515俷ʹī7̤ˡ֡ǧξɡפȡ֥סĸƤ̾Ѥ̣ȽŤߡפꤹ륳बܤäƤεˤؤ *
ܤ3饤ʤμԤδŪʸƤ̾ä֥աפ֥פȸƤѤ뤳ȤꤷȯǤϤʤ饤ʸȯ˱äǤѹǤ롥̾ϸϸǤɤѤΤڤǤȤϾˤäˤ衤ʤΥߥѹΤ䤨С餫ܤΥ饤ʿ˰ۤ饤ʤٱ礹뤳ȤꤷǤ롥碌ơ֥ǥåפϡ֥ǡפء֥Υ֥פϡ֥ΡӥפؤѤäƱͤˡɥμԤ˴Ť֥˥աפ롼ޥ˥˴Ť֥ʥפ˸ƤѤĴʤǤȤפˡΰϢ̾θƤ̾ѹϡŪʤĤΤ
Υϡפ֤ܤפǧξɡפؤθƤ̾ѹ礤˽Фʤ顤Τ褦˵Ƥ롥
ʸƤ̾夷ˤʤäƤȡ֤ʤ虜虜ѤΤפܤʤʤǽ롥
ºݡǧξɤȤդޤ줿ΤͤϡϤ⤦¿ʤȻפ롥Ǥϡդڤؤ̣ΥʧˤϡҲ˰ѤƤ
ֻǰʤ顤ϽʬǤϤʤפȡϸǧξɼťĹ̳ҰաʣˤϻŦ롥ȤСǧξɤξɾͤΤȤ֥˥פɽ롥ˤϡοͤڤʷϵɤ롥Υʧ뤿˸դѤΤˡǧξɤȤʸդΥåƥŽäƤޤ롥
ŪʸƤ̾ѹϡλμҲŪŪʻǤλʪǤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪˤϤλ PC (= political_correctness) δ֤ɤƤ̾Ф졤ŤƤ̾ϤƤѤȤʤäƤߤгֲ͡פȤäƤ褤⤷ʤŤɽäƤޤСʤƤ̾ѹɬפäΤȤͳ⡤ɤΤ褦˸Ƥ̾ѹ줿ΤȤ⡤Ȥ˺ƤޤɤֲפΤ͡εäƤäƤޤΤǤ롥ȡ٤λ֤Фˡοɽ˴ؤƱ褦ʸƤ꤬̾ƤˡĤƤηиȿʤ褫ȤϤǤʤ
֥פȤäƤȤϽפȹͤ롥Ʊ餤פʤΤϡ֥աפơ֥פѹΤȤεǤ롥ʹ֤εƤˤʤʤΤǡϤ국ϿƤޤ˿ƵϿФƤȤ
ƱݤεȤơ#4105. Ƽ˲űPCʪۡ ([2020-07-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
̾˴ؤ츦 toponymy ̾ءˤγƵǼ夲Ƥ̾Ͽ̾ȹ碌Ƹͭ̾ʤϸŪˤðۤʿcf. #4249. ͭ̾ʳءˤȤħ ([2020-12-14-1])#4538. ͭ̾ϰ̡ ([2021-09-29-1])ˡ
Ѹ̾Ϥȼθΰ뤬θΰյϻפΤۤͽ̤ۤѸˤˤ礭ʥѥȤͿ롥ѸˤΰˤȤɤޤ櫓ǤʤEkwall (xxix-xxxiv) ꡤ̾ΰյ6Ŧ褦
1. Place-names embody important material for the history of England. 㤨СɤΥǥʥϤ̾ϡǥʥϿ̱Ϥ˴ؤפʾͿƤ롥
2. Place names have something to tell us about Anglo-Saxon religion and belief before the conversion to Christianity. 㤨СWedenesbury Ȥ̾ Wōden ĤˤĤƤʤˤʪäƤ롥
3. Some place-names indicate familiarity with old heroic sagas in various parts of England. 㤨Сإ٥ա٤ˤʤ Grendels mere ȡ
4. Place-names give important information on antiquities. 㤨СStratford Ȥ̾ϥޥ֥ƥƻ stræt ɽ魯
5. Place-names give information on early institutions, social conditions, and the like. 㤨СKingston Ȥ̾ϡϤǤäȤ롥
6. Place-names are of great value for linguistic study.
(a) They frequently contain personal names, and are therefore a source of first-rate importance for our knowledge of the Anglo-Saxon personal nomenclature. 㤨СGodalming Ȥ̾ظˤ Godhelm Ȥ̾ꤵ롥
(b) Place-names contain many old words not otherwise recorded. They show that Old Englsih preserved several words found in other Germanic languages, but not found in Old English literature. 㤨СDoiley Ȥ̾ϡűѸǤϰŪʸڤƤʤ diger "thick" ¸ߤ롥
(c) Place-names often afford far earlier references for words than those found in literature. 㤨Сdimple Ȥ OED ˤ1400ǯ˽ФȤ뤬֤ϡפ̣̾ǤȤƤ1205ǯ˸롥
(d) the value of place-names for the history of English sounds. 㤨СStratford Stretford 첻ΰ㤤ˤꡤϤϤ̤롥
Ѹ̾ΩΰƤꡤʤʤߤˤȤ뤬ʾΤ褦˱ѸˤˤȤäƤפʬǤ뤳Ȥʬ
Ekwall, Bror Oscar Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1960. 1st ed. 1936.
