ƥʤ褦˻פ롥
last name λѤ¥ˡŪװȤơ2Ŧ1Ĥ Richard II 1377ǯ»ܤ줿 poll tax ֿƬǡפǤ롥ǶΩƤ뤿ˡޤ13аʾΤ٤Ƥι̱̾ɬפäǤ롥ä1380ǯοƬǤ٤̵طνŤ罰Ǥǡ1381ǯ Wat Tyler ˤ̱ ( the Peasants' Revolt ) ˾塤̾⤤ǤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥ1413ǯ the Statute of Additions Ǥ롥ˤꡤ٤ƤˡŪϡʪ first name Τߤʤ餺ȤȵサϤ碌ƵܤʤФʤʤȤˤʤäȤサϤ̾ΤȤΤϱѸ¿ last name εǤꡤƥɹ̱Ϥߤʤꤷ last name Ĥ˻ä
ˤ̾λѻϡʸˤä礭ۤʤ롥Ǥϵ2852ǯ˲̾Ѿꤵ줿ܤǤϡ̾ϹͻΤøǤꡤʿ̱̾Ȥʤ̾뤳Ȥʤäݿ塤1870ǯˤʤäƤ٤Ƥι̱̾ӤӤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤħǤʼŪȤʪΰտޤɤξƱͤ political/bureaucratic ʤΤäΤǤ롥
ʸˤƤ⤽Ƕ뤯餤ʤ顤̾ΤƤƤ褤⤷ʤʡȤޤǹͤ뤷ޤ last name ˤǤ롥
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990. 196.
[2009-08-30-1]εǡ-ot Ȥ ؾ ( diminutive ) Ҳ𤷤⤦ġ ( Dutch ) 뤤ϥեޥ ( Flemish ) Ѥ줿̣ؾ롥ήԤ̾ղä -kin ȤǤ롥
ϡΦޥˤƱ ( cognate ) 롥㤨СɥĸǤ -chen бǡKindchen ־ʻҶסHaüschen ־ʲȡסMädchen ־פʤɤ˸롥ȤűѸˤ cognate ʤʤMED ǤϸűѸ˵Ȥ⤬Ƥ롥
ѸǤ̾ղä㤬12˸Ϥ뤬ΤۤȤɤ졦եޥ줫̾ȼڤƤΤΤ褦ǡ-kin Ѹ¦Ū˻ȤʤϤۤȤɤʤʲΤ褦̾롥
Dawkin, Haukyn, Janekin, Melekin, Perkin, Piperkin, Potekin, Simkin, Tymkin, Watekin, Wilekin
1400ǯʹߡ-kin դ̾̾ȤƤήԤʤʤäȤƤ -s -son դäǸߤˤĤäƤ ( e.g. Dickens, Dickinson, Jenkins, Perkins, Watkins, Wilkinson )
̾饹ȤȡѸʹߤϰ̾ˤ -kin դ褦ˤʤäѸʤΤѸ¦ǤθʤΤΥ⾯ʤʤ
̾ȤƤϡnapkin, lambkin ʤɤ롥
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