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ǸűѸο̾ηߤΤǡ³Ѹο̾ΥȥɤƤߤ (Coates 320--21) Ǥ˰ʲεʤɤǽҤ٤ƤȤŪˤϥΥޥˡűѸο̾¿Ѥ줺˾ä˥ե줫֤ο̾ή͵ȤäƤ褤
#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])
#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1])
#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1])
#2365. ΥޥαѸ̾κѡ ([2015-10-18-1])
#3902. 㥢̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1])
ե줫֤ο̾Ȥ̩ˤХեͳäƤ̾ȤȤǤꡤõХեǤϤʤ̤θ˵̾ۤȤɤǤ롥ޤ2ʬ롥
1ĤϡȤȤϱѸ켫Ȥ°Ƥޥͳ褹̾ǡ줬եͳƺƤӱѸäƤȤǤ⤤٤̾Ǥ롥William, Robert, Richard, Gilbert, Alice, Eleanor, Rose/Rohais, Maud ʤɤ롥եݤ꤬뤬¤ϤȤϥޥϤο̾Ǥ롥
⤦1Ĥ˸ʪ䡤͵Τͤˤʤ̾ǡAdam, Matthew, Bartholomew, James, Thomas, Andrew, Stephen, Nicholas, Peter/Piers, John; Joan, Anne, Margaret/Margery ʤɤ롥12Ⱦ Mary 14 Christopher ʤɤäƤƤ롥
¾ͭ̾оʪ̾Ȥ Arthur, Guenevere, Launcelot 䡤֥ȥ줫 Alan ʤɤ⤢äۤΩʤ
Ǥˤäƿ͵Τ̾դȤΤϰۤʤΤѸƱǡϤꤹ꤬ä褦Ǥ롥
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
űѸΥ̾ιϡޥ췲ΰ仺ѤΤǤ롥űѸ̾ñ줬̾ǤȤƤѤ뤬1Ǥʤ (monothematic) ȡ2Ǥʤ (dithematic) 롥Ԥ Hengest (stallion), Frōd (wise), Hild (battle), Bēage (ring) ʤɤɽ뤬Ū¿ΤϸԤǤ롥2ǤȤ߹碌뤳Ȥˤۤʤ̻̾Ǥ뤫
Ǥμ˴ؤ¤ꡤ1 (prototheme) Τۤ2 (deuterotheme) ¿̾줫ƻ줬ǤȤʤ뤬ˤϰ̣Ūʷǧ롥פʥפ褦 (Coates (319--20))
°Ĥɽ魯: Swæf- (Swabian), þēod- (nation)
ŪƻŪʡϡפ˴ؤ: Beald-/-beald (brave), Weald-/-weald (power), Beorht-/-beorht (bright), Æðel- (noble), Cūð- (famous), -mǣr (famous)
Τ˴ؤ: Hild-/-hild (battle), Wīg-/-wīg (battle), -brord (spear), -gār (pear), Beorn- (warrior), Wulf-/-wulf (wolf; warrior), Here-/-here (army), Sige-/-sige (victory), Ēad- (prosperity, treasure); Rǣd-/-rǣd (counsel), Burg-/-burg (pledge), Mund-/-mund (hand; protection), -helm (protection; helmet)
ʿ¤˴ؤ: Friðu-/-frið (peace), Lēof- (dear), Wine-/-wine (friend)
ŪʤΡꥹȶ: Ōs- (deity), Ælf- (elf), Rūn-/-rūn (secret, mystery)
¾: -stān (stone), Eorp- (red), Ēast- (east)
ǤϥʸΥɤȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
ޤˤ⤷ǡФƤޤäȤǤܤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤʬޤ͡ˤȤäơϸͭ̾ (onomastics) ǤüŪˤп̾̾Ǥť¤ˤϤޤळȤɬʤΤɬƤΤǤǯ˰١ɬơޤ֤ΤǤؤޤäƤޤۤɡˤȤäƼϤΤǤ
ͭ̾ꡤפˡ̾פۤɡؤˤƼŪǿƤʤ顤¤ܼŪϤޤդ̾˻Ϥޤ̾˽ǽ뤫Ǥ (cf. #1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) ǿ줿 "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP)ˡ
⤽ͭ̾ȤΤϡΰʤΤǤʤΤȤȤ餷ˤʤΤǺޤǤ͡ꤵǤϤޤ䤬֥ѥꡤޥ륻桤֥르˥פȾʥեȯǸȤƤ⡤ե줬褯äȤȤˤʤޤ⤽̾ϥեʤΤɤʤΤȤ꤬뤫Ǥ (cf. #2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1])ˡ
ѸˤΥϥɥ֥åˡCoates ˤͭ̾ؤ˴ؤϤޤƬΡָͭ̾ϰ̡פꤹ1ꡤǽѤޤ (312)
The status of proper names
Names is a technical term for a subset of the nominal expressions of a language which are used for referring ('identifying or selecting in context') and, in some cases, for addressing a partner in communication. Nominal expressions are in general headed by nouns. According to one of the most ancient distinctions in linguistics, nouns may be common or proper, which has something to do with whether they denote a class or an individual (e.g. queen vs Victoria), where individual means a single-member set of any sort, not just a person. Much discussion has taken place about how this distinction should be refined to be both accurate and useful, for instance by addressing the obvious difficulty that a typical proper noun denoting persons may denote many separate individuals who bear it, and that common nouns may refer to individuals by being constructed into phrases (the queen). I will leave the concept [±proper], applied to nouns, for intuitive or educated recognition before returning to discussion of the inclusive concept of proper names directly. Proper nouns have no inherent semantic content, even when they are homonymous with lexical words (Daisy, Wells), and many, perhaps all, cultures recognise nouns whose sole function is to be proper (Sarah, Ipswich). Typically they have a unique intended referent in a context of utterance. Proper names are the class of such proper nouns included in the class of all expressions which have the properties of being devoid of sense and being used with the intention of achieving unique reference in context. Onomastics is the study of proper names, and concentrates on proper nouns; I shall confine the main subject-matter of this chapter to the institutionalised proper nouns associated with English and, in accordance with ordinary usage, I shall call them proper names or just names. Readers should note that strictly speaking these are a subset of proper names, and from time to time other members of the larger set will be discussed. There is some evidence from aphasiology and cognitive neuropsychology that institutionalised proper nouns --- especially personal names --- form a psychologically real class . . . .
Ǥ⤷ȴϡ֤⤷ޤҾΤɤǤߤƤ
Coates, Richard. "Names." Chapter 6 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 312--51.
Top 1,000 Baby Girl Names in the U.S. 2021 ˤȡޤ줿ˤĤ̾Ȥƿ͵Υ٥3ϡɸ̤ Olivia, Emma, Ava äȤ-a Ū˽̾ȴϢŤƤǼǤΤ̾ȤƤ4ȤʤʤĹ Olivia 1̤Ȥ϶ä
٥3̾ˤĤơThe Wordsworth Dictionary of First Names 국ҤѤ롥
Olivia (f)
Originally the Italian form of Olive but long considered as a name in its own right with romantic and aristocratic associations. Olivia is one of the heroines in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night and in Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield (1766). Olivia Newton-John is an Australian actress-singer.
Familiar form: Livy.
Emma (f)
From Germanic meaning 'whole' or 'universal'. Popular throughout the ages from the 11th century, when Ethelred's Queen bore it, to today when it is often twinned with other names, as in: Emma Jane. Famous bearers include Nelson's mistress, Lady Emma Hamilton and the heroine of Jane Austen's novel Emma (1815).
Familiar forms: Em, Emmie.
Ava (f) [ay-va, ah-va]
In addition to being a familiar form of Gustava, this can be another form of Eva, reflecting the way Eva is pronounced in many European countries. Ava Gardner, film star in the 1940s, popularized the name, though her name tended to be pronounced to rhyme with Java.
츻ȤƤϡޤޤơƥꥢ졤ޥ졤إ֥饤ȥХХʤΤѸʿ̾ˤΰŪʻʪäƤ褦Ǥ⤷ߤΤΤ⡤ǤʤΤ⤢ꡤǤ¿ͤǤ롥
Ĥλˤ⡤Ҥ̾ŤˤϿƤδ˾Ƥ롥餳ɤθˤƤ̾ (personal_name)Ȥ櫓 first name Ū˴ؿ⤿ΤͤޤǤˡѸο̾ˤĤƤϰʲεʤɤƳȤʤϤǤ롥
#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1])
#2557. ѸΥ饭͡ࡤ뤤ϥ饭饹ڥ ([2016-04-27-1])
#4367. ֱѸο̾פεåȡ ([2021-04-11-1])
The Wordsworth Dictionary of First Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.
Ѹ˥ե줫μѸ줬̤ήȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ȥ櫓ˤơ褽1250--1400ǯλˡȤƥԡãȤ⡤Ѹ˳ǤϹҤƤܥ֥Ǥʲεʤɤǡ٤Ȥʤ夲ƤǤ롥
#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])
#1205. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ ([2012-08-14-1])
#1209. 1250ǯȤեѸζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])
#1638. եȥƥ줫̸üѤΥߥζ ([2013-10-21-1])
#2349. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])
#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])
#2385. OED ˤŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#4138. եѸΤѸ˼ڤ줿Τ4䶯ǤĽ ([2020-08-25-1]),
եѸοˤĤƤСOED ʤɤѤҴŪĴŤ줿¤Ǥꡤ嵭Ρפ˰Ϥʤʤ餹٤ƽդ˴ŤĴ̤Ǥ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥⤷äդˤեѸΥԡ䤷̤ȤʤСԡϤäᤫäǽ⤤Trotter (1789) Τ褦Ƥ롥
In charting the chronology of the process, we are again at the mercy of the documentary evidence. The key period of lexical transfer appears to be the 14th century; but that may be, as much as anything else, because of the explosion of available documentation in both Anglo-French and, more particularly, Middle English at that time. In other words, the real dates of the transfers may not be the dates at which they are documented. Some evidence that this is not so is available in the form of English surnames, of Anglo-French origin . . . , and indeed in the capacity of some early Middle English texts to generate hybrids from Anglo-French and Middle English (forpreiseð; propreliche; priveiliche from Ancrene Wisse . . .).
1ĤϡŪ˥ԡȤƤ14ϡޤդεϿ¿Ĥ줿ǤꡤΤ˥եѸεϤ礭ˤʤȤȤ
⤦1Ĥϡդ˽ФǯäơΤޤޱѸ˽Фǯ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȤcf. #2375. Anglo-French Ȥ (2) ([2015-10-28-1])ˡ̤θǤϤʤʿ̾ˤȤƼѤ줿եǤͤ碌ʤСᤤäƤڵ롥ޤѸʸڤ뺮¸ߤϡ̾ΥեѸ줬ޤǤˤ¿ή̤ƤȤcf. #96. ѸȥեǺ褫 ( hybrid ) ([2009-08-01-1])ˡ
ѸˤˤեѸΥԡϡդξڵŪĴ¤ˤƤϡ̤14ȤäƤ褤äդޤ֤ȤƤϡᤤˤäΤȿ¬ΤǤ롥
Trotter, David. "English in Contact: Middle English Creolization." Chapter 114 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1781--93.
ɸΰ̣ȤϡAnn Anne Smith Smythe Kid Kidd а̾αñֻ§˾Ȥ餻;ʬȤߤʤʸֻ̾ˤФиȤݤ̾ (personal_name) ϡοʪΥǥƥƥ¸ߴθǤǤꡤȤ櫓ФʤֻˤơФСפȤȤäƤԻĤϤʤCarney (454) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˹ͻƤ롥
Personal names gain advantage by having a certain written bulk since a totem impresses partly by its size. Consequently, names which are phonetically quite short are often padded out with empty letters. The name /leg/ never seems to appear as *Leg --- the usual spelling is Legge. Here we see the two most common types of padding: <C>-doubling and a superfluous <-e> in a context where neither is warranted by modern spelling conventions. Such spellings were common in both names and non-names before conventions settled down in the eighteenth century, but archaism is not the only reason for their continued use in names. Since such spellings are most frequently found in monosyllables and since the unpadded spellings are much less common, their written bulk is obviously seen as an advantage. They also reinforce the initial capital letter as a marker of names and help them to stand out from the non-names in written text. In some cases the padding may help to distance the name from an unfortunate homophone, as in Thynne.
ֻˤϡ(1) ̾ݤŤ롤(2) ä1ο̾Ω롤(3) ̾Ʊȶ̤롤ȤäǽȤȤμˡȤƤϡҲ2Ų -e ղäŦƤ롥ʲ <t> 2Ų <-e> ղäˤĤơ̵ͭɤĤƤߤ褦 (Carney (454--57))
Abbot(t), Arnot(t), Barnet(t), Barrat(t), Basset(t), Becket(t), Bennet(t), Calcot(t), Elliot(t), Garnet(t), Garret(t), Nesbit(t), Plunket(t), Prescot(t), Wilmot(t), Wyat(t)
Ann(e), Ask(e), Beck(e), Bewick(e), Brook(e), Cook(e), Crook(e), Cross(e), Dunn(e), Esmond(e), Fagg(e), Fisk(e), Foot(e), Glynn(e), Goff(e), Good(e), Gwynn(e), Harding(e), Hardwick(e), Holbrook(e), Hook(e), Keating(e), Lock(e), Plumb(e), Webb(e), Wolf(e), Wynn(e)
Carney (457) ϡθݤ̾ˤ¾Ρ4ʸ§ ("a minimum four-letter rule") ȽҤ٤Ƥ궽̣ϰ̸ˡˤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ⤸äΤǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ѸˤϤ䤳̱²̱̾̾̾¿ޤ̱²̱⤿ƤʣʸͭˤäƤƤΤǡɽ魯䤳ʤäƤޤΤפΤʤȤ⤷ޤɸ2ϤˤƤ䤹ǤϺDZ˰֤ŤڥȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦#4380. ѸΥ롼ĤϥƥǤɥĸǤʤ ([2021-04-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ʸޤΤ̵̤ȤǤ
θƾΤȤƤ German ϡ֥ɥĸפؤޤGermanic ӸŪ˺Ʒ줿֥ޥġ˸ (= Proto-Germanic) ؤޤƻȤƤϡԤϡ֥ޥġ˸Ρפ뤤ϡΥޥġ˸줫췲θؤơ֥ޥɤΡפۤɤ̣ޤ
ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡޤˤ2Τ䤳˾ƤˤA Succinct Account of German and GermanicǤѸˤ벻ƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
¼ŵˤ German ϡ֥ɥĿ͡ɥĸ졨ɥĤΡפۤɡGermanic ϡ֥ޥġ˸졨ޥϤΡɥŪʡפۤɤȤʤޤǤˤλʬˤǤ͡ؽѱѱѼŵ OALD8 ˤȡơ褽̤Ǥ
German
adjective:
from or connected with Germany
noun:
1 [countable] a person from Germany
2 [uncountable] the language of Germany, Austria and parts of Switzerland
Germanic
adjective:
1 connected with or considered typical of Germany or its people
2 connected with the language family that includes German, English, Dutch and Swedish among others
ƻȤƤϡ"connected with Germany" ̹ȤʤäƤޤϤʬä褦ʬʤ褦ʶ̤Ǥ
ξζ̤ǻͤˤʤΤϳƸνǯǤGerman νФϡ̾ȤƤ1387ǯƻȤƤ1536ǯǡŤȤޤGermanic ϤޤƻȤ1539ǯ˽Ф֥ޥġ˸פ̣̾ȤƤϤ٤1718ǯΤȤǤĤޤ֥ޥġ˸פθϡѸȤƤθդθʬޤ
դǤФȯζߤ褫Ƹʤ̤ѸǤ餤äȤǤ䡤¤ΤȤӸؤǤϡ֥ޥĸפؤΤ Teutonic (cf. Ѹ Dutch, ɥĸ Deutsch) Ȥ̤ѸѤ봷ŤϤäΤǤˡʶ路 Germanic ɤΤȤ夷ƤޤäȤȸ虜ޤ
Ϣơ#3744. German λؼоݤŪѲȸ츻 ([2019-07-28-1]) ȡ#864. Ʒ줿̾ ([2011-09-08-1]) ⤴ɤ
ʸ嵭2021/05/26(Wed)Ҳ𤷤ƥĤʸǤ'German' 'Germanic' ˤĤƤγнȤƸɽޤΤǡ⤷Ƥޤ
ֱѸƳ2021⾯ĵƻ˾äƤƹƥĤ夬äƤƤ뤬ɽ줿ˤܿͤϤʤ Japanese⡤¿αѸؽԤʤѤʵȤäƤ褤
̾餽ι̱̾̾ƻΤˡѸˤϤʤ롥 (suffix) դΤŪˤ⤤롥America AmericanKorea Korean 뤫ȻפСSpain Spanish, Denmark Danish 뤷New Zealand New ZealanderIceland Icelander ⤢롥ܤϤʤ Japan Japanese ȤʤꡤǤ China Chinese, Vietnam Vietnamese, Portugal Portuguese Ʊʤ̾ˤäƤۤɥХХʤΤ褯ʬʤѸؤï⤬ܸΡ?͡פΤ褦ŪʸˤƤгڤʤΤˡȻפäȤ
ܥ֥Ǥ̤餳夲ȤϤʤäϴñतǤϤʤΤäƤΤꤿʤѸǤ Japan ˤ -ese դΤʤ *Japanian *Japanish ǤϤʤΤcf. ɥĸ Japanischˡ
ܿͤϤʤ JapaneseϡѤǤʤ䤤1ǯ֤ĩ߳ΥƥĤǤ롥-ese ̾ΰɽʬۤϿޡʷǷڲʸϤ̤ơ˥֥ʥƥĤȤʤäƤ롥Ǥƻʸˤؽôݤ褦Ȥⴶ롥ƤˤĤƤϡŪˤ˳Ūˤ̩˸ڤ;ϤϤ뤬ͶȤʤäƤ롥ؤŪǷȯŪʥƥġҤɤ
Υȥԥå˴ˤطܥ֥εȤơʲȡ
#4027. -ese ε ([2020-05-06-1])
#4024. ʤ Japanese Chinese ʤɤñʣƱʤΤǤ (1) ([2020-05-03-1])
#4025. ʤ Japanese Chinese ʤɤñʣƱʤΤǤ (2) ([2020-05-04-1])
#4026. ʤ Japanese Chinese ʤɤñʣƱʤΤǤ (3) ([2020-05-05-1])
#3023. ˥ۥ˥åݥ ([2017-08-06-1])
#1774. Japan θ츻 ([2014-03-06-1])
#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1])
#3918. Chibanian ʥХ˥ջˤ -ian (1) ([2020-01-18-1])
#3919. Chibanian ʥХ˥ջˤ -ian (2) ([2020-01-19-1])
#3920. Chibanian ʥХ˥ջˤ -ian ľ n Ȥϡ ([2020-01-20-1])
Ѹο̾˴ؤơޤؿ⤿롥ѸˤμȤʤɤǼͳݡȲФȡɬʣγ̾˴ؤȥԥå֡ȶǶŪ̾Ƥ餫Ū츻ŪطʤƤΤĴ夬롤ȤȤ
ܥ֥ǤʱѸΡ˿̾ˤĤ͡ʵǽƤ̤ζŪ̾˴ؤ뵭⤢С⤦Ū˿̾ؤ̾ˤδ⤢롥ʲεåȤǾƤߤ
ֱѸο̾פεå
åȤΤʤˡ#2557. ѸΥ饭͡ࡤ뤤ϥ饭饹ڥ ([2016-04-27-1]) Ȥ뤬ȴϢơֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƺꥢåפ줿֥饭͡Υѥ˥ΥƥĤ⤼ɤޤ줿
̾ (anthroponymy) ̾ (toponymy) ȤȤ˸ͭ̾ (onomastics) ʬǤ롥̾ˤĤƸ椷Ȼפиͭ̾줽ΤΤħɬפ롥̾٤ƲƱDzۤʤΤȤפܼŪʺۤ1Ĥϡ̾ϸηϤ¦ˤ뤬ͭ̾Ϥष¦ˤʤ뤤ϳ¦ظˤȤˤȤäƤ褤ȡͭ̾ħϡηϡˤħ˾Ȥ餷ơ⤭Ħˤ٤оݤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̾ؤ˿ʬäƤϡƱ˸ηϤβ뤫褯Ƥȡʡޤ˸ؤɸˤοǤ롥
Ѹο̾Ȥơޤϡ츫ڤǤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤܳŪʬȤȤʤʤʪǤ롥
ؤǤϡֿͤƤ֡פȤ٤ϡءҲء̾ؤʤ͡ʴܤƤܥ֥δؿΰǤѸˤʬǤ⡤̾ (anthroponym)ƾ (address_term)2;̾ t/v_distinction ʤɡֿͤƤ֡פȤ˴ؤͻ¿ʤƤȶŪʹ٤Ǥ뤫顤ï⤬̣פȤäƤ褤
⤽ֿͤƤ֡פȤϤɤȤʤΤ챺 (78--79) ꡤ٤Ѥ롥
ƻˤʤ뤬ȿͤƤ֡ɤȤκŪʰ̣ǧƤʸŪ˸СͤƤ֤ȤˡȿɤȤǤꡤŪʥ֡¦̤ġΤᡤ¿θʸˤơƤ֤Ȥζػߡ뤤Ϥ˵ŪƾΤȯãܸ⤳Υ֡αƶŪƾΤϡȤС͡ʡᤷ١ˡס֤ʤʡˡסָʡʪΡɤξˡס֡¡ʡʪ̾ˡסŲʡᳬʤβˡǤ뤳ȤǤ롥夲ʬޤΡȿ͡ɤƤƤ֤ϡƤ֤ȤǼʬ꤬ƤޤΤ뤿ˡȤʤ٤ƤФʤ褦ˤƸƤ֡ɤȤưŤˤʤäƤֲŪƾΤǤ롥
ȤȤ˿Ƥطˤˤϡ֡ŪưŤȿžषΡȿ͡ɤ˸Ƥӡ̤Ƨ߹Ǥ椯褦ʸƾΤȤʤ롥ϡΰƧ߹Ǥʹִط»ʤʤΤ餤2ͤδ֤ˤϳ֤ƤʤȤޤߤΡŪƾΤǤ롥ͭ̾ʤȤθƤӼΤƤ䲼̾ǸƤ֤ȡˤˤƾΡ¤줿ͤΤʤΤˤƾΤŵ̾ˤƾΤ⤽ηġ
ͤƤ֤ΤϰΥ֡ (taboo) ǤȤȡϤФˤ٤֡ǤꡤΤθƾΤ¿쾯ʤ쥪ץˤƤȤȤפǤ롥ͤƤǤϤʤƤФʤȤ̷Τʤǡ䤿Ϥ̷ˤǾ¤ޤ褦Ȥʤ顤٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥
챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ
Ѹ (last name) ˤϡɸΤ褦 -son ΤĤΤ¿Ǥ͡ -son Ƥ⡤̾ (first name) ȤѤΤ¿Τǡ -son ˤϲꤽǤǤˤŤΤ褦ˡ -son ϡ©ҡפ son Ʊ츻ǤϤɤȤȤС㤨Фޤ⤿ʤʬä John ȤȼߤƿȷϤۤȻפäȤʬ©Ҥ¹©Ҥؤ˷ϤǷѤǤ٤̾Ĥˤäơʬ̾ Johnson ʤɤȤ뤳ȤϡꤽʤȤǤΤ褦̾դ (patronymy) Ȥޤ
äȤ -son ˤΤϱѸΤΤǤϤޤǤޤѸʳǤΤ衼åѼҲʤƤʳǤˤνǹԤʤƤޤǤϡİ
ΤˤĤƤϡ##1673,1937εåɤ̾ (personal_name) θؤϡθʸˤߤȤ˱ǤФޤ¤ˤ⤷Ǥ
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ȴϢơܥ֥Ǥ̾ (toponym) ̾ (personal_name) ͡˼夲Ƥ̸Ȱۤʤꡤͭ̾ˤͭꡤηϤˤƤ츦ˤƤ⤽ΰ֤ŤüǤ롥
ħΤĤˤĤơ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1]) #2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) ǻŦȤ櫓פħϡͭ̾ϰ̣⤿ʤȤȤؼо (referent) ϤḤ̂Ϥ⤿ʤ˥եʤ˥եȽҤ٤ʤˤʤ鳰θƤȤħ⡤ؤǰݤդפ롥
ۤ˸ͭ̾ˤϡ̸ˤϤߤʤѲѲФФɤȤ롥դޤǡ̸ˤѲȤƤ뤳Ȥ¿դˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1])#1185. ͭ̾첽 (2) ([2012-07-25-1]) Ȥ줿
ͭ̾ؤʬ狼䤹ƳƤƤΤHough Ǥ롥Ȥ櫓Υȥͭ̾ʳءˤνħߤȤƤƤФ餷 (213)
Onomastics is the study of names, its two main branches being toponymy (the study of place-names) and anthroponymy (the study of people's names). Traditionally regarded as a sub-class of nouns having reference but no sense, names occupy a special position within language in that they can be used without understanding of semantic content. Partly for this reason, they tend to have a high survival rate, outlasting changes and developments in the lexicon, and easily being taken over by new groups of speakers in situations of language contact. Since most names originate as descriptive phrases, they preserve evidence for early lexis, often within areas of vocabulary sparsely represented in other sources. Many place-names, and some surnames, are still associated with their place of origin, so the data also contribute to the identification of dialectal isoglosses. Moreover, since names are generally coined in speech rather than in writing, they testify to a colloquial register of language as opposed to the more formal registers characteristic of documentary records and literary texts. Much research has been directed towards establishing the etymologies of names whose origins are no longer transparent, using a standard methodology whereby a comprehensive collection of early spellings is assembled for each name in order to trace its historical development. These spellings themselves can then be used to reveal morphological and phonological changes over the course of time, often illustrating trends in non-onomastic as well as onomastic language. The relationship between the two is not always straightforward, however, since the factors pertaining to the formation and transmission of names are in some respects unique.
ͭ̾ϡդǤϤʤäաä˸ˤǤ¿ʬ˴ޤǤȤŦϡʤۤɤȻפäؤθܿѲˤ̤ŷ¸Ƥ뤳ȤȤΤ⡤ͭ̾ΰǤϤʤʪäƤ롥ʬ˹뤳ȤȤҤ٤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#3453. Υޥɤ̾Ϳƶ ([2018-10-10-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥʤ
Hough, Carole. "Linguistic Levels: Onomastics." Chapter 14 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 212--23.
ǯ٤θ⥪饤Ȥ³Ƥ뤬Υ߹ɤǹԤʤä¨Ѹ˥ƥĺΥ٥ȡcf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])ˤ줷ڤäΤǡȰˤ⤦٤äƤߤξDZñ1ĥ˳Ƥ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ90ʬ֤ǡֲפȤԡϡɸ̤Τñ졤ִ֤ˤΤ뤤90ʬä̤˷Ǻܡ
źϰν̱˷ΡʤȤ˰ˤ˥å͡դȤȤϡԤʤƤȤ櫓դ礤¿٤μԤ㲽̾դ륱¿ȤŪʥ˥奢ȼ͡ߥäȤƤ⡤줿¦ȿȴƤȥ桼⥢Ǥ졤¾ȤѤƾΤȤ夹뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ʤΤϥꥫͤؤ Yankee 츻Ͻ⤢뤬John 륪˻ؾդ Janke ǤϤǤϤʤȤƤ롥˥塼衼ʤĤƥ̱Ϥǡ֥˥塼ॹƥפȾΤ줿ˤΥ̱ͥåȤΥꥹ̱֥˷פȸƤޤäȤˤʤȤ
Yankee ۤͭ̾ǤʤͳϤäꤷʤ1ĤȤơƹǥʽν̱ˤĤ줿˥å͡ब롥ɸ Hoosier OED ˤȡHoosier, n. /huːʒiə/ ȸФΩƤƤꡤͽ̤ۤ˥ꥫѸǻѤ̾Ǥ롥2ĤߤĤ롥ĤʸȤȤ˼
1. A nickname for: a native or inhabitant of the state of Indiana.
1826 in Chicago Tribune (1949) 2 June 20/3 The Indiana hoosiers that came out last fall is settled from 2 to 4 milds of us.
1834 Knickerbocker 3 441 They smiled at my inquiry, and said it was among the 'hoosiers' of Indiana.
. . . .
2. An inexperienced, awkward, or unsophisticated person.
1846 J. Gregg Diary 22 Aug. (1941) I. 212 Old King is one of the most perfect samples of a Hoosier Texan I have met with. Fat, chubby, ignorant, and loquacious as Sancho Panza..we could believe nothing he said.
1857 E. L. Godkin in R. Ogden Life & Lett. E. L. Godkin (1907) I. 157 The mere 'cracker' or 'hoosier', as the poor [southern] whites are termed.
. . . .
1ϡ֥ǥʽν̱ס2ϡΤ餺ιȴʤļ˼ԡפۤɤǤ롥Ҥ̤ꡤΤο̤Τäϼˤ褦ʸƾΤǤ뤳ȤФ19ȾȤߤ롥
츻˴ؤƤ OED "Origin unknown" ʸ츻ԾܡˤȤꡤǰʸ¤ʤΤ櫓ˤϤʤƹΤȤǤСOED ̤˭٤ʤϤΡɴʼŵŪÿ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Ф褤®äƤߤȡᤷᡤ1Ĥ⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥγפ⤷褦
츻ϰǤޤƤ뤬ɤΥС19ˡ֤ȤƤĤʤ礭Ρפ̣ hoozer Ȥ¸줬ʸڤ롥줬ѷƹ˻ޤ줿Τ Hoosier ǤϤʤȤԤνǯǤ1826ǯΤȤǤϤ뤬Dictionary of Americanisms ˤ "a big, burly, uncouth specimen or individual; a frontiersman, countryman, rustic"פˡļ˼ԤˡפθǸƤ뤳Ȥǧ졤OED 2ˤԤä̤롥
ºݡ19Ⱦ Hoosier ޤƹƽν̱˼Ūʥ˥å͡बĤ줿Ǥ롥ǥʽˤĤƤ⡤餯ٽν̱ʤɤ̾դδۤäƤΤܤ롼Ȥʬʤ Hoosier ļ˼Ԥˡˤä褦ƥ̱ Beetheads ʥӡƬˡХ̱ Lizards ʥȥˡ֥ͥ饹̱ Bugeaters Ϻˡƥߥ꽣̱ Pukes ʤؤɡˤʤɤ̾¡˰ޤ줿٤ Hoosier ϤҤɤǤϤʤ
PC (= political correctness) λǤ롥ιǤϰǤ졤ν̱Ūʥ˥奢ӤӤ̾ǸƤִϡФˤʤĤĤ롥ϰΥݡĥΥ˥å͡ȤơΡ饤ʽ Tarheels ʥˤˤ䥪ϥ Buckeyes ʥȥΥˤʤɤ˻ĤʳˤѤʤʤäƤƤ롥
Corpus of Historical American English ˤ "[Hoosier]" ȤƸƤߤȡ1870ǯ夫1920ǯˤ⤭ߤϤĤĤŪ¿ѤƤ褦20ȾˤƤĴǤ롥

̱ϰ轻̱ؤŪʤ̾褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϤָˤϡפȤĤǤ롥ºݤˤϡγѤǡΤ٤Τʤǡ餫θդϻȤ³ΤǤ롥ޤûҤˤϤФ褦ˡޤ¤ϥ饦ɤˤϤФäƤΤǤ롥
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
Corpus of Historical American English. Available online at https://www.english-corpora.org/coha/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/. Accessed 20 October 2020.
ε#4076. Dictionary of Old English Dictionary of Old English Corpus ([2020-06-24-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ˤϤʤƤϤʤʤġˤĤơѸ츦ȤСƤ MED ʤФʤʤ (Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/) DOE DOEC δطƱͤˡMED ˤϢ MEC Ȥѥꡤ⤿ؤͭѤǤ (MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/)
MED 1952ǯ˺ǽξǤ졤1991ǯ˺ǸξǤƴθ塤2000ǯ˥饤Ǥ Middle English Compendium Ȥ߹ޤ졤Ȥ꤬˸夷٤ʸǤ뤳ȤϤhyperbibliography ν¿꤬56,000ۤɤθФؤѸμǤ뤳ȤϤˤФѸ츦˾κʪȤ롥2018ǯˤϤۤ20ǯβǤ졤ߤѸ츦äƤ롥
MED ˤϡѤäΤäƤ٤Ĥħ롥Durkin (1150--52) ˵äƻŦƤޤMED ϡ¿դʧȤȤOED ǤϤθ礭ʴȤƵҤʬƤ뤬MED ΥȥκιϸǤ롥̣Ǥϸΰ㤤ʤɤȳڤäơLALME LAEME ˰ѤͤƤȤäǤ롥θͥȤħˤꡤŪʸΤߤʤ餺ʸŪŪʸˤġȤʤäƤȤ¦̤롥
νŻȴϢơMED ϳθͭ̾ȤƤλѤˤդʧäƤ롥ƤǸθȤƸڤ뤬ϸͭ̾츦˸ͭѤǤ롥¿ƥȤ˵ƤѸ̾ʤɤ⽦夲Ƥꡤ¾ʸܿθˤǤ롥
MED ˤ餯ϡ츻ҤʤȤľθűѸѸǤХǤη֤ʤɤƤˤȤɤޤꡤߤʤ
Ǹ˻ŦƤ٤ϡʸդƤǯˤĤơ(1) ܡʾڵˤΤΤǯȡ(2) ƥȤ줿ȤܤǯȤʬƵƤǤʸԤϥåǤƤˡξǯǰƬˤС㤨аۼܴ֤ǤθӤ˺ݤƵŤȽǺȤʤνפʾϡdiplomatic ɤߤɵ᤹ʸŪʴؿƤǽƤ롥
Ϣơ#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤 ([2020-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ε#3902. 㥢̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1]) ˰³̾ꡥʲȤ (13) ꡥ
ɸñ̾Ϥ츻ǤȤơֹʡפ̣ WGmc *aþilja ˤΤܤ롥θűѸȿǷ æþel(e) ʹʡˤϽפʸǤꡤ (patronymy) -ing դ æþeling ϡߤǤ atheling ʲҡ²ˤȤƻĤäƤ롥
æþel ϡīν̾ˤ¿ǧ롥#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ͤǤ⡤Ethelwulf, Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Ethelred, Athelstan ʤɤ̾롥εǤҤ٤褦ˡΥޥ塤̾ϿषƤǤϸƤʤ
Ȥǡɥĸǡֹʡפб edel Ǥꡤֵ²פ Adel Ǥ롥edelweiss ʥǥ磻ˤϡֹʤפ̣륢ץοʪƻ̾첽Ĥ֤ Adelheid ǤꡤŹϥɥĸ Adalheidis ˤΤܤ롥Ͻ̾Ȥʤꡤξά줿η Heidi Ȥʤ롥˥̾إץξϥ٤ǡΥåƥޥ䡼ϡϥΤȤά˥ǥϥɤȸƤǤ롥ʤȥꥢ South Australia ν Adelaide ϡΥɥĸ̾եͳDZѸ˼ޤ줿ΤǤ롥
Adalheidis ϡե˼ޤ˵ڤӡû̡ѷС⸽줿Alaliz A(a)liz Ǥ롥줬Ѹ˼Ѥ Alyse 䡤ḽ Alice Ȥʤä⤦1Ĥν̾ Alison ϡե Alice ˻ؾդ줿ΤǤ롥
ֲҡס֥ǥ磻ס֥ϥס֥ꥹפطԤäȤΤϡʤʤ⤷
رѸθ츻ŵ١罤۽Ź1990ǯ
#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸʤ1066ǯΥΥޥλˤΤ褦˥ɤѤƤ̾¿˰쵤˿षɸ̾ϡĤä̾ɽǤʡ#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ꥢ̾ǧ줿ˡ
ʣǤꡤ1Ǥ Ed- ߤ롥ϸűѸ̾ ēad (riches, prosperity, good, fortune, happiness) ȿǤΤǤʤǤѸˡ͵ʡפȤﵯΤ褤̣̾ˤ¿Ѥ줿Edward ēad + weard (guardian) ȤȤǡ٤ԡפǤ롥Edgar ēad + gār (spear) ȤȤǡ͵פȤäȤEdmond/Edmund ēad + mund (protection) ȤȤǡٵμפۤɤΰդȤʤʤ2Ǥ Raymond, Richmond ˤߤˡEdwine ēad + wine (friend) ȤȤǡ٤ͧפǤʤ2Ǥ Baldwin ˤߤˡ
ʤ Edith Ͻ̾Ȥʤ뤬1ǤϤϤ ēad Ǥ롥 gūþ (war) ʣʤӾѷˤͦޤ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ĥ뤳Τ褦ʽ㥢̾ʻǰʤ¿ϤʤˤѤơűѸñ츻ˤĤƳؤ֤Τ⤪⤷
ɸ2Ĥ̾ƱǤꡤŪˤñ˶ᤤȤˤȤɤޤ餺ۤȤƱǤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#734. panda Britain ([2011-05-01-1]) Ǽ夲ܸǤȤΥꥹΡ֥֥ƥˡפȥեΡ֥֥륿˥ȾˡפϡѸǤ Britain, Brittany ̡θˤʤäƤ뤬եǤϸߤ Bretagne 1ǤޤʤäƤ롥2ĤϰϥȷϤΥ֥ȥ (Breton) ̾Ʊ̱²Ȥ˽ߤĤϰǤꡤƶ̤ʤСʤƼºݤŪ˶̤Ƥˡ֥ƥפȡ־֥ƥפȸƤʬ٤ϰʤΤǤ롥
ŪʸˤС5ΥͤΥ֥ƥ翯ȼäơ轻̱Ǥ֥ȥͤϥ֥ƥΥɤͤ줿ΰϡϤäƸߤΥ֥륿˥ȾؤȰܽȤ֥ȥͤȵʤܽԤϡοŷϤιƱ֥֥ƥפȸƤӡΤȤ֥֥ȥͤȸƤ³ˤꡤ˻ޤdz̤Ʊ̾2̾ݡˤǧΤǤ̤Υ֥ƥΥ֥륿˥ (Britain/Bretagne)̤ΥΥ̥ (Cornwall/Cornouaille)ˡ
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ݡإ֥륿˥ؤι --- եʸδؤơ١īʹҡīӡ1992ǯ
Წ ݡإȡλ ---ϥ̿۴ġ١˼Ҥӡ2017ǯ
[2018-09-20-1]ε˰³ʿ͵ؤѸ̾ John ˤĤơ
John ϡŪˤϺǤ͵ι⤤̾Ȼפ롥1620ǯ˿Φعҳᥤե (the Mayflower) ˤ102̾äƤꡤΤ73̾äΤ215̾ޤǤ⤬̾äƤΩˤϡ25%̾ӤӤƤȤפ餢롥Ǥ John F. Kennedy, John Lennon, John Travolta ʤɿ͵ϿꤨƤʤɽǤ뤫顤Honest John ʤޤľˡˤȤɽ⤢ۤɤ
͵طʤˤϡ츻Ǥԥϥͤˤ䤫ꤿȤפ櫓ۤˤ Jesus ʥإ֥饤Υ奢 Yeshua‘ˤ Yahweh/Jehovah ʥϥۥСˤȤϢƤȤ顤ʸ̤˿Ū̾Ǥ롥Ye- Τϥɽ魯ΤǡκŪʸ캬̵̾Ȥˤʤ (ex. Joseph, Jonathan)
Ѹ John бΤϡåȥɡ Sean, ɸ Sean/Shane, ե Jean, ꥢ Giovanni, ڥ Juan, ɥĸ Johann, Jan, Hans, ϥ János, Ivan Ǥ롥 Joanna, Joana, Joanne, Joan, Jeanne, Jeannette, Janet ʤ͡
ʾ塤 (42--55) ȤƼɮ
̾ʪ١̼ҡҹ̼ҳؽʸˡӡ2012ǯ
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